{"title":"Mustafa Malaikah","author":{"id":246,"name":"Mustafa Malaikah","slug":"mustafa_malaikah","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-01-26T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-01-26T09:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Mustafa Malaikah"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"title":"Discover Islam","slug":"discover-islam-1432798899","image":"\/uploads\/books\/Mustafa Malaikah.jpg","read_counter":13474,"is_volume":0,"created_at":"2014-01-26T09:00:00.000000Z","category_id":1,"volume_id":null,"id":874,"volume_count":null,"volume_title":null,"category":{"id":1,"title":"Introducing Islam","created_at":"2017-08-17T19:18:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-02-12T22:06:51.000000Z","slug":"Introducing-islam","i18ns":[],"get_title":"Introducing Islam"},"authors":[{"id":246,"name":"Mustafa Malaikah","slug":"mustafa_malaikah","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-01-26T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-01-26T09:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"pivot":{"book_id":874,"author_id":246},"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Mustafa Malaikah"}],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/books\/Mustafa Malaikah.jpg","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","author_id":"","author_name":"Mustafa Malaikah","book_title":"Discover Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","category_name":"Introducing Islam"}],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/cir\/api\/authors\/246?books_page=1","from":1,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/cir\/api\/authors\/246?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"&laquo; 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Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/cir\/api\/authors\/246?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next &raquo;","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/cir\/api\/authors\/246","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":3310,"title":"Women in Islam","slug":"women-in-islam","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/54945437-1470-48d2-b158-1d00b8adb1fd-en-Women in Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/54945437-ff18-40c1-b138-1d00b8adb1fd-en-Women in Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:women-in-islam","hint":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\" dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large; color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644:<\/span>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 &nbsp;\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large; color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641:<\/span>&nbsp;\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large; color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631:<\/span>&nbsp;\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large; color: #000000;\"><strong><br \/><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\" dir=\"rtl\">&nbsp;<\/p>","body":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Women in Islam<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;<img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/images\/Women_in_Islam_-_Oppression_or_Liberation_001.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h1>\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(part 1 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">The issue of gender equity is important, relevant, and current.&nbsp; Debates and writings on the subject are increasing and are diverse in their perspectives.&nbsp; The Islamic perspective on the issue is the least understood and most misrepresented by non-Muslims and some Muslims as well.&nbsp; This article is intended to provide a brief and authentic exposition of what Islam stands for in this regard.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Women in Ancient Civilizations<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">In order to truly understand the status women have been given through Islam, one must compare it with other systems of law that exist today and that existed in the past.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>The Indian System<\/strong>: It is stated in the<em>&nbsp;<\/em><em>Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, 1911: &ldquo;In India, subjection was a cardinal principle.&nbsp; Day and night must women be held by their protectors in a state of dependence says Manu.&nbsp; The rule of inheritance was agnatic, that is descent traced through males to the exclusion of females.&rdquo;&nbsp; In Hindu scriptures, the description of a good wife is as follows: &ldquo;a woman whose mind, speech and body are kept in subjection, acquires high renown in this world, and, in the next, the same abode with her husband.&rdquo; (Mace,&nbsp;<em>Marriage East and West<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>The Greek System<\/strong>: In Athens, women were not better off than either the Indian or the Roman women: &ldquo;Athenian women were always minors, subject to some male - to their father, to their brother, or to some of their male kin.&rdquo; (Allen, E. A.,&nbsp;<em>History of Civilization<\/em>).&nbsp; Her consent in marriage was not generally thought to be necessary and &ldquo;she was obliged to submit to the wishes of her parents, and receive from them her husband and her lord, even though he were stranger to her.&rdquo; (Previous Source)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>The Roman System<\/strong>: A Roman wife was described by a historian as: &ldquo;a babe, a minor, a ward, a person incapable of doing or acting anything according to her own individual taste, a person continually under the tutelage and guardianship of her husband.&rdquo; (Previous Source).&nbsp; In&nbsp;<em>The Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, 1911, we find a summary of the legal status of women in the Roman civilization: &ldquo;In Roman Law a woman was even in historic times completely dependent.&nbsp; If married she and her property passed into the power of her husband . . . the wife was the purchased property of her husband, and like a slave acquired only for his benefit.&nbsp; A woman could not exercise any civil or public office . . . could not be a witness, surety, tutor, or curator; she could not adopt or be adopted, or make will or contract.&rdquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>The Scandinavian System<\/strong>: Among the Scandinavian races women were: &ldquo;under perpetual tutelage, whether married or unmarried.&nbsp; As late as the Code of Christian V, at the end of the 17th Century, it was enacted that if a woman married without the consent of her tutor he might have, if he wished, administration and usufruct of her goods during her life.&rdquo; (<em>The Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, 1911).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>The British System<\/strong>: In Britain, the right of married women to own property was not recognized until the late 19th Century, &ldquo;By a series of acts starting with the Married Women&rsquo;s Property Act in 1870, amended in 1882 and 1887, married women achieved the right to own property and to enter into contracts on a par with spinsters, widows, and divorcees.&rdquo; (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1968).&nbsp; In France, it was not until 1938 that the French Law was amended so as to recognize the eligibility of women to contract.&nbsp; A married woman, however, was still required to secure her husband&rsquo;s permission before she could dispense with her private property.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(6)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>In the Mosaic (Jewish) Law:<\/strong>&nbsp;The wife was betrothed.&nbsp; Explaining this concept, the&nbsp;<em>Encyclopedia Biblica<\/em>, 1902, states: &ldquo;To betroth a wife to oneself meant simply to acquire possession of her by payment of the purchase money; the betrothed is a girl for whom the purchase money has been paid.&rdquo;&nbsp; From the legal point of view, the consent of the girl was not necessary for the validation of her marriage. &ldquo;The girl&rsquo;s consent is unnecessary and the need for it is nowhere suggested in the Law.&rdquo; (Previous Source).&nbsp; As to the right of divorce, we read in the&nbsp;<em>Encyclopedia Biblica<\/em>: &ldquo;The woman being man&rsquo;s property, his right to divorce her follows as a matter of course.&rdquo;&nbsp; The right to divorce was held only by man,&nbsp;<em>The Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, 1911, states: &ldquo;In the Mosaic Law divorce was a privilege of the husband only...&rdquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(7)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>The Christian Church<\/strong>: the position of the Christian Church until recent centuries seems to have been influenced by both the Mosaic Law and by the streams of thought that were dominant in its contemporary cultures.&nbsp; In their book,&nbsp;<em>Marriage East and West<\/em>, David and Vera Mace wrote: &ldquo;Let no one suppose, either, that our Christian heritage is free of such slighting judgments.&nbsp; It would be hard to find anywhere a collection of more degrading references to the female sex than the early Church Fathers provide.&nbsp; Lecky, the famous historian, speaks of &lsquo;these fierce incentives which form so conspicuous and so grotesque a portion of the writing of the Fathers . . . woman was represented as the door of hell, as the mother of all human ills.&nbsp; She should be ashamed at the very thought that she is a woman.&nbsp; She should live in continual penance on account of the curses she has brought upon the world.&nbsp; She should be ashamed of her dress, for it is the memorial of her fall.&nbsp; She should be especially ashamed of her beauty, for it is the most potent instrument of the devil.&rsquo;&nbsp; One of the most scathing of these attacks on woman is that of Tertullian: &lsquo;Do you know that you are each an Eve? &nbsp;The sentence of God on this sex of yours lives in this age; the guilt must of necessity live too.&nbsp; You are the devil&rsquo;s gateway; you are the unsealer of that forbidden tree; you are the first deserters of the divine law; you are she who persuades him whom the devil was not valiant enough to attack.&rsquo;&nbsp; Not only did the church affirm the inferior status of woman, it deprived her of legal rights she had previously enjoyed.&rdquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Foundations of Spiritual and Human Equity in Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">In the midst of the darkness that engulfed the world, the divine revelation echoed in the wide desert of Arabia in the seventh Century with a fresh, noble, and universal message to humanity, described below.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; According to the Holy Quran, men and women have the same human spiritual nature:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its mate and dispersed from both of them many men and women...&rdquo; (Quran 4:1, see also 7:189, 42:11, 16:72, 32:9, and 15:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; God has invested both genders with inherent dignity and has made men and women, collectively the trustees of God on earth (see the Quran 17:70 and 2:30).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; The Quran does not blame woman for the &ldquo;fall of man,&rdquo; nor does it view pregnancy and childbirth as punishments for &ldquo;eating from the forbidden tree.&rdquo;&nbsp; On the contrary, the Quran depicts Adam and Eve as equally responsible for their sin in the Garden, never singling out Eve for blame.&nbsp; Both repented, and both were forgiven (see the Quran 2:36-37 and 7:19-27).&nbsp; In fact, in one verse (Quran 20:121) Adam specifically was blamed.&nbsp; The Quran also esteems pregnancy and childbirth as sufficient reasons for the love and respect due to mothers from their children (Quran 31:14 and 46:15).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp; Men and women have the same religious and moral duties and responsibilities.&nbsp; Each human being shall face the consequences of his or her deeds:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;And their Lord responded to them (saying): Never will I allow to be lost the work of (any) worker among you, whether male or female; you are of one another...&rdquo; (Quran 3:195, see also 74:38, 16:97, 4:124, 33:35, and 57:12)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp; The Quran is quite clear about the issue of the claimed superiority or inferiority of any human, male or female.&nbsp; The sole basis for superiority of any person over another is piety and righteousness not gender, color, or nationality (see the Quran 49:13).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">The Economic Aspect of Women in Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; The Right to Possess Personal Property: Islam decreed a right of which woman was deprived both before Islam and after it (even as late as this century), the right of independent ownership.&nbsp; The Islamic Law recognizes the full property rights of women before and after marriage.&nbsp; They may buy, sell, or lease any or all of their properties at will.&nbsp; For this reason, Muslim women may keep (and in fact they have traditionally kept) their maiden names after marriage, an indication of their independent property rights as legal entities.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Financial Security and Inheritance Laws: Financial security is assured for women.&nbsp; They are entitled to receive marital gifts without limit and to keep present and future properties and income for their own security, even after marriage.&nbsp; No married woman is required to spend any amount at all from her property and income on the household.&nbsp; The woman is entitled also to full financial support during marriage and during the &ldquo;waiting period&rdquo; (iddah) in case of divorce or widowhood.&nbsp; Some jurists require, in addition, one year&rsquo;s support for divorce and widowhood (or until they remarry, if remarriage takes place before the year is over).&nbsp; A woman who bears a child in marriage is entitled to child support from the child&rsquo;s father.&nbsp; Generally, a Muslim woman is guaranteed support in all stages of her life, as a daughter, wife, mother, or sister.&nbsp; The financial advantages accorded to women and not to men in marriage and in family have a social counterpart in the provisions that the Quran lays down in the laws of inheritance, which afford the male, in most cases, twice the inheritance of a female.&nbsp; Males do not always inherit more; at times a woman inherits more than a man. In instances where the men inherit more they ultimately are financially responsible for their female relatives: their wives, daughters, mothers, and sisters.&nbsp; Females inherit less but retain their share for investment and financial security, without any legal obligation to spend any part of it, even for their own sustenance (food, clothing, housing, medication, etc).&nbsp; It should be noted that before Islam, women themselves were sometimes objects of inheritance (see the Quran 4:19).&nbsp; In some western countries, even after the advent of Islam, the whole estate of the deceased was given to his\/her eldest son.&nbsp; The Quran, however, made it clear that both men and women are entitled to a specified share of the estate of their deceased parents or close relatives.&nbsp; God has said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;For men is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, and for women is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, be it little or much, an obligatory share.&rdquo; (Quran 4:7)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; Employment: With regard to the woman&rsquo;s right to seek employment, it should be stated first that Islam regards her role in society as a mother and a wife as her most sacred and essential one.&nbsp; Neither maids nor baby sitters can possibly take the mother&rsquo;s place as the educator of an upright, complex-free, and carefully-reared child.&nbsp; Such a noble and vital role, which largely shapes the future of nations, cannot be regarded as idleness.&nbsp; However, there is no decree in Islam that forbids women from seeking employment whenever there is a necessity for it, especially in positions which fit her nature best and in which society needs her most.&nbsp; Examples of these professions are nursing, teaching (especially children), medicine, and social and charitable work.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(part 2 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">The Social Aspect of Women in Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">A)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As a Daughter:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; The Quran ended the cruel practice of female infanticide, which was before Islam.&nbsp; God has said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;And when the girl (who was) buried alive is asked, for what sin she was killed.&rdquo; (Quran 81:8-9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; The Quran went further to rebuke the unwelcoming attitude of some parents upon hearing the news of the birth of a baby girl, instead of a baby boy.&nbsp; God has said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;And when one of them is informed of (the birth of) a female, his face becomes dark, and he suppresses grief.&nbsp; He hides himself from the people because of the ill of which he has been informed.&nbsp; Should he keep it in humiliation or bury it in the ground?&nbsp; Certainly, evil is what they decide.&rdquo; (Quran 16:58-59)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; Parents are duty-bound to support and show kindness and justice to their daughters.&nbsp; The Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, said:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Whosoever supports two daughters until they mature, he and I will come on the Day of Judgment as this (and he pointed with his fingers held together).&rdquo;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp; A crucial aspect in the upbringing of daughters that greatly influences their future is education.&nbsp; Education is not only a right but a responsibility for all males and females.&nbsp; The Prophet Muhammad said:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Seeking knowledge is mandatory for every Muslim.&rdquo;&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;The word &ldquo;Muslim&rdquo; here is inclusive of both males and females.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp; Islam neither requires nor encourages female circumcision.&nbsp; And while it is maybe practiced by some Muslims in certain parts of Africa, it is also practiced by other peoples, including Christians, in those places, a reflection merely of the local customs and practices there.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">B)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As a Wife:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Marriage in Islam is based on mutual peace, love, and compassion, and not just the mere satisfying of human sexual desire.&nbsp; Among the most impressive verses in the Quran about marriage is the following:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;And of His signs is: that He created for you from yourselves mates that you may find tranquility in them; and He placed between you affection and mercy.&nbsp; Indeed in that are signs for a people who give thought.&rdquo; (Quran 30:21, see also 42:11 and 2:228)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; The female has the right to accept or reject marriage proposals.&nbsp; According to the Islamic Law, women cannot be forced to marry anyone without their consent.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; The husband is responsible for the maintenance, protection, and overall leadership of the family, within the framework of consultation (see the Quran 2:233) and kindness (see the Quran 4:19).&nbsp; The mutuality and complementary nature of the role of husband and wife does not mean subservience by either party to the other.&nbsp; The Prophet Muhammad instructed Muslims regarding women:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;I commend you to be good to women.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; And&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;The best among you are those who are best to their wives.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; The Quran urges husbands to be kind and considerate to their wives, even if a wife falls out of favor with her husband or disinclination for her arises within him:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;...And live with them in kindness.&nbsp; For if you dislike them, perhaps you dislike a thing and God makes therein much good.&rdquo; (Quran 4:19)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">It also outlawed the Arabian practice before Islam whereby the stepson of the deceased father was allowed to take possession of his father&rsquo;s widow(s) (inherit them) as if they were part of the estate of the deceased (see the Quran 4:19).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp; Should marital disputes arise, the Quran encourages couples to resolve them privately in a spirit of fairness and goodness.&nbsp; Indeed, the Quran outlines an enlightened step and wise approach for the husband and wife to resolve persistent conflict in their marital life.&nbsp; In the event that dispute cannot be resolved equitably between husband and wife, the Quran prescribes mediation between the parties through family intervention on behalf of both spouses (see the Quran 4:35).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp; Divorce is a last resort, permissible but not encouraged, for the Quran esteems the preservation of faith and the individual&rsquo;s right -male and female alike- to felicity.&nbsp; Forms of marriage dissolution include an enactment based upon mutual agreement, the husband&rsquo;s initiative, the wife&rsquo;s initiative (if part of her marital contract), the court&rsquo;s decision on a wife&rsquo;s initiative (for a legitimate reason), and the wife&rsquo;s initiative without a cause, provided that she returns her marital gift to her husband.&nbsp; When the continuation of the marriage relationship is impossible for any reason, men are still taught to seek a gracious end for it.&nbsp; The Quran states about such cases:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;And when you divorce women and they have fulfilled their term (i.e. waiting period), either keep them in kindness or release them in kindness, and do not keep them, intending harm, to transgress (against them).&rdquo; (Quran 2:231, see also 2:229 and 33:49)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(6)&nbsp; Associating polygyny with Islam, as if it was introduced by it or is the norm according to its teachings, is one of the most persistent myths perpetuated in Western literature and media.&nbsp; Polygyny existed in almost all nations and was even sanctioned by Judaism and Christianity until recent centuries.&nbsp; Islam did not outlaw polygyny, as did many peoples and religious communities; rather, it regulated and restricted it.&nbsp; It is not required but simply permitted with conditions (see the Quran 4:3).&nbsp; Spirit of law, including timing of revelation, is to deal with individual and collective contingencies that may arise from time to time (e.g. imbalances between the number of males and females created by wars) and to provide a moral, practical, and humane solution for the problems of widows and orphans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">C)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As a Mother:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; The Quran elevates kindness to parents (especially mothers) to a status second to the worship of God:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;Your Lord has commanded that you worship none but Him, and that you be kind to your parents.&nbsp; If one of them or both of them reach old age with you, do not say to them a word of disrespect, or scold them, but say a generous word to them.&nbsp; And act humbly to them in mercy, and say, &lsquo;My Lord, have mercy on them, since they cared for me when I was small.&rsquo;&rdquo; (Quran 17:23-24, see also 31:14, 46:15, and 29:8)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Naturally, the Prophet Muhammad specified this behavior for his followers, rendering to mothers an unequalled status in human relationships.&nbsp; A man came to the Prophet Muhammad and said, &ldquo;O Messenger of God!&nbsp; Who among the people is the most worthy of my good companionship?&rdquo;&nbsp; The Prophet&nbsp; said:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Your mother.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; The man said, &ldquo;Then who?&rdquo;&nbsp; The Prophet&nbsp; said:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Then your mother.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; The man further asked, &ldquo;Then who?&rdquo;&nbsp; The Prophet&nbsp; said:<strong>&ldquo;Then your mother.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; The man asked again, &ldquo;Then who?&rdquo;&nbsp; The Prophet&nbsp; said:<strong>&ldquo;Then your father.&rdquo;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">D)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As a Sister in Faith (In General):<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; According to the Prophet Muhammad&rsquo;s sayings:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;women are but shaqa&rsquo;iq (twin halves or sisters) of men.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; This saying is a profound statement that directly relates to the issue of human equality between the genders.&nbsp; If the first meaning of the Arabic word shaqa&rsquo;iq, &ldquo;twin halves,&rdquo; is adopted, it means that the male is worth one half (of society), while the female is worth the other half.&nbsp; If the second meaning, &ldquo;sisters,&rdquo; is adopted, it implies the same.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; The Prophet Muhammad taught kindness, care, and respect toward women in general:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;I commend you to be good to women.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; It is significant that such instruction of the Prophet was among his final instructions and reminders in the farewell pilgrimage address given shortly before his passing away.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; Modesty and social interaction: The parameters of proper modesty for males and females (dress and behavior) are based on revelatory sources (the Quran and prophetic sayings) and, as such, are regarded by believing men and women as divinely-based guidelines with legitimate aims and divine wisdom behind them.&nbsp; They are not male-imposed or socially imposed restrictions.&nbsp; It is interesting to know that even the Bible encourages women to cover their head: &ldquo;If a woman does not cover her head, she should have her hair cut off; and if it is a disgrace for a woman to have her hair cut or shaved off, she should cover her head.&rdquo; (1 Corinthians 11:6).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">The Legal and Political Aspect of Women in Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; Equality before the Law: Both genders are entitled to equality before the Law and courts of Law.&nbsp; Justice is genderless (see the Quran 5:38, 24:2, and 5:45).&nbsp; Women do possess an independent legal entity in financial and other matters.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Participation in Social and Political Life: The general rule in social and political life is participation and collaboration of males and females in public affairs (see the Quran 9:71).&nbsp; There is sufficient historical evidence of participation by Muslim women in the choice of rulers, in public issues, in Law making, in administrative positions, in scholarship and teaching, and even in the battlefield.&nbsp; Such involvement in social and political affairs was conducted without the participants&rsquo; losing sight of the complementary priorities of both genders and without violating Islamic guidelines of modesty and virtue.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">The status which non-Muslim women reached during the present era was not achieved due to the kindness of men or due to natural progress.&nbsp; It was rather achieved through a long struggle and sacrifice on woman&rsquo;s part and only when society needed her contribution and work, more especially during the two world wars, and due to the escalation of technological change.&nbsp; While in Islam such compassionate and dignified status was decreed, not because it reflects the environment of the seventh century, nor under the threat or pressure of women and their organizations, but rather because of its intrinsic truthfulness.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">If this indicates anything, it would demonstrate the Divine origin of the Quran and the truthfulness of the message of Islam, which, unlike human philosophies and ideologies, was far from proceeding from its human environment; a message which established such humane principles that neither grew obsolete during the course of time, nor can become obsolete in the future.&nbsp; After all, this is the message of the All-Wise and All-Knowing God whose wisdom and knowledge are far beyond the ultimate in human thought and progress.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":19035,"lft":6467,"rght":6478,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-20T00:33:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T16:51:59.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":13,"author_id":246,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":3,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"Mustafa Malaikah","category_name":"Women in Islam","category_slug":"Women-in-Islam","get_date":"2014-12-20","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/54945437-ff18-40c1-b138-1d00b8adb1fd-en-Women in Islam.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/54945437-1470-48d2-b158-1d00b8adb1fd-en-Women in Islam.docx"},{"id":3311,"title":"Las mujeres en el Islam","slug":"las-mujeres-en-el-islam","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/54945502-b44c-46ae-8552-20c1b8adb1fd-sp-Women in Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/54945502-901c-4fa4-82d9-20c1b8adb1fd-sp-Women in Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:las-mujeres-en-el-islam","hint":"","body":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: xx-large;\"><strong>Las mujeres en el Islam<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;<img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/images\/Women_in_Islam_-_Oppression_or_Liberation_001.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>(parte 1 de 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Introducci&oacute;n<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">El tema de la equidad de g&eacute;nero es importante, relevante y actual. Los debates y escritos sobre el tema van en aumento y son diversos en sus perspectivas. La perspectiva isl&aacute;mica sobre el tema es la menos comprendida y la m&aacute;s malinterpretada por los no musulmanes as&iacute; como por algunos musulmanes. Este art&iacute;culo est&aacute; destinado a proporcionar una exposici&oacute;n breve y aut&eacute;ntica de lo que el Islam dice al respecto.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Las mujeres en las civilizaciones antiguas<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">A fin de entender realmente el estatus que les ha sido dado a las mujeres a trav&eacute;s del Islam, uno debe compararlo con otros sistemas legales que existen hoy d&iacute;a y que existieron en el pasado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>El sistema indio<\/strong>: Se afirma en la&nbsp;<em>Enciclopedia Brit&aacute;nica<\/em>, de 1911: \"En India, el sometimiento era un principio cardinal. Las mujeres deben estar d&iacute;a y noche en manos de sus protectores, en un estado de dependencia, dice Manu. La herencia se manejaba por v&iacute;a agnada, es decir, a trav&eacute;s del tronco com&uacute;n de varones, excluyendo a las mujeres\". En las escrituras hind&uacute;es, la descripci&oacute;n de una buena esposa es la siguiente: \"Una mujer cuya mente, palabras y cuerpo se mantienen en sujeci&oacute;n, adquiere alto renombre en este mundo, y en el siguiente, tendr&aacute; la misma morada con su marido\" (Mace,&nbsp;<em>El matrimonio en Oriente y Occidente<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>El sistema griego<\/strong>: En Atenas, las mujeres no estaban mejor que las mujeres indias o romanas: \"Las mujeres atenienses eran consideradas siempre como menores de edad, sujetas a alg&uacute;n var&oacute;n: su padre, su hermano o alg&uacute;n otro pariente masculino\" (Allen, E. A.,&nbsp;<em>Historia de la civilizaci&oacute;n<\/em>). No se pensaba que fuera necesario su consentimiento para el matrimonio, y \"estaba obligada a someterse a los deseos de sus padres, y a recibir de ellos a su esposo y se&ntilde;or, aunque fuera alguien ajeno a ella\" (Ib&iacute;d.).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>El sistema romano<\/strong>: Una esposa romana fue descrita por un historiador como \"un beb&eacute;, un menor, una sirvienta, una persona incapaz de hacer o de actuar de acuerdo a sus gustos individuales, una persona bajo la tutela y la custodia permanentes de su esposo\"(Ib&iacute;d.). En la&nbsp;<em>Enciclopedia Brit&aacute;nica<\/em>, 1911, encontramos un resumen del estatus legal de las mujeres en la civilizaci&oacute;n romana: \"En la ley romana, una mujer era, incluso en tiempos hist&oacute;ricos, completamente dependiente. Si se casaba, ella y sus propiedades pasaban a manos de su esposo&hellip; la esposa era propiedad de su esposo, y como en el caso de los esclavos, &eacute;l la adquir&iacute;a solo para su beneficio. Una mujer no pod&iacute;a ejercer ning&uacute;n cargo civil o p&uacute;blico&hellip; no pod&iacute;a ser testigo, garante, tutor ni apoderado; ella no pod&iacute;a adoptar ni ser adoptada, ni hacer testamento ni contrato\".<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>El sistema escandinavo<\/strong>: Entre las razas escandinavas, las mujeres estaban \"bajo tutela permanente, estuvieran casadas o no\". Todav&iacute;a en el C&oacute;digo de Christian V, a fines del siglo XVII, estaba decretado que si una mujer se casaba sin el consentimiento de su tutor, &eacute;l pod&iacute;a tener, si quer&iacute;a, la administraci&oacute;n y el usufructo de los bienes de ella durante su vida\" (<em>Enciclopedia Brit&aacute;nica<\/em>, 1911).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>El sistema brit&aacute;nico<\/strong>: En Inglaterra, el derecho de las mujeres casadas a tener propiedades no fue reconocido hasta finales del siglo XIX: \"Por una serie de actos legales comenzando con la Ley de Propiedad de la Mujer Casada, en 1870, modificada en 1882 y en 1887, las mujeres casadas lograron el derecho a tener propiedades y a celebrar contratos a la par con las solteras, viudas y divorciadas\" (<em>Enciclopedia Brit&aacute;nica<\/em>, 1968). En Francia, no fue hasta 1938 que la ley francesa fue reformada para reconocer la elegibilidad de las mujeres para celebrar contratos. Una mujer casada, sin embargo, todav&iacute;a necesitaba el permiso de su esposo antes de que se le permitiera prescindir de su propiedad privada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(6)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>En la ley mosaica (jud&iacute;a):<\/strong>&nbsp;La esposa estaba prometida. Explicando este concepto, la&nbsp;<em>Enciclopedia Brit&aacute;nica<\/em>, 1902, afirma: \"Prometer a una esposa a uno mismo simplemente significaba adquirir posesi&oacute;n de ella pagando su precio de compra; la prometida es una mujer por la que se ha pagado su precio\". Desde el punto de vista legal, el consentimiento de la mujer no era necesario para validar el matrimonio. \"El consentimiento de la mujer no es necesario, y no se sugiere la necesidad del mismo en la Ley\" (Ib&iacute;d.). En cuanto al derecho al divorcio, leemos en la&nbsp;<em>Enciclopedia B&iacute;blica<\/em>: \"Siendo la mujer propiedad del hombre, su derecho a divorciarse de ella se deduce como cuesti&oacute;n de rutina\". El derecho al divorcio lo sosten&iacute;a solo el hombre. La<em>Enciclopedia Brit&aacute;nica<\/em>, 1911, afirma: \"En la ley mosaica, el divorcio era un privilegio exclusivo del hombre&hellip;\".<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(7)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>La Iglesia cristiana<\/strong>: La posici&oacute;n de la Iglesia cristiana hasta siglos recientes, parece haber sido influida tanto por la ley mosaica como por las corrientes del pensamiento dominantes en sus culturas contempor&aacute;neas. En su libro&nbsp;<em>El matrimonio en Oriente y Occidente<\/em>, David y Vera Mace escribieron: \"Que nadie suponga, tampoco, que nuestro legado cristiano est&aacute; libre de tales juicios despreciativos. Ser&iacute;a dif&iacute;cil de encontrar en cualquier lugar una colecci&oacute;n de referencias m&aacute;s degradante hacia el sexo femenino que la que proporcionaron los primeros Padres de la Iglesia. Lecky, el famoso historiador, habla de \"esos incentivos feroces que forman una parte tan visible y grotesca de las escrituras de los Padres&hellip; la mujer era representada como las puertas del Infierno, como la madre de todos los males humanos. Ella deb&iacute;a sentirse avergonzada ante la simple idea de que es una mujer. Deber&iacute;a vivir en penitencia continua a causa de la maldici&oacute;n que le ha tra&iacute;do al mundo. Deber&iacute;a avergonzarse de su vestimenta, porque es el recuerdo de su ca&iacute;da. Deber&iacute;a avergonzarse especialmente de su belleza, porque es el instrumento m&aacute;s potente del demonio\". Uno de los ataques m&aacute;s mordaces contra las mujeres, es el de Tertuliano: \"&iquest;Acaso no saben que cada una de ustedes es una Eva? La sentencia de Dios sobre este sexo suyo vive en esta era, por lo tanto, la culpa debe vivir tambi&eacute;n. Ustedes son las puertas del Infierno, ustedes son la ruptura del sello del &aacute;rbol prohibido, ustedes son las primeras desertoras de la ley divina, ustedes son las que convencen a aquel a quien el demonio no fue lo suficientemente valiente para atacar\". No solo la Iglesia afirm&oacute; la condici&oacute;n de inferioridad de la mujer, sino que le neg&oacute; derechos legales que hab&iacute;a disfrutado con anterioridad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Fundamentos de equidad espiritual y humana en el Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">En medio de la oscuridad que envolvi&oacute; al mundo, la revelaci&oacute;n divina se hizo eco en el gran desierto de Arabia en el siglo VII con un mensaje fresco, noble y universal para toda la humanidad, que se describe a continuaci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; Seg&uacute;n el Sagrado Cor&aacute;n, hombres y mujeres tienen la misma naturaleza espiritual:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>\"&iexcl;Oh, seres humanos! Tengan temor de su Se&ntilde;or, Quien los ha creado de un solo ser, del que cre&oacute; a su c&oacute;nyuge e hizo descender de ambos muchos hombres y mujeres...\". (Cor&aacute;n 4:1, v&eacute;ase tambi&eacute;n 7:189, 42:11, 16:72, 32:9, y 15:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Dios ha investido a ambos sexos con dignidad inherente, y ha hecho a hombres y mujeres, en colectivo, los vicarios de Dios en la Tierra (v&eacute;ase Cor&aacute;n 17:70 y 2:30).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; El Cor&aacute;n no culpa a la mujer por la \"ca&iacute;da del hombre\", ni ve el embarazo y el parto como castigos por \"comer del &aacute;rbol prohibido\". Por el contrario, el Cor&aacute;n hace responsables por igual a Ad&aacute;n y a Eva por su pecado en el Jard&iacute;n, y nunca se&ntilde;ala a Eva como culpable. Ambos se arrepintieron y ambos fueron perdonados (v&eacute;ase Cor&aacute;n 2:36-37 y 7:19-27). De hecho, en un vers&iacute;culo (Cor&aacute;n 20:121) Ad&aacute;n fue culpado espec&iacute;ficamente. El Cor&aacute;n tambi&eacute;n considera el embarazo y el parto como razones suficientes para el amor y el respeto que los hijos deben a sus madres (Cor&aacute;n 31:14 y 46:15).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp; Los hombres y las mujeres tienen los mismos deberes y responsabilidades religiosos y morales. Cada ser humano enfrentar&aacute; las consecuencias de sus propios actos:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>\"Su Se&ntilde;or les respondi&oacute; sus s&uacute;plicas diciendo: No dejar&eacute; de recompensar ninguna de sus obras, sean hombres o mujeres, descienden el uno del otro\". (Cor&aacute;n 3:195, v&eacute;ase tambi&eacute;n 74:38, 16:97, 4:124, 33:35 y 57:12)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp; El Cor&aacute;n es muy claro acerca de la supuesta superioridad o inferioridad de cualquier ser humano, sea hombre o mujer. La &uacute;nica base para la superioridad de cualquier persona es su piedad y su rectitud, nunca el g&eacute;nero, el color ni la nacionalidad (v&eacute;ase Cor&aacute;n 49:13).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">El aspecto econ&oacute;mico de las mujeres en el Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; El derecho a poseer propiedades personales. El Islam decret&oacute; un derecho del cual las mujeres estaban privadas antes del Islam y despu&eacute;s de &eacute;l en las otras civilizaciones (incluso hasta este siglo): el derecho a la propiedad independiente. La ley isl&aacute;mica reconoce derechos completos a la propiedad antes y despu&eacute;s del matrimonio. Ellas pueden comprar, vender o arrendar sus propiedades a voluntad. Por esta raz&oacute;n, las mujeres musulmanas pueden mantener (y de hecho, han mantenido tradicionalmente) sus nombres de solteras, una indicaci&oacute;n de sus derechos de propiedad independiente como entidades legales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Leyes de seguridad financiera y herencia: La seguridad financiera est&aacute; asegurada para las mujeres. Ellas tienen derecho a recibir regalos nupciales sin l&iacute;mite alguno, y a mantener sus propiedades presentes y futuras, y a un ingreso para su propia seguridad, incluso despu&eacute;s de casarse. A ninguna mujer casada se le pide que gaste nada de su patrimonio ni de su ingreso en el hogar. La mujer tambi&eacute;n tiene derecho a apoyo financiero total durante el matrimonio y durante el \"per&iacute;odo de espera\" (<em>iddah<\/em>) en caso de divorcio o viudez. Algunos juristas exigen, adem&aacute;s, un a&ntilde;o de manutenci&oacute;n en casos de divorcio y viudez (o hasta que ella vuelva a casarse, si ese nuevo matrimonio ocurre antes de completarse un a&ntilde;o). Una mujer que tiene hijos fruto del matrimonio, tiene derecho a la manutenci&oacute;n de los hijos por parte del padre. Por lo general, una mujer musulmana tiene garantizado el apoyo durante todas las etapas de su vida, como hija, esposa, madre o hermana. Las ventajas financieras concedidas a las mujeres y no a los hombres en el matrimonio y en la familia, tienen su contraparte social en las provisiones que el Cor&aacute;n otorga en las leyes de herencia, que en la mayor&iacute;a de los casos le ofrecen al var&oacute;n el doble de la herencia de la mujer. Los hombres no siempre heredan m&aacute;s, a veces una mujer hereda m&aacute;s que el hombre. En los casos en los que los hombres heredan m&aacute;s, es porque ellos son b&aacute;sicamente los responsables financieros de sus parientas mujeres: sus esposas, hijas, madres y hermanas. Las mujeres heredan menos, pero conservan su cuota para inversi&oacute;n y seguridad financiera, sin ninguna obligaci&oacute;n legal de gastar cualquier parte de ella, ni siquiera para su propio sost&eacute;n (alimentaci&oacute;n, vestimenta, vivienda, salud, etc.). Cabe se&ntilde;alar que antes del Islam, las mismas mujeres eran, a veces, objetos heredables (v&eacute;ase Cor&aacute;n 4:19). En algunos pa&iacute;ses occidentales, incluso despu&eacute;s del advenimiento del Islam, toda la herencia del difunto era dada a su primog&eacute;nito. El Cor&aacute;n, sin embargo, deja en claro que tanto hombres como mujeres tienen derecho a una parte espec&iacute;fica de la herencia de sus padres o parientes cercanos fallecidos. Dios ha dicho:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>\"A los varones les corresponde un porcentaje de la herencia que dejen los padres y parientes m&aacute;s cercanos, y a las mujeres otro porcentaje de lo que los padres y parientes m&aacute;s cercanos dejen. Fuere poco o mucho, les corresponde [por derecho] un porcentaje determinado de la herencia\". (Cor&aacute;n 4:7)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; Empleo: En relaci&oacute;n al derecho de la mujer a buscar empleo, es necesario afirmar que el Islam se refiere a su papel en la sociedad como madre y esposa, se&ntilde;al&aacute;ndolo como el m&aacute;s sagrado y esencial. Ni sirvientas ni ni&ntilde;eras pueden tomar el lugar de la madre en la educaci&oacute;n unos ni&ntilde;os correctos, cuidadosamente criados y libres de complejos. Tan noble y vital papel, que da forma a gran parte del futuro de las naciones, no puede ser considerado como ociosidad. Sin embargo, no existe decreto en el Islam que proh&iacute;ba a la mujer buscar empleo siempre que ella tenga necesidad de hacerlo, en especial en puestos que se ajusten mejor a su naturaleza y en los que la sociedad m&aacute;s la necesite. Ejemplos de tales profesiones son enfermeras, maestras (especialmente de ni&ntilde;os), m&eacute;dicas, y en trabajos sociales y de caridad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Aspectos sociales de las mujeres en el Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">A)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Como hija:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El Cor&aacute;n puso fin a la pr&aacute;ctica cruel del infanticidio femenino, que exist&iacute;a antes del Islam. Dios ha dicho:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>\"Cuando se les pregunte a las ni&ntilde;as que fueron enterradas vivas por qu&eacute; pecado las mataron\". (Cor&aacute;n 81:8-9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El Cor&aacute;n fue m&aacute;s all&aacute;, para reprender la actitud displicente de algunos padres al saber la noticia del nacimiento de una ni&ntilde;a en lugar de un var&oacute;n. Dios ha dicho:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>\"Cuando se le anuncia a uno de ellos [el nacimiento de] una ni&ntilde;a, se refleja en su rostro la aflicci&oacute;n y la angustia por lo que se le ha anunciado, se esconde de la gente avergonzado y duda si la dejar&aacute; vivir a pesar de su deshonra o la enterrar&aacute; viva. &iexcl;Qu&eacute; p&eacute;simo es lo que hacen!\" (Cor&aacute;n 16:58-59)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Los padres tienen el deber de mantener y mostrar bondad y justicia hacia sus hijas. El Profeta Muhammad (que la paz y las bendiciones de Dios sean con &eacute;l), dijo:&nbsp;<strong>\"Todo aquel que mantenga a dos hijas hasta que lleguen a la madurez, &eacute;l y yo estaremos el D&iacute;a del Juicio as&iacute; (y mostr&oacute; dos de sus dedos juntos)\".<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Un aspecto crucial en la crianza de las hijas, que influye en gran medida en su futuro, es la educaci&oacute;n. La educaci&oacute;n no solo es un derecho sino una responsabilidad para todo hombre y mujer. El Profeta Muhammad dijo:<strong>\"Buscar el conocimiento es obligatorio para todo musulm&aacute;n\".&nbsp;<\/strong>La palabra \"musulm&aacute;n\" aqu&iacute; es inclusiva de hombres y mujeres.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El Islam no exige ni fomenta la circuncisi&oacute;n femenina. Y si bien es practicada por algunos musulmanes en ciertas partes de &Aacute;frica, tambi&eacute;n es practicada por otros pueblos, incluyendo cristianos, en esos lugares, constituy&eacute;ndose en un mero reflejo de las costumbres locales que all&iacute; se practican.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">B)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Como esposa:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El matrimonio en el Islam se basa en la paz, el amor y la compasi&oacute;n mutuos, y no solo en la mera satisfacci&oacute;n del deseo sexual. Entre los vers&iacute;culos m&aacute;s impresionantes del Cor&aacute;n acerca del matrimonio, est&aacute; el siguiente:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>\"Entre Sus signos est&aacute; haber creado c&oacute;nyuges de entre ustedes para que encuentren sosiego, y dispuso entre ustedes amor y misericordia. En ello hay signos para quienes reflexionan\". (Cor&aacute;n 30:21, ver tambi&eacute;n 42:11 y 2:228)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La mujer tiene el derecho a aceptar o rechazar las propuestas de matrimonio. De acuerdo con la ley isl&aacute;mica, las mujeres no pueden ser obligadas a casarse con alguien sin su consentimiento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El esposo es responsable por la manutenci&oacute;n, protecci&oacute;n y el liderazgo de la familia, dentro del marco de la consulta (v&eacute;ase Cor&aacute;n 2:233) y la bondad (v&eacute;ase Cor&aacute;n 4:19). La naturaleza rec&iacute;proca y complementaria de los papeles de esposo y esposa no significa sumisi&oacute;n de ninguna de las partes a la otra. El Profeta Muhammad instruy&oacute; a los musulmanes con respecto a las mujeres:<strong>\"Les ordeno que sean buenos con las mujeres\",<\/strong>&nbsp;y&nbsp;<strong>\"los mejores entre ustedes son quienes tratan mejor a sus esposas\".<\/strong>&nbsp;El Cor&aacute;n insta a los esposos a ser amables y considerados con sus esposas, incluso si la esposa pierde el favor de su esposo o si &eacute;l pierde inter&eacute;s en ella:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>\"...traten amablemente a las mujeres en la convivencia. Y si algo de ellas les llegara a disgustar [sean tolerantes], puede ser que les desagrade algo en lo que Dios ha puesto un bien para ustedes\". (Cor&aacute;n 4:19)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Tambi&eacute;n prohibi&oacute; la pr&aacute;ctica &aacute;rabe anterior al Islam por la cual el hijastro del padre difunto ten&iacute;a permitido tomar posesi&oacute;n de la viuda del padre (hered&aacute;ndola) como si fuera parte del patrimonio del muerto (v&eacute;ase Cor&aacute;n 4:19).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Si surgen disputas conyugales, el Cor&aacute;n anima a las parejas a resolverlas en privado con un esp&iacute;ritu de justicia y bondad. De hecho, el Cor&aacute;n describe un enfoque prudente y un paso iluminado para resolver conflictos persistentes en la vida marital. En el caso de que una disputa no pueda ser resuelta entre esposo y esposa, el Cor&aacute;n prescribe la mediaci&oacute;n entre las partes a trav&eacute;s de la intervenci&oacute;n familiar de parte de ambos c&oacute;nyuges (v&eacute;ase Cor&aacute;n 4:35).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El divorcio es el &uacute;ltimo recurso, est&aacute; permitido pero no se anima a ello, pues el Cor&aacute;n estima la preservaci&oacute;n de la fe y los derechos individuales &mdash;tanto del hombre como de la mujer&mdash; para alcanzar la felicidad. Las formas de disoluci&oacute;n del matrimonio incluyen una representaci&oacute;n basada en el mutuo acuerdo, la iniciativa del esposo, la iniciativa de la esposa (si es parte de su contrato matrimonial), la decisi&oacute;n de la corte ante la iniciativa de la esposa (por una raz&oacute;n leg&iacute;tima), y la iniciativa de la esposa sin causa alguna, a condici&oacute;n de que ella devuelva su dote conyugal a su esposo. Cuando la continuaci&oacute;n de la relaci&oacute;n marital es imposible por cualquier raz&oacute;n, se les ense&ntilde;a a los hombres a buscarle un final agradable. El Cor&aacute;n afirma respecto a tales casos:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>\"&hellip;si expresan la voluntad de divorcio a sus mujeres y est&aacute;n cerca de cumplir el plazo de espera, reconc&iacute;liense en buenos t&eacute;rminos o sep&aacute;rense con decoro. No las retengan para molestarlas y obligarlas [a que cedan parte de su derecho], pues quien obre de esa manera se condena a s&iacute; mismo\". (Cor&aacute;n 2:231, v&eacute;ase tambi&eacute;n 2:229 y 33:49)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Asociar la poligamia con el Islam, como si hubiera sido introducida por &eacute;l o si fuera la norma seg&uacute;n sus ense&ntilde;anzas, es uno de los mitos m&aacute;s persistentes en la literatura y los medios occidentales. La poligamia ha existido en pr&aacute;cticamente todas las naciones e incluso era permitida en el juda&iacute;smo y en el cristianismo hasta hace pocos siglos. El Islam no prohibi&oacute; la poligamia, como s&iacute; lo hicieron muchos pueblos y comunidades religiosas, sino que en lugar de ello, la regul&oacute; y la restringi&oacute;. No es un requisito, sino que simplemente est&aacute; permitida bajo ciertas condiciones (v&eacute;ase Cor&aacute;n 4:3). El esp&iacute;ritu de la ley, incluyendo la &eacute;poca de la revelaci&oacute;n, es hacer frente a las contingencias individuales y colectivas que puedan surgir de tiempo en tiempo (por ejemplo, los desequilibrios entre el n&uacute;mero de hombres y de mujeres creados por las guerras) y proporcionar soluciones morales, pr&aacute;cticas y humanas a los problemas de las viudas y los hu&eacute;rfanos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">C)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Como madre:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El Cor&aacute;n eleva la bondad hacia los padres (en especial hacia las madres) al estatus m&aacute;s alto despu&eacute;s de la adoraci&oacute;n a Dios:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>\"Tu Se&ntilde;or ha ordenado que no adoren sino a &Eacute;l y que honren a sus padres. Si uno de ellos o ambos llegan a la vejez, no sean insolentes con ellos, ni siquiera les digan: &lsquo;&iexcl;Uf!&rsquo; H&aacute;blenles siempre con bondad. Tr&aacute;tenlos con humildad y compasi&oacute;n, y rueguen [por ellos diciendo]: &lsquo;&iexcl;Oh, Se&ntilde;or m&iacute;o! Ten misericordia de ellos como ellos la tuvieron conmigo cuando me criaron siendo ni&ntilde;o&rsquo;\". (Cor&aacute;n 17:23-24, v&eacute;ase tambi&eacute;n 31:14, 46:15 y 29:8)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Naturalmente, el Profeta Muhammad especific&oacute; este comportamiento para sus seguidores, poniendo a las madres en un estatus sin igual en las relaciones humanas. Un hombre fue con el Profeta Muhammad y dijo: \"&iexcl;Oh, Mensajero de Dios! &iquest;Qui&eacute;n entre la gente merece m&aacute;s mi buena compa&ntilde;&iacute;a?\" El Profeta le dijo:&nbsp;<strong>\"Tu madre\".<\/strong>&nbsp;El hombre le dijo: \"&iquest;Y luego qui&eacute;n?\" El Profeta le dijo:<strong>\"Luego, tu madre\".<\/strong>&nbsp;El hombre pregunt&oacute; de nuevo: \"&iquest;Y despu&eacute;s, qui&eacute;n?\" El Profeta respondi&oacute;:&nbsp;<strong>\"Despu&eacute;s, tu madre\".<\/strong>&nbsp;El hombre pregunt&oacute; una vez m&aacute;s: \"&iquest;Y luego, qui&eacute;n?\" El Profeta le dijo:&nbsp;<strong>\"Luego, tu padre\".<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">D)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Como hermana en la fe (en general):<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; De acuerdo con los dichos del Profeta,&nbsp;<strong>\"las mujeres son&nbsp;<em>shaqa&rsquo;iq<\/em>&nbsp;(mitades gemelas o hermanas) de los hombres\".<\/strong>&nbsp;Este dicho es una declaraci&oacute;n profunda que se relaciona directamente con el tema de la igualdad humana entre los g&eacute;neros. Si el primer significado de la palabra &aacute;rabe&nbsp;<em>shaqa&rsquo;iq<\/em>, \"mitades gemelas\", es adoptado, significa que el hombre es la mitad del valor (de la sociedad), mientras que la mujer vale la otra mitad. Si se adopta el segundo significado, \"hermanas,\" implica lo mismo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El Profeta Muhammad ense&ntilde;&oacute; la bondad, el cuidado y el respeto hacia las mujeres en general:&nbsp;<strong>\"Les ordeno que sean buenos con las mujeres\".<\/strong>&nbsp;Es significativo que tal instrucci&oacute;n del Profeta estuvo entre sus instrucciones y recordatorios finales durante su &uacute;ltima peregrinaci&oacute;n, que realiz&oacute; poco antes de fallecer.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La modestia y la interacci&oacute;n social: Los par&aacute;metros de la modestia apropiada para hombres y mujeres (vestimenta y comportamiento) est&aacute;n basados en las fuentes reveladas (el Cor&aacute;n y los dichos prof&eacute;ticos) y, como tal, son consideradas por hombres y mujeres creyentes como gu&iacute;as con base divina, con objetivos leg&iacute;timos y sabidur&iacute;a divina tras ellas. No se trata de restricciones impuestas por los hombres ni por la sociedad. Es interesante saber que tambi&eacute;n la Biblia insta a la mujer a cubrirse la cabeza: \"Si la mujer no se cubre la cabeza, que se corte tambi&eacute;n el cabello; pero si es vergonzoso para la mujer tener el pelo corto o la cabeza rasurada, que se la cubra\" (1 Corintios 11:6).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Aspectos legales y pol&iacute;ticos de las mujeres en el Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Igualdad ante la ley: Ambos sexos tienen derecho a la igualdad ante la ley y las cortes legales. La justicia no tiene g&eacute;nero (v&eacute;ase Cor&aacute;n 5:38, 24:2 y 5:45). Las mujeres poseen una entidad legal independiente en asuntos financieros y otros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Participaci&oacute;n en la vida social y pol&iacute;tica: La norma general en la vida social y pol&iacute;tica es la participaci&oacute;n y la colaboraci&oacute;n de hombres y mujeres en los asuntos p&uacute;blicos (v&eacute;ase Cor&aacute;n 9:71). Hay evidencia hist&oacute;rica suficiente de la participaci&oacute;n de las mujeres musulmanas en la elecci&oacute;n de gobernantes, en asuntos p&uacute;blicos, en la toma de decisiones jur&iacute;dicas, en cargos administrativos, en la ense&ntilde;anza e incluso en el campo de batalla. Esta participaci&oacute;n en asuntos sociales y pol&iacute;ticos se llevaba a cabo sin que los participantes perdieran de vista las prioridades complementarias de ambos sexos, y sin violar las directrices isl&aacute;micas de la modestia y la virtud.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Conclusi&oacute;n<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">El estatus que las mujeres no musulmanas han alcanzado durante los tiempos actuales, no se logr&oacute; debido a la gentileza de los hombres ni a un proceso natural. Al contrario, fue logrado a trav&eacute;s de una larga lucha y del sacrificio de parte de las mujeres, y solo cuando la sociedad necesit&oacute; su colaboraci&oacute;n y trabajo, en especial durante las dos guerras mundiales, y debido a la escalada de los cambios tecnol&oacute;gicos. Mientras que en el Islam, tal estatus compasivo y digno fue decretado, no como reflejo del entorno del siglo VII, no bajo la amenaza o la presi&oacute;n de las mujeres y sus organizaciones, sino debido a su veracidad intr&iacute;nseca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Si esto indica algo, demostrar&iacute;a el origen divino del Cor&aacute;n y la veracidad del mensaje del Islam, que a diferencia de las filosof&iacute;as e ideolog&iacute;as humanas, estaba lejos de proceder de su entorno humano. Un mensaje que estableci&oacute; unos principios humanos tales que no se han quedado obsoletos con el paso del tiempo, ni se har&aacute;n obsoletos en el futuro. Despu&eacute;s de todo, este es el mensaje del Omnisciente, el M&aacute;s Sabio, Dios, cuya sabidur&iacute;a y conocimiento est&aacute;n m&aacute;s all&aacute; de lo &uacute;ltimo en pensamiento y progreso humanos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":15711,"lft":6468,"rght":6469,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-20T00:33:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T16:26:45.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":13,"author_id":246,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":3,"parent_id":3310,"author_name":"Mustafa Malaikah","category_name":"Women in Islam","category_slug":"Women-in-Islam","get_date":"2014-12-20","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/54945502-901c-4fa4-82d9-20c1b8adb1fd-sp-Women in Islam.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/54945502-b44c-46ae-8552-20c1b8adb1fd-sp-Women in Islam.docx"},{"id":3312,"title":"La femme en islam","slug":"la-femme-en-islam","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/54945ac4-a3f0-4169-a4cc-29d8b8adb1fd-fr-Women in Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/54945ac4-49d8-4891-8b03-29d8b8adb1fd-fr-Women in Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:la-femme-en-islam","hint":"","body":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: xx-large;\"><strong><strong>La femme en islam<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;<img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/images\/Women_in_Islam_-_Oppression_or_Liberation_001.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>(partie 1 de 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">La question de l&rsquo;&eacute;galit&eacute; des sexes est importante, pertinente et actuelle.&nbsp; Les d&eacute;bats et les &eacute;crits, sur le sujet, n&rsquo;en finissent plus et pr&eacute;sentent des points de vue assez diversifi&eacute;s.&nbsp; Le point de vue islamique, sur la question, est le moins compris et le plus d&eacute;form&eacute;, &agrave; la fois par les non-musulmans et les musulmans.&nbsp; Cet article se propose de pr&eacute;senter un bref, mais authentique aper&ccedil;u de la position de l&rsquo;islam &agrave; cet &eacute;gard.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">La femme au sein des anciennes civilisations<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Afin de bien comprendre le statut accord&eacute; &agrave; la femme, en islam, il est essentiel de le comparer au statut de la femme au sein d&rsquo;autres syst&egrave;mes de loi actuels et anciens.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Le syst&egrave;me indien<\/strong>&nbsp;: dans l&rsquo;<em>Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>&nbsp;de 1911, il est &eacute;crit que&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;En Inde, la suj&eacute;tion &eacute;tait un principe fondamental.&nbsp; La femme devait &ecirc;tre maintenue jour et nuit dans un &eacute;tat de d&eacute;pendance vis-&agrave;-vis de ses protecteurs.&nbsp; Les lois sur l&rsquo;h&eacute;ritage &eacute;taient agnatiques, i.e. que la descendance n&rsquo;&eacute;tait consid&eacute;r&eacute;e que du c&ocirc;t&eacute; des hommes, &agrave; l&rsquo;exclusion des femmes.&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp; Dans les &eacute;critures hindoues, la description d&rsquo;une bonne &eacute;pouse va comme suit&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Une femme dont la pens&eacute;e, le discours et le corps sont gard&eacute;s en &eacute;tat de suj&eacute;tion acquiert une grande renomm&eacute;e, en ce monde, et, dans l&rsquo;au-del&agrave;, elle aura la m&ecirc;me demeure que son mari.&nbsp;&raquo; (Mace,&nbsp;<em>Marriage East and West<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(2)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Le syst&egrave;me grec<\/strong>&nbsp;: &Agrave; Ath&egrave;nes, la femme ne jouissait pas tout &agrave; fait d&rsquo;un meilleur statut&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Les Ath&eacute;niennes &eacute;taient toujours des mineures, soumises &agrave; un homme quelconque &ndash; leur p&egrave;re, leur fr&egrave;re ou leur mari.&nbsp;&raquo; (Allen, E. A.,<em>History of Civilization<\/em>).&nbsp; D&rsquo;une mani&egrave;re g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, on ne consid&eacute;rait pas comme n&eacute;cessaire son consentement en vue d&rsquo;un mariage et &laquo;&nbsp;elle &eacute;tait oblig&eacute;e de se soumettre aux d&eacute;sirs de ses parents et recevoir d&rsquo;eux son mari, m&ecirc;me s&rsquo;il lui &eacute;tait totalement &eacute;tranger.&nbsp;&raquo; (id.)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(3)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Le syst&egrave;me romain<\/strong>&nbsp;: L&rsquo;&eacute;pouse romaine &eacute;tait d&eacute;crite, par les historiens, comme&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Une fillette, une mineure, une enfant en tutelle, une personne incapable d&rsquo;agir selon ses propres go&ucirc;ts individuels, constamment sous la tutelle et la surveillance de son mari.&nbsp;&raquo; (id.)&nbsp; Dans l&rsquo;<em>Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>de 1911 se trouve un r&eacute;sum&eacute; du statut l&eacute;gal de la femme au sein de la civilisation romaine&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Sous la loi romaine, la femme &eacute;tait totalement d&eacute;pendante.&nbsp; Mari&eacute;e, elle-m&ecirc;me et ses biens passaient aux mains de son mari. &nbsp;La femme &eacute;tait une propri&eacute;t&eacute; achet&eacute;e par son mari, comme une esclave acquise pour son propre b&eacute;n&eacute;fice.&nbsp; La femme ne pouvait occuper aucun poste civil ou public, elle ne pouvait agir comme t&eacute;moin, tuteur ou garante.&nbsp; Elle ne pouvait ni adopter ni &ecirc;tre adopt&eacute;e ni ne pouvait r&eacute;diger un testament ou un contrat.&nbsp;&raquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(4)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Le syst&egrave;me scandinave<\/strong>&nbsp;: Chez les Scandinaves, les femmes &eacute;taient&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;sous constante tutelle, qu&rsquo;elles fussent mari&eacute;es ou non.&nbsp; Lors de la r&eacute;vision du Code danois, par Christian V, &agrave; la fin du 17<sup>e<\/sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle, il fut d&eacute;cid&eacute; que si une femme se mariait sans le consentement de son tuteur l&eacute;gal, celui-ci pouvait, s&rsquo;il le souhaitait, exiger d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre l&rsquo;unique administrateur et b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaire des biens de cette femme durant toute sa vie.&nbsp;&raquo; (<em>The Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, 1911).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(5)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Le syst&egrave;me britannique<\/strong>&nbsp;: En Grande-Bretagne, le droit de la femme &agrave; poss&eacute;der des biens ne fut reconnu qu&rsquo;&agrave; la fin du 19<sup>e<\/sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle, &laquo;&nbsp;par une s&eacute;ries d&rsquo;actes, commen&ccedil;ant par le Married women&rsquo;s property act de 1870, amend&eacute; en 1882 et en 1887. &nbsp;Les femmes mari&eacute;es gagn&egrave;rent le droit de poss&eacute;der des biens et d&rsquo;&eacute;tablir des contrats avec des c&eacute;libataires, des veuves et des divorc&eacute;es.&nbsp;&raquo; (<em>Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, 1968)&nbsp; En France, ce n&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;en 1938 que la loi fran&ccedil;aise fut amend&eacute;e pour reconna&icirc;tre le droit aux femmes d&rsquo;&eacute;tablir ou de signer un contrat.&nbsp; Une femme mari&eacute;e, cependant, devait toujours demander la permission de son mari avant de d&eacute;penser de ses propres biens.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(6)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>La loi juive<\/strong>&nbsp;: La femme &eacute;tait une fianc&eacute;e.&nbsp; Expliquant ce concept, l&rsquo;<em>Encyclopedia Biblica<\/em>&nbsp;de 1902 d&eacute;clare&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Fiancer une femme signifiait simplement en faire l&rsquo;acquisition en payant pour l&rsquo;avoir.&nbsp; La fianc&eacute;e est une fille pour laquelle une somme a &eacute;t&eacute; pay&eacute;e.&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp; D&rsquo;un point de vue l&eacute;gal, le consentement de la fille en question n&rsquo;&eacute;tait nullement n&eacute;cessaire pour la validation du mariage.&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;Le consentement de la fille n&rsquo;est pas n&eacute;cessaire et sa n&eacute;cessit&eacute; n&rsquo;est sugg&eacute;r&eacute;e nulle part dans la loi.&nbsp;&raquo; (id.)&nbsp; Quant au droit au divorce, on peut lire, dans l&rsquo;<em>Encyclopedia Biblica&nbsp;<\/em>: &laquo;&nbsp;La femme &eacute;tant la propri&eacute;t&eacute; de l&rsquo;homme, son droit &agrave; la divorcer va tout &agrave; fait de soi.&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp; Le droit au divorce n&rsquo;appartenait donc qu&rsquo;aux hommes.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>L&rsquo;Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>&nbsp;de 1911 affirme&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Dans la loi juive, le divorce &eacute;tait un privil&egrave;ge du mari seulement&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(7)&nbsp;<strong>L&rsquo;&eacute;glise chr&eacute;tienne<\/strong>&nbsp;: La position de l&rsquo;&eacute;glise chr&eacute;tienne, jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; il y a quelques si&egrave;cles, semble avoir &eacute;t&eacute; influenc&eacute;e &agrave; la fois par la loi juive et par les courants de pens&eacute;e de l&rsquo;&eacute;poque.&nbsp; Dans leur livre intitul&eacute;&nbsp;<em>Marriage East and West<\/em>, David et Vera Mace &eacute;crivent&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Ne laissez personne pr&eacute;sumer que notre h&eacute;ritage chr&eacute;tien est d&eacute;pourvu de tels jugements d&eacute;valorisants.&nbsp; Il serait difficile de trouver, o&ugrave; que ce soit ailleurs, un recueil de r&eacute;f&eacute;rences plus d&eacute;gradantes envers le sexe f&eacute;minin que ceux des premiers p&egrave;res de l&rsquo;&Eacute;glise.&nbsp; Lecky, le fameux historien, parle de &laquo;&nbsp;ces incitations f&eacute;roces et acharn&eacute;es qui composent toute une partie des &eacute;critures des p&egrave;res de l&rsquo;&eacute;glise, &eacute;critures si ostensibles et grotesques&hellip;&nbsp; La femme y &eacute;tait repr&eacute;sent&eacute;e comme la porte de l&rsquo;enfer, comme la m&egrave;re de tous les maux humains.&nbsp; Elle &eacute;tait cens&eacute;e avoir honte du simple fait d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre une femme et devait vivre en &eacute;tat de perp&eacute;tuel repentir &agrave; cause de la mal&eacute;diction qu&rsquo;elle avait apport&eacute;e avec elle dans le monde.&nbsp; Elle devait avoir honte de son habillement, car cela rappelait sa chute. &nbsp;Elle devait surtout avoir honte de sa beaut&eacute;, car c&rsquo;&eacute;tait le plus puissant instrument du diable.&nbsp; L&rsquo;une des attaques du genre les plus f&eacute;roces fut celle de Tertullien&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Savez-vous que chacune d&rsquo;entre vous est une &Egrave;ve?&nbsp; La sentence de Dieu sur ce sexe qui est le v&ocirc;tre est toujours bien vivante; votre culpabilit&eacute; doit donc l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre tout autant. &nbsp;Vous &ecirc;tes la porte du diable; vous avez viol&eacute; le sceau de l&rsquo;arbre interdit; vous &ecirc;tes les premi&egrave;res &agrave; avoir d&eacute;sert&eacute; la loi divine; vous repr&eacute;sentez, toutes, celle qui persuada l&rsquo;homme, que le diable n&rsquo;avait pas le courage d&rsquo;attaquer.&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp; Non seulement l&rsquo;&Eacute;glise confirma-t-elle le statut inf&eacute;rieur de la femme, elle la priva de droits l&eacute;gaux dont elle jouissait auparavant.&nbsp;&raquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Les fondements de l&rsquo;&eacute;galit&eacute; spirituelle et humaine en islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Au c&oelig;ur de l&rsquo;obscurit&eacute; qui avait recouvert le monde de l&rsquo;&eacute;poque, la r&eacute;v&eacute;lation divine apparut dans le vaste d&eacute;sert d&rsquo;Arabie, au septi&egrave;me si&egrave;cle, avec un message nouveau, noble et universel destin&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;humanit&eacute; tout enti&egrave;re.&nbsp; Ce message, que l&rsquo;on retrouve dans le Coran et la sounnah, allait comme suit&nbsp;:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(1)&nbsp; Selon le Coran, l&rsquo;homme et la femme poss&egrave;dent la m&ecirc;me nature spirituelle&nbsp;:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;&Ocirc; hommes!&nbsp; Craignez votre Seigneur, qui vous a cr&eacute;&eacute;s d&rsquo;un seul &ecirc;tre et qui a cr&eacute;&eacute;, &agrave; partir de celui-ci, sa compagne; puis de [l&rsquo;union de] ces deux-l&agrave;, Il a fait prolif&eacute;rer de tous c&ocirc;t&eacute;s une multitude d&rsquo;hommes et de femmes.&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;(Coran 4:1, voir aussi 7:189, 42:11, 16:72, 32:9, et 15:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(2)&nbsp;&nbsp; Dieu a donn&eacute; aux deux sexes une dignit&eacute; inh&eacute;rente &agrave; leur nature humaine et a fait des hommes et des femmes Ses mandataires, sur terre. (Voir Coran 17:70 et 2:30).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(3)&nbsp;&nbsp; Le Coran ne bl&acirc;me aucunement la femme pour la &laquo;&nbsp;chute de l&rsquo;homme&nbsp;&raquo; ni ne voit la grossesse et l&rsquo;accouchement comme des ch&acirc;timents pour avoir &laquo;&nbsp;mang&eacute; de l&rsquo;arbre interdit&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp; Au contraire, le Coran pr&eacute;sente Adam et &Egrave;ve comme &eacute;galement responsables de leur p&eacute;ch&eacute;. &nbsp;Tous deux se repentent et tous deux re&ccedil;oivent le pardon de Dieu (voir Coran 2:36-37 et 7:19-27).&nbsp; En fait, dans un des versets coraniques traitant du sujet (20:121), c&rsquo;est Adam qui est bl&acirc;m&eacute;.&nbsp; Par ailleurs, le Coran estime que la grossesse et l&rsquo;accouchement endur&eacute;s par la femme sont des raisons suffisantes pour que les enfants d&eacute;montrent un amour et un respect profonds et inconditionnels envers leur m&egrave;re (Coran 31:14 et 46:15).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(4)&nbsp; Les hommes et les femmes ont les m&ecirc;mes responsabilit&eacute;s et devoirs religieux et moraux.&nbsp; Chaque &ecirc;tre humain, quel que soit son sexe, devra faire face aux cons&eacute;quences de ses actions&nbsp;:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Leur Seigneur les a alors exauc&eacute;s (en disant): &laquo;&nbsp;Certes, Je ne laisserai jamais perdre le fruit de ses &oelig;uvres &agrave; quiconque parmi vous, homme ou femme.&nbsp; Vous provenez les uns des autres.&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;(Coran 3:195, voir aussi 74:38, 16:97, 4:124, 33:35, et 57:12)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(5)&nbsp; Le Coran est tr&egrave;s clair sur la pr&eacute;tendue sup&eacute;riorit&eacute; ou inf&eacute;riorit&eacute; de tout &ecirc;tre humain, fut-il homme ou femme.&nbsp; Le seul crit&egrave;re qui puisse d&eacute;terminer la sup&eacute;riorit&eacute; d&rsquo;un &ecirc;tre humain sur un autre est la pi&eacute;t&eacute; et non le genre, la couleur ou la nationalit&eacute;. (Voir Coran 49:13).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Les finances de la femme en islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(1)&nbsp; Le droit de poss&eacute;der des biens personnels.&nbsp; L&rsquo;islam a donn&eacute; aux musulmanes un droit dont ont &eacute;t&eacute; priv&eacute;es les femmes avant et apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;islam (m&ecirc;me jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; notre si&egrave;cle), i.e. le droit &agrave; l&rsquo;ind&eacute;pendance financi&egrave;re.&nbsp; La loi islamique reconna&icirc;t pleinement, aux femmes, le droit &agrave; la propri&eacute;t&eacute;, qu&rsquo;elles soient mari&eacute;es ou non. &nbsp;Elles peuvent acheter, vendre ou louer selon leur volont&eacute;.&nbsp; Pour cette raison, la musulmane doit garder son nom de jeune fille m&ecirc;me apr&egrave;s le mariage, un signe de son ind&eacute;pendance financi&egrave;re en tant que personne morale.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(2)&nbsp; La s&eacute;curit&eacute; financi&egrave;re et les lois de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ritage.&nbsp; La s&eacute;curit&eacute; financi&egrave;re est assur&eacute;e pour la femme.&nbsp; Elle peut recevoir une dot, de la part de son mari, et, une fois mari&eacute;e, tout ce qu&rsquo;elle poss&egrave;de continue de n&rsquo;appartenir qu&rsquo;&agrave; elle.&nbsp; Aucune femme mari&eacute;e n&rsquo;est tenue de d&eacute;penser quoi que ce soit pour le m&eacute;nage.&nbsp; Elle a, par ailleurs, droit au plein soutien financier, de la part de son mari, &agrave; la fois pendant le mariage et pendant la &laquo;&nbsp;p&eacute;riode d&rsquo;attente&nbsp;&raquo; (<em>iddah<\/em>) en cas de divorce.&nbsp; Certains juristes exigent m&ecirc;me que l&rsquo;homme soutienne sa femme divorc&eacute;e pendant toute l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e suivant le divorce (ou jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; ce que la femme se remarie, si elle le fait avant que la p&eacute;riode d&rsquo;une ann&eacute;e soit termin&eacute;e).&nbsp; Si elle a eu un ou des enfants avec son ex-mari, celui-ci doit en assurer la subsistance.&nbsp; D&rsquo;une mani&egrave;re g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, la musulmane peut compter sur un soutien financier tout au long de sa vie, qu&rsquo;elle soit fille, &eacute;pouse, m&egrave;re ou s&oelig;ur. &nbsp;Ces avantages financiers dont b&eacute;n&eacute;ficie la femme et non l&rsquo;homme sont compens&eacute;s, pour celui-ci, par les lois de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ritage, qui accordent, dans la plupart des cas, deux fois plus aux hommes qu&rsquo;aux femmes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; L&rsquo;homme n&rsquo;h&eacute;rite pas toujours d&rsquo;une plus grosse somme que la femme; il arrive que ce soit elle qui h&eacute;rite plus. &nbsp;Dans les cas o&ugrave; l&rsquo;homme h&eacute;rite plus, c&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;il est responsable de soutenir financi&egrave;rement les femmes de sa famille&nbsp;: son &eacute;pouse, ses filles, sa m&egrave;re, ses s&oelig;urs.&nbsp; La femme h&eacute;rite d&rsquo;une moins grosse somme, mais n&rsquo;a aucune obligation de d&eacute;penser sur sa famille; elle peut donc en disposer comme bon lui semble, l&rsquo;investir, etc.&nbsp; Il est &agrave; souligner qu&rsquo;avant l&rsquo;islam, les femmes &eacute;taient parfois elles-m&ecirc;mes donn&eacute;es en h&eacute;ritage! (voir Coran 4:19).&nbsp; Dans certains pays occidentaux, m&ecirc;me apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;islam, toutes les possessions d&rsquo;une personne d&eacute;c&eacute;d&eacute;e &eacute;taient donn&eacute;es &agrave; son fils a&icirc;n&eacute;.&nbsp; Le Coran &eacute;tablit clairement qu&rsquo;&agrave; la fois l&rsquo;homme et la femme ont droit &agrave; une part sp&eacute;cifique de la succession d&rsquo;un parent d&eacute;c&eacute;d&eacute;.&nbsp; Dieu dit&nbsp;:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Aux hommes (d&rsquo;une famille) revient une part de ce qu&rsquo;ont laiss&eacute; leurs parents et leurs proches, et aux femmes une part de ce qu&rsquo;ont laiss&eacute; leurs parents et leurs proches, que ce soit peu ou beaucoup &ndash; une part d&eacute;termin&eacute;e.&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;(Coran 4:7)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(3)&nbsp; L&rsquo;emploi.&nbsp; Pour ce qui est du droit de la femme d&rsquo;occuper un emploi r&eacute;mun&eacute;r&eacute;, il faut d&rsquo;abord mentionner que l&rsquo;islam consid&egrave;re que le r&ocirc;le premier de la femme, dans la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, est celui de m&egrave;re et d&rsquo;&eacute;pouse.&nbsp; Ni bonnes ni gardiennes d&rsquo;enfants ne peuvent remplacer une m&egrave;re aupr&egrave;s de son enfant. &nbsp;Un r&ocirc;le aussi noble et vital, qui fa&ccedil;onne largement l&rsquo;avenir de nations enti&egrave;res, ne peut &ecirc;tre sous-estim&eacute;.&nbsp; Toutefois, aucun d&eacute;cret islamique n&rsquo;interdit &agrave; une femme d&rsquo;occuper un emploi lorsque le besoin se fait sentir, surtout dans des postes qui conviennent &agrave; sa nature et dans lesquels la soci&eacute;t&eacute; a le plus besoin d&rsquo;elle.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>(partie 2 de 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Les aspects sociaux de la femme en islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">A)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; En tant que fille&nbsp;:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(1)&nbsp;&nbsp; Le Coran a mis un terme &agrave; la cruelle pratique de l&rsquo;infanticide femelle, r&eacute;pandue &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque pr&eacute;islamique.&nbsp; Dieu dit&nbsp;:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;&hellip; quand on demandera &agrave; la fillette enterr&eacute;e vivante pour quel p&eacute;ch&eacute; elle a &eacute;t&eacute; tu&eacute;e&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo; (Coran 81:8-9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(2)&nbsp; &Agrave; certains parents qui viennent d&rsquo;apprendre la naissance d&rsquo;une fille, le Coran reproche, par ailleurs, leur attitude tr&egrave;s peu accueillante&nbsp;:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Et lorsqu&rsquo;on annonce &agrave; l&rsquo;un d&rsquo;eux la naissance d&rsquo;une fille, son visage s&rsquo;assombrit et une col&egrave;re profonde l&rsquo;envahit.&nbsp; Il se cache des gens &agrave; cause du malheur qu&rsquo;on lui a annonc&eacute;, (et il se demande) s&rsquo;il doit la garder, malgr&eacute; la honte, ou s&rsquo;il doit l&rsquo;ensevelir sous terre!&nbsp; Quel pi&egrave;tre jugement que le leur!&nbsp;&raquo; (Coran 16:58-59)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(3)&nbsp; Les parents ont le devoir de soutenir leurs filles et de se montrer bons et justes envers elles.&nbsp; Le proph&egrave;te Mohammed (que la paix et les b&eacute;n&eacute;dictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a dit&nbsp;:&nbsp;<strong>&laquo;&nbsp;Quiconque &eacute;l&egrave;ve deux filles jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; leur maturit&eacute;, lui et moi nous pr&eacute;senterons ainsi au Jour du Jugement (et il montra deux de ses doigts coll&eacute;s ensemble).&nbsp;&raquo;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(4)&nbsp; Un aspect crucial de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation des filles, qui influence grandement leur avenir, est leur scolarisation. &nbsp;La scolarisation n&rsquo;est pas seulement un droit, mais une responsabilit&eacute; pour tous, hommes et femmes.&nbsp; Le proph&egrave;te Mohammed a dit&nbsp;:&nbsp;<strong>&laquo;&nbsp;Chercher &agrave; acqu&eacute;rir le savoir est obligatoire pour chaque musulman.&nbsp;<\/strong>&raquo;&nbsp; Le terme &laquo;&nbsp;musulman&nbsp;&raquo;, ici, est g&eacute;n&eacute;rique.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(5)&nbsp; L&rsquo;islam n&rsquo;exige ni n&rsquo;encourage, d&rsquo;aucune fa&ccedil;on, la circoncision f&eacute;minine.&nbsp; Et bien que certains musulmans la pratiquent encore dans certaines parties de l&rsquo;Afrique, elle est &eacute;galement pratiqu&eacute;e par d&rsquo;autres peuples, incluant des peuples chr&eacute;tiens.&nbsp; Elle est donc d&rsquo;abord et avant tout le reflet de coutumes locales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">B)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; En tant qu&rsquo;&eacute;pouse&nbsp;:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(1)&nbsp;&nbsp; Le mariage, en islam, est fond&eacute; sur la paix, l&rsquo;amour et la compassion mutuels et non pas sur la simple satisfaction des d&eacute;sirs sexuels.&nbsp; Le Coran dit&nbsp;:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Et parmi Ses signes, Il a cr&eacute;&eacute; pour vous des &eacute;pouses issues de vous-m&ecirc;mes pour que vous viviez en tranquillit&eacute; aupr&egrave;s d&rsquo;elles.&nbsp; Et Il a mis entre vous de l&rsquo;amour et de la bont&eacute;.&nbsp; Il y a en cela des preuves pour les gens qui r&eacute;fl&eacute;chissent.&nbsp;&raquo; (Coran 30:21, voir aussi 42:11 et 2:228)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(2)&nbsp;&nbsp; La femme a parfaitement le droit d&rsquo;accepter ou de rejeter une proposition en mariage.&nbsp; Selon la loi islamique, une femme ne peut &ecirc;tre mari&eacute;e &agrave; qui que ce soit contre son gr&eacute;.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(3)&nbsp; Le mari est responsable du soutien, de la protection et, d&rsquo;une mani&egrave;re g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, du leadership de sa famille, dans un esprit de consultation (Coran 2:233) et de bont&eacute; (Coran 4:19).&nbsp; La compl&eacute;mentarit&eacute; des r&ocirc;les du mari et de la femme ne signifie aucunement qu&rsquo;il y ait soumission de l&rsquo;un envers l&rsquo;autre. &nbsp;Le Proph&egrave;te s&rsquo;est ainsi adress&eacute;, aux musulmans, concernant leur fa&ccedil;on de traiter leur &eacute;pouse&nbsp;:&nbsp;<strong>&laquo;&nbsp;Je vous demande d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre bons envers les femmes.&nbsp;&raquo;<\/strong>et&nbsp;<strong>&laquo;&nbsp;Les meilleurs d&rsquo;entre vous sont ceux qui sont les meilleurs envers leur femme.&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>Le Coran presse les hommes de se montrer bons et respectueux envers leur &eacute;pouse, m&ecirc;me si elle a perdu de sa gr&acirc;ce &agrave; ses yeux et qu&rsquo;il l&rsquo;aime moins qu&rsquo;auparavant&nbsp;:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Et comportez-vous convenablement envers elles&nbsp;; si vous &eacute;prouvez de l&rsquo;aversion pour elles, il se peut que vous ayez de l&rsquo;aversion pour une chose dans laquelle Dieu a d&eacute;pos&eacute; un grand bien.&nbsp;&raquo; (Coran 4:19)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Le Coran a &eacute;galement rendu ill&eacute;gale une pratique pr&eacute;islamique dans laquelle un fils pouvait h&eacute;riter de l&rsquo;&eacute;pouse de son p&egrave;re d&eacute;c&eacute;d&eacute;, comme si elle faisait partie de la succession (voir Coran 4:19).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(4)&nbsp; Si une dispute maritale survient, le Coran encourage les couples &agrave; la r&eacute;soudre en priv&eacute;, dans un esprit de justice et de bonne volont&eacute;. &nbsp;Mais pour un conflit persistant, qu&rsquo;ils n&rsquo;arrivent pas &agrave; r&eacute;soudre, le Coran sugg&egrave;re la m&eacute;diation entre les parties par un ou des membres de chacune des familles (Coran 4:35).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(5)&nbsp; Le divorce est un dernier recours, permis mais non encourag&eacute;.&nbsp; Le Coran accorde de l&rsquo;importance &agrave; la pr&eacute;servation de la foi et aux droits des individus &ndash; hommes et femmes &ndash; au bonheur.&nbsp; Le mariage peut &ecirc;tre dissous sur la base d&rsquo;une entente mutuelle ou encore &agrave; l&rsquo;initiative du mari ou de la femme, ou une d&eacute;cision de la cour au nom de la femme (pour une raison l&eacute;gitime), ou encore &agrave; l&rsquo;initiative de la femme sans aucune raison, &agrave; la condition qu&rsquo;elle redonne &agrave; son mari la dot vers&eacute;e lors du mariage. &nbsp;Quand la continuation du mariage devient impossible, l&rsquo;homme a toujours le devoir de le dissoudre en usant de bonnes mani&egrave;res.&nbsp; Le Coran dit&nbsp;:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Quand vous divorcez d&rsquo;avec vos femmes et que leur &eacute;ch&eacute;ance arrive &agrave; terme, alors reprenez-les de fa&ccedil;on &eacute;quitable ou lib&eacute;rez-les de fa&ccedil;on &eacute;quitable. Ne les retenez pas pour leur faire du tort&nbsp;; vous transgresseriez alors (les limites), et celui qui fait cela fait du tort &agrave; son &acirc;me.&nbsp;&raquo; (Coran 2:231, voir aussi 2:229 et 33:49)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(6)&nbsp; Associer polygamie et islam, comme si cette pratique avait &eacute;t&eacute; introduite par l&rsquo;islam ou qu&rsquo;elle &eacute;tait une norme parmi les musulmans est l&rsquo;un des mythes les plus persistants propag&eacute; par la litt&eacute;rature et les m&eacute;dias occidentaux. &nbsp;La polygamie existait chez un grand nombre de peuples, avant l&rsquo;islam, et &eacute;tait m&ecirc;me sanctionn&eacute;e par le juda&iuml;sme et le christianisme.&nbsp; L&rsquo;islam n&rsquo;a pas interdit la polygamie, comme l&rsquo;ont fait plusieurs nations et groupes religieux; il l&rsquo;a r&eacute;glement&eacute;e et limit&eacute;e.&nbsp; La polygamie n&rsquo;est nullement encourag&eacute;e, mais simplement permise, avec des conditions bien &eacute;tablies (voir Coran 4:3).&nbsp; La polygamie a eu sa raison d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre dans plusieurs circonstances, comme lors de guerres, o&ugrave; les nombreux d&eacute;c&egrave;s ont cr&eacute;&eacute; un d&eacute;s&eacute;quilibre hommes\/femmes et o&ugrave; des veuves avec enfants se sont retrouv&eacute;es sans le sou et sans pr&eacute;sence masculine.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">C)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; En tant que m&egrave;re&nbsp;:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; Dans le Coran, la bont&eacute; envers les parents (et surtout les m&egrave;res) est &eacute;lev&eacute;e &agrave; un tel rang qu&rsquo;elle arrive tout juste apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;adoration de Dieu&nbsp;:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Et votre Seigneur a d&eacute;cr&eacute;t&eacute; de n&rsquo;adorer que Lui et d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre bon envers ses parents.&nbsp; Si l&rsquo;un d&rsquo;eux ou tous les deux atteignent la vieillesse aupr&egrave;s de toi, garde-toi de leur dire ne serait-ce que &laquo;&nbsp;fi!&nbsp;&raquo; ou de leur manquer de respect.&nbsp; Adresse-leur toujours des paroles respectueuses. Fais preuve d&rsquo;humilit&eacute; vis-&agrave;-vis d&rsquo;eux,&nbsp; t&eacute;moigne-leur ta tendresse et dis&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;&Ocirc; mon Seigneur!&nbsp; Sois mis&eacute;ricordieux envers eux, car ils m&rsquo;ont &eacute;lev&eacute; lorsque j&rsquo;&eacute;tais petit.&nbsp;&raquo; (Coran 17:23-24, voir aussi 31:14, 46:15, et 29:8)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(2)&nbsp;&nbsp; Le Proph&egrave;te a aussi parl&eacute; du respect des parents &agrave; ses fid&egrave;les, accordant aux m&egrave;res un statut tr&egrave;s &eacute;lev&eacute;.&nbsp; Un homme vint voir le Proph&egrave;te (que la paix et les b&eacute;n&eacute;dictions de Dieu soient sur lui) et lui demanda&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Qui m&eacute;rite le plus que je lui tienne compagnie?&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp; Le Proph&egrave;te r&eacute;pondit&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Ta m&egrave;re&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp; L&rsquo;homme demanda alors&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Et qui d&rsquo;autre?&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp; Le Proph&egrave;te dit&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Ta m&egrave;re&nbsp;&raquo;. &nbsp;L&rsquo;homme demanda encore&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Et qui &eacute;galement?&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp; Le Proph&egrave;te dit encore&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Ta m&egrave;re&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp; L&rsquo;homme demanda&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Et qui ensuite?&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp; Le Proph&egrave;te dit&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Ensuite ton p&egrave;re&nbsp;&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">D)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; En tant que s&oelig;ur dans la foi (en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral)&nbsp;:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(1)&nbsp;&nbsp; Dans un hadith, le Proph&egrave;te a dit&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<strong>Les femmes sont les&nbsp;<em>shaqa&rsquo;iq<\/em>&nbsp;(moiti&eacute;s jumelles ou s&oelig;urs) des hommes.&nbsp;<\/strong>&raquo;&nbsp; Cette d&eacute;claration fait directement r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;galit&eacute; des genres.&nbsp; Si le premier sens du terme arabe shaqa&rsquo;iq, i.e. &laquo;&nbsp;moiti&eacute;s jumelles&nbsp;&raquo; est pris en consid&eacute;ration, cela signifie que l&rsquo;homme constitue une moiti&eacute; de la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, tandis que la femme constitue d&rsquo;autre moiti&eacute;.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(2)&nbsp; Le Proph&egrave;te a enseign&eacute; la bont&eacute; et le respect envers les femmes en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral&nbsp;:<strong>&laquo;&nbsp;Je vous demande d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre bons envers les femmes.<\/strong>&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp; Ce n&rsquo;est pas un hasard si cet ordre du Proph&egrave;te &eacute;tait parmi ses derni&egrave;res instructions et rappels, lors de son dernier sermon avant sa mort.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(3)&nbsp; La modestie et les interactions sociales&nbsp;: les param&egrave;tres de la modestie, physique et comportementale, &agrave; la fois pour les hommes et les femmes, sont bas&eacute;s sur les versets du Coran et les hadiths du Proph&egrave;te.&nbsp; Pour les musulmans, ce sont donc des directives d&rsquo;origine divine, teint&eacute;es de sagesse divine.&nbsp; Il ne s&rsquo;agit pas de lois impos&eacute;es par les hommes ou par les pressions sociales. &nbsp;Il est int&eacute;ressant d&rsquo;apprendre que m&ecirc;me dans la Bible, on encourage les femmes &agrave; se couvrir la t&ecirc;te.&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;Si donc une femme ne se couvre pas la t&ecirc;te, pourquoi, alors, ne se fait-elle pas aussi tondre les cheveux? Mais s'il est honteux pour une femme d'&ecirc;tre tondue ou ras&eacute;e, qu'elle se couvre donc la t&ecirc;te.&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;(1 Corinthiens 11:6).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Les aspects l&eacute;gal et politique de la vie de la femme en islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(1)&nbsp; L&rsquo;&eacute;galit&eacute; devant la loi&nbsp;: les hommes comme les femmes ont droit &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;galit&eacute; devant la loi.&nbsp; La justice n&rsquo;a pas de sexe (voir Coran :38, 24:2, et 5:45).&nbsp; La femme est bel et bien une entit&eacute; l&eacute;gale, une personne morale ayant droit &agrave; l&rsquo;ind&eacute;pendance financi&egrave;re et &agrave; prendre ses propres d&eacute;cisions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;(2)&nbsp; La participation &agrave; la vie sociale et politique&nbsp;: La r&egrave;gle g&eacute;n&eacute;rale au niveau de la vie sociale et politique est la participation et la collaboration des hommes ET des femmes dans les affaires publiques (voir Coran 9:71).&nbsp; Il existe suffisamment de preuves historiques de la participation des femmes musulmanes dans des &eacute;lections, la r&eacute;solution de probl&egrave;mes publics, la l&eacute;gislation, l&rsquo;administration, l&rsquo;enseignement et m&ecirc;me le champ de bataille.&nbsp; Ces participations eurent lieu sans que jamais les participantes ne perdent de vue leurs priorit&eacute;s et leurs devoirs et sans jamais aller &agrave; l&rsquo;encontre des directives islamiques sur la modestie et la vertu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Le statut que les non-musulmanes ont atteint, de nos jours, ne fut pas atteint gr&acirc;ce &agrave; la gentillesse des hommes ou au &laquo;&nbsp;progr&egrave;s&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp; Il fut atteint &agrave; l&rsquo;issue d&rsquo;un long combat et de nombreux sacrifices de la part des femmes et, surtout, parce que la soci&eacute;t&eacute; s&rsquo;est rendue compte qu&rsquo;elle avait besoin du travail des femmes, surtout au cours des deux grandes guerres mondiales et, plus tard, suite &agrave; l&rsquo;avanc&eacute;e du progr&egrave;s technologique.&nbsp; En islam, ce statut fut d&eacute;cr&eacute;t&eacute; il y a longtemps, non pas parce qu&rsquo;il refl&eacute;tait l&rsquo;environnement du septi&egrave;me si&egrave;cle ou &agrave; cause de menaces et de pressions de la part de groupes de femmes, mais &agrave; cause de sa v&eacute;racit&eacute; intrins&egrave;que.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Si cela d&eacute;montre quelque chose, c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;origine divine du Coran et le caract&egrave;re v&eacute;ridique du message de l&rsquo;islam qui, contrairement aux philosophies et id&eacute;ologies humaines, ne tirait pas sa source de l&rsquo;environnement humain de l&rsquo;&eacute;poque.&nbsp; Un message &eacute;tablissant de tels principes humains, qui ne devinrent jamais obsol&egrave;tes, avec le temps, et qui ne le deviendront jamais.&nbsp; Tel est le message du Tr&egrave;s-Sage et de l&rsquo;Omniscient, dont la sagesse et le savoir d&eacute;passent de loin la pens&eacute;e et le progr&egrave;s humains.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":17005,"lft":6470,"rght":6471,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-20T00:33:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T18:38:35.000000Z","language_id":9,"user_id":13,"author_id":246,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":3,"parent_id":3310,"author_name":"Mustafa Malaikah","category_name":"Women in Islam","category_slug":"Women-in-Islam","get_date":"2014-12-20","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/54945ac4-49d8-4891-8b03-29d8b8adb1fd-fr-Women in Islam.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/54945ac4-a3f0-4169-a4cc-29d8b8adb1fd-fr-Women in Islam.docx"},{"id":3313,"title":"Frauen im Islam","slug":"frauen-im-islam","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/54945ddd-b5b0-40a7-b065-30dbb8adb1fd-de-Women in Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/54945ddd-8adc-4a47-bfae-30dbb8adb1fd-de-Women in Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:frauen-im-islam","hint":"","body":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: xx-large;\"><strong><strong><strong>Frauen im Islam<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;<img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/images\/Women_in_Islam_-_Oppression_or_Liberation_001.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>(teil 1 von 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Einleitung<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Das Thema der Gleichheit der Geschlechter ist wichtig, relevant und aktuell.&nbsp; Debatten und Schriften &uuml;ber dieses Thema werden immer mehr und vielf&auml;ltiger in ihren Perspektiven.&nbsp; Die islamische Perspektive zu diesem Thema ist die, die von Nicht-Muslimen und Muslimen gleicherma&szlig;en am wenigsten verstanden und am h&auml;ufigsten missinterpretiert wird. &nbsp;Dieser Artikel soll eine kurze und authentische Beleuchtung dessen liefern, welche Stellung der Islam in dieser Hinsicht einnimmt.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Frauen in alten Zivilisationen<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Um den Status von Frauen wirklich zu verstehen, den der Islam ihnen verliehen hat, muss man ihn mit anderen Rechtssystemen vergleichen, die heute existieren und die in der Vergangenheit existiert haben. &nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Das indische System<\/strong>: Es wird in der&nbsp;<em>Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, 1911, festgestellt: &ldquo;In Indien war Unterwerfung ein grunds&auml;tzliches Prinzip.&nbsp; Tag und Nacht m&uuml;ssten Frauen von ihren Besch&uuml;tzern in einem Zustand der Abh&auml;ngigkeit gehalten werden, sagt Manu.&nbsp; Das Erbgesetz war agnatisch, das bedeutet, es wurde absteigend den M&auml;nnern vererbt, unter Ausschluss der Frauen.&rdquo;&nbsp; In hinduistischen Schriften sieht die Beschreibung einer guten Ehefrau folgenderma&szlig;en aus: &ldquo;eine Frau, deren Verstand, Sprache und K&ouml;rper in einem Zustand der Unterw&uuml;rfigkeit gehalten wird, erreicht in dieser Welt hohes Ansehen und in der n&auml;chsten denselben Aufenthalt wie ihr Ehemann.&rdquo; (Mace,&nbsp;<em>Marriage East and West<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Das griechische System<\/strong>: In Athen ging es den Frauen nicht besser als in Indien oder in Rom.&nbsp; &ldquo;Athenische Frauen waren immer minderwertig, dem Mann unterworfen &ndash; entweder ihrem Vater, ihrem Bruder oder einigen ihrer m&auml;nnlichen Verwandten.&rdquo; (Allen, E. A.,&nbsp;<em>History of Civilization<\/em>).&nbsp; Ihr Einverst&auml;ndnis zu einer Eheschlie&szlig;ung wurde nicht allgemein f&uuml;r n&ouml;tig gehalten und &ldquo;sie war verpflichtet, sich den W&uuml;nschen ihrer Eltern zu f&uuml;gen und erhielt von ihnen ihren Ehemann und Herrn, auch wenn er ihr fremd war.&rdquo; (Vorige Quelle)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Das r&ouml;mische System<\/strong>: Eine r&ouml;mische Ehefrau wurde von einem Historiker beschrieben als: &ldquo;ein Baby, eine Minderj&auml;hrige, ein M&uuml;ndel, eine Person, die unf&auml;hig ist, etwas nach ihrem eigenen Geschmack auszuf&uuml;hren, eine Person, die kontinuierlich unter der Aufsicht und der Vormundschaft ihres Ehemanns steht.&rdquo; (Vorige Quelle).&nbsp;&nbsp;In&nbsp;<em>The Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, 1911, finden wir eine Zusammenfassung der gesetzlichen Stellung von Frauen in der r&ouml;mischen Zivilisation: &ldquo;Im r&ouml;mischen Gesetz war eine Frau selbst f&uuml;r die historische Zeit vollst&auml;ndig abh&auml;ngig.&nbsp; Wenn sie heiratete, gingen sie und ihr Besitz in die Macht ihres Ehegatten &uuml;ber&hellip;die Ehefrau war der erworbene Besitz ihres Ehegatten und wie ein erworbener Sklave nur zu seinem Nutzen. &nbsp;Eine Frau konnte keinerlei b&uuml;rgerlichen oder &ouml;ffentlichen &Auml;mter aus&uuml;ben&hellip; sie konnte kein Zeuge, B&uuml;rge, Vormund oder Kurator sein; sie konnte nicht adoptieren oder adoptiert werden oder ein Testament oder einen Vertrag abschlie&szlig;en.&rdquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Das skandinavische System<\/strong>: Unter den skandinavischen Rassen waren Frauen: &ldquo;Unter st&auml;ndiger Vormundschaft, seien sie verheiratet oder unverheiratet.&nbsp; Sogar im Kodex von Christian V, am Ende des 17.Jahrhunderts, wurde noch verordnet, dass wenn eine Frau ohne die Zustimmung ihres Vormundes heiratete, dieser wenn er dies w&uuml;nschte, ihre Waren w&auml;hrend ihres Lebens verwalten und nutzen d&uuml;rfe.&rdquo; (<em>The Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, 1911).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Das britische System<\/strong>: In Britannien wurde das Recht einer verheirateten Frau auf den Besitz von Eigentum bis ins sp&auml;te 19.Jahrhundert hinein nicht anerkannt.&nbsp; &ldquo;Durch eine Reihe von Verordnungen beginnend mit der Married Women&rsquo;s Property Act 1870, erg&auml;nzt 1882 und 1887, erzielten verheiratete Frauen das Recht, Eigentum zu erwerben und Vertr&auml;ge abzuschlie&szlig;en, auf einer Stufe mit Jungfern, Witwen und Geschiedenen.&rdquo; (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1968).&nbsp; In Frankreich wurde das franz&ouml;sische Gesetz erst 1938 derart erg&auml;nzt, dass Frauen die Berechtigung, Vertr&auml;ge abzuschlie&szlig;en, zuerkannt wurde.&nbsp; Eine verheiratete Frau musste allerdings immer noch die Erlaubnis ihres Ehemannes einholen, bevor sie ihren eigenen Besitz weggeben durften.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(6)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Im mosaischen (j&uuml;dischen) Gesetz:<\/strong>&nbsp;Die Frau wird verlobt.&nbsp; Dieses Konzept erkl&auml;rend, sagt die&nbsp;<em>Encyclopedia Biblica<\/em>, 1902: &ldquo;Eine Frau zu verloben bedeutet einfach, Besitz an ihr zu erwerben, indem ein Kaufpreis gezahlt wird; eine Braut ist ein M&auml;dchen, f&uuml;r das der Kaufpreis gezahlt worden ist.&rdquo; &nbsp;Aus gesetzlicher Sicht ist das Einverst&auml;ndnis des M&auml;dchens f&uuml;r die G&uuml;ltigkeit ihrer Eheschlie&szlig;ung nicht notwendig.&nbsp; &ldquo;Das Einverst&auml;ndnis des M&auml;dchens ist nicht n&ouml;tig, und der Bedarf dessen wird nirgendwo in den Gesetzen vorgeschlagen.&rdquo; (Vorige Quelle).&nbsp; Was das Recht auf Scheidung angeht, lesen wir in der<em>Encyclopedia Biblica<\/em>: &ldquo;Die Frau ist das Eigentum des Mannes, sein Recht, sie scheiden zu lassen, folgt als selbstverst&auml;ndlich.&rdquo;&nbsp; Das Recht auf Scheidung besitzt nur der Mann, wie&nbsp;<em>The Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, 1911, feststellt: &ldquo;Im mosaischen Gesetz war die Scheidung ein Privileg des Ehemannes&hellip; &rdquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(7)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Die christliche Kirche<\/strong>: die Einstellung der christlichen Kirche bis in die letzten Jahrhunderte scheint durch das mosaische Gesetz und durch die Denkstr&ouml;mungen der zeitgen&ouml;ssischen Kulturen beeinflusst gewesen zu sein.&nbsp; In ihrem Buch&nbsp;<em>Marriage East and West<\/em>, schrieben David und Vera Mace: &ldquo;Lasst uns nicht annehmen, dass unser christliches Erbe frei von derartigen geringsch&auml;tzigen Urteilen sei.&nbsp; Es ist nur schwer irgendwo eine Sammlung von mehr degradierenden Anspielungen auf das weibliche Geschlecht zu finden, als bei den fr&uuml;hen Kirchenv&auml;tern.&nbsp; Lecky, der ber&uuml;hmte Historiker, spricht von: &lsquo;diese heftigen Andeutungen, die so auff&auml;llig und grotesk einen Teil der Schriften der V&auml;ter bilden&hellip; stellen die Frau als T&uuml;r zur H&ouml;lle dar, als Mutter allen menschlichen &Uuml;bels.&nbsp; Sie sollte sich sch&auml;men bei dem blo&szlig;en Gedanken daran, eine Frau zu sein.&nbsp; Sie sollte in st&auml;ndiger Bu&szlig;e leben aufgrund der Fl&uuml;che, die sie dieser Welt eingehandelt hat.&nbsp; Sie sollte sich ihres Kleides wegen sch&auml;men, weil es eine Erinnerung an ihren Fall ist.&nbsp; Sie sollte sich besonders ihrer Sch&ouml;nheit wegen sch&auml;men, denn sie ist das m&auml;chtigste Werkzeug des Teufels.&rsquo;&nbsp; Einer der auff&auml;lligsten Angriffe auf Frauen ist der von Tertullian: &lsquo;Wisst ihr denn nicht, dass jede von euch eine Eva ist? &nbsp;Der Satz von Gott auf dieses Geschlecht in euren Leben dieser Zeit; die Schuld muss notwendigerweise auch leben. &nbsp;Ihr seid das Tor des Teufels; ihr seid die Entweiher des verbotenen Baumes; ihr seid die ersten Verr&auml;ter des g&ouml;ttlichen Gesetzes; ihr seid es, die ihr denjenigen verfolgt, den der Teufel nicht angreifen konnte.&rsquo;&nbsp; Die Kirche hat nicht nur den minderwertigen Status der Frauen best&auml;tigt, sie hat ihnen auch ihre Rechte genommen, die sie zuvor genossen hatten.&rdquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Fundamente von spiritueller und menschlicher Gleichheit im Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Inmitten der Dunkelheit, die die Welt umschlang, hallte die g&ouml;ttliche Offenbarung in der weiten W&uuml;ste Arabiens im siebten Jahrhundert mit einer frischen, edlen und universellen Botschaft an die Menschheit wieder, die nachfolgend beschrieben wird.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; Nach dem Heiligen Qur&acute;an haben M&auml;nner und Frauen dasselbe menschliche spirituelle Wesen:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;O ihr Menschen, f&uuml;rchtet euren Herrn, Der euch erschaffen hat aus einem einzigen Wesen und aus ihm erschuf Er seine Gattin, und aus den beiden lie&szlig; Er viele M&auml;nner und Frauen entstehen...&rdquo;&nbsp;(Quran 4:1, siehe auch 7:189, 42:11, 16:72, 32:9, und 15:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Gott hat beide Geschlechter mit angeborener W&uuml;rde ausgestattet und M&auml;nner und Frauen gemacht, alle zusammen als Statthalter Gottes auf der Erde. (siehe im Quran 17:70 und 2:30).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; Der Qur&acute;an macht die Frau nicht f&uuml;r den &ldquo;S&uuml;ndenfall&rdquo; verantwortlich, und er sieht auch nicht die Schwangerschaft und die Geburt von Kindern als Strafe f&uuml;r das &bdquo;Essen von dem verbotenen Baum&ldquo;. &nbsp;Im Gegenteil, der Qur&acute;an beschreibt Adam und Eva als gleich verantwortlich f&uuml;r ihre S&uuml;nde im Garten und schiebt nirgends die Schuld auf Eva allein.&nbsp; Sie beide haben bereut und ihnen beiden wurde vergeben (siehe den Quran 2:36-37 und 7:19-27).&nbsp; In der Tat wird Adam in einem Vers (Quran 20:121) sogar besonders getadelt.&nbsp; Der Qur&acute;an sch&auml;tzt die Schwangerschaft und die Geburt von Kindern als gen&uuml;gend Gr&uuml;nde f&uuml;r die Liebe und den Respekt, die den M&uuml;ttern von ihren Kindern zustehen. &nbsp;(Quran 31:14 und 46:15).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp; M&auml;nner und Frauen haben dieselben religi&ouml;sen und moralischen Pflichten und Verantwortungen zu erf&uuml;llen. &nbsp;Jedes menschliche Wesen muss f&uuml;r die Konsequenzen seines oder ihres Handelns einstehen.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;Seht, Ich lasse kein Werk der Wirkenden unter euch verlorengehen, sei es von Mann oder Frau; die einen von euch sind von den anderen....&rdquo;&nbsp;(Quran 3:195, siehe auch 74:38, 16:97, 4:124, 33:35, und 57:12)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp; Der Qur&acute;an ist ziemlich deutlich, was die &Uuml;berlegenheit oder Unterlegenheit irgendeines Menschen angeht, sei er m&auml;nnlich oder weiblich. &nbsp;Die einzige Grundlage f&uuml;r die &Uuml;berlegenheit einer Person gegen&uuml;ber einer anderen sind Fr&ouml;mmigkeit und Rechtschaffenheit und nicht Geschlecht, Farbe oder Nationalit&auml;t.&nbsp; (siehe im Quran 49:13).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Der wirtschaftliche Aspekt der Frau im Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; Das Recht, pers&ouml;nliches Eigentum zu besitzen: der Islam hat ein Recht verordnet, dessen die Frau sowohl vor als auch nach dem Islam (sogar bis in dieses Jahrhundert hinein) beraubt gewesen ist, das Anrecht auf unabh&auml;ngiges Eigentum.&nbsp; Das islamische Gesetz erkennt die vollen Eigentumsrechte von Frauen vor und nach der Heirat an.&nbsp; Sie k&ouml;nnen kaufen, verkaufen oder ihr Eigentum nach Wunsch verleihen.&nbsp; Aus diesem Grund k&ouml;nnen muslimische Frauen ihre M&auml;dchennamen nach der Heirat behalten (und in der Tat haben sie dies traditionell getan), als Zeichen ihrer unabh&auml;ngigen Eigentumsrechte und als Rechtspersonen.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Finanzielle Sicherheit und Erbrecht: Finanzielle Sicherheit wird Frauen gew&auml;hrt. &nbsp;Sie haben ein Anrecht auf Hochzeitsgeschenke ohne Begrenzung und darauf, gegenw&auml;rtiges und zuk&uuml;nftiges Eigentum und Einkommen zu behalten und f&uuml;r ihre eigene Sicherheit zu verwenden, auch nach der Heirat. &nbsp;Keine verheiratete Frau ist verpflichtet, irgendeinen Anteil ihres Eigentums und ihres Einkommens f&uuml;r den Haushalt zu geben.&nbsp; Der Frau steht ebenfalls volle finanzielle Unterst&uuml;tzung w&auml;hrend der Ehe und w&auml;hrend der &bdquo;Wartezeit&ldquo; (Idda) im Fall einer Scheidung oder als Witwe zu.&nbsp; Einige Rechtsgelehrten fordern zus&auml;tzlich ein Jahr lang Unterst&uuml;tzung f&uuml;r geschiedene oder verwitwete Frauen (oder bis sie wieder heiraten, wenn die Hochzeit stattfindet, bevor das Jahr vorbei ist). &nbsp;Eine Frau, die ein Kind aus der Ehe hat, hat ein Anrecht auf Unterst&uuml;tzung von dem Vater des Kindes. &nbsp;Allgemein wird einer muslimischen Frau in allen Lebensstadien als Tochter, Ehefrau, Mutter oder Schwester, Unterst&uuml;tzung garantiert.&nbsp; Die finanziellen Vorteile, die Frauen in einer Ehe gew&auml;hrt werden und nicht den M&auml;nnern, haben eine soziale Berechtigung in den Bestimmungen, die im Qur&acute;an festgelegt sind, in den Gesetzen &uuml;ber das Erbrecht, die den M&auml;nnern in den meisten F&auml;llen doppelt soviel zusprechen wie den Frauen.&nbsp; M&auml;nner erben nicht immer mehr, manchmal erbt auch eine Frau mehr als ein Mann.&nbsp; In F&auml;llen, wo die M&auml;nner mehr erben, sind sie finanziell f&uuml;r ihre weiblichen Verwandten verantwortlich: f&uuml;r ihre Frauen, T&ouml;chter, M&uuml;tter und Schwestern. &nbsp;Frauen erben weniger, aber sie behalten ihren Anteil f&uuml;r Investitionen und finanzielle Absicherung ohne irgendeine gesetzliche Verpflichtung, einen Teil davon abzugeben, nicht einmal f&uuml;r ihre eigene Versorgung (Essen, Kleidung, Wohnen, Medikamente, usw.).&nbsp; Es soll hier darauf hingewiesen werden, dass vor dem Islam die Frauen selbst manchmal die Objekte der Hinterlassenschaft gewesen waren (siehe im Quran 4:19). In einigen westlichen L&auml;ndern wurde auch nach der Ankunft des Islam der gesamte Nachlass des Verstorbenen seinem \/ ihrem &auml;ltesten Sohn gegeben.&nbsp; Der Qur&acute;an gibt allerdings ganz deutlich zu verstehen, dass sowohl M&auml;nner als auch Frauen einen gewissen Anteil an der Hinterlassenschaft ihrer verstorbenen Eltern oder nahen Verwandten besitzen. &nbsp;Gott sagt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;Den M&auml;nnern steht ein Teil von der Hinterlassenschaft ihrer Eltern und Verwandten zu, und ebenfalls den Frauen steht ein Teil von der Hinterlassenschaft ihrer Eltern und Verwandten zu. Sei es wenig oder viel. (Das gilt) als vorgeschriebener Anteil.&rdquo;&nbsp;(Quran 4:7)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; Arbeit: Was Frauen angeht, die eine Arbeit suchen, sollte zuerst erw&auml;hnt werden, dass der Islam ihre Rolle in der Gesellschaft &nbsp;in erster Linie als Mutter und Ehefrau sieht.&nbsp; Weder Hausm&auml;dchen noch Babysitter k&ouml;nnen die Stelle der Mutter als Erzieher eines aufrechten, komplexfreien und gut erzogenen Kindes ersetzen.&nbsp; So eine edle und vitale Rolle, welche im Gro&szlig;en die Zukunft von Nationen gestaltet, kann nicht als M&uuml;&szlig;iggang betrachtet werden.&nbsp; Trotzdem gibt es keine Bestimmung im Islam, die den Frauen verbieten w&uuml;rde zu arbeiten, wenn daf&uuml;r Bedarf besteht, besonders in Bereichen, die zu ihrem Wesen passen und in denen die Gesellschaft sie am meisten braucht.&nbsp; Beispiele f&uuml;r solche Besch&auml;ftigungen sind Pflegen, Lehren (besonders von Kindern), Medizin, sowie soziale und wohlt&auml;tige Arbeiten.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>(teil 2 von 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Der soziale Aspekt von Frauen im Islam. &nbsp;<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">A)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Als Tochter:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;     Der Qur&acute;an beendete die grausamen Praktiken der Ermordung von M&auml;dchen, die vor dem Islam praktiziert wurde. &nbsp;Gott sagt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;&hellip;und wenn das lebendig begrabene M&auml;dchen gefragt wird:&nbsp;\"F&uuml;r welch ein Verbrechen wurdest du get&ouml;tet?&rdquo; (Quran 81:8-9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Der Qur&acute;an ging noch weiter und tadelte die Gewohnheit einiger Eltern, die, wenn sie die gute Nachricht von einem neugeborenen M&auml;dchen anstelle eines Jungen h&ouml;rten, abweisend reagierten.&nbsp; Gott sagt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;Und wenn einem von ihnen die Nachricht von (der Geburt) einer Tochter &uuml;berbracht wird, so verfinstert sich sein Gesicht, und er unterdr&uuml;ckt den inneren Schmerz.&nbsp;&nbsp;Er verbirgt sich vor den Leuten aufgrund der schlimmen Nachricht, die er erhalten hat: Soll er sie behalten trotz der Schande, oder (soll er sie) in der Erde verscharren? Wahrlich, &uuml;bel ist, wie sie urteilen!&rdquo; (Quran 16:58-59)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; Eltern sind verpflichtet, ihre T&ouml;chter zu unterst&uuml;tzen und gerecht zu ihnen zu sein.&nbsp; Der Prophet Muhammad, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien mit ihm, sagte:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Wer zwei T&ouml;chter aufzieht bis sie reif sind, der und ich werden am Tag des Gerichts kommen wie diese (und er zeigte seine Finger neben einander).&rdquo;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp; Ein wesentlicher Aspekt der Erziehung der T&ouml;chter, der ihre Zukunft erheblich beeinflusst, ist die Ausbildung.&nbsp; Ausbildung ist nicht nur ein Recht sondern eine Verantwortung f&uuml;r alle M&auml;nner und Frauen. &nbsp;Der Prophet Muhammad sagte:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Wissen zu Erlangen ist f&uuml;r jeden Muslim eine Verpflichtung.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp;Das Wort &bdquo;Muslim&ldquo; umfasst hier sowohl M&auml;nner als auch Frauen.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp; Der Islam verlangt keine Beschneidung von Frauen und ermutigt auch nicht dazu.&nbsp; Auch wenn sie vielleicht von einigen Muslimen in bestimmten Teilen Afrikas praktiziert wird, wird sie dort ebenfalls von anderen Menschen gemacht, darunter auch von Christen, das zeigt, dass es sich hier um einen lokalen Brauch handelt.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">B)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Als Ehefrau:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1) Ehe basiert im Islam auf gegenseitigem Frieden, Liebe und Zuneigung und dient nicht nur dem Befriedigen des menschlichen Sexualbed&uuml;rfnisses. &nbsp;Zu den eindrucksvollsten Versen des Qur&acute;an &uuml;ber die Ehe geh&ouml;ren folgende:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;Und unter Seinen Zeichen ist dies, dass Er Gattinnen f&uuml;r euch aus euch selber schuf, auf dass ihr Frieden bei ihnen f&auml;ndet; und Er hat Zuneigung und Barmherzigkeit zwischen euch gesetzt. Hierin liegen wahrlich Zeichen f&uuml;r ein Volk, das nachdenkt.&rdquo;&nbsp;(Quran 30:21, siehe auch 42:11 und 2:228)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Die Frau hat das Recht, Heiratsantr&auml;ge anzunehmen oder abzulehnen. &nbsp;Gem&auml;&szlig; dem islamischen Gesetz d&uuml;rfen Frauen nicht dazu gezwungen werden, gegen ihren Willen irgendjemanden zu heiraten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; Der Ehemann ist f&uuml;r den Unterhalt, den Schutz und die allgemeine F&uuml;hrung der Familie verantwortlich, im Rahmen von Beratung (siehe Quran 2:233) und Freundlichkeit (siehe Quran 4:19).&nbsp; Die unterst&uuml;tzende und erg&auml;nzende Art der Rolle von Ehemann und Ehefrau bedeutet nicht, dass einer dem anderen unterworfen w&auml;re. &nbsp;Der Prophet Muhammad wies die Muslime in bezug auf ihre Frauen an:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Ich befehle euch, gut zu den Frauen zu sein.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; Und&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Die Besten von euch sind diejenigen, die am besten zu ihren Frauen sind.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; Der Qur&acute;an ermahnt die Ehem&auml;nner, freundlich und r&uuml;cksichtsvoll zu ihren Frauen zu sein, auch wenn die Ehefrau in der Gunst ihres Ehemannes sinkt oder bei ihm Abneigung hervorruft:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;...Verkehrt in Billigkeit mit ihnen; und wenn ihr Abscheu gegen sie empfindet, empfindet ihr vielleicht Abscheu gegen etwas, in das Gott reiches Gut gelegt hat.&rdquo; (Quran 4:19)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Es war ebenfalls eine Handlungsweise der Araber vor dem Islam, dass es einem Stiefsohn erlaubt war, nach dem Tod seines Vaters dessen Witwen zu erben, denn sie geh&ouml;rten zum Nachlass des Verstorbenen. (siehe Quran 4:19).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp; Sollte es zu ehelichen Streitigkeiten kommen, ermutigt der Qur&acute;an die Paare, diese unter sich in Gerechtigkeit und G&uuml;te zu l&ouml;sen.&nbsp; Tats&auml;chlich beschreibt der Qur&acute;an einen aufgekl&auml;rten Schritt und eine weise Ann&auml;herung f&uuml;r Ehemann und Ehefrau zur L&ouml;sung andauernder Konflikte in ihrem Eheleben.&nbsp; In dem Fall, dass der Streit nicht gerecht zwischen Ehemann und Ehefrau gel&ouml;st werden kann, schreibt der Qur&acute;an eine Intervention durch die Familien beider Teile zugunsten der beiden Ehegatten vor. (siehe Quran 4:35).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp; Scheidung ist ein letzter Ausweg, erlaubt, aber nicht gef&ouml;rdert, denn der Qur&acute;an sch&auml;tzt die Bewahrung des Glaubens und der Rechte des Einzelnen &ndash; des Mannes und der Frau gleicherma&szlig;en &ndash; auf Gl&uuml;ckseligkeit. &nbsp;Formen der Aufl&ouml;sung einer Ehe schlie&szlig;en eine Verabschiedung in beiderseitigem Einverst&auml;ndnis, auf Initiative des Ehemannes, auf Initiative der Ehefrau (wenn dies Teil ihres Ehevertrags war), auf eine gerichtliche Entscheidung hin durch die Initiative der Ehefrau (wenn ein legitimer Grund besteht) und auf Initiative der Ehefrau ohne Grund, unter der Bedingung dass sie ihre Hochzeitsgabe an ihren Ehemann zur&uuml;ckgibt. &nbsp;Wenn die Fortf&uuml;hrung der ehelichen Beziehung aus irgendeinem Grund unm&ouml;glich ist, werden die M&auml;nner trotzdem noch aufgefordert, ein g&uuml;tiges Ende daf&uuml;r zu suchen. Der Qur&acute;an sagt &uuml;ber solche F&auml;lle:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;Und wenn ihr euch von den Frauen scheidet und sie sich der Erf&uuml;llung ihrer Wartezeit n&auml;hern, dann behaltet sie in g&uuml;tiger Weise oder entlasst sie in g&uuml;tiger Weise.&rdquo;&nbsp;(Quran 2:231, siehe auch 2:229 und 33:49)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(6)&nbsp; Polygynie mit dem Islam zu verkn&uuml;pfen, als w&auml;re sie von ihm eingef&uuml;hrt worden oder als w&auml;re es nach seinen Lehren die Norm, ist einer der hartn&auml;ckigsten Mythen, die in der westlichen Kultur und den westlichen Medien bewahrt werden.&nbsp; Polygynie existierte in fast allen Nationen und wurde selbst im Judentum und im Christentum bis in die letzten Jahrhunderte hinein nicht eingeschr&auml;nkt.&nbsp; Der Islam hat die Polygynie nicht ge&auml;chtet, wie es viele andere V&ouml;lker und religi&ouml;se Gemeinschaften es getan haben; sondern er hat sie reguliert und eingeschr&auml;nkt.&nbsp; Sie ist nicht n&ouml;tig, sondern einfach unter bestimmten Bedingungen erlaubt (siehe Quran 4:3).&nbsp; Das Ziel des Gesetzes besteht, angesichts der Zeit seiner Offenbarung, darin, mit individuellen und kollektiven Eventualit&auml;ten, die von Zeit zu Zeit auftreten k&ouml;nnen, umzugehen (d.h. mit einem Ungleichgewicht in der Zahl der M&auml;nner und Frauen aufgrund von Kriegen) und eine moralisch einwandfreie, praktische und menschenw&uuml;rdige L&ouml;sung f&uuml;r die Probleme von Witwen und Waisen zu liefern. &nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">C)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Als Mutter:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; Der Qur&acute;an erhebt die G&uuml;te zu den Eltern (besonders den M&uuml;ttern gegen&uuml;ber) auf einen Status, der an zweiter Stelle nach dem Gottesdienst kommt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;Und dein Herr hat befohlen: \"Verehrt keinen au&szlig;er Ihm und (erweist) den Eltern G&uuml;te. Wenn ein Elternteil oder beide bei dir ein hohes Alter erreichen, so sage dann nicht \"Pfui!\" zu ihnen und fahre sie nicht an, sondern sprich zu ihnen in ehrerbietiger Weise.&nbsp; Und senke f&uuml;r sie in Barmherzigkeit den Fl&uuml;gel der Demut und sprich: \"Mein Herr, erbarme Dich ihrer (ebenso mitleidig), wie sie mich als Kleines aufgezogen haben.&rsquo;&rdquo; (Quran 17:23-24, siehe auch 31:14, 46:15, und 29:8)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Selbstverst&auml;ndlich hat der Prophet Muhammad dieses Verhalten f&uuml;r seine Anh&auml;nger festgelegt, wodurch er den M&uuml;ttern einen unvergleichlichen Status in den menschlichen Beziehungen zusprach.&nbsp; Ein Mann kam zum Propheten Muhammad und sagte: &ldquo;O Gesandter Gottes!&nbsp; Wer von den Menschen hat das gr&ouml;&szlig;te Anrecht auf meine gute Gesellschaft?&rdquo;&nbsp; Der Prophet antwortete:<strong>&ldquo;Deine Mutter.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; Der Mann sagte: &ldquo;Wer dann?&rdquo;&nbsp; Der Prophet antwortete:<strong>&ldquo;Dann deine Mutter.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; Der Mann fragte weiter: &ldquo;Wer dann?&rdquo;&nbsp; Der Prophet antwortete:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Dann deine Mutter.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; Der Mann fragte wieder: &ldquo;Wer dann?&rdquo;&nbsp; Der Prophet sagte:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Dann dein Vater.&rdquo;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">D)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Als Schwester im Glauben (allgemein):<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; Gem&auml;&szlig; der Aussage des Propheten Muhammad:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Frauen sind nur die schaqa&rsquo;iq (Zwillingsh&auml;lften) der M&auml;nner.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; Diese Aussage ist eine tiefgr&uuml;ndige Bemerkung, die in direktem Zusammenhang mit dem Thema der Geschlechtergleichheit steht. &nbsp;Wenn man die erste Bedeutung des arabischen Wortes schaqa&rsquo;iq, &ldquo;Zwillingsh&auml;lften&rdquo;, nimmt, bedeutet dies, dass die M&auml;nner eine H&auml;lfte der Gesellschaft ausmachen, w&auml;hrend die Frauen die zweite H&auml;lfte bilden.&nbsp; Wenn man die zweite Bedeutung, &bdquo;Schwestern&ldquo; w&auml;hlt, deutet dies auf das gleiche hin.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Der Prophet Muhammad lehrte allgemein G&uuml;te, F&uuml;rsorge und Respekt den Frauen gegen&uuml;ber:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Ich befehle euch, gut zu den Frauen zu sein.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; Es ist von Bedeutung, dass eine derartige Anweisung des Propheten eine seiner letzten Befehle und Erinnerungen auf seiner Abschiedspilgerreise kurz vor seinem Ableben gewesen ist.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; Scham und soziale Interaktion: Die Parameter f&uuml;r richtige Schamhaftigkeit von M&auml;nnern und Frauen (was Kleidung und Verhalten angeht) basieren auf Quellen aus der Offenbarung (Qur&acute;an und Aussagen des Propheten) und als solche werden sie von gl&auml;ubigen M&auml;nnern und Frauen als Richtlinien g&ouml;ttlichen Ursprungs mit legitimen Zielen und g&ouml;ttlicher Weisheit dahinter angesehen. &nbsp;Es handelt sich dabei nicht um von M&auml;nnern eingef&uuml;hrte oder gesellschaftlich auferlegte Einschr&auml;nkungen.&nbsp; Es ist interessant, dass Frauen sogar in der Bibel ermutigt wurden, ihre K&ouml;pfe zu bedecken.&nbsp; &ldquo;Will sie sich nicht bedecken, so schneide man ihr das Haar ab. Nun es aber &uuml;bel steht, dass ein Weib verschnittenes Haar habe und geschoren sei, so lasset sie das Haupt bedecken.&rdquo; (1 Korinther 11:6).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Der gesetzliche und politische Aspekt von Frauen im Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz: beiden Geschlechtern steht Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz und an den Gerichtsh&ouml;fen zu.&nbsp; Gerechtigkeit ist nicht vom Geschlecht abh&auml;ngig (siehe Quran 5:38, 24:2, und 5:45).&nbsp; Frauen sind in finanziellen und anderen Angelegenheiten unabh&auml;ngige Rechtspersonen.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Teilnahme am sozialen und politischen Leben: Die allgemeine Regel im gesellschaftlichen und politischen Leben ist die Beteiligung und Zusammenarbeit von M&auml;nnern und Frauen in &ouml;ffentlichen Angelegenheiten (siehe Quran 9:71).&nbsp; Es gibt gen&uuml;gend historische Beweise f&uuml;r die Beteiligung von muslimischen Frauen an der Wahl ihrer F&uuml;hrer, an &ouml;ffentlichen Angelegenheiten, an der Gesetzgebung, an Verwaltungspositionen, an der Gelehrsamkeit und am Lehren und sogar auf dem Schlachtfeld.&nbsp; Derartige Beteiligung am gesellschaftlichen und politischen Leben wurde betrieben, ohne dass die Teilnehmenden die erg&auml;nzenden Priorit&auml;ten beider Geschlechter aus dem Blick verloren und ohne die islamischen Richtlinien der Schamhaftigkeit und der Werte zu &uuml;bertreten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Schlussfolgerung<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Der Status, den nicht-muslimische Frauen in den letzten Epoche erreicht haben, wurde nicht aufgrund der G&uuml;te der M&auml;nner oder durch einen nat&uuml;rlichen Prozess erreicht. &nbsp;Er wurde eher erreicht durch einen langen Kampf und Opfer seitens der Frauen und nur weil die Gesellschaft ihren Beitrag und ihre Arbeitskraft ben&ouml;tigte, vor allem w&auml;hrend der beiden Weltkriege und aufgrund Eskalation des technologischen Wandels.&nbsp; Wohingegen im Islam ein solcher gerechter und w&uuml;rdevoller Status festgelegt ist, nicht weil er die Umwelt des siebten Jahrhunderts wiederspiegelt und nicht weil er unter der Drohung oder dem Druck der Frauen und deren Organisationen entstanden ist, sondern eher aufgrund der angeborenen Wahrheit.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Wenn dies auf irgendetwas hinweist, dann auf den g&ouml;ttlichen Ursprung des Qur&acute;an und die Wahrhaftigkeit der Botschaft des Islam, die im Gegensatz zu den menschlichen Philosophien und Ideologien weit davon entfernt war, von der menschlichen Umwelt auszugehen; eine Botschaft, die solche menschlichen Prinzipien aufstellte, die weder im Laufe der Zeit veralteten noch in Zukunft veraltet sein werden. &nbsp;Schlie&szlig;lich handelt es sich um die Botschaft des Allerweisesten und Allwissenden Gottes, dessen Weisheit und Wissen das menschliche Denken und den Fortschritt bei Weitem &uuml;bertreffen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":17079,"lft":6472,"rght":6473,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-20T00:33:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T18:01:37.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":13,"author_id":246,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":3,"parent_id":3310,"author_name":"Mustafa Malaikah","category_name":"Women in Islam","category_slug":"Women-in-Islam","get_date":"2014-12-20","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/54945ddd-8adc-4a47-bfae-30dbb8adb1fd-de-Women in Islam.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/54945ddd-b5b0-40a7-b065-30dbb8adb1fd-de-Women in Islam.docx"},{"id":3314,"title":"As mulheres no Isl\u00e3","slug":"as-mulheres-no-isl","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Women in Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Women in Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:as-mulheres-no-isl","hint":"","body":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: xx-large;\"><strong><strong><strong><strong>As mulheres no Isl&atilde;<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;<img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/images\/Women_in_Islam_-_Oppression_or_Liberation_001.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>(parte 1 de 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">A quest&atilde;o de equidade de g&ecirc;nero &eacute; importante, relevante e atual.&nbsp; Debates e artigos sobre o assunto est&atilde;o aumentando e s&atilde;o diversificados em suas perspectivas.&nbsp; A perspectiva isl&acirc;mica sobre o tema &eacute; a menos compreendida e mais deturpada pelos n&atilde;o mu&ccedil;ulmanos e tamb&eacute;m por mu&ccedil;ulmanos.&nbsp; Esse artigo pretende fornecer uma exposi&ccedil;&atilde;o breve e aut&ecirc;ntica da posi&ccedil;&atilde;o do Isl&atilde; sobre o assunto.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">As mulheres nas civiliza&ccedil;&otilde;es antigas<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Para realmente compreender o status que as mulheres receberam atrav&eacute;s do Isl&atilde;, deve-se compar&aacute;-lo com outros sistemas legais que existem hoje e que existiram no passado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>O sistema indiano:<\/strong>&nbsp;Consta na&nbsp;<em>Enciclop&eacute;dia Brit&acirc;nica<\/em>, 1911:&nbsp;&ldquo;Na &Iacute;ndia a sujei&ccedil;&atilde;o era um princ&iacute;pio central.&nbsp; As mulheres devem ser mantidas em estado de depend&ecirc;ncia dia e noite por seus protetores, diz Manu.&nbsp; A regra de heran&ccedil;a era agn&aacute;tica, ou seja, atrav&eacute;s dos homens com a exclus&atilde;o das mulheres.&rdquo;&nbsp; Nas escrituras hindus a descri&ccedil;&atilde;o de uma boa esposa &eacute; a seguinte: &ldquo;uma mulher cuja mente, fala e corpo s&atilde;o mantidos em sujei&ccedil;&atilde;o adquire um alto renome nesse mundo e no pr&oacute;ximo, a mesma morada com seu marido.&rdquo; (Mace,&nbsp;<em>Marriage East and West<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>O sistema grego:<\/strong>&nbsp;Em Atenas as mulheres n&atilde;o tinham condi&ccedil;&atilde;o melhor que as indianas ou romanas: &ldquo;As mulheres atenienses s&atilde;o sempre menores, sujeitas a alguns homens - seus pais, seus irm&atilde;os ou a algum homem da fam&iacute;lia.&rdquo; (Allen, E. A.,&nbsp;<em>History of Civilization<\/em>).&nbsp; Seu consentimento no casamento geralmente n&atilde;o era considerado necess&aacute;rio e &ldquo;era obrigada a se submeter aos desejos de seus pais e receber deles seu marido e seu senhor, mesmo que fosse um estranho para ela.&rdquo; (Fonte anterior)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>O sistema romano:<\/strong>&nbsp;Uma esposa romana foi descrita por um historiador como: &ldquo;um beb&ecirc;, uma menor, uma cust&oacute;dia, uma pessoa incapaz de fazer ou agir de acordo com seu gosto individual, continuamente sob tutela e guarda de seu marido.&rdquo; (Fonte anterior)&nbsp; Na&nbsp;<em>Enciclop&eacute;dia Brit&acirc;nica<\/em>, 1911, encontramos um resumo da condi&ccedil;&atilde;o legal das mulheres na civiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o romana: &ldquo;Na lei romana uma mulher, mesmo em tempos hist&oacute;ricos, era completamente dependente.&nbsp; Se casada, ela e seus bens passavam para o poder do marido... a esposas era a propriedade adquirida de seu marido e, como uma escrava, era adquirida apenas para benef&iacute;cio dele.&nbsp; Uma mulher n&atilde;o podia exercer qualquer cargo civil ou p&uacute;blico ... n&atilde;o podia ser testemunha, fiadora, tutora ou curadora; n&atilde;o podia adotar ou ser adotada, fazer testamento ou contrato.&rdquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>O sistema escandinavo:<\/strong>&nbsp;Entre as ra&ccedil;as escandinavas as mulheres estavam: &ldquo;sob tutela perp&eacute;tua, fossem casadas ou n&atilde;o.&nbsp; Ainda no final de s&eacute;culo 17 foi promulgado C&oacute;digo de Christian V, estipulando que se uma mulher casasse sem o consentimento de seu tutor ele poderia ter, se desejasse, a administra&ccedil;&atilde;o e usufruto dos bens da mulher durante a vida dela.&rdquo; (<em>Enciclop&eacute;dia Brit&acirc;nica<\/em>, 1911)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>O sistema brit&acirc;nico:<\/strong>&nbsp;Na Gr&atilde;-Bretanha o direito das mulheres casadas a ter propriedades n&atilde;o foi reconhecido at&eacute; o s&eacute;culo 19. &ldquo;Por uma s&eacute;rie de atos que come&ccedil;am com o Ato de Propriedade de Mulheres Casadas em 1870, alterado em 1882 e 1887, as mulheres casadas alcan&ccedil;aram o direito de ter propriedades e entrar em contratos no mesmo n&iacute;vel de solteiras, vi&uacute;vas e divorciadas.&rdquo; (Enciclop&eacute;dia Brit&acirc;nica, 1968).&nbsp; Na Fran&ccedil;a, s&oacute; em 1938 a lei francesa foi alterada para reconhecer a elegibilidade das mulheres de fazerem um contrato.&nbsp; Uma mulher casada, entretanto, ainda precisava assegurar a permiss&atilde;o de seu marido antes que pudesse dispor de sua propriedade particular.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(6)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Na lei Mosaica (judaica):<\/strong>&nbsp;A esposa era prometida.&nbsp; Ao explicar esse conceito, a&nbsp;<em>Enciclop&eacute;dia B&iacute;blica<\/em>, 1902, afirma: &ldquo;Conseguir uma esposa prometida significava simplesmente tomar posse dela atrav&eacute;s do pagamento do pre&ccedil;o de compra; a prometida &eacute; uma menina por quem foi pago o dinheiro de compra.&rdquo;&nbsp; Do ponto de vista legal, o consentimento da menina n&atilde;o era necess&aacute;rio para a valida&ccedil;&atilde;o do casamento dela. &ldquo;O consentimento da menina &eacute; desnecess&aacute;rio e a necessidade dele n&atilde;o &eacute; sugerida em nenhuma parte da Lei.&rdquo; (Fonte anterior).&nbsp; Quanto ao direito ao div&oacute;rcio, lemos na&nbsp;<em>Enciclop&eacute;dia B&iacute;blica<\/em>: &ldquo;A mulher, por ser propriedade do homem, &eacute; &oacute;bvio o direito dele de se divorciar dela.&rdquo;&nbsp; O direito ao div&oacute;rcio era reservado somente ao homem. A<em>Enciclop&eacute;dia Brit&acirc;nica<\/em>, 1911, afirma: &ldquo;Na Lei Mosaica o div&oacute;rcio era um privil&eacute;gio apenas do marido...&rdquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(7)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>A igreja crist&atilde;:&nbsp;<\/strong>a posi&ccedil;&atilde;o da igreja crist&atilde; at&eacute; s&eacute;culos recentes parece ter sido influenciada pela Lei Mosaica e pelas correntes de pensamento dominantes em suas culturas contempor&acirc;neas.&nbsp;&nbsp;Em seu livro&nbsp;<em>Marriage East and West (Casamento no Oriente e Ocidente,&nbsp;<\/em>em tradu&ccedil;&atilde;o livre<em>)<\/em>, David e Vera Mace escreveram: &ldquo;Que n&atilde;o se suponha que nossa heran&ccedil;a crist&atilde; seja livre desses julgamentos depreciativos.&nbsp; Seria dif&iacute;cil encontrar uma cole&ccedil;&atilde;o de refer&ecirc;ncias mais degradantes ao sexo feminino do que os fornecidos pelos Pais da Igreja primitiva.&nbsp; Lecky, o famoso historiador, fala &ldquo;desses incentivos intensos que formam uma parte consp&iacute;cua e grotesca dos escritos dos Pais... a mulher era representada como a porta do inferno, a m&atilde;e de todos os males humanos.&nbsp; Devia se envergonhar ao mero pensamento de ser uma mulher.&nbsp; Devia viver em penit&ecirc;ncia cont&iacute;nua por conta das maldi&ccedil;&otilde;es que imp&ocirc;s ao mundo.&nbsp; Devia se envergonhar de sua vestimenta, por ser uma lembran&ccedil;a de sua queda.&nbsp; Devia se envergonhar especificamente de sua beleza, por ser o instrumento mais poderoso do dem&ocirc;nio.&rdquo;&nbsp; Um dos mais mordazes entre esses ataques &agrave; mulher &eacute; o de Tertuliano: &lsquo;N&atilde;o sabem que cada uma de voc&ecirc;s &eacute; uma Eva?&nbsp; A senten&ccedil;a de Deus sobre esse seu sexo &eacute; dessa &eacute;poca; a culpa tamb&eacute;m.&nbsp; Voc&ecirc;s s&atilde;o os port&otilde;es do dem&ocirc;nio: s&atilde;o a abertura da &aacute;rvore proibida; as primeiras desertoras da lei divina; as que persuadiram aquele que o dem&ocirc;nio n&atilde;o era corajoso o suficiente para atacar.&rsquo;&nbsp; A igreja n&atilde;o apenas afirma a condi&ccedil;&atilde;o inferior da mulher, mas a priva dos direitos legais que anteriormente desfrutava.&rdquo;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Bases da equidade espiritual e humana no Isl&atilde;<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">No meio da treva que engolia o mundo, a revela&ccedil;&atilde;o divina ecoou no amplo deserto da Ar&aacute;bia no s&eacute;culo sete com uma mensagem nova, nobre e universal para a humanidade, descrita abaixo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; De acordo com o Alcor&atilde;o Sagrado, homens e mulheres t&ecirc;m a mesma natureza espiritual humana:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;&Oacute; humanos, temei a vosso Senhor, que vos criou de um s&oacute; ser, do qual criou a sua companheira e, de ambos, fez descender inumer&aacute;veis homens e mulheres.&rdquo; (Alcor&atilde;o 4:1, ver tamb&eacute;m 7:189, 42:11, 16:72, 32:9 e 15:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Deus investiu ambos os g&ecirc;neros com dignidade inerente e fez homens e mulheres, coletivamente, os mandat&aacute;rios de Deus na terra (ver Alcor&atilde;o 17:70 e 2:30).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; O Alcor&atilde;o n&atilde;o culpa a mulher pela &ldquo;queda do homem&rdquo;, nem v&ecirc; a gravidez e o parto como puni&ccedil;&otilde;es por &ldquo;comer da &aacute;rvore proibida.&rdquo;&nbsp; Ao contr&aacute;rio, o Alcor&atilde;o retrata Ad&atilde;o e Eva como igualmente respons&aacute;veis por seu pecado no Para&iacute;so, nunca culpando apenas Eva.&nbsp; Ambos se arrependeram e ambos foram perdoados (ver Alcor&atilde;o 2:36-37 e 7:19-27).&nbsp; De fato, em um vers&iacute;culo (Alcor&atilde;o 20:121) Ad&atilde;o foi especificamente responsabilizado.&nbsp; O Alcor&atilde;o tamb&eacute;m considera a gravidez e o parto como raz&otilde;es suficientes para o amor e respeito devido pelos filhos &agrave;s m&atilde;es (Alcor&atilde;o 31:14 e 46:15).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp; Homens e mulheres t&ecirc;m os mesmos deveres e responsabilidades religiosos e morais.&nbsp; Cada ser humano deve enfrentar as consequ&ecirc;ncias de seus atos:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;Deus respondeu a eles:<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;Jamais desmerecerei a obra de qualquer um de v&oacute;s, seja homem ou mulher, porque procedeis uns dos outros.&rdquo; (Alcor&atilde;o 3:195, ver tamb&eacute;m 74:38, 16:97, 4:124, 33:35 e 57:12)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp; O Alcor&atilde;o &eacute; muito claro sobre a quest&atilde;o da alegada superioridade ou inferioridade de qualquer humano, homem ou mulher.&nbsp; A &uacute;nica base para superioridade de qualquer pessoas sobre outra &eacute; a devo&ccedil;&atilde;o e a retid&atilde;o, n&atilde;o g&ecirc;nero, cor ou nacionalidade (ver Alcor&atilde;o 49:13).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">O aspecto econ&ocirc;mico das mulheres no Isl&atilde;<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; O direito a possuir bens pessoais: O Isl&atilde; decretou um direito do qual a mulher foi privada antes e depois do Isl&atilde; (at&eacute; t&atilde;o tardiamente quanto este s&eacute;culo), o direito de propriedade independente.&nbsp; A Lei Isl&acirc;mica reconhece os direitos plenos &agrave; propriedade das mulheres antes e depois do casamento.&nbsp; Podem comprar, vender ou alugar qualquer uma ou todas as suas propriedades &agrave; vontade.&nbsp; Por essa raz&atilde;o as mu&ccedil;ulmanas podem manter (e, de fato, tradicionalmente t&ecirc;m mantido) seus nomes de solteira ap&oacute;s o casamento, uma indica&ccedil;&atilde;o de seu direito de propriedade independente como entidades legais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Seguran&ccedil;a financeira e leis de heran&ccedil;a: &Eacute; garantida &agrave;s mulheres a seguran&ccedil;a financeira.&nbsp; T&ecirc;m direito a receber presentes de casamento sem limite, a manter propriedades atuais e futuras e rendimentos para sua pr&oacute;pria seguran&ccedil;a, mesmo ap&oacute;s o casamento.&nbsp; Nenhuma mulher casada precisa gastar qualquer quantia de sua propriedade e rendimentos com a fam&iacute;lia.&nbsp; A mulher tamb&eacute;m tem direito a total suporte financeiro durante o casamento e durante o &ldquo;per&iacute;odo de espera&rdquo; (iddah) em caso de div&oacute;rcio ou viuvez.&nbsp; Alguns juristas exigem, al&eacute;m disso, um ano de suporte para o div&oacute;rcio e viuvez (ou at&eacute; que se casem novamente, se o novo casamento acontecer antes que o ano termine).&nbsp; Uma mulher que tem um filho no casamento tem direito ao sustento da crian&ccedil;a, pago pelo pai.&nbsp; Geralmente uma mu&ccedil;ulmana tem suporte garantido em todos os est&aacute;gios da vida dela, como filha, esposa, m&atilde;e ou irm&atilde;.&nbsp; As vantagens financeiras concedidas &agrave;s mulheres e n&atilde;o aos homens no casamento e na fam&iacute;lia t&ecirc;m uma contraparte social nas provis&otilde;es que o Alcor&atilde;o estabelece nas leis de heran&ccedil;a, que garantem ao homem, na maioria dos casos, o dobro da heran&ccedil;a de uma mulher.&nbsp; Os homens nem sempre herdam mais; &agrave;s vezes a mulher herda mais que o homem. Nos casos em que os homens herdam mais, eles s&atilde;o financeiramente respons&aacute;veis por suas parentes do sexo feminino: esposas, filhas, m&atilde;es e irm&atilde;s.&nbsp;&nbsp;As mulheres herdam menos, mas ret&ecirc;m sua parte para investimentos e seguran&ccedil;a financeira, sem qualquer obriga&ccedil;&atilde;o legal de gastar qualquer parte dela, mesmo para o seu pr&oacute;prio sustento (alimentos, vestu&aacute;rio, habita&ccedil;&atilde;o, medica&ccedil;&atilde;o, etc).&nbsp; Deve ser destacado que antes do Isl&atilde; as pr&oacute;prias mulheres eram &agrave;s vezes objetos de heran&ccedil;a (ver Alcor&atilde;o 4:19).&nbsp; Em alguns pa&iacute;ses ocidentais, mesmo ap&oacute;s o advento do Isl&atilde;, todos os bens do(a) falecido(a) eram dados ao filho mais velho.&nbsp; O Alcor&atilde;o, entretanto, deixou claro que tanto homens quanto mulheres t&ecirc;m direito a uma parcela espec&iacute;fica dos bens de seus pais falecidos ou parentes pr&oacute;ximos.&nbsp; Deus disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;Aos filhos var&otilde;es corresponde uma parte do que tenham deixado os seus pais e parentes. &Agrave;s mulheres tamb&eacute;m corresponde uma parte do que tenham deixado os pais e parentes, quer seja ex&iacute;gua ou vasta - uma quantia obrigat&oacute;ria.&rdquo; (Alcor&atilde;o 4:7)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; Emprego: Com rela&ccedil;&atilde;o ao direito da mulher ao trabalho, deve ser declarado primeiro que o Isl&atilde; considera seu papel na sociedade como m&atilde;e e esposa com o mais sagrado e essencial.&nbsp; Empregadas ou bab&aacute;s n&atilde;o podem assumir o lugar da m&atilde;e como educadora de uma crian&ccedil;a correta, livre de complexos e cuidadosamente educada.&nbsp; Esse papel nobre e vital, que molda o futuro de na&ccedil;&otilde;es, n&atilde;o pode ser considerado como ociosidade.&nbsp; Entretanto, n&atilde;o h&aacute; nenhum decreto no Isl&atilde; que pro&iacute;ba as mulheres de procurar emprego sempre que haja necessidade para isso, especialmente em posi&ccedil;&otilde;es que se adequam &agrave; sua natureza e nas quais a sociedade mais precisa dela.&nbsp; Exemplos dessas profiss&otilde;es s&atilde;o enfermagem, ensino (especialmente de crian&ccedil;as), medicina e trabalho social e beneficente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>(parte 2 de 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">O aspecto social das mulheres no Isl&atilde;<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">A)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Como filha:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; O Alcor&atilde;o colocou fim a uma pr&aacute;tica cruel de infantic&iacute;dio feminino, que havia antes do Isl&atilde;.&nbsp; Deus disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;Quando a filha, sepultada vida, for interrogada: Por que delito foste assassinada?&rdquo; (Alcor&atilde;o 81:8-9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; O Alcor&atilde;o foi al&eacute;m ao refutar a atitude desagrad&aacute;vel de alguns pais ao ouvir a not&iacute;cia do nascimento de uma menina, ao inv&eacute;s de um menino.&nbsp; Deus disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;Quando a algum deles &eacute; anunciado o nascimento de uma filha, o seu semblante se entristece e fica angustiado. Oculta-se do seu povo, pela m&aacute; not&iacute;cia que lhe foi anunciada: deix&aacute;-la-&aacute; viver, envergonhado, ou a enterrar&aacute; viva? Que p&eacute;ssimo &eacute; o que julgam!&rdquo; (Alcor&atilde;o 16:58-59)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; Os pais t&ecirc;m o dever de sustentar e demonstrar carinho e justi&ccedil;a com suas filhas.&nbsp; O Profeta, que a miseric&oacute;rdia e b&ecirc;n&ccedil;&atilde;os de Deus estejam sobre ele, disse:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Quem cuidar de duas filhas at&eacute; que cheguem &agrave; idade adulta vir&aacute; no Dia do Ju&iacute;zo assim (e colocou seus dedos juntos).&rdquo;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp; Um aspecto crucial na cria&ccedil;&atilde;o de filhas que influencia muito seu futuro &eacute; a educa&ccedil;&atilde;o.&nbsp; A educa&ccedil;&atilde;o n&atilde;o &eacute; apenas um direito, mas uma responsabilidade para todos os homens e mulheres.&nbsp; O Profeta Muhammad disse:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Buscar conhecimento &eacute; um dever para todo mu&ccedil;ulmano.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;A palavra &ldquo;mu&ccedil;ulmano&rdquo; aqui inclui homens e mulheres.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp; O Isl&atilde; n&atilde;o requer e nem encoraja a circuncis&atilde;o feminina.&nbsp; E embora possa ser praticada por alguns mu&ccedil;ulmanos em certas partes da &Aacute;frica, tamb&eacute;m &eacute; praticada por outros povos, incluindo crist&atilde;os naqueles locais, meramente um reflexo dos costumes e pr&aacute;ticas locais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">B)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Como esposa:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1) O casamento no Isl&atilde; &eacute; baseado em paz, amor e compaix&atilde;o m&uacute;tuas e n&atilde;o apenas na mera satisfa&ccedil;&atilde;o do desejo sexual humano.&nbsp; A seguir est&atilde;o os vers&iacute;culos mais impressionantes no Alcor&atilde;o sobre o casamento:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;Entre os Seus sinais est&aacute; o de haver-vos criado companheiras da vossa mesma esp&eacute;cie, para que com elas convivais; e colocou amor e piedade entre v&oacute;s. Por certo que nisto h&aacute; sinais para os sensatos.&rdquo; (Alcor&atilde;o 30:21, ver tamb&eacute;m 42:11 e 2:228)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; A mulher tem o direito de aceitar ou rejeitar propostas de casamento.&nbsp; De acordo com a Lei Isl&acirc;mica, as mulheres n&atilde;o podem ser for&ccedil;adas a casar com algu&eacute;m sem o seu consentimento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; O marido &eacute; respons&aacute;vel pela manuten&ccedil;&atilde;o, prote&ccedil;&atilde;o e lideran&ccedil;a geral da fam&iacute;lia, dentro da estrutura de consulta (ver Alcor&atilde;o 2;233) e gentileza (ver Alcor&atilde;o 4:19).&nbsp; A mutualidade e natureza complementar do papel do marido e da esposa n&atilde;o significa subservi&ecirc;ncia de nenhuma parte em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; outra.&nbsp;&nbsp;O Profeta Muhammad instruiu os mu&ccedil;ulmanos sobre as mulheres:<strong>&ldquo;Recomendo que sejam bons com as mulheres.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; E&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Os melhores entre voc&ecirc;s s&atilde;o os melhores para suas esposas.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; O Alcor&atilde;o encoraja os maridos a serem gentis e atenciosos com suas esposas, mesmo que o marido n&atilde;o esteja mais satisfeito com a esposa ou tenha desenvolvido uma avers&atilde;o em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o a ela:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;...E harmonizai-vos com elas.<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Pois se as menosprezardes, podereis estar depreciando seres que Deus dotou de muitas virtudes.&rdquo; (Alcor&atilde;o 4:19)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Tamb&eacute;m baniu a pr&aacute;tica &aacute;rabe antes do Isl&atilde; na qual o enteado do falecido pai tinha permiss&atilde;o para tomar posse da(s) esposa(s) do pai (herd&aacute;-las) como se fossem parte dos bens do falecido (ver Alcor&atilde;o 4:19).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(4)&nbsp; Caso surjam disputas conjugais, o Alcor&atilde;o encoraja o casal a resolv&ecirc;-las em particular, em um esp&iacute;rito de justi&ccedil;a e bondade.&nbsp;&nbsp;Na verdade, o Alcor&atilde;o delineia uma etapa iluminada e uma abordagem s&aacute;bia para o marido e a esposa resolverem o conflito persistente em sua vida conjugal.&nbsp; No caso de a disputa n&atilde;o poder ser resolvida de forma equitativa entre marido e esposa, o Alcor&atilde;o prescreve a media&ccedil;&atilde;o entre as partes atrav&eacute;s de interven&ccedil;&atilde;o familiar em nome de ambos os c&ocirc;njuges (ver Alcor&atilde;o 4:35)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(5)&nbsp; O div&oacute;rcio &eacute; o &uacute;ltimo recurso, permiss&iacute;vel mas n&atilde;o encorajado, porque o Alcor&atilde;o estima a preserva&ccedil;&atilde;o da f&eacute; e o direito do indiv&iacute;duo - homem e mulher - &agrave; felicidade.&nbsp; As formas de dissolu&ccedil;&atilde;o do casamento incluem uma promulga&ccedil;&atilde;o baseada em acordo m&uacute;tuo; iniciativa do marido; iniciativa da esposa (se for parte do contrato de casamento dela); decis&atilde;o do tribunal com base em iniciativa da esposa (por raz&atilde;o leg&iacute;tima); e iniciativa da esposa sem uma causa, desde que ela devolva o presente de casamento ao marido.&nbsp; Quando a continua&ccedil;&atilde;o do casamento for imposs&iacute;vel por qualquer raz&atilde;o, os homens ainda s&atilde;o ensinados a buscar um fim honrado.&nbsp; O Alcor&atilde;o afirma sobre esses casos:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;Quando vos divorciardes das mulheres, ao terem elas cumprido o seu per&iacute;odo prefixado, tomai-as de volta equitativamente, ou liberta-as equitativamente. N&atilde;o as tomeis de volta com o intuito de injuri&aacute;-las injustamente, porque quem tal fizer condenar-se-&aacute;.&rdquo; (Alcor&atilde;o 2:231, ver tamb&eacute;m 2:229 e 33:49)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(6)&nbsp; Associar a poliginia com o Isl&atilde;, como se fosse introduzida por ele ou fosse a norma de acordo com seus ensinamentos &eacute; um dos mitos mais persistentes perpetuados na literatura e na m&iacute;dia ocidentais.&nbsp; A poliginia existia em quase todas as na&ccedil;&otilde;es e era at&eacute; mesmo sancionada pelo Juda&iacute;smo e Cristianismo at&eacute; s&eacute;culos recentes.&nbsp; O Isl&atilde; n&atilde;o baniu a poliginia, como muitos povos e comunidades religiosas; ao inv&eacute;s disso, a regulou e restringiu.&nbsp; N&atilde;o &eacute; exigida, mas simplesmente permitida com condi&ccedil;&otilde;es (ver Alcor&atilde;o 4:3).&nbsp; O esp&iacute;rito da lei, incluindo o momento da revela&ccedil;&atilde;o, &eacute; lidar com as conting&ecirc;ncias individuais e coletivas que podem surgir de tempos em tempos (por exemplo, desequil&iacute;brios entre o n&uacute;mero de homens e mulheres criado por guerras) e fornecer uma solu&ccedil;&atilde;o moral, pr&aacute;tica e humana para os problemas de vi&uacute;vas e &oacute;rf&atilde;os.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">C)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Como m&atilde;e:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; O Alcor&atilde;o eleva a gentileza com os pais (especialmente as m&atilde;es) a um status imediatamente depois da adora&ccedil;&atilde;o a Deus:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;E vosso Senhor decretou que n&atilde;o adoreis outro sen&atilde;o Ele. que sejais indulgentes com vossos pais, mesmo que a velhice alcance um deles ou ambos, em vossa companhia; n&atilde;o os reproveis, nem os rejeiteis; outrossim, dirigi-lhes palavras honrosas. E estende sobre eles a asa da humildade, e dize: &Oacute; Senhor meu, tem miseric&oacute;rdia de ambos, como eles tiveram miseric&oacute;rdia de mim, criando-me desde pequenino!&rdquo; (Alcor&atilde;o 17:23-24, ver tamb&eacute;m 31:14, 46:15 e 29:8)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Naturalmente o profeta Muhammad especificou esse comportamento para seus seguidores, atribuindo &agrave;s m&atilde;es um status inigual&aacute;vel nas rela&ccedil;&otilde;es humanas.&nbsp; Um homem veio ao Profeta Muhammad e disse: &ldquo;&Oacute; Mensageiro de Deus!&nbsp; Quem entre as pessoas tem mais direito ao meu companheirismo?\"&nbsp; O Profeta disse:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Sua m&atilde;e.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;O homem disse: &ldquo;E depois quem?&rdquo;&nbsp; O Profeta disse:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Sua m&atilde;e.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; O homem perguntou: &ldquo;E depois quem?&rdquo;&nbsp; O Profeta disse:<strong>&ldquo;Sua m&atilde;e.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp; O homem perguntou: &ldquo;E depois quem?&rdquo;&nbsp; O Profeta disse:<strong>&ldquo;(Ent&atilde;o) seu pai.&rdquo;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">D)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Como irm&atilde; na f&eacute; (em geral):<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; De acordo com os ditos do profeta Muhammad:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;As mulheres s&atilde;o shaqa&rsquo;iq (metades ou irm&atilde;s) dos homens.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;Esse dito &eacute; uma declara&ccedil;&atilde;o profunda que se relaciona diretamente com a quest&atilde;o da igualdade humana entre os g&ecirc;neros.&nbsp; Se for adotado o primeiro significado da palavra &aacute;rabe shaqa&rsquo;iq, &ldquo;metades&rdquo;, significa que o homem vale a metade (da sociedade) e a mulher a outra metade.&nbsp; Se for adotado o segundo significado, &ldquo;irm&atilde;s&rdquo;, implica o mesmo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; O profeta Muhammad ensinou gentileza, cuidado e respeito pelas mulheres em geral:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Recomendo que sejam bons com as mulheres.&rdquo;<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&Eacute; significativo que essa instru&ccedil;&atilde;o do profeta esteja entre suas instru&ccedil;&otilde;es e lembretes finais no discurso da peregrina&ccedil;&atilde;o da despedida, feito pouco antes de sua morte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(3)&nbsp; Mod&eacute;stia e intera&ccedil;&atilde;o social: Os par&acirc;metros de mod&eacute;stia adequada para homens e mulheres (vestimenta e comportamento) s&atilde;o baseados em fontes reveladas (o Alcor&atilde;o e os ditos prof&eacute;ticos) e, como tal, s&atilde;o considerados pelos crentes e pelas crentes como orienta&ccedil;&otilde;es com base divina, com objetivos leg&iacute;timos e sabedoria.&nbsp; N&atilde;o s&atilde;o restri&ccedil;&otilde;es impostas pelo homem ou pela sociedade.&nbsp; &Eacute; interessante saber que at&eacute; a B&iacute;blia encoraja as mulheres a cobrir sua cabe&ccedil;a: &ldquo;Portanto, se a mulher n&atilde;o se cobre com v&eacute;u, tosquie-se tamb&eacute;m. Mas, se para a mulher &eacute; coisa indecente tosquiar-se ou rapar-se, que ponha o v&eacute;u.&rdquo; (1 Cor&iacute;ntios 11:6)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">O aspecto legal e pol&iacute;tico das mulheres no Isl&atilde;<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(1)&nbsp; Igualdade perante a lei: Ambos os g&ecirc;neros t&ecirc;m direito &agrave; igualdade perante a lei e os tribunais.&nbsp; A justi&ccedil;a n&atilde;o tem g&ecirc;nero (ver Alcor&atilde;o 5:38, 24:2, e 5:45).&nbsp; As mulheres possuem uma entidade legal independente em assuntos financeiros e outros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">(2)&nbsp; Participa&ccedil;&atilde;o na vida social e pol&iacute;tica: A regra geral na vida social e pol&iacute;tica &eacute; a participa&ccedil;&atilde;o e a colabora&ccedil;&atilde;o de homens e mulheres nos assuntos p&uacute;blicos (ver Alcor&atilde;o 9:71).&nbsp; Existe evid&ecirc;ncia hist&oacute;rica suficiente da participa&ccedil;&atilde;o de mulheres mu&ccedil;ulmanas na escolha de governantes, assuntos p&uacute;blicos, elabora&ccedil;&atilde;o de leis, posi&ccedil;&otilde;es administrativas, erudi&ccedil;&atilde;o e ensino e at&eacute; no campo de batalha.&nbsp; Esse envolvimento em assuntos sociais e pol&iacute;ticos eram conduzidos sem que os participantes perdessem de vista as prioridades complementares de ambos os g&ecirc;neros e sem violar as orienta&ccedil;&otilde;es isl&acirc;micas de mod&eacute;stia e virtude.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Conclus&atilde;o<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">O status que as mulheres n&atilde;o mu&ccedil;ulmanas alcan&ccedil;aram durante a &eacute;poca atual n&atilde;o foi alcan&ccedil;ado devido &agrave; bondade dos homens ou ao progresso natural.&nbsp; Foi alcan&ccedil;ado atrav&eacute;s de um longo esfor&ccedil;o e sacrif&iacute;cio da parte da mulher e somente quando a sociedade precisava de sua contribui&ccedil;&atilde;o e trabalho, mais especificamente durante as duas guerras mundiais, e devido &agrave; escalada da mudan&ccedil;a tecnol&oacute;gica.&nbsp; Enquanto que no Isl&atilde; esse status compassivo e digno foi decretado, n&atilde;o porque reflete o ambiente do s&eacute;culo sete, nem sob a amea&ccedil;a ou press&atilde;o de mulheres e suas organiza&ccedil;&otilde;es, mas por causa de sua verdade intr&iacute;nseca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Se isso indicar alguma coisa, seria a demonstra&ccedil;&atilde;o da origem divina do Alcor&atilde;o e a autenticidade da mensagem do Isl&atilde; que, diferentemente de filosofias e ideologias humanas, est&aacute; longe de proceder de seu ambiente humano; uma mensagem que estabeleceu esses princ&iacute;pios humanos que n&atilde;o ficaram obsoletos com o passar do tempo e nem podem se tornar obsoletos no futuro.&nbsp; Afinal, essa &eacute; a mensagem do Deus S&aacute;bio e Onisciente, Cuja sabedoria e conhecimento est&atilde;o muito al&eacute;m do mais moderno em termos de pensamento e progresso humanos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":15771,"lft":6474,"rght":6475,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-20T00:33:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T19:05:16.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":13,"author_id":246,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":3,"parent_id":3310,"author_name":"Mustafa Malaikah","category_name":"Women in Islam","category_slug":"Women-in-Islam","get_date":"2014-12-20","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Women in Islam.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Women in Islam.docx"},{"id":3315,"title":"\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5973\u6027","slug":"dgshs","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/54946030-731c-4587-b628-335ab8adb1fd-ja-Women in Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/54946030-f384-47c3-8d36-335ab8adb1fd-ja-Women in Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:dgshs","hint":"","body":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: xx-large;\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5973\u6027<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">&nbsp;<img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/images\/Women_in_Islam_-_Oppression_or_Liberation_001.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>\uff08\u524d\u534a\uff09<\/strong><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u5e8f\u8aac<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u7537\u5973\u5e73\u7b49\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u67c4\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u4ee3\u3068\u3066\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u3084\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u6570\u306f\u5897\u3048\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u898b\u89e3\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7537\u5973\u5e73\u7b49\u306f\u3001\u975e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6559\u5f92\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6559\u5f92\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u3055\u3048\u6700\u3082\u8aa4\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7537\u5973\u5e73\u7b49\u306e\u898b\u5730\u3092\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5973\u6027<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u304c\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u672c\u5f53\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u3068\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u305f\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3068\u6bd4\u3079\u3066\u307f\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff11\uff09\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\uff1a1911\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30d6\u30ea\u30bf\u30cb\u30ab\u767e\u79d1\u8f9e\u5178\u306b\u306f\u3053\u3046\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u3067\u306f\u670d\u5f93\u304c\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u7406\u5ff5\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30de\u30cc\u7d4c\u5178\u306f\u3001\u300e\u5973\u6027\u306f\u4e00\u65e5\u4e2d\u3001\u4fdd\u8b77\u8005\u306e\u3082\u3068\u306b\u62d8\u675f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u300f\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u907a\u7523\u306f\u7537\u6027\u4e2d\u5fc3\u306b\u6c7a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3001\u5973\u6027\u306f\u7701\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30d2\u30f3\u30ba\u30fc\u6559\u306e\u66f8\u7269\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7406\u60f3\u306e\u59bb\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3053\u3046\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300e\u5fc3\u3082\u8a00\u8449\u3082\u4f53\u3082\u670d\u5f93\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u540d\u58f0\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u697d\u5712\u3067\u592b\u3068\u5171\u306b\u4f4f\u3080\u5973\u6027\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300f\u300d\uff08\u30e1\u30fc\u30b9\u300c\u6771\u897f\u306e\u7d50\u5a5a\u300d\uff09<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff12\uff09\u30ae\u30ea\u30b7\u30e3\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\uff1a\u30a2\u30c6\u30cd\u3067\u306e\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u306f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u3084\u30ed\u30fc\u30de\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u3068\u5909\u308f\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u30a2\u30c6\u30cd\u306e\u5973\u6027\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u534a\u4eba\u524d\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7236\u89aa\u3001\u5144\u5f1f\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u89aa\u621a\u306e\u7537\u6027\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u8ab0\u304b\u306b\u5f93\u5c5e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300d\uff08\u30a2\u30e9\u30f3\u30fbE\u30fbA 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large;\">\uff08\uff17\uff09\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u6559\u4f1a\uff1a\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u6559\u4f1a\u306e\u5973\u6027\u89b3\u306f\u6700\u8fd1\u307e\u3067\u3001\u30e6\u30c0\u30e4\u306e\u6cd5\u3068\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30c7\u30a4\u30d3\u30c3\u30c9\u3068\u30d9\u30e9&bull;\u30e1\u30fc\u30b9\u304c\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u300c\u6771\u897f\u306e\u7d50\u5a5a\u300d\u306b\u306f\u3053\u3046\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u304c\u5973\u6027\u3078\u306e\u4fae\u8fb1\u7684\u898b\u89e3\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3084\u3081\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u521d\u671f\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u4f1a\u306e\u7267\u5e2b\u305f\u3061\u304c\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u5973\u6027\u89b3\u3088\u308a\u5dee\u5225\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3092\u63a2\u3059\u306e\u306f\u3001\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300d\u6709\u540d\u306a\u6b74\u53f2\u5bb6\u30ec\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u300c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u751a\u3060\u3057\u304f\u6c17\u5473\u306e\u60aa\u3044\u7267\u5e2b\u305f\u3061\u304c\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u6587\u66f8\u306e\u52d5\u6a5f\u3068\u306f&hellip;&hellip;\u5973\u6027\u306f\u5730\u7344\u306e\u6249\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u60aa\u306e\u59cb\u3081\u3068\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p 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large;\">\u5973\u6027\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u5973\u6027\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u81ea\u4f53\u3092\u6065\u3058\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5973\u6027\u306f\u3053\u306e\u4e16\u306b\u6301\u3061\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u305d\u306e\u546a\u3044\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3001\u82e6\u884c\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u751f\u304d\u308b\u3079\u304d\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u5973\u306e\u52a3\u6027\u306e\u8a3c\u62e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7740\u7269\u3092\u6065\u3058\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5973\u6027\u306f\u7279\u306b\u3001\u60aa\u9b54\u306e\u6700\u5f37\u306e\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u3067\u3042\u308b\u7f8e\u3057\u3055\u3092\u6065\u3058\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300d\u4e2d\u3067\u3082\u6700\u3082\u51b7\u9177\u306a\u306e\u306f\u30bf\u30fc\u30bf\u30ea\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u5973\u6027\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u30a4\u30d6\u3060\u3068\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f\u3000\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u6027\u306e\u795e\u304b\u3089\u306e\u7f70\u306f\u4eca\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u751f\u304d\u308b\u3079\u304d\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u7f6a\u306e\u610f\u8b58\u3082\u751f\u304d\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u60aa\u9b54\u306e\u5165\u308a\u53e3\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7981\u65ad\u306e\u679c\u5b9f\u3092\u89e3\u3044\u305f\u8005\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u6700\u521d\u306b\u795e\u306e\u6cd5\u3092\u7834\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u3001\u60aa\u9b54\u306b\u3082\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u7537\u6027\u3078\u306e\u60aa\u306e\u8a98\u60d1\u3092\u6210\u3057\u9042\u3052\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300d\u3053\u3046\u3057\u3066\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u5973\u6027\u306e\u52a3\u7b49\u751f\u3068\u89e3\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5973\u6027\u305f\u3061\u304c\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u6cd5\u7684\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u596a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u306a\u5e73\u7b49\u306e\u57fa\u790e<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4e16\u754c\u3092\u5727\u5012\u3057\u305f\u6697\u95c7\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u4e0b\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3042\u308b\u65b0\u9bae\u3067\u3001\u8a87\u308a\u9ad8\u304f\u3001\u666e\u904d\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8449\u304c\u30017\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u306e\u7802\u6f20\u306b\u5929\u5553\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff11\uff09\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u7537\u6027\u3082\u5973\u6027\u3082\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u306a\u672c\u8cea\u306f\u540c\u3058\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>&ldquo;<\/strong><strong>\u4eba\u3073\u3068\u3088\uff0c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306e\u4e3b\u3092\u754f\u308c\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u304b\u308c\u306f\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306e\u9b42\u304b\u3089\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u3092\u5275\u308a\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u305d\u306e\u9b42\u304b\u3089\u914d\u5076\u8005\u3092\u5275\u308a\uff0c<\/strong><strong>\u4e21<\/strong><strong>\u4eba\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u7121\u6570<\/strong><strong>\u306e\u7537\u3068\u5973\u3092<\/strong><strong>\u5897\u3084\u3057<\/strong><strong>\u5e83<\/strong><strong>\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u65b9\u3067\u3042\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/strong><strong>&rdquo;<\/strong><strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2<\/strong><strong>\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong><strong>4<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>1<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3002\u307e\u305f<\/strong><strong>7<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>189<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3001<\/strong><strong>42<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>11<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3001<\/strong><strong>16<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>72<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3001<\/strong><strong>32<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>9<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3001<\/strong><strong>15<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>29<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3082<\/strong><strong>\u53c2<\/strong><strong>\u7167\uff09<\/strong><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff12\uff09\u795e\u306f\u4e21\u65b9\u306e\u6027\u306b\u3001\u751f\u307e\u308c\u306a\u304c\u3089\u306e\u5c0a\u53b3\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3082\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u3067\u306e\u795e\u306e\u4fe1\u8a17\u8005\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\uff08\u53c2\u7167\uff1a\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f317\u7ae070\u7bc0\u30012\u7ae030\u7bc0\uff09<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff13\uff09\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u5973\u6027\u3092\u300c\u7537\u6027\u306e\u5f31\u70b9\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6279\u5224\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u598a\u5a20\u3084\u51fa\u7523\u3092\u3001\u300c\u7981\u65ad\u306e\u8eab\u3092\u98df\u3079\u305f\u300d\u7f70\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u9006\u306b\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u30a2\u30c0\u30e0\u3068\u30a4\u30d6\u306f\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3068\u3082\u697d\u5712\u3067\u306e\u7f6a\u306b\u8cac\u4efb\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30a4\u30d6\u3060\u3051\u304c\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u554f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u306f\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3082\u7f6a\u3092\u6094\u3044\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3082\u8d66\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\uff08\u53c2\u7167\uff1a\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f32\u7ae036\u301c37\u7bc0\u30017\u7ae019\u301c27\u7bc0\uff09\u3042\u308b\u7bc0\u3067\u306f\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f320\u7ae0121\u7bc0\uff09\u30a2\u30c0\u30e0\u304c\u7279\u306b\u6279\u5224\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u598a\u5a20\u3084\u51fa\u7523\u306f\u3001\u6bcd\u89aa\u3092\u656c\u611b\u3059\u308b\u7406\u7531\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f331\u7ae014\u7bc0\u300146\u7ae015\u7bc0\uff09<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff14\uff09\u7537\u6027\u3068\u5973\u6027\u306f\u4e21\u65b9\u3068\u3082\u540c\u3058\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u3068\u7fa9\u52d9\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5168\u3066\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u304c\u305d\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>&ldquo;<\/strong><strong>\u4e3b\u306f\u304b\u308c\u3089\uff08\u306e\u7948\u308a\uff09\u3092\u805e\u304d\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\uff0c\uff08\u4ef0\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f\uff09\u3002\u300c\u672c<\/strong><strong>\u5f53<\/strong><strong>\u306b\u308f\u308c\u306f\uff0c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306e\u8ab0\u306e<\/strong><strong>\u50cd<\/strong><strong>\u3044\u305f\u50cd<\/strong><strong>\u304d\u3082\u3080\u3060\u306b\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u7537\u3067\u3082\u5973\u3067\u3082\uff0c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306f\u4e92\u3044\u306b\u540c\u58eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d<\/strong><strong>&rdquo;<\/strong><strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2<\/strong><strong>\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong><strong>3<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>195<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><strong>\u307e\u305f<\/strong><strong>74<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>38<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3001<\/strong><strong>16<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>97<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3001<\/strong><strong>4<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>124<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3001<\/strong><strong>33<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>35<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u53c2<\/strong><strong>\u7167\uff09<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff15\uff09\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u7537\u5973\u306e\u512a\u52a3\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u660e\u8a00\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u512a\u52a3\u3092\u6c7a\u3081\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6027\u5225\u3001\u808c\u306e\u8272\u3001\u56fd\u7c4d\u3067\u306f\u305f\u304f\u3001\u552f\u4e00\u656c\u8654\u306a\u5fc3\u3060\u3051\u3060\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f349\u7ae013\u7bc0\uff09<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5973\u6027\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff11\uff09\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u6240\u6709\u6a29\u3000\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3067\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u524d\u5f8c\uff08\u3064\u3044\u6700\u8fd1\u307e\u3067\uff09\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u5973\u6027\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3001\u5358\u72ec\u6240\u6709\u6a29\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3067\u306f\u7d50\u5a5a\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6240\u6709\u6a29\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5973\u6027\u305f\u3061\u306f\u81ea\u7531\u306b\u58f2\u8cb7\u3092\u3057\u3001\u8cb8\u3057\u501f\u308a\u3092\u3057\u3001\u907a\u8a00\u3092\u907a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6559\u5f92\u306e\u5973\u6027\u306f\uff08\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306b\u3082\uff09\u7d50\u5a5a\u5f8c\u306b\u672c\u540d\u3092\u540d\u4e57\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u5973\u306e\u8ca1\u7523\u3078\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u6240\u6709\u6a29\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff12\uff09\u7d4c\u6e08\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3068\u907a\u7523\u306e\u6cd5\u3000\u5973\u6027\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u7d4c\u6e08\u4fdd\u8a3c\u304c\u7d04\u675f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7d50\u5a5a\u6642\u306b\u306f\u5236\u9650\u7121\u3057\u306b\u5a5a\u7d04\u91d1\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u6240\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8ca1\u7523\u3084\u73fe\u5728\u5f97\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ce\u5165\u3001\u5c06\u6765\u5f97\u308b\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u8ca1\u7523\u3084\u53ce\u5165\u3092\u7d50\u5a5a\u5f8c\u306b\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5bb6\u8a08\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5973\u6027\u304c\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u8ca1\u7523\u3084\u53ce\u5165\u304b\u3089\u4f7f\u3046\u5fc5\u8981\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u307e\u305f\u5973\u6027\u306b\u306f\u7d50\u5a5a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u9593\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30a4\u30c3\u30c0\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3001\u96e2\u5a5a\u3084\u592b\u3068\u306e\u6b7b\u5225\u5f8c\u306e\u3057\u3070\u3089\u304f\u306e\u9593\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u4fdd\u8a3c\u304c\u7d04\u675f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u96e2\u5a5a\u5f8c\u3084\u6b7b\u5225\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\uff08\u3082\u3057\u5f7c\u5973\u3089\u304c\u4e00\u5e74\u4ee5\u5185\u306b\u7d50\u5a5a\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306a\u3089\u3070\uff09\u4e00\u5e74\u9593\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3082\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7d50\u5a5a\u5f8c\u306b\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u304c\u7523\u307e\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u7236\u89aa\u304c\u7d4c\u6e08\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6559\u5f92\u306e\u5973\u6027\u306f\u3001\u5a18\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u59bb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6bcd\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u59c9\u59b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u751f\u6daf\u3092\u901a\u3057\u305f\u4fdd\u8a3c\u304c\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u5973\u6027\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u7537\u6027\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u7d50\u5a5a\u5f8c\u306e\u5229\u76ca\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u907a\u7523\u5206\u914d\u306e\u969b\u306b\u7537\u6027\u306b\u5973\u6027\u306e\u4e8c\u500d\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u88dc\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u7537\u6027\u304c\u5e38\u306b\u907a\u7523\u3092\u591a\u304f\u3082\u3089\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5973\u6027\u304c\u591a\u304f\u8cb0\u3046\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7537\u6027\u304c\u591a\u304f\u3082\u3089\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u304c\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u59bb\u3001\u5a18\u3001\u6bcd\u3001\u59c9\u59b9\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u8cac\u4efb\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5973\u6027\u305f\u3061\u306f\u907a\u7523\u306e\u5206\u914d\u306f\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u6295\u8cc7\u3084\u7d4c\u6e08\u4fdd\u8a3c\u306e\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u6301\u3061\u7d9a\u3051\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u751f\u6d3b\u306e\u305f\u3081\uff08\u98df\u8cbb\u3001\u533b\u7642\u8cbb\u3001\u8863\u670d\u8cbb\u3001\u4f4f\u5c45\u8cbb\u7b49\uff09\u306b\u3067\u3055\u3048\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u6cd5\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u4ee5\u524d\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5973\u6027\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u907a\u7523\u3067\u5206\u914d\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f34\u7ae019\u7bc0\uff09\u897f\u6d0b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5f8c\u3067\u3055\u3048\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306e\u8ca1\u7523\u304c\u9577\u7537\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u7537\u6027\u3068\u5973\u6027\u4e21\u65b9\u306b\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u4ea1\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u89aa\u621a\u304b\u3089\u306e\u6c7a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5206\u306e\u907a\u7523\u306e\u6a29\u9650\u304c\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>&ldquo;<\/strong><strong>\u7537\u306f<\/strong><strong>\u4e21\u89aa\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8fd1\u89aa\u306e\u907a\u7523\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3092\u5f97\uff0c\u5973\u3082\u307e\u305f<\/strong><strong>\u4e21<\/strong><strong>\u89aa\u53ca\u3073\u8fd1\u89aa\u306e\u907a\u7523\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3055\u3044\u907a\u7523\u306e\u591a\u5c11\u3092\u554f\u308f\u305a\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u914d\u5206\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/strong><strong>&rdquo;<\/strong><strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2<\/strong><strong>\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong><strong>4<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>7<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff13\uff09\u96c7\u7528\u3000\u5973\u6027\u306e\u96c7\u7528\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u524d\u306b\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6bcd\u89aa\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u59bb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u306f\u3001\u6700\u3082\u5d07\u9ad8\u3067\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u304b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u30e1\u30a4\u30c9\u3084\u30d9\u30d3\u30fc\u30b7\u30c3\u30bf\u30fc\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u3001\u554f\u984c\u306e\u306a\u3044\u3001\u5927\u4e8b\u306b\u80b2\u3066\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306e\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6bcd\u89aa\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a87\u308a\u9ad8\u304f\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5f79\u5272\u306f\u56fd\u5bb6\u306e\u5c06\u6765\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3001\u6020\u6162\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3067\u5973\u6027\u306e\u96c7\u7528\u3092\u7981\u6b62\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5973\u6027\u304c\u6700\u9069\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5730\u4f4d\u304c\u3042\u308c\u3070\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u3068\u304d\u306b\u96c7\u7528\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8077\u7a2e\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u3001\u770b\u8b77\u3001\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u7279\u306b\u5b50\u3069\u3082\uff09\u3001\u533b\u7642\u3001\u793e\u4f1a&bull;\u6148\u5584\u6d3b\u52d5\u306a\u3069\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>\uff08\u5f8c\u534a\uff09<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5074\u9762<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">A)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u5a18\u3068\u3057\u3066<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff11\uff09\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u5973\u5150\u6bba\u3057\u306e\u6163\u7fd2\u3092\u7d42\u308f\u3089\u305b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;&ldquo;<\/strong><strong>\u751f\u304d\u57cb\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\uff08\u5973\u5150\u304c\uff09\u3069\u3093\u306a\u7f6a\u3067\u6bba\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304b\u3068\u554f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u6642\u3002<\/strong><strong>&rdquo;<\/strong><strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2<\/strong><strong>\u30fc<\/strong><strong>\u30f3<\/strong><strong>81<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>8&minus;9<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff12\uff09\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u307e\u305f\u3001\u7537\u5150\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u5973\u5150\u304c\u7523\u307e\u308c\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306e\u4e21\u89aa\u306e\u6b53\u8fce\u7684\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u614b\u5ea6\u3082\u53f1\u8cac\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&ldquo;<\/strong><strong>\u304b\u308c\u3089\u306e\uff11\u4eba\u306b\u3001\u5973\uff08\u5150\u306e\u51fa\u751f\uff09\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u9854\u306f\u7d42\u65e5\u6697\u304f\u3001\u60b2\u3057\u307f\u306b\u6c88\u3080\u3002<\/strong><strong>\u304b\u308c\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c<\/strong><strong>\u60aa<\/strong><strong>\u3044\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\uff08\u6065\u3058\u3066\uff09\u4eba\u76ee\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u3002\u4e0d\u9762\u76ee\u3092\u5fcd\u3093\u3067\u305d\u308c\u3092\u304b\u304b\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u571f\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u305d\u308c\u3092\u57cb\u3081\u308b\u304b\uff08\u3092\u601d\u3044\u60d1\u3046\uff09\u3002\u3042\u3042\u3001\u304b\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5224<\/strong><strong>\u65ad<\/strong><strong>\u3053\u305d\u707d\u3044\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/strong><strong>&rdquo;<\/strong><strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2<\/strong><strong>\u30fc<\/strong><strong>\u30f3<\/strong><strong>16<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>58&minus;59<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff13\uff09\u4e21\u89aa\u306f\u5a18\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u512a\u3057\u304f\u652f\u3048\u308b\u7fa9\u52d9\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\uff08\u5f7c\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u795e\u306e\u6148\u60b2\u3068\u795d\u798f\u3042\u308c\uff09\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u8ab0\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3001\u4e8c\u4eba\u306e\u5a18\u3092\u6210\u4eba\u3059\u308b\u307e\u3067\u80b2\u3066\u308b\u8005\u306f\u3001\u5be9\u5224\u306e\u65e5\u306b\u79c1\u3068\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5834\u6240\u306b\u6765\u307e\u3059\u3002\uff08\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5f7c\u306f\u6307\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u4e00\u7dd2\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\uff09\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff14\uff09\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5c06\u6765\u3092\u5927\u304d\u304f\u6c7a\u3081\u308b\u6210\u9577\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5074\u9762\u306f\u6559\u80b2\u3067\u3059\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u306f\u6a29\u5229\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u7537\u5973\u4e21\u65b9\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u3067\u3059\u3002\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5168\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6559\u5f92\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300d\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6559\u5f92\u3068\u306f\u3001\u7537\u5973\u4e21\u65b9\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff15\uff09\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3067\u306f\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5272\u793c\u3092\u7fa9\u52d9\u3068\u3082\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3057\u3001\u5968\u52b1\u3082\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u3042\u308b\u5730\u57df\u3067\u306f\u884c\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5730\u57df\u306e\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92\u3082\u884c\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5730\u57df\u306e\u6163\u7fd2\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">B)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u59bb\u3068\u3057\u3066<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff11\uff09\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d50\u5a5a\u3068\u306f\u76f8\u4e92\u306e\u5e73\u548c\u3001\u611b\u3001\u6148\u611b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6027\u6b32\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u305f\u3081\u3060\u3051\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u6700\u3082\u611f\u52d5\u7684\u306a\u7bc0\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u306b\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;&ldquo;<\/strong><strong>\u307e\u305f\u304b\u308c\u304c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u81ea\u8eab\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u914d\u5076\u3092\u5275\u3089\u308c\u305f\u306e\u306f\uff0c\u304b\u308c\u306e\u5370\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306f\u304b\u306e\u5973\u3089\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b89\u3089\u304e\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u3088\u3046\uff08\u53d6\u308a\u8a08\u3089\u308f\u308c\uff09\uff0c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306e\u9593\u306b\u611b\u3068\u60c5\u3051\u306e\u5ff5\u3092\u690d\u3048\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u305d\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u8003\u3048\u6df1\u3044\u8005\u3078\u306e\u5370\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/strong><strong>&rdquo;<\/strong><strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2<\/strong><strong>\u30fc<\/strong><strong>\u30f3<\/strong><strong>30<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>21<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3002\u3001\u307e\u305f<\/strong><strong>42<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>11<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3001<\/strong><strong>2<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>228<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0<\/strong><strong>\u53c2<\/strong><strong>\u7167\uff09<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff12\uff09\u5973\u6027\u306b\u306f\u7d50\u5a5a\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u305f\u308a\u65ad\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6cd5\u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5973\u6027\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u610f\u601d\u3068\u306f\u95a2\u4fc2\u7121\u304f\u7d50\u5a5a\u3092\u5f37\u8981\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u3066\u306f\u3044\u3051\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff13\uff09\u592b\u306f\u3001\u5bb6\u65cf\u306b\u76f8\u8ac7\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3082\u3001\u5bb6\u65cf\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u30ea\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc\u30b7\u30c3\u30d7\u3068\u7dad\u6301\u3001\u4fdd\u8b77\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u89aa\u5207\u306b\u3059\u308b\u8cac\u4efb\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f32\u7ae0233\u7bc0\u53c2\u7167\uff09\u76f8\u4e92\u7684\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u88dc\u8db3\u7684\u306a\u592b\u5a66\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304b\u304c\u4e00\u65b9\u306b\u670d\u5f93\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u3067\u306f\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3061\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306f\u5973\u6027\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3053\u3046\u6307\u793a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u5973\u6027\u306b\u306f\u512a\u3057\u304f\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u300d\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u305f\u3068\u3048\u5973\u6027\u304c\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u305d\u3073\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3001\u59bb\u306b\u5acc\u6c17\u304c\u3055\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u59bb\u306b\u89aa\u5207\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u547c\u3073\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>&ldquo;<\/strong><strong>\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u3060\u3051\u4ef2\u826f\u304f\uff0c\u304b\u306e\u5973\u3089\u3068\u66ae\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u304b\u306e\u5973\u3089\u3092\u5acc\u3063\u3066\u3082\uff08\u5fcd\u8010\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\uff09\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061\uff08\u5acc\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\uff09\u306b\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u304b\u3089\u3088\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6388\u304b\u308b\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/strong><strong>&rdquo;<\/strong><strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2<\/strong><strong>\u30fc<\/strong><strong>\u30f3<\/strong><strong>4<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>19<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u307e\u305f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u4ee5\u524d\u306e\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u306e\u6163\u7fd2\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3001\u592b\u306e\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u304c\u3001\u307e\u308b\u3067\u5be1\u5a66\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u5f8c\u59bb\u304c\u592b\u306e\u8ca1\u7523\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5f7c\u5973\u3092\u5a36\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6163\u7fd2\uff08\u59bb\u3092\u907a\u7523\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d6\u308b\uff09\u3082\u9055\u6cd5\u3068\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f34\u7ae019\u7bc0\uff09<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff14\uff09\u3082\u3057\u592b\u5a66\u540c\u58eb\u3067\u4e80\u88c2\u304c\u751f\u3058\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u592b\u5a66\u9593\u3067\u516c\u5e73\u306b\u89e3\u6c7a\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u547c\u3073\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u3055\u306b\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u3001\u592b\u5a66\u9593\u3067\u751f\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u610f\u898b\u306e\u98df\u3044\u9055\u3044\u3092\u89e3\u6c7a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u8ce2\u660e\u306a\u89e3\u6c7a\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3082\u3057\u592b\u5a66\u9593\u3067\u89e3\u6c7a\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e21\u65b9\u306e\u5bb6\u65cf\u304b\u3089\u4ef2\u4ecb\u8005\u3092\u51fa\u3059\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u306e\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff15\uff09\u96e2\u5a5a\u306f\u6700\u7d42\u624b\u6bb5\u3067\u3001\u5968\u52b1\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u3001\u8a31\u53ef\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u5e78\u798f\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3068\u4e21\u6027\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u5927\u4e8b\u306b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7d50\u5a5a\u306e\u89e3\u6d88\u306f\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u5408\u610f\u3001\u7537\u6027\u5074\u304b\u3089\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3001\u5973\u6027\u5074\u304b\u3089\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\uff08\u305d\u308c\u304c\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5a5a\u59fb\u5951\u7d04\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\uff09\u3001\u5973\u6027\u304b\u3089\u306e\u96e2\u5a5a\u306e\u7533\u3057\u51fa\u3092\uff08\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u7406\u7531\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff09\u5224\u4e8b\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u307e\u305f\u7406\u7531\u304c\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\u3001\u5973\u6027\u304c\u5a5a\u59fb\u306e\u969b\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u8d08\u308a\u7269\u3092\u8fd4\u9084\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3082\u3057\u5a5a\u59fb\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u7d9a\u3051\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u5206\u304b\u3063\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3082\u3001\u7537\u6027\u306f\u7d50\u5a5a\u751f\u6d3b\u306b\u7a4f\u4fbf\u306b\u7d42\u6b62\u7b26\u3092\u6253\u3064\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3053\u3046\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;&ldquo;<\/strong><strong>\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u304c\u59bb\u3092\u96e2\u5a5a\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u671f\u9650\u304c\u6e80\u4e86\u3057\u305f\u306a\u3089\u3070\uff0c\u516c\u5e73\u306a\u5f85\u9047\u3067\u540c\u5c45\u3055\u305b\u308b\u304b\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u306f\u89aa\u5207\u306b\u3057\u3066\u5225\u308c\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u304b\u306e\u5973\u3092\u56f0\u3089\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u3068\u3081\u3066\uff0c\u6cd5\u3092\u8d8a\u3048\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u3093\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3059\u308b\u8005\u306f\uff0c\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u9b42\u3092\u640d\u3046\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u611a\u5f04\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u306e\u5fa1\u544a\u3052\u3092\u622f\u308c\u3054\u3068\u306b\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u306e\u6069\u6075\u3092\u5ff5\u3044\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306b\u6388\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\uff0c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306b\u52e7\u544a\u3059\u308b\u5553\u5178\u3068\u82f1\u77e5\u3092\u5ff5\u3048\u3002\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u3092\u754f\u308c\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u306f\u51e1\u3066\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u77e5\u308a\u5c3d\u304f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u77e5\u308c\u3002<\/strong><strong>&rdquo;<\/strong><strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2<\/strong><strong>\u30fc<\/strong><strong>\u30f3<\/strong><strong>2<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>23<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3001\u307e\u305f<\/strong><strong>2<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>229<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3001<\/strong><strong>33<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>49<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff16\uff09\u4e00\u592b\u591a\u59bb\u5236\u306f\u3001\u897f\u6d0b\u6587\u5b66\u3084\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u304b\u3089\u3001\u307e\u308b\u3067\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u304c\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3068\u3044\u3048\u3070\u4e00\u592b\u591a\u59bb\u5236\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u9593\u9055\u3063\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u6d41\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u554f\u984c\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4e00\u592b\u591a\u59bb\u5236\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u5168\u3066\u306e\u56fd\u5bb6\u3067\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3057\u3001\u30e6\u30c0\u30e4\u6559\u3084\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u3067\u3082\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u524d\u307e\u3067\u8a8d\u53ef\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3067\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3084\u5b97\u6559\u304c\u3057\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u4e00\u592b\u591a\u59bb\u3092\u7981\u3058\u306f\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5236\u9650\u3092\u8a2d\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f34\u7ae03\u7bc0\u53c2\u7167\uff09\u6cd5\u306e\u7cbe\u795e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5929\u5553\u304c\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6642\u671f\u3082\u542b\u3081\u3066\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5168\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u6642\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8d77\u3053\u308a\u3046\u308b\uff08\u6226\u6642\u4e0b\u3067\u7537\u5973\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\u304c\u5408\u308f\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\uff09\u7dca\u6025\u4e8b\u614b\u3078\u306e\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5be1\u5a66\u3084\u5b64\u5150\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30e2\u30e9\u30eb\u304c\u3042\u308a\u5b9f\u7528\u7684\u3067\u4eba\u9593\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">C)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u6bcd\u3068\u3057\u3066<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff11\uff09\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u4e21\u89aa\u3078\u306e\u89aa\u5207\uff08\u3068\u304f\u306b\u6bcd\u89aa\uff09\u3092\u795e\u3078\u306e\u5d07\u62dd\u306e\u6b21\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-quran\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>&nbsp;&ldquo;<\/strong><strong>\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u4e3b\u306f\u547d\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u304b\u308c\u306e\u5916\u4f55\u8005\u3092\u3082\u5d07\u62dd\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f\u4e21\u89aa\u306b\u5b5d\u884c\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u3082\u3057\u4e21\u89aa\u304b\u307e\u305f\u305d\u306e\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304b\u304c\uff0c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u3068\u4e00\u7dd2\u306b\u3044\u3066\u8001\u9f62\u306b\u9054\u3057\u3066\u3082\uff0c\u304b\u308c\u3089\u306b\u300c\u3061\u3048\u3063\u300d\u3068\u304b\u8352\u3044\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u4f7f\u308f\u305a\uff0c\u89aa\u5207\u306a\u8a00\u8449\u3067\u8a71\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u656c\u611b\u306e\u60c5\u3092\u8fbc\u3081\uff0c\u4e21\u89aa\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u8b19\u865a\u306b\u7ffc\u3092\u4f4e\u304f\u5782\u308c\uff08\u512a\u3057\u304f\u3057\uff09\u3066\uff0c\u300c\u4e3b\u3088\uff0c\u5e7c\u5c11\u306e\u9803\uff0c\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3092\u611b\u80b2\u3057\u3066\u304f\u308c\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\uff0c<\/strong><strong>2<\/strong><strong>\u4eba\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u5fa1\u6148\u60b2\u3092\u5fa1\u6388\u3051\u4e0b\u3055\u3044\u3002\u300d\u3068\uff08\u6298\u308a\u3092\uff09\u8a00\u3046\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3002<\/strong><strong>&rdquo;<\/strong><strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2<\/strong><strong>\u30fc<\/strong><strong>\u30f3<\/strong><strong>17<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>23<\/strong><strong>\u301c<\/strong><strong>24<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0\u3002\u307e\u305f<\/strong><strong>31<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>14<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3001<\/strong><strong>46<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>15<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0\u3001<\/strong><strong>29<\/strong><strong>\u7ae0<\/strong><strong>8<\/strong><strong>\u7bc0<\/strong><strong>\u53c2<\/strong><strong>\u7167\uff09<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff12\uff09\u5f53\u7136\u306a\u304c\u3089\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u306a\u304b\u3067\u6700\u3082\u5927\u4e8b\u306a\u6bcd\u89aa\u3078\u306e\u6271\u3044\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7279\u5225\u306a\u6307\u793a\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3042\u308b\u7537\u6027\u304c\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u3092\u8a2a\u306d\u3001\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u795e\u306e\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3055\u307e\uff01\u3000\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u79c1\u304c\u6700\u3082\u5927\u4e8b\u306b\u3059\u3079\u304d\u4eba\u306f\u3060\u308c\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f\u300d\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u3053\u3046\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u6bcd\u89aa\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300d\u305d\u306e\u7537\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6b21\u306f\uff1f\u300d\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u3053\u3046\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6b21\u306f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u6bcd\u89aa\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300d\u305d\u306e\u7537\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6b21\u306f\uff1f\u300d\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u3053\u3046\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6b21\u306f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u6bcd\u89aa\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300d\u305d\u306e\u7537\u306f\u307e\u305f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6b21\u306f\uff1f\u300d\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u3053\u3046\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u7236\u89aa\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">D)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u4fe1\u4ef0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u59c9\u59b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff08\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306b\uff09<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 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class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\uff08\uff12\uff09\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306f\u5973\u6027\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u89aa\u5207\u3068\u5c0a\u656c\u3092\u3092\u6559\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u5973\u6027\u306b\u306f\u512a\u3057\u304f\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u300d\u3053\u306e\u6559\u3048\u304c\u5f7c\u304c\u4ea1\u304f\u306a\u308b\u524d\u306b\u884c\u3063\u305f\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u5de1\u793c\u306e\u3068\u304d\u306b\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6307\u793a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-bullet\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 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