{"article":{"id":2795,"title":"Le Nouveau Testament","slug":"le-nouveau-testament","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-The New Testament.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-The New Testament.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:le-nouveau-testament","hint":"","body":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Le Nouveau Testament<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: large;\"><img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles_es\/images\/the_new_testament_001.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><em>Nous lisons tous deux la Bible de jour et de nuit,<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><em>Mais tu lis noir l&agrave; o&ugrave; je lis blanc.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &mdash;William Blake,&nbsp;<em>The Everlasting<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">L&rsquo;&Eacute;vangile<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Bien s&ucirc;r, le sentiment de Blake, dans la citation ci-dessus, n&rsquo;est pas nouveau.&nbsp; Le Nouveau Testament contient suffisamment de contradictions pour avoir engendr&eacute; un nombre &eacute;tourdissant d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tations, de croyances, et m&ecirc;me de religions, toutes pr&eacute;tendument fond&eacute;es sur la Bible.&nbsp; L&rsquo;auteur Lorenzo Dow a fait cette remarque amusante&nbsp;:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Tu peux et tu ne peux pas,<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Tu devrais et tu ne devrais pas,<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Tu le feras et tu ne le feras pas,<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Et tu seras damn&eacute; si tu le fais,<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Et tu seras damn&eacute; si tu ne le fais pas.<a title=\" Dow, Lorenzo. Reflections on the Love of God. \" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11872\">[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Pourquoi tant de divergences et de points de vue diff&eacute;rents?&nbsp; D&rsquo;abord, les diff&eacute;rents camps th&eacute;ologiques ne sont pas du m&ecirc;me avis quant aux livres qui devraient &ecirc;tre inclus dans la Bible.&nbsp; Les apocryphes d&rsquo;un camp sont les &Eacute;critures d&rsquo;un autre.&nbsp; Ensuite, m&ecirc;me parmi les livres qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; canonis&eacute;s, les divers textes d&rsquo;origine manquent d&rsquo;uniformit&eacute;.&nbsp; Ce manque d&rsquo;uniformit&eacute; est si omnipr&eacute;sent que l&rsquo;ouvrage de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence&nbsp;<em>The Interpreter&rsquo;s Dictionary of the Bible<\/em>&nbsp;affirme qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y a pas une seule phrase du Nouveau Testament qui soit exactement fid&egrave;le au manuscrit d&rsquo;origine.<a title=\" Buttrick, George Arthur (Ed.). 1962 (1996 Print). The Interpreter&rsquo;s Dictionary of the Bible. Volume 4. Nashville: Abingdon Press. pp. 594-595 (Under Text, NT).\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11873\">[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Pas une seule phrase?&nbsp; Nous ne pouvons nous fier &agrave; aucune phrase de la Bible?&nbsp; C&rsquo;est difficile &agrave; croire.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Peut-&ecirc;tre&hellip;<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Le fait est qu&rsquo;il existe plus de 5700 manuscrits grecs du Nouveau Testament (ou de certaines parties).<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus. P. 88.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11874\">[3]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;De plus, &laquo;&nbsp;il n&rsquo;y a pas deux de ces manuscrits qui soient exactement identiques&hellip;&nbsp; Et certaines des diff&eacute;rences qu&rsquo;on y trouve sont significatives.&nbsp;&raquo;<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities. P. 78.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11875\">[4]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Prenez, grosso modo, dix milles manuscrits de la vulgate latine, ajoutez-y les nombreuses autres variantes anciennes (i.e. syriennes, coptes, arm&eacute;niennes, g&eacute;orgiennes, &eacute;thiopiennes, nubiennes, gothiques, slavonnes), et qu&rsquo;obtenez-vous?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Beaucoup de manuscrits<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">De nombreux manuscrits qui trop souvent ne concordent pas et qui, assez souvent, se contredisent.&nbsp; Les &eacute;rudits &eacute;valuent le nombre de variantes, dans les manuscrits, &agrave; pr&egrave;s de 400 000.&nbsp; Comme l&rsquo;affirme Bart D. Ehrman&rsquo;s&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Il est plus facile de pr&eacute;senter la chose en termes comparatifs&nbsp;: il existe plus de diff&eacute;rences entre les manuscrits qu&rsquo;il y a de mots dans le Nouveau Testament.&nbsp;&raquo;<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. P. 12.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11876\">[5]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Comment cela a-t-il pu se produire?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">De mauvaises m&eacute;thodes de pr&eacute;servation des textes.&nbsp; De la malhonn&ecirc;tet&eacute;.&nbsp; De l&rsquo;incomp&eacute;tence.&nbsp; Des pr&eacute;jug&eacute;s doctrinaux.&nbsp; Faites votre choix.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Aucun des manuscrits originaux des d&eacute;buts de l&rsquo;&egrave;re chr&eacute;tienne n&rsquo;a surv&eacute;cu &agrave; cette &eacute;poque.<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities. P. 49.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11877\">[6]<\/a>\/<a title=\" Metzger, Bruce M. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. Introduction, p. 1.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11878\">[7]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Les manuscrits anciens les plus complets (Vatican MS. No. 1209 et le&nbsp;Codex Syro-Sina&iuml;ticus) datent du quatri&egrave;me si&egrave;cle, soit trois cents ans apr&egrave;s le minist&egrave;re de J&eacute;sus.&nbsp; Mais les originaux?&nbsp; Perdus.&nbsp; Et les copies des originaux?&nbsp; Perdues &eacute;galement.&nbsp; En d&rsquo;autres termes, les plus anciens manuscrits sont en fait des copies de copies de copies de nul-ne-sait-combien-de-copies des originaux.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Pas &eacute;tonnant qu&rsquo;ils soient en d&eacute;saccord<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">M&ecirc;me si les manuscrits du Nouveau Testament s&rsquo;&eacute;taient retrouv&eacute;s entre les mains des meilleurs copistes, des erreurs de copie auraient &eacute;t&eacute; pr&eacute;visibles.&nbsp; Cependant, ils ne se sont&nbsp;<em>pas<\/em>&nbsp;retrouv&eacute;s entre les mains des meilleurs copistes.&nbsp; Au d&eacute;but de l&rsquo;&egrave;re chr&eacute;tienne, les scribes &eacute;taient peu exp&eacute;riment&eacute;s, peu fiables, incomp&eacute;tents et, dans certains cas, carr&eacute;ment illettr&eacute;s.<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities and Misquoting Jesus.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11879\">[8]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Ceux dont la vue &eacute;tait faible ont pu faire des erreurs dans la copie de lettres et de mots d&rsquo;aspect similaire, tandis que ceux dont l&rsquo;ou&iuml;e n&rsquo;&eacute;tait pas parfaite ont pu faire des erreurs en retranscrivant des textes qui leur &eacute;taient lus &agrave; haute voix.&nbsp; Par ailleurs, il n&rsquo;&eacute;tait pas rare que des scribes soient surmen&eacute;s et donc, plus enclins &agrave; commettre des erreurs dues &agrave; la fatigue.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Tel que l&rsquo;&eacute;crivent Metzger et Ehrman&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Puisque la plupart, sinon la totalit&eacute; d&rsquo;entre eux [les scribes] &eacute;taient des amateurs dans l&rsquo;art de la copie, il ne fait aucun doute qu&rsquo;un nombre relativement &eacute;lev&eacute; d&rsquo;erreurs se sont gliss&eacute;es dans leurs textes tandis qu&rsquo;ils les reproduisaient.&nbsp;&raquo;<a title=\" Metzger, Bruce M. et Ehrman, Bart D. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. P. 275.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11880\">[9]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Pire encore, certains scribes ont laiss&eacute; leurs pr&eacute;jug&eacute;s doctrinaux influencer leur transmission de l&rsquo;&Eacute;criture.<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities. Pp. 49, 217, 219-220.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11881\">[10]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Comme l&rsquo;affirme Ehrman&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Les scribes qui ont copi&eacute; les textes les ont modifi&eacute;s.&nbsp;&raquo;<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities. P. 219.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11882\">[11]<\/a>&nbsp;Plus pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Le nombre d&rsquo;alt&eacute;rations d&eacute;lib&eacute;r&eacute;es faites dans l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t de la doctrine est difficile &agrave; &eacute;valuer.&nbsp;&raquo;<a title=\" Metzger, Bruce M. et Ehrman, Bart D. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. P. 265. Voir aussi Ehrman, Orthodox Corruption of Scripture.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11883\">[12]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Et d&rsquo;ajouter&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Dans le jargon technique de la critique textuelle &ndash; que je retiens pour son ironie &ndash; ces scribes ont&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;corrompu&nbsp;&raquo; leurs textes pour des raisons th&eacute;ologiques.&nbsp;&raquo;<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. 1993. The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. Oxford University Press. P. xii.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11884\">[13]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Des erreurs se sont introduites sous forme d&rsquo;additions, de suppressions, de substitutions et de modifications, le plus souvent de mots ou de lignes enti&egrave;res mais aussi, &agrave; l&rsquo;occasion, de versets entiers.<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities. P. 220.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11885\">[14]<\/a>\/<a title=\" Metzger, Bruce M. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. Introduction, p. 3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11886\">[15]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;En fait, &laquo;&nbsp;de nombreuses modifications et additions se sont gliss&eacute;es dans le texte&nbsp;&raquo;<a title=\" Metzger, Bruce M. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. Introduction, p. 10.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11887\">[16]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;ce qui a eu pour cons&eacute;quence que &laquo;&nbsp;les &eacute;crits actuels du Nouveau Testament sont, &agrave; divers degr&eacute;s, des assemblages de textes.&nbsp; De m&ecirc;me, de nombreux manuscrits anciens contiennent eux aussi des erreurs flagrantes.&nbsp;&raquo;<a title=\" Metzger, Bruce M. et Ehrman, Bart D. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. P. 343.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11888\">[17]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Dans son ouvrage intitul&eacute;&nbsp;<em>Misquoting Jesus<\/em>, Ehrman apporte des preuves convaincantes selon lesquelles l&rsquo;histoire de la femme adult&egrave;re (Jean 7:53-8:12) et les douze derniers versets de Marc ne faisaient pas partie de l&rsquo;&Eacute;vangile &agrave; l&rsquo;origine, mais ont &eacute;t&eacute; ajout&eacute;s plus tard par des scribes.<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus. Pp. 62-69.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11889\">[18]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;De plus, ce ne sont l&agrave; que &laquo; deux exemples parmi des milliers o&ugrave; les manuscrits du Nouveau Testament ont &eacute;t&eacute; modifi&eacute;s par des scribes.&nbsp;&raquo;<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus. P. 68.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11890\">[19]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">En fait, ce sont des livres entiers, dans la Bible, qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; forg&eacute;s de toutes pi&egrave;ces.<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities. Pp. 9-11, 30, 235-6.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11891\">[20]<\/a>&nbsp; Cela ne signifie pas que leur contenu soit n&eacute;cessairement erron&eacute;, mais cela ne signifie certainement pas qu&rsquo;il soit exact.&nbsp; Alors quels livres ont &eacute;t&eacute; forg&eacute;s?&nbsp; Les &Eacute;ph&eacute;siens, les Colossiens, les deux Thessaloniciens, Timoth&eacute;e 1 et 2, Tite, Pierre 1 et 2, et Jude &ndash; un total de neuf livres sur vingt-sept dans le Nouveau Testament &ndash; sont tous suspects &agrave; divers degr&eacute;s.<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities. P. 235.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11892\">[21]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Des livres forg&eacute;s? &nbsp;Dans la Bible?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Pourquoi sommes-nous surpris?&nbsp; Apr&egrave;s tout, m&ecirc;me les auteurs des &eacute;vangiles sont inconnus.&nbsp; En fait, ils sont anonymes.<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities. P. 3, 235. Voir aussi Ehrman, Bart D. The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. P. 49.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11893\">[22]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Les sp&eacute;cialistes de la Bible attribuent les &eacute;vangiles &agrave; Matthieu, Marc, Luc et Jean.&nbsp; Mais comme le dit Ehrman&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;La majorit&eacute; des sp&eacute;cialistes, de nos jours, ont laiss&eacute; tomber ces noms et reconnaissent que les livres ont &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;dig&eacute;s par des chr&eacute;tiens de langue grecque relativement bien instruits mais inconnus, au cours de la deuxi&egrave;me moiti&eacute; du premier si&egrave;cle.&nbsp;&raquo;<a title=\" Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities. P. 235.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11894\">[23]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Graham Stanton affirme&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Les &eacute;vangiles, contrairement &agrave; la majorit&eacute; des &eacute;crits gr&eacute;co-romains, sont anonymes.&nbsp; Les titres familiers qui comprennent le nom de l&rsquo;auteur (&laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;&Eacute;vangile selon...&nbsp;&raquo;) n&rsquo;ont jamais fait partie des manuscrits originaux, car ils ont &eacute;t&eacute; ajout&eacute;s seulement au d&eacute;but du deuxi&egrave;me si&egrave;cle.&nbsp;&raquo;<a title=\" Stanton, Graham N. p. 19.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11895\">[24]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Les disciples de J&eacute;sus ont-ils &eacute;t&eacute; impliqu&eacute;s dans la r&eacute;daction des &eacute;vangiles?&nbsp; Pas du tout, ou alors tr&egrave;s peu, selon nos sources.&nbsp; Et rien ne laisse croire qu&rsquo;ils auraient r&eacute;dig&eacute; un ou des livres contenus dans la Bible.&nbsp; Tout d&rsquo;abord, il faut se rappeler que Marc &eacute;tait le secr&eacute;taire de Pierre et que Luc &eacute;tait un ami de Paul.&nbsp; Les versets Luc 6:14-16 et Matthieu 10:2-4 &eacute;tablissent la liste des douze disciples et, bien que leurs listes soient en d&eacute;saccord sur deux noms, Marc et Luc ne font partie d&rsquo;aucune.&nbsp; Seuls Matthieu et Jean, donc, auraient &eacute;t&eacute; de v&eacute;ritables disciples.&nbsp; Mais de toute fa&ccedil;on, la majorit&eacute; des sp&eacute;cialistes actuels de la Bible affirment qu&rsquo;ils ne peuvent avoir r&eacute;dig&eacute; les &eacute;vangiles.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Pourquoi?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Bonne question.&nbsp; Jean &eacute;tant plus connu que Matthieu, pourquoi devrions-nous croire qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;a pu r&eacute;diger l&rsquo;&Eacute;vangile selon &laquo;&nbsp;Jean&nbsp;&raquo;?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Hummm&hellip;&nbsp; parce qu&rsquo;il &eacute;tait d&eacute;j&agrave; mort?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">De nombreuses sources reconnaissent qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;existe aucune preuve, &agrave; part quelques t&eacute;moignages douteux provenant d&rsquo;auteurs du deuxi&egrave;me si&egrave;cle, sugg&eacute;rant que le disciple Jean aurait &eacute;t&eacute; l&rsquo;auteur de l&rsquo;&Eacute;vangile selon&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;Jean&nbsp;&raquo;.<a title=\" Kee, Howard Clark (notes et r&eacute;f&eacute;rence). 1993. The Cambridge Annotated Study Bible, New Revised Standard Version. Cambridge University Press. Introduction to gospel of &lsquo;John.&rsquo;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11896\">[25]<\/a>\/<a title=\" Butler, Trent C. (General Editor). Holman Bible Dictionary. Nashville: Holman Bible Publishers. Under &lsquo;John, the Gospel of&rsquo;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11897\">[26]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;La r&eacute;futation la plus convaincante est sans doute celle affirmant que le disciple Jean est probablement mort aux environs de l&rsquo;an 98 de notre &egrave;re<a title=\" Easton, M. G., M.A., D.D. Easton&rsquo;s Bible Dictionary. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. Under &lsquo;John the Apostle.&rsquo;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11898\">[27]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;tandis que l&rsquo;&Eacute;vangile selon Jean a &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;dig&eacute; aux environs de l&rsquo;an 110.<a title=\" Goodspeed, Edgar J. 1946. How to Read the Bible. The John C. Winston Company. p. 227.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftn11899\">[28]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Alors quiconque &eacute;taient Luc (l&rsquo;ami de Paul), Marc (le secr&eacute;taire de Pierre) et Jean (qui est mort avant la r&eacute;daction de l&rsquo;&eacute;vangile portant son nom), nous n&rsquo;avons aucune raison de croire qu&rsquo;un ou des &eacute;vangiles ont &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;dig&eacute;s par les disciples de J&eacute;sus&hellip;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\">Copyright &copy; 2007 Laurence B. Brown; publi&eacute; avec sa permission.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-hadeeth-or-bible\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><strong>Le texte qui pr&eacute;c&egrave;de est un extrait du livre de Laurence B. Brown,<em>MisGod&rsquo;ed<\/em>, qui doit bient&ocirc;t para&icirc;tre accompagn&eacute; de sa suite,<\/strong><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><strong><em>God&rsquo;ed<\/em><\/strong><strong>.&nbsp; Ces deux livres se trouvent sur le site du Dr Brown, www.Leveltruth.com .&nbsp; On peut contacter le Dr Brown &agrave; l&rsquo;adresse suivante&nbsp;:<\/strong><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>BrownL38@yahoo.com<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<div>\r\n<hr size=\"2\" \/>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><strong>Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11872\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;Dow, Lorenzo.&nbsp;<em>Reflections on the Love of God<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11873\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;Buttrick, George Arthur (Ed.). 1962 (1996 Print).&nbsp;<em>The Interpreter&rsquo;s Dictionary of the Bible<\/em>. Volume 4. Nashville: Abingdon Press. pp. 594-595 (Under Text, NT).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11874\">[3]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>Misquoting Jesus<\/em>. P. 88.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11875\">[4]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>Lost Christianities<\/em>. P. 78.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11876\">[5]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings<\/em>. P. 12.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11877\">[6]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>Lost Christianities<\/em>. P. 49.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11878\">[7]<\/a>&nbsp;Metzger, Bruce M.&nbsp;<em>A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament<\/em>. Introduction, p. 1.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11879\">[8]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>Lost Christianities and Misquoting Jesus<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11880\">[9]<\/a>&nbsp;Metzger, Bruce M. et Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration<\/em>. P. 275.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11881\">[10]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>Lost Christianities<\/em>. Pp. 49, 217, 219-220.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11882\">[11]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>Lost Christianities<\/em>. P. 219.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11883\">[12]<\/a>&nbsp;Metzger, Bruce M. et Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration<\/em>. P. 265. Voir aussi Ehrman,&nbsp;<em>Orthodox Corruption of Scripture<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11884\">[13]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D. 1993.&nbsp;<em>The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture<\/em>. Oxford University Press. P. xii.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11885\">[14]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>Lost Christianities<\/em>. P. 220.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11886\">[15]<\/a>&nbsp;Metzger, Bruce M.&nbsp;<em>A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament<\/em>. Introduction, p. 3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11887\">[16]<\/a>&nbsp;Metzger, Bruce M.&nbsp;<em>A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament<\/em>. Introduction, p. 10.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11888\">[17]<\/a>&nbsp;Metzger, Bruce M. et Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration<\/em>. P. 343.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11889\">[18]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>Misquoting Jesus<\/em>. Pp. 62-69.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11890\">[19]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>Misquoting Jesus<\/em>. P. 68.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11891\">[20]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>Lost Christianities<\/em>. Pp. 9-11, 30, 235-6.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11892\">[21]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>Lost Christianities<\/em>. P. 235.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11893\">[22]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities. P. 3, 235. Voir aussi Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings<\/em>. P. 49.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11894\">[23]<\/a>&nbsp;Ehrman, Bart D.&nbsp;<em>Lost Christianities<\/em>. P. 235.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11895\">[24]<\/a>&nbsp;Stanton, Graham N. p. 19.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11896\">[25]<\/a>&nbsp;Kee, Howard Clark (notes et r&eacute;f&eacute;rence). 1993.&nbsp;<em>The Cambridge Annotated Study Bible, New Revised Standard Version<\/em>. Cambridge University Press. Introduction to gospel of &lsquo;John.&rsquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11897\">[26]<\/a>&nbsp;Butler, Trent C. (General Editor).&nbsp;<em>Holman Bible Dictionary<\/em>. Nashville: Holman Bible Publishers. Under &lsquo;John, the Gospel of&rsquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11898\">[27]<\/a>&nbsp;Easton, M. G., M.A., D.D.&nbsp;<em>Easton&rsquo;s Bible Dictionary<\/em>. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. Under &lsquo;John the Apostle.&rsquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-footnote-text\"><span style=\"font-size: large; color: #000000;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/fr\/articles\/556\/#_ftnref11899\">[28]<\/a>&nbsp;Goodspeed, Edgar J. 1946.&nbsp;<em>How to Read the Bible.<\/em>&nbsp;The John C. Winston Company. p. 227.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":19691,"lft":5406,"rght":5407,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-11-26T02:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-05-06T18:01:00.000000Z","language_id":9,"user_id":13,"author_id":102,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":7,"parent_id":2786,"books":[],"fatawas":[],"videos":[],"audios":[],"author_name":"Laurence B. Brown MD","category_name":"Comparative Religions","category_slug":"Comparative-Religions","get_date":"2014-11-26","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-The New Testament.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-The New Testament.docx"},"translations":[],"article_books":[],"article_fatawas":[],"article_videos":[],"article_audios":[],"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/fre\/api\/articles\/le-nouveau-testament"}