{"title":"Camilla Sayf","author":{"id":2138,"name":"Camilla Sayf","slug":"camilla_sayf","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-08-03T08:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-08-03T08:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Camilla Sayf"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":516,"title":"Introduction to Muslim Science","slug":"introduction-to-muslim-science","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Introduction to Muslim Science.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Introduction to Muslim Science.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:introduction-to-muslim-science","hint":"","body":"

Introduction to Muslim Science<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Few centuries before Jesus the outstanding Greek civilizationcame to exist, bringing into the world such knowledgeable minds as Aristotle, Euclid, Socrates, Galen and Ptolemy. Their contributions to philosophy, mathematics, geography, astronomy and medicine became the corner stone of modern science.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Then the Romans ceased control and subsequently Christianity arisen bringing together the calendar, as we know it – BC and AD. The Romans gave in to the invasion of barbarian tribes (Anglo-Saxons, Franks, Vandals), the forefathers of today's Europe. Devastated, the empire fell. Following its collapse, approximately from the late 5th century, began the period of the so called dark ages. It lasted until late 15th century when Columbus discovered America marking the rise of the Renaissance, otherwise known as the Revival.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Much has been written about the period of Antiquity, praising the Greco-Roman scientific and cultural achievements. The libraries are full of writings on the Renaissance, praising the brilliancy of that age. But there is almost nothing on the ten centuries in between. The European history bears records of mainly the ruling dynasties, religion, the feudal system, giving little attention to the development of science in that time. The image that Europe went from the splendor of Greece straight into darkness and then suddenly back into brightness has been dominating the scholastic thought for years. Devoid of any logic, this statement provokes reasonable doubts about the missing link of ten centuries long.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

To explain this mysticism, one might want to take a closer look at the history of other parts of the world and especially the civilizations that existed in close geographic proximity to the European continent. It's absolutely astonishing that the period of the dark ages in north Europe coincides, and exactly, with the apogee of the Muslim civilizationin the East and south Europe. Islamic civilizationeffectively came into being in 622 A.D. when Prophet Mohammed and his companions fled from hostile Mecca to Medina (Yathrib) where they found refuge and established the first Islamic state.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

By the year 750 A.D. Islam spread and covered lands and countries from Spain to the boarders of China. Along with Islam came new a new spirit of learning resulting scientific discoveries, and technology inventions. The importance of learning had been recognized by the Muslims as means of sharing creativity between nations thus contributing to their effective communication. The Prophet Mohammed urged his followers to seek knowledge recognizing the genuine achievements of the Chinese, Indians, Africans..etc.. Great thinkers as Al-Biruni, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Idrissi, Al-Khindi, Ibn Sina, Al-Razi, Ibn Khaldun, Al-Khazin, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farabi, Al-Ghazali, al-Jazari and hundreds more, came various backgrounds.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Non-Muslim like Ishaq Ibn Hunayn and Hunayn Ibn Ishaq – Nestorian Christian scientists of the Abbasid court, or the astronomer Thabit Ibn Qurrah – a Sabean, or Hasadai Ibn Shaprut and Ibn Maimon –Jews from Muslim Spain and many more thrived and had respectable and influential positions in the Muslim societies. The Muslim civilization become the first and by far the most multiethnic example of humanity. With equal dedication, Arabs, Turks, Persians, Berbers and Kurds were seeking solutions to numerous societal problems in science, medicine, engineering, agriculture, .etc.. Their efforts resulted in spectacular architecture, creative art, libraries, hospitals, universities, geographic discoveries such as mapping of the world, observatories and basics of astronomy and much more – all were as George Sarton said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"The miracle of Arabic science, using the word miracle as a symbol of our inability to explain achievements which were almost incredible…unparalleled in the history of the world.\" George Sarton<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Due to the politics of the time, scientists to follow failed to acknowledge the crucial timing and the enormous contribution of the Muslim civilization to the development of modern science and technology. They advocated the presumption that Europe owes all its advances to ancient Greece. However, there are undeniable facts that during the Spanish re-conquest of Muslim settlements, Toledo in 1085 in particular, vast amounts of Muslim works were found and translated. Furthermore, the two centuries of the Crusades were not only filled with war and bloodshed, but also provided cultural interaction. All together, it makes it difficult to believe that the dark ages were really as dark as portrayed.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Without the enormous amounts of borrowings from the Muslim civilization, we would be without the Arabic numerals which we use daily for our calculations and mathematics, there would be a sufficient lack of agriculture, domestication of animals for food, clothing and transportation; spinning and weaving; building; drainage and irrigation; water wheels and windmills; metal-working and tools and basic weapons; sailing ships; astronomical observation; clocks, paper, writing and the keeping of records; laws and civic life; coinage; abstract thought and most of our religious ideas and symbols. And as Wickens concludes,<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"There is virtually no evidence for any of these basic things and processes and ideas being actually invented in the West.\" Wickens<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

This article was originally a review by the author, Camilla Sayf, dated Sat 05 July, 2003, on the publication Introduction to Muslim Science<\/em>, by FSTC Limited (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization).[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Disclaimer: Not all views of this author are held by IslamReligion.com.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":16375,"lft":803,"rght":816,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T20:30:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T10:20:12.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":2138,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"Camilla Sayf","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Introduction to Muslim Science.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Introduction to Muslim Science.docx"},{"id":517,"title":"Introducci\u00f3n a la ciencia isl\u00e1mica","slug":"introduccin-a-la-ciencia-islmica","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Introduction to Muslim Science.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Introduction to Muslim Science.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:introduccin-a-la-ciencia-islmica","hint":"","body":"

Introducción a la ciencia islámica<\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Unos siglos antes de Jesús, nació la destacable civilización griega, que le trajo al mundo mentes fabulosas del conocimiento como Aristóteles, Euclides, Sócrates, Galeno y Ptolomeo.  Sus contribuciones a la filosofía, la matemática, la geografía, la astronomía y la medicina se convirtieron en la piedra fundamental de la ciencia moderna.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Luego los romanos dejaron el control y surgió el Cristianismo trayendo consigo el calendario, como lo conocemos – AC y DC.  Los romanos se rindieron a la invasión de las tribus bárbaras (anglosajones, francos, vándalos), los ancestros de la Europa actual.  Devastado, el imperio cayó.  Luego de su colapso, alrededor del siglo V, comenzó el período conocido como el oscurantismo.  El mismo duró el siglo XV cuando Colón navegó hasta América marcando el surgimiento del Renacimiento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mucho se ha escrito sobre el período de la Antigüedad, destacando los logros científicos y culturales grecorromanos.  Las bibliotecas están llenas de escritos sobre el Renacimiento, los cuales alaban lo brillante de esa era.  Pero casi no hay nada sobre los diez siglos que hubo en el medio.  La historia europea registra principalmente las dinastías dominantes, la religión, el sistema feudal, pero le presta poca atención al desarrollo de la ciencia en ese entonces.  La imagen de que Europa pasó del esplendor de Grecia directo a la oscuridad y luego súbitamente al brillo ha dominado el pensamiento académico durante años.  Lejos de tener ninguna lógica, esa suposición provoca dudas razonables sobre el eslabón perdido que duró diez siglos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Para explicar este misticismo, uno puede querer observar más detenidamente la historia de otras partes del mundo y especialmente las civilizaciones que existieron en cercanía geográfica con el continente europeo.  No es para nada sorprendente que el período del oscurantismo en el Norte de Europa coincida exactamente con el apogeo de la civilización musulmana en el Oriente y Sur de Europa.  La civilización islámica efectivamente comenzó a existir en el año 622 DC cuando el Profeta Muhammad y sus compañeros huyeron de la hostilidad de La Meca hacia Medina donde se refugiaron y establecieron el primer estado islámico.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Para el año 750 DC, el Islam se había expandido y cubría tierras y países desde España hasta los límites con China.  Junto con el Islam, llegó un nuevo espíritu de aprendizaje que dio como resultado descubrimientos científicos e inventos tecnológicos.  La importancia del aprendizaje ha sido reconocida por los musulmanes como el medio para compartir la creatividad entre los pueblos y contribuir así a una comunicación efectiva.  El Profeta Muhammad urgió a sus seguidores a buscar el conocimiento reconociendo los logros genuinos de los chinos, indios, africanos, etc.  Grandes pensadores como Al-Bairuni, Al-Jawarizmi, Al-Idrissi, Al-Kindi, Ibn Sina, Al-Razi, Ibn Jaldún, Al-Jazin, Ibn al-Haizam, Al-Farabi, Al-Ghazali, al-Yazari y cientos más, brindaron diversos ejemplos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Otros no musulmanes como Isaac Ibn Hunain y Hunayn ibn Ishaq – científicos cristianos nestorianos de la corte Abasida, o el astrónomo Thabit ibn Qurrah – sabeano, o Hasadai Ibn Shaprut e Ibn Maimon (Maimónides) – judíos de la España musulmana y muchos otros prosperaron y tenían posiciones respetables e influyentes en las sociedades musulmanas.  La civilización musulmana se convirtió en el primer y más multiétnico ejemplo de sociedad.  Con igual dedicación, árabes, turcos, persas, bereberes y kurdos buscaban soluciones a numerosos problemas sociales en la ciencia, la medicina, la ingeniería, la agricultura, etc.  Sus esfuerzos resultaron en una arquitectura espectacular, arte creativo, bibliotecas, hospitales, universidades, descubrimientos geográficos como mapas del mundo, observatorios y conocimientos básicos de astronomía y mucho más – tal como dijo George Sarton:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“El milagro de la ciencia árabe, utilizando la palabra milagro como símbolo de nuestra incapacidad de explicar logros que fueron casi increíbles… no tiene paralelo en la historia del mundo”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Debido a la política de ese tiempo, los científicos que siguieron no reconocieron lo oportuno y lo importante de la contribución de la civilización musulmana al desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología modernas.  Ellos defendían la suposición de que Europa le debe todos sus avances a Grecia.  Sin embargo, hay datos innegables que demuestran que durante la reconquista española de los asentamientos musulmanes, en particular Toledo en 1805, había grandes cantidades de obras musulmanas que fueron halladas y traducidas.  Aún más, los dos siglos de las Cruzadas no solo estuvieron inmersos en sangre y guerras, sino que también ofrecieron una interacción cultural.  Con toda esa información, es difícil creer que la Edad Media fue tan oscura como se la describe.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sin los enormes aportes de la civilización musulmana, no conoceríamos los números arábigos que utilizamos a diario para calcular y para las matemáticas, no habría la suficiente agricultura, ni domesticación de animales para alimento, vestimenta o transporte; no conoceríamos el huso ni el tejido; la construcción; los drenajes y el riego; las norias y molinos de viento; la metalurgia y las herramientas; los barcos a vela; la observación astronómica; los relojes; el papel, la escritura y la conservación de registros; las leyes y la vida cívica; las monedas; el pensamiento abstracto y gran parte de nuestras ideas y símbolos religiosos.  Y como concluye Wickens:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“No existe evidencia de que alguno de los elementos y procesos básicos, como tampoco las ideas, fueron realmente inventados en Occidente.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El presente artículo fue originalmente una reseña de la autora, Camilla Sayf, con fecha 5 de Julio de 2003, sobre la publicación Introduction to Muslim Science, de FSTC Limited (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation).[1]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n


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\r\n Footnotes: <\/span>\r\n
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[1]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Nota<\/span><\/strong>: No todas las opiniones de la autora son compartidas por www.IslamReligion.com<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":13475,"lft":804,"rght":805,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T20:32:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T10:25:58.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":7,"author_id":2138,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":516,"author_name":"Camilla Sayf","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Introduction to Muslim Science.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Introduction to Muslim Science.docx"},{"id":518,"title":"Contribution des musulmans aux sciences","slug":"contribution-des-musulmans-aux-sciences","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Introduction to Muslim Science.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Introduction to Muslim Science.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:contribution-des-musulmans-aux-sciences","hint":"","body":"

Contribution des musulmans aux sciences<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Quelques siècles avant Jésus, la remarquable civilisation grecque produisait des penseurs tels qu’Aristote, Euclide, Socrate, Galien et Ptolémée.  Leur contribution à la philosophie, aux mathématiques, à la géographie, à l’astronomie et à la médecine est devenue la pierre angulaire de la science moderne.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Puis, les Romains perdirent de leur puissance et par la suite, le christianisme fit son apparition et un nouveau calendrier fut établi, tel que nous le connaissons aujourd’hui.  Les Romains cédèrent à l’invasion des tribus barbares (anglo-saxonnes, franches et vandales), qui étaient les ancêtres de l’Europe moderne.  Dévasté, l’empire tomba.  Et suite à cette chute, vers la fin du cinquième siècle, commença la période du Moyen Âge, qui dura jusqu’à la fin du quinzième siècle lorsque Christophe Colomb découvrit l’Amérique, ce qui marqua le début de la Renaissance.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Beaucoup de choses ont été écrites sur la contribution gréco-romaine aux sciences et à la culture durant la période de l’Antiquité.  Et les bibliothèques sont remplies d’écrits sur la Renaissance qui louent le génie de cette époque.  Mais il n’y a presque rien sur les dix siècles qui se sont écoulés entre ces deux périodes.  L’histoire européenne tient surtout des archives sur les différentes dynasties, la religion, le système féodal, accordant peu d’importance au développement des sciences à cette époque.  L’image voulant que l’Europe soit passée directement de la splendeur de la Grèce au Moyen Âge, puis tout à coup à la grandeur de la Renaissance a dominé la pensée scholastique des années durant.  Mais cette façon de voir, dénuée de toute logique, soulève des doutes raisonnables quant au lien manquant d’une durée de dix siècles.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Pour expliquer cela, il faut regarder d’un peu plus près l’histoire des autres parties du monde, et surtout des civilisations qui vivaient à proximité géographique du continent européen.  Il est renversant de constater que la période du Moyen Âge, dans le nord de l’Europe, coïncide exactement avec l’apogée de la civilisation islamique dans l’est et le sud de l’Europe.  La civilisation islamique a pris naissance en 622 lorsque le prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) et ses compagnons ont fui de la Mecque à Médine (Yathrib), où ils ont trouvé refuge et établi le premier État islamique.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En l’an 750, l’islam avait déjà conquis des pays allant de l’Espagne aux frontières de la Chine.  Et avec cette propagation est né un engouement pour la quête du savoir, ce qui a mené à diverses découvertes scientifiques et inventions technologiques.  L’apprentissage, chez les musulmans, était reconnu comme un moyen de partage et de communication entre nations.  Le prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a fortement encouragé ses fidèles à s’instruire.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Des non-musulmans comme Ishaq Ibn Hounayn et Hounayn Ibn Ishaq (des scientifiques chrétiens nestoriens), comme l’astronome Thabit Ibn Qourrah (un sabéen) ou Hasadai Ibn Shaprout et Ibn Maimon (des juifs d’Espagne) et plusieurs autres ont prospéré et ont joui de positions respectables et influentes dans diverses  sociétés islamiques.  La civilisation musulmane a été la première et de loin la plus multiethnique de l’histoire de l’humanité.  Avec le même engagement, des Arabes, des Turcs, des Persans, des Berbères et des Kurdes o`nt cherché des solutions aux nombreux problèmes de société de l’époque, chacun dans son domaine scientifique respectif (médecine, ingénierie, agriculture, etc).  Leurs efforts combinés ont produit d’admirables architectures, la construction de nombreuses bibliothèques, d’hôpitaux et d’universités, la création de cartes géographiques et d’observatoires astronomiques, et bien plus encore.  Comme l’écrit George Sarton :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Le miracle de la science arabe…  J’utilise le mot miracle comme un symbole de notre incapacité à expliquer des exploits presque incroyables… est sans aucun parallèle dans l’histoire de l’humanité. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

À cause des circonstances politiques de l’époque, les scientifiques qui sont apparus après eux n’ont pas reconnu l’énorme contribution de la civilisation musulmane au développement des sciences modernes et de la technologie.  Ils ont soutenu la présomption selon laquelle l’Europe devait son avancement à la Grèce ancienne.  Il existe pourtant des faits indéniables qui démontrent que durant la reconquête espagnole des colonies musulmanes, et en particulier à Toledo en 1085, de nombreux travaux rédigés par des musulmans ont été trouvés et traduits.  De plus, les deux siècles de croisades n’ont pas été que guerres et effusions de sang; de nombreux échanges culturels ont eu lieu durant cette période.  De façon générale, il est difficile de croire que le Moyen Âge a été aussi obscur qu’on le décrit.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Si nous n’avions autant emprunté à la civilisation musulmane, nous n’utiliserions pas les chiffres arabes au quotidien, et notre agriculture, notre élevage de bétail servant à la nourriture, aux vêtements et au transport seraient peut-être différents.  Nous n’aurions peut-être pas connu le filage de la laine et le tissage, certains types de constructions, certains types de systèmes de drainage et d’irrigation, les roues à eau et les moulins, le forgeage des métaux, certains outils et armes de base.  On doit aussi à cette civilisation certaines observations astronomiques, les horloges, le papier, l’archivage de documents et certaines lois civiques.  Et comme le conclut Wickens :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Il n’existe pratiquement aucune preuve démontrant que ces choses, ces procédés et ces idées ont été inventés en Occident. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cet article constituait, à l’origine, une critique (datée du 5 juillet 2003), par l’auteure Camilla Sayf, de l’ouvrage Introduction to Muslim Science<\/em>, par FSTC Limited (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation).[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Note: Les points de vue de l’auteure de cet article ne sont pas tous partagés par IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":13985,"lft":806,"rght":807,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T20:32:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T11:15:02.000000Z","language_id":9,"user_id":7,"author_id":2138,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":516,"author_name":"Camilla Sayf","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Introduction to Muslim Science.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Introduction to Muslim Science.docx"},{"id":519,"title":"Einleitung in muslimische Wissenschaft","slug":"einleitung-in-muslimische-wissenschaft","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Introduction to Muslim Science.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Introduction to Muslim Science.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:einleitung-in-muslimische-wissenschaft","hint":"","body":"

Einleitung in muslimische Wissenschaft<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Wenige Jahrhunderte vor Jesus begann die hervorragende griechische Zivilisation zu erblühen, sie brachte so überragende Gehirne wie Aristoteles, Euclid, Sokrates, Galen und Ptolemie hervor.  Ihre Beiträge zur Philosophie, Mathematik, Geographie, Astronomie und Medizin wurden zu Eckpfeilern der modernen Wissenschaft.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dann schwächte die Kontrolle der Römer ab und der nachfolgende Aufstieg des Christentums brachte den Kalender, den wir alle kennen.  Die Römer gaben ihn den germanischen Stämmen weiter.  Verwüstet, das große Reich zerfiel.  Auf den Zerfall folgend, ungefähr vom späten 5. Jahrhundert an, begann das Zeitalter des sogenannten Mittelalters.  Es dauerte bis ins späte 15. Jahrhundert, als Kolumbus Amerika entdeckte und damit den Beginn der Renaissance kennzeichnete, die Wiedergeburt der Antike.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Über Zeit der Antike ist viel geschrieben worden, die griechisch-römischen wissenschaftlichen und kulturellen Errungenschaften wurden gepriesen.  Die Bibliotheken sind zum Platzen mit Schriften der Renaissance angefüllt, welche die Brillianz jener Zeit in den höchsten Tönen loben.  Die europäische Geschichte bricht die Rekorde mit den hauptsächlich bestimmenden Dynastien, der Religion, dem Feudalsystem; zollt aber der wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung jener Zeit wenig Aufmerksamkeit.  Die Vorstellung, dass Europa aus dem strahlenden Licht der griechischen Antike geradewegs in die Dunkelheit des Mittelalters marschierte und dann plötzlich wieder zurück ins Licht, hat in den Ansichten der Gelehrten lange Zeit vorgeherrscht.  Abseits jeder Logik, erzeugt diese Vorstellung berechtigte Zweifel an dem zehn Jahrhunderte hindurch fehlenden Bindeglied.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um dieses Mysterium aufzuklären, könnte man seinen Blick etwas weiter auf die Geschichte anderer Teile der Erde zu dieser Zeit schweifen lassen und ganz besonders diejenigen Zivilisationen in Augenschein nehmen, die dem europäischen Kontinent am nächsten standen.  Es ist höchst erstaunlich, dass das Zeitalter des Mittelalters in Nordeuropa mit dem Höhepunkt und zwar genau mit dem Höhepunkt der muslimischen Zivilisation im Osten und Südeuropa zusammenfällt.  Die islamische Zivilisation entstand im Jahr 622 nChr., als der Prophet Muhammad und seine Gefährten aus dem feindlichen Mekka nach Medina (Yathrib) flohen, wo sie Zuflucht fanden und den ersten islamischen Staat gründeten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Vom Jahr 750nChr. an verbreitete sich der Islam über Staaten und Länder von Spanien bis zu den Grenzen Chinas.  In Verbindung mit dem Islam kam ein neuer Geist des Lernens, aus dem wissenschaftliche Entdeckungen und technologische Fortschritte resultierten.  Die Wichtigkeit des Lernens wurde von den Muslimen als Mittel des Kreativitätsaustauschs zwischen den Nationen entdeckt, als Beitrag ihrer effektiven Kommunikation.  Der Prophet Muhammad wies seine Anhänger an, Wissen zu suchen, indem er die allgemeinen Errungenschaften der Chinesen, Inder, Afrikaner usw. anerkannte.  Großartige Denker wie Al-Biruni, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Idrissi, Al-Khindi, Ibn Sina, Al-Razi, Ibn Khaldun, Al-Khazin, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farabi, Al-Ghazali, al-Jazari und Hunderte noch mehr kamen von unterschiedlichen Hintergründen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nicht-Muslime, Ishaq Ibn Hunayn und Hunayn Ibn Ishaq – Nestorische christliche Wissenschaftler des abbasiden Gerichts oder der Astronom Thabit Ibn Qurrah – ein Sabäer oder Hasadai Ibn Schaprut und Ibn Maimun –Juden aus dem muslimischen Spanien und mehr waren erfolgreich und besetzten respektable und einflussreiche Stellen in den muslimischen Gesellschaften.  Die muslimische Zivilisation wurde das erste und bei weitem bunteste Beispiel eines Vielvölker-Staates in der Geschichte der Menschheit.  Mit gleicher Hingabe suchten Araber, Türken, Perser, Berber und Kurden Lösungen für zahlreiche Fragen und Probleme aus den Bereichen der Wissenschaft, Medizin, Bauwesen, Landwirtschaft, usw.  Ihre Bemühungen zeigen sich in den Ergebnissen: einer spektakulären Architektur, kreativen Kunst, in Bibliotheken, Krankenhäusern, Universitäten, geographischen Entdeckungen, wie Weltkarten, Observatorien und astronomische Basen sowie vieles mehr – wie es George Sarton zum Ausdruck brachte:.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Das Wunder der arabischen Wissenschaft, ich benutze das Wort Wunder für unsere Unfähigkeit, diese Errungenschaften, die fast unglaublich sind, zu erklären,… besitzt in der Weltgeschichte keinesgleichen.” George Sarton<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aufgrund der Politik unserer Zeit versäumten es die Wissenschaftler, die entscheidende zeitliche Festlegung und die enorme Mitwirkung der muslimischen Zivilisation an der Entwicklung der modernen Wissenschaft und Technologie anzuerkennen.  Sie stellten die Behauptung auf, dass Europa alles den antiken Griechen verdanke.  Wie auch immer, es gibt unbestreitbare Fakten, dass während der spanischen Wiedereroberung muslimischer Siedlungen, insbesondere 1085 in Toledo, beträchtliche Mengen muslimischer Werke gefunden und übersetzt wurden.  Desweiteren waren die beiden Jahrhunderte der Kreuzzüge nicht nur von Krieg und Blutvergießen erfüllt, sondern sorgten auch für kulturellen Austausch.  Alles in allem ist es nur sehr schwer zu glauben, dass das Dunkle Mittelalter wirklich so “dunkel” war, wie es uns ausgemalt wird.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wir wären ohne die außerordentlichen Mengen an Lehnworten aus der muslimischen Zivilisation, ohne die arabischen Zahlen, die wir für unsere täglichen Berechnungen und die Mathematik verwenden, es gäbe einen Mangel in der Landwirtschaft, bei der Domestizierung von Nutztieren für unsere Ernährung, Bekleidung und Transport; Spinnen und Weben, Bauen; Drainage und Bewässerung; Wasserräder und Windmühlen; Metallverarbeitung und Werkzeuge und Waffen, Segelschiffe; astronomische Beobachtungen; Uhren, Papier, Aufschreiben und Bewahren von Berichten; Gesetze und staatsbürgerliches Leben, Prägen von Münzen; abstraktes Denken und die meisten unserer rligiösen ideen und Symbole.  Und, wie Wickens schlussfolgert,<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Es gibt wirklich keinen Beweis dafür, dass irgendwelche dieser grundlegenden Gegenstände und Entwicklungen tatsächlich im Westen erfunden worden sind.” Wickens<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Dieser Artikel war im Original ein Rückblick der Autorin Camilla Sayf, datiert am 05. Juli 2003 in der Veröffentlichung Introduction to Muslim Science<\/em>, von FSTC Limited (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization).[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Widerruf: nicht alle Ansichten dieser Autorin werden von IslamReligion.com geteilt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443. \u0414\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0442\u0451\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u044e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0432 622 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0443 (\u042f\u0441\u0440\u0438\u0431), \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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«\u0427\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0443\u0434\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b… \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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«\u041d\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0430\u0439\u0444, 5 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 2003 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 «\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0443<\/em>», \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432 \"FSTC\" (\u0424\u043e\u043d\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438)[1]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430IslamReligion.com.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":10080,"lft":810,"rght":811,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T20:32:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T10:06:43.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":7,"author_id":2138,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":516,"author_name":"Camilla Sayf","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Introduction to Muslim Science.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Introduction to Muslim Science.docx"},{"id":521,"title":"Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia Isl\u00e2mica","slug":"introduo--cincia-islmica","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Introduction to Muslim Science.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Introduction to Muslim Science.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:introduo--cincia-islmica","hint":"","body":"

Introdução à Ciência Islâmica<\/span><\/h1>\r\n


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\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Poucos séculos antes de Jesus existiu a notável civilização grega, trazendo para o mundo mentes eruditas como Aristóteles, Euclides, Sócrates, Galeno e Ptolomeu. Suas contribuições para a filosofia, matemática, geografia, astronomia e medicina se tornaram a pedra fundamental da ciência moderna.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Então os romanos perderam o controle e subseqüentemente o Cristianismo surgiu, trazendo o calendário, como o conhecemos – A.C. e D.C. Os romanos sucumbiram à invasão das tribos bárbaras (anglo-saxões, francos, vândalos), os ancestrais da Europa de hoje. Devastado, o império caiu. Seguindo o seu colapso, aproximadamente a partir do século 5, começou o período conhecido como Idade das Trevas. Ele durou até o século 15 quando Colombo descobriu a América marcando o surgimento da Renascença, também conhecida como Renascimento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muito tem sido escrito sobre o período da Antigüidade, louvando as realizações científicas e culturais greco-romanas. As bibliotecas estão cheias de escritos sobre a Renascença, louvando o brilhantismo daquela época. Mas não existe quase nada sobre os dez séculos intermediários. A história européia registra principalmente as dinastias governantes, religião, sistema feudal, dando pouca atenção ao desenvolvimento da ciência naquele tempo. A imagem de que a Europa foi do esplendor da Grécia direto para as trevas e então repentinamente de volta à iluminação tem dominado a escolástica ao longo dos anos.  Desprovida de qualquer lógica, essa afirmação provoca dúvidas razoáveis sobre o elo perdido de dez séculos.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Para explicar esse misticismo, pode-se querer olhar mais de perto a história de outras partes do mundo e especialmente de civilizações que estavam em proximidade geográfica ao continente europeu. É absolutamente surpreendente que o período da idade das trevas no norte da Europa coincida, e exatamente, com o apogeu da civilização islâmica no Oriente e sul da Europa. A civilização islâmica passou efetivamente a existir em 622 D.C quando o Profeta Muhammad e seus companheiros fugiram da Meca hostil para Medina (Yathrib), onde eles encontraram refúgio e estabeleceram o primeiro estado islâmico.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Por volta do ano 750 D.C o Islã se propagou e cobriu terras e países da Espanha às fronteiras da China. Junto com o Islã veio um espírito novo de aprendizado resultante de descobertas científicas, e invenções tecnológicas. A importância do aprendizado tem sido reconhecida pelos muçulmanos como meio de compartilhar criatividade entre nações e, portanto, como contribuição para sua comunicação efetiva. O Profeta Muhammad incentivou seus seguidores a buscar conhecimento reconhecendo as realizações dos chineses, indianos, africanos, etc. Grandes pensadores como Al-Biruni, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Idrissi, Al-Khindi, Ibn Sina, Al-Razi, Ibn Khaldun, Al-Khazin, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farabi, Al-Ghazali, al-Jazari e centenas de outros, eram de origens variadas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Não-muçulmanos como Ishaq Ibn Hunayn e Hunayn Ibn Ishaq – cientistas cristãos nestorianos da corte Abássida, ou o astrônomo Thabit Ibn Qurrah – um sabeu, ou Hasadai Ibn Shaprut e Ibn Maimon – judeus da Espanha muçulmana e muitos mais prosperaram e tinham posições respeitáveis e de influência nas sociedades muçulmanas. A civilização islâmica se tornou o primeiro e maior exemplo multiétnico de humanidade. Com igual dedicação, árabes, turcos, persas, berberes e curdos buscavam soluções para numerosos problemas sociais na ciência, medicina, engenharia, agricultura, etc. Seus esforços resultaram em uma arquitetura espetacular, arte criativa, bibliotecas, hospitais, universidades, descobertas geográficas como o mapeamento do mundo, observatórios e fundamentos da astronomia e muito mais - tudo foi como George Sarton disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O milagre da ciência árabe, usando a palavra milagre como um símbolo de nossa inabilidade para explicar realizações que eram quase incríveis...não teve paralelo na história do mundo.” George Sarton<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Devido à política da época, os cientistas que se seguiram deixaram de reconhecer o momento crucial e a enorme contribuição da civilização islâmica para o desenvolvimento da ciência moderna e da tecnologia. Eles advogaram a presunção de que a Europa deve os seus avanços à antiga Grécia. Entretanto, existem fatos inegáveis de que durante a reconquista espanhola das colônias muçulmanas, Toledo em 1085 em particular, grandes quantidades de trabalhos islâmicos foram encontrados e traduzidos. Além disso, os dois séculos das Cruzadas não foram apenas repletos de guerra e derramamento de sangue, mas também forneceram interação cultural. Por tudo isso, fica difícil acreditar que a idade das trevas foi realmente tão negra como retratada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sem os grandes empréstimos da civilização islâmica, nós estaríamos sem os numerais arábicos que usamos diariamente para nossos cálculos e matemática, haveria uma deficiência em agricultura, domesticação de animais para alimento, vestimenta e transporte; fiação e tecelagem; construção; drenagem e irrigação; rodas de água e moinhos de vento; metalurgia, ferramentas e armamentos básicos; navios; observação astronômica; relógios, papel, escrita e manutenção de registros; leis e vida civil; cunhagem; pensamento abstrato e a maioria de nossas idéias e símbolos religiosos. E como Wickens conclui,<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Não existe virtualmente nenhuma evidência dessas coisas básicas, processos e idéias terem sido de fato inventados no Ocidente.” Wickens<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Esse artigo foi originalmente uma análise feita pela autora, Camilla Sayf, datado de 5 de Julho de 2003, sobre a publicação Introdução à Ciência Islâmica<\/em>, de autoria da FSTC Limited (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation).[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Ressalva: Nem todas as opiniões dessa autora são mantidas por IslamReligion.com.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u4e5f\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u975e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f0a\u65af\u54c8\u683c·\u672c·\u80e1\u4e43\u56e0\u548c\u80e1\u4e43\u56e0·\u672c·\u4f0a\u65af\u54c8\u683c——\u963f\u5df4\u65af\u671d\u4ee3\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u8428\u6bd4\u63d0·\u672c·\u53e4\u62c9\u7279——\u6492\u6bd4\u5b89\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6765\u81ea\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u8005\u54c8\u8428\u8fea·\u672c·\u6c99\u666e\u9c81\u7279\u3001\u4f0a\u672c·\u739b\u95e8\u7b49\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u793e\u4f1a\u53d7\u4eba\u656c\u91cd\u7684\u3001\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6587\u660e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e16\u4eba\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u699c\u6837\u3002\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u3001\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4eba\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u3001\u4f2f\u4f2f\u5c14\u4eba\u3001\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u4f18\u79c0\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u5904\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u5b66\u672f\u524d\u77bb\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5982\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u3001\u519c\u5b66\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u8f89\u714c\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u5b66\u3001\u9887\u5177\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u827a\u672f\u3001\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u3001\u533b\u9662\u3001\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u4e5f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u5730\u7406\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7ed8\u5236\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u56fe\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u89c2\u6d4b\u7ad9\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u7840\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u521b\u9020——\u72b9\u5982\u4e54\u6cbb·\u8428\u987f\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5947\u8ff9\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u5947\u5999\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u6211\u4eec\u96be\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u80fd\u4e0e\u6b64\u5e76\u9a7e\u9f50\u9a71\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u6210\u5c31\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ece\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6587\u660e\u90a3\u91cc\u501f\u9274\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1a\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u9972\u517b\u5bb6\u79bd\u5bb6\u755c\u4ee5\u4f9b\u98df\u4f9b\u7a7f\u5e76\u505a\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u5177\u3001\u7eba\u7ec7\u4e1a\u3001\u4fee\u5efa\u5730\u4e0b\u6392\u6c34\u7ba1\u4ee5\u704c\u6e89\u519c\u4e1a\u7b49\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7528\u6c34\u8f66\u3001\u98ce\u8f66\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u628a\u91d1\u5c5e\u52a0\u5de5\u6210\u5404\u79cd\u5de5\u5177\u3001\u5404\u7c7b\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u5e06\u8239\u3001\u5929\u6587\u89c2\u6d4b\u4eea\u3001\u65f6\u949f\u3001\u9020\u7eb8\u4e1a\u3001\u4e66\u5199\u4e0e\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u660e\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f……\u8bda\u5982\u7ef4\u514b\u68ee\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u80fd\u591f\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u5177\u3001\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u539f\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u8d3e\u7c73\u62c9·\u8d5b\u4f0a\u592b\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u91c7\u8bbf\uff0c 2003\u5e746\u67085\u65e5\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u6587\u660e\u57fa\u91d1\u300b\uff08FSTC\uff09\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u300a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a\u58f0\u660e\uff1a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7f51\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u91c7\u7eb3\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u6709\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":8605,"lft":814,"rght":815,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T20:32:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T08:20:32.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":7,"author_id":2138,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":516,"author_name":"Camilla Sayf","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Introduction to Muslim Science.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Introduction to Muslim Science.docx"}],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?articles_page=1","from":1,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?articles_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?articles_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":7,"total":7},"fatawas":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?fatawas_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?fatawas_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138?fatawas_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2138","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"books_total":0,"videos_total":0,"audios_total":0,"fatawas_total":0,"articles_total":7,"q":"","count":7}