{"title":"A. Zahoor ","author":{"id":2139,"name":"A. Zahoor ","slug":"a_zahoor","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-08-03T08:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-08-03T08:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"A. Zahoor "},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":523,"title":"Quotations on Islamic Civilization","slug":"quotations-on-islamic-civilization","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:quotations-on-islamic-civilization","hint":"","body":"

Quotations on Islamic Civilization<\/span><\/h1>\r\n


<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

(part 1 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Napolean Bonaparte<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\"\"
<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quoted in Christian Cherfils, ‘Bonaparte et Islam,’ Pedone Ed., Paris, France, 1914, pp. 105, 125.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

- Original References: “Correspondance de Napoléon Ier Tome V pièce n° 4287 du 17\/07\/1799...”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Moses has revealed the existence of God to his nation.  Jesus Christ to the Roman world, Muhammad to the old continent...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Arabia was idolatrous when, six centuries after Jesus, Muhammad introduced the worship of the God of Abraham, of Ishmael, of Moses, and Jesus.  The Ariyans and some other sects had disturbed the tranquility of the east by agitating the question of the nature of the Father, the son, and the Holy Ghost.  Muhammad declared that there was none but one God who had no father, no son and that the trinity imported the idea of idolatry...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“I hope the time is not far off when I shall be able to unite all the wise and educated men of all the countries and establish a uniform regime based on the principles of Quran which alone are true and which alone can lead men to happiness.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sir George Bernard Shaw<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘The Genuine Islam,’ Vol. 1, No. 8, 1936.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“If any religion had the chance of ruling over England, nay Europe within the next hundred years, it could be Islam.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“I have always held the religion of Muhammad in high estimation because of its wonderful vitality.  It is the only religion which appears to me to possess that assimilating capacity to the changing phase of existence which can make itself appeal to every age.  I have studied him - the wonderful man and in my opinion far from being an anti-Christ, he must be called the Savior of Humanity.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“I believe that if a man like him were to assume the dictatorship of the modern world he would succeed in solving its problems in a way that would bring it the much needed peace and happiness: I have prophesied about the faith of Muhammad that it would be acceptable to the Europe of tomorrow as it is beginning to be acceptable to the Europe of today.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bertrand Russel<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

History of Western Philosophy,’ London, 1948, p. 419.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Our use of phrase ‘The Dark ages’ to cover the period from 699 to 1,000 marks our undue concentration on Western Europe...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“From India to Spain, the brilliant civilization of Islam flourished.  What was lost to Christendom at this time was not lost to civilization, but quite the contrary...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“To us it seems that West-European civilization is civilization, but this is a narrow view.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

H.G. Wells<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“The Islamic teachings have left great traditions for equitable and gentle dealings and behavior, and inspire people with nobility and tolerance.  These are human teachings of the highest order and at the same time practicable.  These teachings brought into existence a society in which hard-heartedness and collective oppression and injustice were the least as compared with all other societies preceding it....Islam is replete with gentleness, courtesy, and fraternity.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dr. William Draper<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘History of Intellectual Development of Europe’<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“During the period of the Caliphs the learned men of the Christians and the Jews were not only held in great esteem but were appointed to posts of great responsibility, and were promoted to the high ranking job in the government....He (Caliph Haroon Rasheed) never considered to which country a learned person belonged nor his faith and belief, but only his excellence in the field of learning.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Thomas Carlyle<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘Heroes, Hero Worship, and the Heroic in History,’ Lecture 2, Friday, 8th May 1840.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“As there is no danger of our becoming, any of us, Mahometans (i.e. Muslim), I mean to say all the good of him I justly can...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“When Pococke inquired of Grotius, where the proof was of that story of the pigeon, trained to pick peas from Mahomet’s (Muhammad’s) ear, and pass for an angel dictating to him? Grotius answered that there was no proof!...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“A poor, hard-toiling, ill-provided man; careless of what vulgar men toil for.  Not a bad man, I should say; Something better in him than hunger of any sort, -- or these wild Arab men, fighting and jostling three-and-twenty years at his hand, in close contact with him always, would not revered him so! They were wild men bursting ever and anon into quarrel, into all kinds of fierce sincerity; without right worth and manhood, no man could have commanded them.  They called him prophet you say? Why he stood there face to face with them; bare, not enshrined in any mystery; visibly clouting his own cloak, cobbling his own shoes; fighting, counselling, ordering in the midst of them: they must have seen what kind of man he was, let him be called what you like! No emperor with his tiaras was obeyed as this man in a cloak of his own clouting.  During three-and-twenty years of rough actual trial.  I find something of a veritable Hero necessary for that, of itself...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“These Arabs, the man Mahomet, and that one century, - is it not as if a spark had fallen, one spark, on a world of what proves explosive powder, blazes heaven-high from Delhi to Granada! I said, the Great man was always as lightning out of Heaven; the rest of men waited for him like fuel, and then they too would flame...”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 2 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Phillip Hitti<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘Short History of the Arabs.’<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“During all the first part of the Middle Ages, no other people made as important a contribution to human progress as did the Arabs, if we take this term to mean all those whose mother-tongue was Arabic, and not merely those living in the Arabian peninsula.  For centuries, Arabic was the language of learning, culture and intellectual progress for the whole of the civilized world with the exception of the Far East.  From the 9th to the 12th century there were more philosophical, medical, historical, religious, astronomical and geographical works written in Arabic than in any other human tongue.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Carra de Vaux<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘The Philosophers of Islam,’ Paris, 1921.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Finally how can one forget that at the same time the Mogul Empire of India (1526-1857 C.E.) was giving the world the Taj Mahal (completed in 1648 C.E.) the architectural beauty of which has never been surpassed, and the ‘Akbar Nameh’ of Abul Fazl:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

‘That extraordinary work full of life ideas and learning where every aspect of life is examined listed and classified, and where progress continually dazzles the eye, is a document of which Oriental civilization may justly be proud.  The men whose genius finds its expression in this book were far in advance of their age in the practical art of government, and they were perhaps in advance of it in their speculations about religious philosophy.  Those poets those philosophers knew how to deal with the world or matter.  They observe, classify, calculate and experiment.  All the ideas that occur to them are tested against facts.  They express them with eloquence but they also support them with statistics.’<\/span><\/p>\r\n

...the principles of tolerance, justice and humanity which prevailed during the long reign of Akbar.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Marcel Clerget<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘La Turquie, Passe et Present,’ Paris, 1938.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Many proofs of high cultural level of the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent are to be found in the development of science and law; in the flowering of literary works in Arabic, Persian and Turkish; in the contemporary monuments in Istanbul, Bursa, and Edirne; in the boom in luxury industries; in the sumptuous life of the court and high dignitaries, and last but not least in its religious tolerance.  All the various influences - notably Turkish, Byzantine and Italian mingle together and help to make this the most brilliant epoch of the Ottomans.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Michael the Elder (Great)<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Quoted in ‘Michael the Elder, Chronique de Michael Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d’ Antioche,’ J.B. Chabot, Editor, Vol. II, Paris, 1901.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“This is why the God of vengeance, who alone is all-powerful, and changes the empire of mortals as He will, giving it to whomsoever He will, and uplifting the humble beholding the wickedness of the Romans who throughout their dominions, cruelly plundered our churches and our monasteries and condemned us without pity, brought from the region of the south the sons of Ishmael, to deliver us through them from the hands of the Romans.  And if in truth we have suffered some loss, because the Catholic churches, that had been taken away from us and given to the Chalcedonians, remained in their possession; for when the cities submitted to the Arabs, they assigned to each denomination the churches which they found it to be in possession of (and at that time the great churches of Emessa and that of Harran had been taken away from us); nevertheless it was no slight advantage for us to be delivered from the cruelty of the Romans, their wickedness, their wrath and cruel zeal against us, and to find ourselves at people.  (Michael the Elder, Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch wrote this text in the latter part of the twelfth century, after five centuries of Muslim rule in that region.  Click here<\/a> for a relevant document sent to the monks of St. Catherine Monastery in Mt. Sinai, 628 C.E.)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sir John Bagot Glubb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“Khalif (Caliph) Al-Ma’mun’s period of rule (813 - 833 C.E.) may be considered the ‘golden age’ of science and learning.  He had always been devoted to books and to learned pursuits.  His brilliant mind was interested in every form of intellectual activity.  Not only poetry but also philosophy, theology, astronomy, medicine and law all occupied his time.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“By Mamun’s time medical schools were extremely active in Baghdad.  The first free public hospital was opened in Baghdad during the Caliphate of Haroon-ar-Rashid.  As the system developed, physicians and surgeons were appointed who gave lectures to medical students and issued diplomas to those who were considered qualified to practice.  The first hospital in Egypt was opened in 872 AD and thereafter public hospitals sprang up all over the empire from Spain and the Maghrib to Persia.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

On the Holocaust of Baghdad (1258 C.E.) Perpetrated by Hulagu<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“The city was systematically looted, destroyed and burnt.  Eight hundred thousand persons are said to have been killed.  The Khalif Mustasim was sewn up in a sack and trampled to death under the feet of Mongol horses.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“For five hundred years, Baghdad had been a city of palaces, mosques, libraries and colleges.  Its universities and hospitals were the most up-to-date in the world.  Nothing now remained but heaps of rubble and a stench of decaying human flesh.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":14234,"lft":817,"rght":832,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T20:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T10:57:44.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":2139,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"A. Zahoor ","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx"},{"id":524,"title":"Comentarios sobre la Civilizaci\u00f3n Isl\u00e1mica","slug":"comentarios-sobre-la-civilizacin-islmica","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:comentarios-sobre-la-civilizacin-islmica","hint":"","body":"

Comentarios sobre la Civilización Islámica<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

\"\"
<\/span><\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Napoleón Bonaparte<\/span><\/h2>\r\n


Citado por Cristian Cherfils, ‘Bonaparte et le Islam’, Pedone Ed., París, Francia, 1914, en páginas 105 y 125.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“- Según extraemos de: “Correspondencia de Napoleón Tomo I , libro V hoja n° 4287 del 17\/07\/1799...”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Moisés ha revelado la existencia de Dios a su nación.  Jesús Cristo al mundo romano, Muhámmad al viejo continente...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Arabia era idólatra cuando, seis siglos después de Jesús, Muhámmad introdujo el culto del Dios de Abraham, de Ismael, de Moisés y de Jesús.  Los Arrianos y algunas otras sectas habían perturbado la tranquilidad del mundo oriental al cuestionar la naturaleza del Padre, el hijo y el Espíritu Santo.  Muhámmad declaró que no había otra divinidad más que Dios, quien no tenía ningún padre ni hijo, y que la trinidad implica la idea de idolatría...”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Espero que no transcurra mucho tiempo antes de que yo pueda reunir a todos los hombres sabios y educados de todos los países, y establecer un régimen uniforme basado en los principios del Corán, que es la verdad y que sólo puede llevar a los hombres a la felicidad”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

George Bernard Shaw<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘El Islam Genuino’, Vol. 1, No. 8, 1936.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Si alguna religión tuviera la oportunidad de gobernar Inglaterra, o incluso toda Europa dentro de los próximos cien años, creo que sería el Islam”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Siempre he tenido a la religión de Muhámmad en la más alta estima, debido a su vitalidad maravillosa.  Es la única religión que parece poseer la capacidad de ir  asimilando cada fase cambiante de la existencia”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Yo lo he estudiado, un hombre maravilloso y, en mi opinión, lejos de ser un anti-Cristo, debe ser llamado el Salvador de la Humanidad”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Yo creo que si un hombre como él asumiera el gobierno del mundo moderno, tendría éxito resolviendo sus problemas y traería paz y felicidad: Yo he profetizado sobre la fe de Muhámmad que será aceptable a la Europa del mañana, como está empezando a ser aceptable a la Europa de hoy”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bertrand Russel<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Dice en “La historia de la Filosofía Occidental”, Londres, 1948, pág. 419.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Nuestro uso de la frase ‘La edad Oscura’ para referirnos el período desde el año 699 al 1.000, marca nuestra concentración excesiva en la Europa Occidental... de India a España, la civilización inteligente del Islam floreció en ese período.  Lo que se perdió en el cristianismo en ese momento no se perdió para la civilización, sino realmente lo contrario...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Creemos que la única civilización valida es la del occidente europeo, pero ésta es una visión errada”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

H.G. Wells<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“Las enseñanzas islámicas nos han dejado grandes tradiciones para desarrollar relaciones justas y una conducta correcta, e inspirar a las personas a la nobleza y la tolerancia.  Éstas son enseñanzas humanas del orden más alto y, al mismo tiempo, factibles de llevar a la práctica.  Estas enseñanzas se dieron a conocer, en principio, en una sociedad donde la dureza, la opresión y la injusticia colectiva eran algo cotidiano....  El Islam está lleno de gentileza, cortesía y fraternidad.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dr. William Draper<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Dice en ‘La historia del Desarrollo Intelectual de Europa’:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Durante el período de los Califas, estos protegieron a los sabios cristianos y judíos, y les tuvieron en gran estima, incluso se les concedió puestos de gran responsabilidad; de hecho, no musulmanes ocupaban altas posiciones jerárquicas en el gobierno....  Al Califa Harún Al-Rashid nunca le importó a qué país perteneció una persona sabia, ni su fe o creencia; lo que sí le importaba era su excelencia en el campo del conocimiento”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Thomas Carlyle<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Dice en ‘Los héroes, Culto del Héroe, y el Poema heroico en la Historia’, Discurso 2, viernes, 8 de mayo de 1840:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Cualquiera de nosotros puede volverse Mahometano (es decir, musulmán), yo quiero describir todo lo bueno de él (de Muhámmad) con justicia...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Era un hombre común, era un hombre que estaba sujeto a las debilidades físicas de todos los hombres y que, sin embargo, predicó a una sociedad de hombres feroces.  No era un hombre malo, debo decir; ¡resistió la opresión y el hambre!  Resistió los peores agravios de parte de árabes salvajes, que lo desmentían a empujones y, sin embargo, estuvo veintitrés años predicando la paz a hombres salvajes que estallaban en cólera y pronto organizaban una riña; sin el valor correcto y una fuerte masculinidad, ningún hombre podría haberlos convencido.  ¿Cómo pudo ordenarlos y liderarlos?  ¿Porque lo consideraban un profeta?  Porque estaba de pie cara a cara allí con ellos, sin ocultarse, no se envolvió en ningún misterio; sin fastuosidades, vistiendo una sencilla capa, con sus zapatos remendados; luchando, mostrándose dispuesto a oírlos: ¡ellos deben de haber visto qué tipo de hombre era, por lo cual él pudo tener el título que deseara!  Ningún emperador con sus tiaras fue obedecido como este hombre vestido con una capa rústica.  Durante veintitrés años de duro enfrentamiento.  Yo encuentro que algo de verdadero héroe es necesario para esto, en sí mismo...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>¡Estos árabes, Mahoma el hombre, y ese siglo único… es como si una chispa hubiese caído, una chispa, en un mundo hecho de pólvora, las llamas se elevaron al cielo desde Delhi a Granada!  Como dije: este Gran hombre siempre fue como un relámpago en el Cielo; el resto de los hombres esperaba por él como el combustible espera ser encendido, y entonces también ardieron...  así, Mahoma fue la chispa que cambió el mundo para siempre”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Phillip Hitti<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

En su libro ‘Breve Historia de los Árabes’, escribió:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ninguna otro pueblo hizo tan importante contribución al progreso de la humanidad durante toda la primera parte de la Edad media, como lo hicieron los árabes.  Tomamos este término para identificar a todos aquéllos cuya  lengua materna era el árabe, y no meramente los residentes de la península arábiga.  Durante siglos, el árabe fue el idioma común de la cultura y del progreso intelectual en todo del mundo civilizado, con la excepción del lejano oriente.  De los siglos 9 al 12 había más trabajos filosóficos, médicos, históricos, religiosos, astronómicos y geográficos escritos en  árabe que en cualquier otra lengua humana”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Carra de Vaux<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

En ‘Los Filósofos del Islam’ (París, 1921), dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Finalmente, cómo podría uno olvidar que al mismo tiempo el Imperio Mogol de la India (1526-1857 d.C.) estaba dando el Taj Mahal al mundo (construido en 1648 d.C.), edificio de una belleza arquitectónica que nunca se ha superado, y el ‘Akbar Nameh’ de Abul Fazl:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

‘Aquella extraordinaria obra, llena de ideas y enseñanzas, donde cada aspecto de la vida es examinado y clasificado, y donde el progreso continuamente deslumbra, es un documento del cual la Civilización Oriental debe estar orgullosa.  Los hombres cuyo genio se encuentra  expresado en este libro, estaban muy avanzados para su época en el arte práctico del gobierno, y quizás también lo estaban en sus especulaciones sobre la filosofía religiosa.  Aquellos poetas, aquellos filósofos, supieron cómo tratar con el mundo y la materia.  Ellos observaron, clasificaron, calcularon y experimentaron.  Pusieron a prueba todas sus ideas y las contrastaron con los hechos.  Ellos expusieron sus ideas con elocuencia, pero además las sustentaron con evidencias’.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

...  los principios de la tolerancia, justicia y humanidad fueron los que prevalecieron durante el largo reinado de Akbar”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Marcel Clerget<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

En ‘La Turquie, Passe et Present’ (París, 1938), dice :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Podemos encontrar muchas pruebas del elevado nivel cultural del Imperio Otomano durante el reinado de Suleimán el Magnífico, en el desarrollo de la ciencia y la ley; en el surgimiento de trabajos literarios en los idiomas árabe, persa y turco; en  los monumentos contemporáneos ubicados en Estambul, Basora y Esmirna; en el auge de las industrias de lujo; en la suntuosa vida de la corte y de los dignatarios de alto nivel; y finalmente, pero no menos importante, en su tolerancia religiosa.  Diferentes influencias - principalmente turca, bizantina e italiana - se mezclaron, permitiendo a los otomanos alcanzar su época más brillante”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Miguel El grande<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Citado por J.B. Chabot (París, 1901) en ‘Michael the Elder, Chronique de Michael Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d’ Antioche’:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Dios es todo poderoso y cambia el imperio de los mortales cuando Él quiere, entregándoselo a quien quiere, elevando a los humildes y en vista de la maldad de los romanos que, a lo largo de sus dominios, cruelmente saquearon nuestras iglesias y monasterios, y nos condenaron sin piedad.  Dios trajo de la región del sur a los hijos de Ismael, para librarnos a través de ellos de las manos de los romanos.  Y si bien hemos sufrido algunas pérdidas, ya que las iglesias católicas que nos habían quitado los romanos y habían entregado a los Caledonianos permanecen aún en sus manos; esto debido a que, cuando las ciudades se sometieron a los musulmanes, ellos asignaron a cada culto las iglesias que encontraron estaban en posesión de cada uno (y en ese momento las grandes iglesias de Emessa y de Harran no estaban en nuestras manos).  No obstante, no es un perjuicio grave al compararlo con el hecho que nos libraron de la opresión romana, de la crueldad de los romanos, de su maldad, su ira y su celo cruel contra nosotros”.  (Michael el Grande, Patriarca jacobita de Antioquia, escribió este texto en la última parte del siglo XII, después de cinco siglos de dominación musulmana en esa región).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sir John Bagot Glubb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“El periodo de gobierno del Jalifa (Califa) Al-Ma’mun, comprendido entre el 813 y 833 d.C., puede considerarse como ‘la edad dorada’ de la ciencia y el conocimiento.  Él se había consagrado a los libros y a la búsqueda del saber.  Su mente brillante estaba interesada en cada forma de actividad intelectual.  No sólo la poesía, sino también la filosofía, la teología, la astronomía, la medicina y la ley; todas las ciencias ocuparon su tiempo”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Durante el tiempo de Al-Ma’mun, las escuelas de medicina eran sumamente activas en Bagdad.  El primer hospital público gratuito se abrió en Bagdad durante el Califato de Harún ar Rashid.  Cuando el sistema se desarrolló, médicos y cirujanos eran designados por quien los había instruido, y les entregaban diplomas a aquéllos que eran considerados calificados para practicar este arte.  El primer hospital en Egipto se abrió en el 872, fue entonces que los hospitales públicos se multiplicaron por el imperio, desde España y el Magreb hasta Persia”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Acerca del Holocausto perpetrado por Hulagu en Bagdad en el 1258 d.C., Glubb dijo:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“La ciudad fue saqueada sistemáticamente, todo fue destruido y quemado.  Se dice que ochocientas mil personas fueron asesinadas.  El Califa Al-Mustasim murió bajo los cascos de los caballos mogoles”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Durante quinientos años, Bagdad había sido una ciudad de palacios, mezquitas, bibliotecas y universidades.  Estas universidades y hospitales eran los más modernos en el mundo.  Todo había sido destruido, en su lugar ahora sólo quedaban una pila de cascotes y el hedor de carne humana en descomposición.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/h2>\r\n

<\/h3>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":7729,"lft":818,"rght":819,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T20:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T11:42:45.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":7,"author_id":2139,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":523,"author_name":"A. Zahoor ","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx"},{"id":525,"title":"Citations \u00e0 propos de la civilisation islamique","slug":"citations--propos-de-la-civilisation-islamique","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:citations--propos-de-la-civilisation-islamique","hint":"","body":"

Citations à propos de la civilisation islamique<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

 (partie 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Napoléon Bonaparte<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Cité par Christian Cherfils, ‘Bonaparte et l'Islam’, Pedone Ed., Paris, France, 1914, pp. 105-125<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

- Références originales: “Correspondance de Napoléon Ier Tome V pièce n° 4287 du 17\/07\/1799...”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Moïse révéla l’existence de Dieu à son peuple, Jésus-Christ au monde romain et Mohammed à tout le vieux continent… <\/span><\/p>\r\n

« L’Arabie pratiquait l’idolâtrie lorsque, six siècles après Jésus, Mohammed introduisit le culte du Dieu d’Abraham, d’Ismaël, de Moïse et de Jésus.  Les Aryens et quelques autres sectes avaient troublé la tranquillité de l’Orient par leurs agitations à propos de la nature du Père, du Fils et du Saint-Esprit.  Mohammed déclara qu’il n’y avait pas d’autre dieu que Dieu, qui n’a ni père ni fils, et que la trinité est en fait une idolâtrie…<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« J'espère que le moment ne tardera pas où je pourrai réunir tous les hommes sages et instruits du pays, et établir un régime uniforme, fondé sur les principes d'Al Coran qui sont les seuls vrais et qui peuvent seuls faire le bonheur des hommes. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sir George Bernard Shaw<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘The Genuine Islam,’ Vol. 1, No. 8, 1936.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

« S’il était possible qu’une religion gouverne l’Angleterre, ou plutôt l’Europe, dans cent ans, cette religion serait l’islam. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

« J’ai toujours porté en haute estime la religion de Mohammed à cause de sa merveilleuse vitalité. C’est la seule qui me paraît posséder cette capacité d’assimiler les phases changeantes de l’existence, c<\/strong>e qui la rend attrayante à tous les âges.  Je l’ai étudié – cet homme merveilleux – et à mon avis, loin d’être un antéchrist, on devrait plutôt l’appeler le Sauveur de l’humanité. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Je crois que s<\/strong>i un homme tel que Mohammed était à même d'assumer le leadership absolu du monde moderne, il réussirait à en résoudre les problèmes et à lui assurer la paix et le bonheur qui lui manquent tellement.  J’émets une prophétie à propos de la foi de Mohammed : qu’elle sera acceptable à l’Europe de demain tout comme elle commence à être acceptable à l’Europe d’aujourd’hui. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bertrand Russel<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

History of Western Philosophy,’ London, 1948, p. 419.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

« L’utilisation de l’expression ‘l’âge des ténèbres’ pour décrire la période allant de l’an 699 à l’an 1000 trahit l’attention exagérée que nous portons à l’Europe de l’Ouest…<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« De l’Inde à l’Espagne, la brillante civilisation de l’islam prospérait alors.  Ce que la chrétienté avait occulté, la civilisation ne l’avait pas perdu de vue, bien au contraire…<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Il semble qu’à nos yeux, la civilisation de l’Europe occidentale constitue ‘La civilisation’, mais il s’agit d’une vision très étroite de la réalité. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

H.G. Wells<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

« Les enseignements islamiques ont laissé de grandes traditions de comportements équitables et de relations harmonieuses, et ils inspirent chez les gens la noblesse de caractère et la tolérance. Ce sont des enseignements humains de premier ordre et ils sont en même temps faciles à mettre en application. Ces enseignements ont permis l’avènement d’une société dans laquelle la dureté de cœur, l’oppression collective et l’injustice furent au plus bas niveau en comparaison à tout autre société auparavant…L’islam est rempli de gentillesse, de courtoisie et de fraternité. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dr William Draper<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘History of Intellectual Development of Europe’<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

« Durant la période des Califes, les personnes instruites parmi les chrétiens et les juifs étaient non seulement tenues en haute estime mais nommées à des postes de grandes responsabilités et promues à de hautes fonctions au sein du gouvernement…  Il (le calife Haroun al-Rachid) n’a jamais prêté attention à l’origine d’une personne instruite ni à sa foi et à sa croyance, mais il s’assurait seulement que la personne excelle dans son domaine de compétence. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Thomas Carlyle<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘Heroes, Hero Worship, and the Heroic in History,’ Lecture 2, Friday, 8th May 1840.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

« Comme il n’y a aucun danger qu’aucun d’entre nous ne devienne Mahométan (Musulman), j’entends dire, à propos de lui (Mohammed), tout le bien  que je peux dire sans me tromper.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Lorsque Pococke demanda à Grotius où était la preuve qui étayait cette histoire du pigeon à qui on avait appris à picorer des pois de l’oreille de Mahomet (Mohammed) et qui passait pour un ange qui lui dictait, Grotius répondit qu’il avait [par piété chrétienne] inventé cette histoire!…[1]<\/a> »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Un homme pauvre, travaillant dur sans ménager d’efforts, défavorisé et ne se souciant pas de ce que les hommes communs s’acharnent à acquérir.  Pas un homme mauvais, je dois dire; il y a quelque chose de meilleur en lui que l’avidité ou la soif d’aucune sorte – sinon, ces guerriers arabes sauvages, se battant et se bousculant pendant vingt-trois années sous ses ordres, en proche et permanent contact avec lui, ne l’auraient pas révéré de cette manière!  C’étaient des hommes farouches aux querelles incessantes et explosives, aux allégeances tribales sincères et féroces; sans être véritablement valeureux et viril, aucun homme n’aurait pu les commander.  Ils l’appelaient prophète, dites-vous?  Et pourtant, il se tenait là-bas face à face avec eux, exposé, sans se cacher derrière des mystères, rapiéçant de ses mains sa propre cape, raccommodant lui-même ses chaussures; et au milieu d’eux, dans la bataille, leur offrant ses conseils et leur édictant ses ordres : ils doivent bien avoir vu quel genre d’homme il était, appelez-le comme vous voudrez! Aucun empereur couronné de ses tiares n’a jamais été obéi comme cet homme vêtu d’une cape qu’il rapiéçait lui-même; durant vingt-trois années complètes, malgré des épreuves brutales et lourdes de conséquence.  Pour accomplir cela, je trouve qu’il est nécessaire d’être un véritable héros…<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Ces Arabes, cet homme Mohammed et ce siècle – c’est comme si une étincelle était tombée sur un monde qui allait se révéler être semblable à une poudre explosive dont la déflagration, jusqu’au ciel, allait illuminer la terre de Delhi à la Grenade!  Je l’ai dit : le grand homme a toujours été comme un éclair jailli du ciel, le reste des hommes l’attendaient comme un combustible puis, eux aussi se sont enflammés… »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Les chrétiens avaient, sans trop réfléchir, inventé une calomnie à l’effet qu’un pigeon apprivoisé semblait venir dicter les commandements de Dieu à Mohammed.  Comme ce prétendu miracle fut exposé par Grotius,  (de Veritate Religionis Christianae,) son traducteur en langue arabe, Pocock, qui était très savant, lui demanda les noms de ceux qui avaient rapporté cela.  Grotius confessa alors que cet épisode était inconnu des musulmans eux-mêmes.  Alors, comme la traduction avait pour but de convertir les musulmans, pour ne pas provoquer leur indignation et leurs moqueries, ce pieux mensonge fut supprimé de la version arabe; mais cette ridicule calomnie a conservé une place révélatrice dans les nombreuses éditions du texte en latin, (Pocock, Specimen, Hist. Arabum, p. 186, 187. Reland, de Religion. Moham. l. ii. c. 39, p. 259 - 262.)] <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

(partie 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Phillip Hitti<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘Short History of the Arabs.’<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

« Tout au cours de la première moitié du Moyen-Âge, aucun autre peuple n’a apporté de contribution plus importante au progrès humain que les Arabes ne l’ont fait (si l’on définit le terme ‘Arabe’ par tous ceux dont la langue maternelle était l’arabe et pas uniquement ceux qui vivaient dans la péninsule arabique).  Pendant des siècles, l’arabe a été la langue de l’enseignement, de la culture et du progrès intellectuel dans tout le monde civilisé à l’exception de l’Extrême-Orient.  Du 9ème<\/sup> au 12ème <\/sup>siècles, il y a eu plus d’ouvrages de philosophie, de médecine, d’histoire, de religion, d’astronomie et de géographie écrits en arabe que dans tout autre langue humaine. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Carra de Vaux<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘The Philosophers of Islam,’ Paris, 1921.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

« En dernier lieu, comment peut-on oublier que durant la même période, l’empire Moghol de l’Inde (1529-1857 D.C.) donnait au monde le Taj Mahal (complété en 1648 D.C) dont la beauté architecturale n’a jamais été surpassée, ainsi que le ‘Akbar Nameh’ d’Abou al-Fadhl :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Cet ouvrage extraordinaire rempli d’idées et d’enseignements pratiques où chaque aspect de la vie est examiné, listé et classifié, et dont les lecteurs s’émerveillent continuellement des progrès qui y sont décrits est un document dont la civilisation orientale peut, à juste titre, être fière.  Les hommes qui expriment leur génie dans ce livre étaient très en avance sur leur temps sur l’art de gouverner au quotidien, et ils étaient peut-être aussi en avance sur leurs spéculations à propos de la philosophie religieuse.  Ces poètes et ces philosophes savaient comment composer avec le monde de la matière.  Ils observaient, classifiaient, calculaient et expérimentaient.  Toutes les idées qu’ils envisageaient étaient soumises à l’examen des faits.  Ils les exprimaient avec éloquence, mais ils les appuyaient aussi par des statistiques. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

…et les principes de tolérance, de justice et d’humanité qui ont prévalu durant le long règne de Akbar. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Marcel Clerget<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘La Turquie, Passe et Present,’ Paris, 1938.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

 « Plusieurs preuves du niveau culturel élevé de l’empire ottoman durant le règne de Soliman le Magnifique peuvent être trouvées dans le développement de la science et de la législation, dans le foisonnement d’œuvres littéraires en arabe, en persan et en turc, dans les monuments architecturaux contemporains d’Istanbul, de Bursa, et d’Edirne, dans l’explosion des industries de luxe, dans le train de vie somptueux de la Cour et de la vie des hauts dignitaires et, une dernière preuve et non la moindre, dans la tolérance religieuse.  Toutes les influences – notamment turques, byzantines et italiennes – se conjuguent et contribuent à faire de cette époque la plus brillante de celle des Ottomans. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Michael (le grand)<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Cité dans ‘Michael le grand’, Chronique de Michael Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d’Antioche,’ J.B. Chabot, Editor, Vol. II, Paris, 1901.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

« C’est pourquoi le Dieu de vengeance, qui seul est Tout-Puissant et change l’empire des mortels comme Il le veut, le donnant à qui Il veut, et redonnant du cœur aux humbles devant les crimes des Romains, qui, partout où s’étendait leur domaine, pillaient nos églises et nos monastères et nous condamnaient sans pitié, [ce Dieu] amena, en provenance du Sud, les fils d’Ismaël, pour nous délivrer par leur intermédiaire des mains des Romains.  Et s’il est vrai que nous avons subi quelques pertes (parce que les églises catholiques, dont nous fûmes dépouillés et qui furent données aux Chalcédoniens, sont demeurées en leur possession, car lorsque les villes se soumirent aux Arabes, ceux-ci assignèrent à chaque dénomination les églises qu’ils trouvèrent en leur possession et à cette époque, les grandes églises d’Emessa et de Harran nous avaient déjà été prises), néanmoins, ce n’était pas un mince avantage pour nous d’avoir été délivrés de la cruauté des Romains, de leur méchanceté, de leur colère et de leur zèle cruel envers nous, et de nous retrouver en tant que peuple. »  (Michael le Grand, Patriarche Jacobite d’Antioche, a écrit ce texte à la fin du 12ème<\/sup> siècle, après cinq siècles de gouvernement musulman dans cette région.)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sir John Bagot Glubb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

« Le règne du Calife Al-Ma’moun (813-833 D.C.) peut être considéré comme ‘l’âge d’or’ de la science et de l’enseignement.  Il s’est toujours dévoué aux livres et aux entreprises savantes.  Son esprit brillant s’intéressait à toute forme d’activité intellectuelle.  Pas uniquement la poésie, mais aussi la philosophie, la théologie, l’astronomie, la médecine et la justice, qui occupaient tout son temps. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

« À l’époque d’Al-Ma’moun, les écoles de médecine étaient extrêmement actives à Bagdad.  Le premier hôpital public et gratuit fut ouvert à Bagdad durant le califat de Haroun-ar-Rashid.  À mesure que le système se développait, des médecins et des chirurgiens furent nommés et commencèrent à donner des exposés à des étudiants en médecine et à émettre des diplômes à ceux qu’ils considéraient assez qualifiés pour pratiquer.  Le premier hôpital d’Égypte fut ouvert en 872 D.C., puis des hôpitaux publics virent le jour partout à travers l’empire de l’Espagne et du Maghreb, jusqu’en Perse. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

À propos de l’holocauste de Bagdad, perpétré en 1258 D.C. par Hulagu<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

« La ville fut pillée, détruite et brûlée de manière systématique.  On rapporte que huit cent mille personnes furent tuées.  Le calife al-Mu’tasim fut mis dans un sac cousu et piétiné à mort sous les sabots des chevaux Mongols.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Pendant cinq cents ans, Bagdad avait été une cité de palais, de mosquées, de bibliothèques et de collèges.  Ses universités et ses hôpitaux avaient été les plus avancés du monde.  Il n’en restait maintenant que des montagnes de gravats et la puanteur des chairs humaines en décomposition. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":11575,"lft":820,"rght":821,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T20:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T00:43:11.000000Z","language_id":9,"user_id":7,"author_id":2139,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":523,"author_name":"A. Zahoor ","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx"},{"id":526,"title":"Zitate \u00fcber die islamische Zivilisation","slug":"zitate-ber-die-islamische-zivilisation","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:zitate-ber-die-islamische-zivilisation","hint":"","body":"

Zitate über die islamische Zivilisation<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

 (teil 1 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Napoleon Bonaparte<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Zitiert in Christian Cherfils: ‘Bonaparte und Islam,’ (Bonaparte und Islam) Pedone Ed., Paris, France, 1914, S. 105, 125.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

- Originalreferenz: “Correspondance de Napoléon Ier Tome V pièce n° 4287 du 17\/07\/1799...”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Moses hat die Existenz Gottes seinem Volk vermittelt.  Jesus Christus dem Römischen Reich, Muhammad dem alten Kontinent...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Arabien diente Götzen, als sechs Jahrhunderte nach Jesus, Muhammad die Anbetung des Gottes Abrahams, Ismaels, Moses und Jesus´ einführte.  Die Arier und einige andere Sekten hatten die Ruhe des Ostens gestört, indem sie die Frage nach dem Vater, dem Sohn und dem Heiligen Geist aufwarfen.  Muhammad erklärte, dass es niemanden außer Gott gebe, der weder Vater, noch Sohn habe und dass die Dreieinigkeit eine importierte Idee der Götzendienerei sei...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ich hoffe, die Zeit liegt nicht in allzu weiter ferne, bis ich in der Lage sein werde, all die weisen und gelehrten Männer aus aller Herren Länder zu vereinen und eine einheitliche Regierung auf der Grundlage der Prinzipien aus dem Quran bilden kann, die allein wahr sind und die allein die Menschen zum Glück verhelfen können.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sir George Bernard Shaw<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘The Genuine Islam,’ (Der wahre Islam) Vol. 1, No. 8, 1936.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Wenn irgendeine Religion Aussicht darauf hat, in den kommenden hundert Jahren England - wenn nicht ganz Europa - zu regieren, dann könnte es der Islam sein.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ich habe die Religion von Muhammad aufgrund ihrer wunderbaren Lebendigkeit immer sehr hoch geschätzt.  Es ist die einzige Religion, die wie es mir scheint, diese assimilierende Eigenschaft besitzt, sich an die sich verändernden Phasen der Existenz anzupassen, so dass sie zu jedem Alter passt.  Ich habe ihn studiert, diesen wundervollen Mann, und meiner Meinung nach -weit davon entfernt, ein Anti-Christ zu sein- muss er der Erlöser der Menschheit genannt werden.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ich glaube, wenn ein Mann wie er die Diktatur der Modernen Welt übernehmen würde, würde er ihre Probleme erfolgreich auf eine Art und Weise lösen, die ihr den so sehr benötigten Frieden und Glück bringen würde: Ich habe dem Glauben Muhammads vorausgesagt, dass er für das Europa von morgen genauso annehmbar sein wird, wie er es für das Europa von heute in seinen Anfängen bereits ist.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bertrand Russel<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘History of Western Philosophy,’ (Geschichte der westlichen Philosophie) London, 1948, p. 419.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Unser Gebrauch des Ausdrucks “die dunklen Zeiten”, um die Zeitspanne von 699 bis 1000 zu bezeichnen, kennzeichnet unsere unangemessene Konzentration auf Westeuropa...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Von Indien bis nach Spanien erblühte die glanzvolle Zivilisation des Islam.  Was dem Christentum jener Zeit entgangen war, war dieser Zivilisation nicht entgangen, sondern ganz im Gegenteil...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Uns scheint es so, als sei nur westeuropäische Zivilisation echte Zivilisation, aber dies ist eine dürftige Ansicht.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

H.G. Wells<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“Die islamischen Lehren haben große Traditionen für gerechte und vornehme Verhaltensweisen und Anstandsregeln hinterlassen, und sie inspirieren die Menschen mit Vornehmheit und Toleranz.  Dies sind menschliche Lehren von höchster Ordnung und Anwendbarkeit zugleich.  Diese Lehren brachten eine Gesellschaft hervor, in der Hartherzigkeit und kollektive Unterdrückung und Ungerechtigkeit verglichen mit allen anderen Gesellschaften, die ihr folgten, überaus wenig vorkamen.  ... Islam ist angefüllt mit Milde, Höflichkeit und Brüderlichkeit.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dr. William Draper<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘History of Intellectual Development of Europe’ (Geschichte der Intellektuellen Entwicklung Europas)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Während der Zeit der Khalifen wurden die gelehrten Männer unter den Christen und Juden nicht nur hoch geschätzt, sondern ihnen wurden Posten mit großer Verantwortlichkeit übertragen und ihnen wurden hochrangige Stellen in der Regierung gegeben...  Er (Khalif Haruun Raschied) beachtete weder, aus welchem Land eine gelehrte Person stammte noch seinen Glauben, einzig und allein seine Vorzüglichkeit in seinem Wissensbereich zählte.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Thomas Carlyle<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘Heroes, Hero Worship, and the Heroic in History,’ (Helden, Anbetung von Helden und Heldenhaftes in der Geschichte) 2. Vortrag am 8. Mai 1840.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Da für keinen von uns die Gefahr besteht, Mahomedaner (d.h. Muslim) zu werden, gedenke ich, soviel Gutes von ihm zu sagen, wie ich kann...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Als Pococke Grotius fragte, wo der Beweis in der Geschichte mit der Taube gewesen sei, die gelernt habe, Erbsen aus Mahomets (Muhammads) Ohr zu picken, und einem Engel zu geben, der ihm diktierte?  Da antwortete Grotius, dass es keinen Beweis gab!...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ein armer, schwer arbeitender, schlecht versorgter Mann; unachtsam dessen, wofür sich gewöhnliche Männer abrackern.  Kein schlechter Mann, was soll ich sagen; Etwas besseres in ihm, als der Hunger jeglicher Art, - oder diese wilden arabischen Männer, die 23 Jahre unter seiner Hand kämpften und prügelten, immer in engem Kontakt mit ihm, sie hätten ihn nicht so verehrt!  Sie waren wilde Männer, die von Zeit zu Zeit in Streit ausbrachen, mit unbändiger Ernsthaftigkeit jeglicher Art; ohne richtigen Wert und Mannhaftigkeit; niemand könnte ihnen befehlen.  Ihr sagt, sie nannten ihn einen Propheten?  Warum stand er dann Auge in Auge mit ihnen, ärmlich, nicht in irgendeinem Mysterium behütet; sichtbar seinen eigenen Mantel ausbessernd, seine eigenen Schuhe flickend; kämpfend, beratend, befehlend mitten unter ihnen: sie müssen gesehen haben, was für eine Art Mann er war; nennt ihn, wie ihr wollt!  Keinem Eroberer mit seinem Stirnreif wurde gehorcht wie diesem Mann in seinem eigenhändig geflickten Mantel.  In den 23 Jahren stürmischer wirklicher Versuchung.  Ich finde, etwas von einem wahren Helden ist hierfür notwendig, ...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Diese Araber, der Mann Mahomet und das eine Jahrhundert – ist es nicht so, als wäre eine Flamme gefallen, eine Flamme auf eine Welt, aus explosievem Schwarzpulver bestehend, sie loderte von Dheli bis Granada!  Ich sage, der großartige Mann war immer wie ein Blitz aus dem Himmel; der Rest der Männer erwarteten ihn wie Brennstoff, und dann entbrannten auch sie...”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(teil 2 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Phillip Hitti<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘Short History of the Arabs.’ (Kurze Geschichte der Araber)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Im allerersten Teil des Mittelalters hat kein anderes Volk einen entsprechend wichtigen Beitrag zur menschlichen Entwicklung geleistet, wie es die Araber taten, wenn wir diesen Term auf jene beziehen, deren Muttersprache arabisch war, und nicht nur auf jene, die auf der arabischen Halbinsel lebten.  Für Jahrhunderte war Arabisch die Sprache des Lernens, der Kultur und des intellektuellen Fortschritts für die gesamte zivilisierte Welt mit Ausnahme des Fernen Ostens.  Vom neunten bis zum zwölften Jahrhundert wurden mehr philosophische, medizinische, historische, religiöse, astronomische und geographische Werke auf arabisch geschrieben, als in jeder anderen Sprache.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Carra de Vaux<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘The Philosophers of Islam,’ (Die Philosophen des Islam) Paris, 1921.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Wie kann man schließlich vergessen, dass das Reich der Mogulen Indiens (1526-1857 nChr) der Welt den Taj Mahal gegeben hat (1648 nChr fertiggestellt), dessen architektonische Schönheit nie übertroffen wurde, und die ´Akbar Nameh´ von Abul Fazl:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

‘Jenes außergewöhnliche Werk voller lebendiger Ideen und Lernstoff, wo jeder Aspekt des Lebens untersucht, aufgezählt und zugeordnet wird, und wo Fortschritt kontinuierlich das Auge blendet, ist ein Dokument, auf das die orientalische Zivilisation mit Recht stolz sein kann. Die Männer, deren Geist in diesem Buch seinen Ausdruck findet, waren ihrer Zeit in der praktischen Art der Regierung und vielleicht in ihren Spekulationen über religiöse Philosophie weit voraus.  Diese Poeten, diese Philosophen wussten, wie man mit dieser Welt oder den Angelegenheiten umgeht.  Sie beobachteten, klassifizierten, berechneten und experimentierten.  All die Ideen, die ihnen einfielen, wurden auf Fakten untersucht.  Sie beschreiben sie mit Beredsamkeit und unterstützen sie mit Statistiken.’<\/span><\/p>\r\n

...die Prinzipien der Toleranz, Gerechtigkeit und Menschlichkeit, die sich in der langen Herrschaft von Akbar durchsetzten.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Marcel Clerget<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘La Turquie, Passe et Present,’ (Die Türkei, Vergangenheit und Gegenwart) Paris, 1938.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Viele Beweise des hohen kulturellen Niveaus des osmanischen Reiches während der Regierungszeit Suleimans des Großen spiegeln sich in der Entwicklung der Wissenschaft und der Gesetze wieder; in der blühenden Literatur auf arabisch, persisch und türkisch; in den zeitgenössischen Monumenten in Istambul, Bursa und Edirne; im Aufschwung im Luxusgewerbe; im prunkvollen Leben bei Hofe und der hohen Würdenträger und schließlich in ihrer religiösen Toleranz.  All die unterschiedlichen Einflüsse – namentlich türkische, byzantinische und italienische verschmolzen miteinander und verhalfen dieser brilliantesten Epoche der Osmanen zum Leben.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Michael der Ältere (Große)<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Zitiert in ‘Michael the Elder, Chronique de Michael Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d’ Antioche,’ (Chronik von Michael dem Älteren, Syrien, Patriarch  der Jacobiner von Antioche) J.B. Chabot, Editor, Vol. II, Paris, 1901.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Dies ist (der Grund), warum der Gott der Strafe, der allein Allmächtig ist und das Reich der Sterblichen verändert, wie er will, es demjenigen gibt, dem er will, und die Demütigen emporhebt angesichts der Schlechtigkeit der Römer, die während ihrer gesamten Herrschaft grausam unsere Kirchen und Klöster plünderten und uns gnadenlos verbannten, die Söhne Ismaels aus einer Region im Süden brachten sie zu ihnen, um uns von den Händen der Römer zu befreien.  Und wenn wir in Wahrheit einigen Verlust erlitten haben, denn die katholischen Kirchen, die uns weggenommen und den Chalzedonen gegeben worden sind, blieben in ihrem Besitz; denn wenn die Städte von den Arabern unterworfen worden sind, schrieben sie jeder Konfession die Kirchen, die sie unter ihrem Besitz fanden, zu (und zu jener Zeit waren uns die großen Kirchen von Emessa und die von Harran genommen worden); nichtsdestotrotz war es ein schwacher Vorteil für uns, von der Grausamkeit der Römer befreit zu werden, von ihrer Schlechtigkeit, ihrem Fluch und ihrem grausamen Eifer gegen uns und uns als Volk zu finden.  (Michael der Ältere, Patriarch der Jacobiner in Antioch, schrieb diesen Text im letzten Teil des zwölften Jahrhunderts, nach fünf Jahrhunderten muslimischer Herrschaft in dieser Region.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 Click here<\/a> for a relevant document sent to the monks of St. Catherine Monastery in Mt. Sinai, 628 C.E.)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sir John Bagot Glubb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“Khalif Al-Ma’mun’s Regierungszeit (813 – 833 nChr) kann als ´goldenes Zeitalter´ der Wissenschaft und des Lernens betrachtet werden.  Er widmete sich immer den Büchern und den Studien.  Sein brilliantes Gehirn war an jeglicher Form von intellektueller Aktivität ineressiert.  Nicht nur Poesie, sondern auch Philosophie, Theologie, Astronomie, Medizin und Gesetz ergriffen Besitz von seiner Zeit.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Zu Mamun’s Zeit waren in Baghdad medizinische Schulen außerordentlich aktiv.  Das erste freie, öffentliche Krankenhaus wurde in Baghdad während des Khalifats von Haruun ar-Raschied eröffnet.  Als das System sich entwickelte, wurden Ärzte und Chirurgen berufen, die Vorlesungen für Medizinstudenten gaben und denen, die für qualifiziert gehalten wurden, zu praktizieren, Diplome ausstellten.  Das erste Krankenhaus in Ägypten wurde 872 nChr eröffnet und danach entstanden im ganzen Reich öffentliche Krankenhäuser von Spanien und Marokko bis nach Persien.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Über den Holocaust von Baghdad (1258 nChr) begangen von Hulagu.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Die Stadt wurde systematisch geplündert, zerstört und verbrannt.  Es wird gesagt, es wurden achthundert Tausend Menschen getötet.  Der Khalif Mustasim wurde in einen Sack eingenäht und unter den Hufen der mongolischen Pferde zu Tode getrampelt.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Fünfhundert Jahre lang war Baghdad die Stadt der Paläste, Moscheen, Bibliotheken und Hochschulen gewesen.  Ihre Universitäten und Krankenhäuser waren die am höchsten entwickelten in der ganzen Welt.  Nichts blieb davon übrig, außer Haufen von Schutt und der Gestank von verwesendem menschlichen Fleisch.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":11453,"lft":822,"rght":823,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T20:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T11:44:12.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":7,"author_id":2139,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":523,"author_name":"A. Zahoor ","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx"},{"id":527,"title":"\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438","slug":"-----drrt","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:-----drrt","hint":"","body":"

\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1 \u0438\u0437 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d \u0411\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0426\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 «\u0411\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c», \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0434, \u0438\u0437\u0434-\u0432\u043e «Pedone Ed.», \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436, \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f, 1914, \u0441\u0442\u0440. 105, 125.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

\u041e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438: «\u041b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430», I \u0422\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c V, \u21164287 \u043e\u0442 17\/07\/1799 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441 \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441 – \u0440\u0438\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0430\u043c, \u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 – \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0410\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 6 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c, \u0418\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0438\u043b, \u041c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441. \u0410\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u041e\u0442\u0446\u0430, \u0421\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0414\u0443\u0445\u0430. \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d, \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0446\u0430, \u043d\u0438 \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044e \u0438\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u042f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044f \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043a \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u044d\u0440 \u0414\u0436\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0436 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0428\u043e\u0443<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: «\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c», \u0422. 1, \u2116 8, 1936.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

«\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0431\u044b \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c»<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u042f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430  \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0451 \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439. \u042f \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c – \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434, \u043e\u043d \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0421\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u042f \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u043d, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b \u0431\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0438 \u043c\u044b \u0431\u044b \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u0432 \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f: \u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e \u043e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435»<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0411\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: «\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438», \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d, 1948, \u0441\u0442\u0440. 419.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

«\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b «\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430», \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0442 699 \u0434\u043e 1000 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435»<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0411\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041d\u0430\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0413\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0423\u044d\u043b\u043b\u0441<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

«\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e (\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e) \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f – \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e. \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b, \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438… \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0432\u0435\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0414\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0423\u0438\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043c \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043f\u0435\u0440<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: «\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b»<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

«\u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445-\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435… \u041e\u043d (\u0425\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0443\u043d \u0420\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0434) \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043b\u044c<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: «\u0413\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044e \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438», \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f 2 \u043e\u0442 8 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1840 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

«\u041d\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u044f \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c»<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u041f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043a\u043a \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0431\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u0445\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430 (\u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430) \u0438 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435, – \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u0441 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0442!»<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430. \u041d\u0435\u0442, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u0431\u044b \u044f; \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0430\u043b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u044b, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043f\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c, \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0438\u043c! \u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u044e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044b? \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u043c \u043a \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u043a \u043d\u0438\u043c, \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e; \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u043d \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0449, \u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0432\u044c, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b; \u043e\u043d\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438! \u041d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0441 \u0442\u0438\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0449\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0418 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u042f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u044b, \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0437\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0433\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044b. \u042f \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0436\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438»<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u044b, \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0437\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0433\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044b. \u042f \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0436\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2 \u0438\u0437 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043f\u043f \u0425\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0438<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: «\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0445»<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

«\u0412 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f, \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u044b, \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0447\u044c\u0438\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u0421 9 \u043f\u043e 12-\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430  \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0435 \u0412\u043e<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: «\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u044b \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430», \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436, 1921 \u0433\u043e\u0434.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

«\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 (1526 – 1857 \u043d.\u044d.) \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443 \u0422\u0430\u0434\u0436-\u041c\u0430\u0445\u0430\u043b (\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d \u0432 1648 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043d.\u044d.), \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0437\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 «\u0410\u043a\u0431\u0430\u0440 \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0435» \u0410\u0431\u0443\u043b\u044c \u0424\u0430\u0434\u043b\u044f:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d, \u0438 \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0451 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0451\u0434, \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u044b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442, \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442.  \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0445, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0410\u043a\u0431\u0430\u0440».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041a\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

«\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438», \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436, 1938.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u041e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430; \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445; \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0435, \u0411\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435, \u0438 \u042d\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043d\u0435; \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0448\u0438; \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.  \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0430\u0439\u043a\u043b \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 (\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439)<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418\u0437 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 «\u041c\u0430\u0439\u043a\u043b \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439, \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0439\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0430», \u0440\u0435\u0434. J<\/strong>.B<\/strong>. Chabot<\/strong>, \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. II<\/strong>, \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436, 1901.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0435\u0451, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u041e\u043d \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0438\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0443, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b \u043a \u043d\u0430\u043c  \u044e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0441\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u0441 \u0447\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.  \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u044b  \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044e \u043e\u0442\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441  \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043c, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 (\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u042d\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b); \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e, \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043b\u0430, \u0433\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441. (\u041c\u0430\u0439\u043a\u043b \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439, \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0445 \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435. \u0421\u043c. \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c<\/a> \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044f \u0421\u0432. \u041a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0421\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435, 628 \u043d.\u044d.)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u044d\u0440 \u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d \u0411\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0442 \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0431<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

«\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0430 \u041c\u0430'\u0430\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430 (813 - 833 \u043d.\u044d.) \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \"\u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\" \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.  \u041e\u043d \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c.  \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.  \u041d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d – \u043e\u043d \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041a\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u0430'\u0430\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0411\u0430\u0433\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435.  \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0411\u0430\u0433\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0443\u043d \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0420\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0434\u0430.  \u0421 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438, \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c-\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.  \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0432 872 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u0440\u044b, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u041e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0411\u0430\u0433\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0430 (1258 \u043d.\u044d.), \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0425\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0443.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0436\u0435\u043d.  \u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0441\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044b.  \u0425\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430'\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0442\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0412 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0411\u0430\u0433\u0434\u0430\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u043e\u0432, \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0439.  \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435.  \u041d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u0449\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":11180,"lft":824,"rght":825,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T20:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T23:03:25.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":7,"author_id":2139,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":523,"author_name":"A. Zahoor ","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx"},{"id":528,"title":"Cita\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a Civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o Isl\u00e2mica","slug":"citaes-sobre-a-civilizao-islmica","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:citaes-sobre-a-civilizao-islmica","hint":"","body":"

Citações sobre a Civilização Islâmica<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

(parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Napoleão Bonaparte<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Citado em Christian Cherfils, ‘Bonaparte et Islam,’ Pedone Ed., Paris, France, 1914, pp. 105, 125.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

- Referências Originais: “Correspondance de Napoléon Ier Tome V pièce n° 4287 du 17\/07\/1799...”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Moisés revelou a existência de Deus à sua nação.  Jesus Cristo ao mundo romano, e Muhammad ao velho continente...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“A Arábia era idólatra quando, seis séculos depois de Jesus, Muhammad introduziu a adoração ao Deus de Abraão, Ismael, Moisés e Jesus.  Os arianos e algumas outras seitas perturbaram a tranqüilidade do oriente ao agitar a questão da natureza do Pai, do filho e do Espírito Santo.   Muhammad declarou que havia apenas um Deus que não tinha pai, nem filho e que a trindade importou a idéia da idolatria...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Eu espero que não esteja longe o tempo em que serei capaz de unir todos os homens sábios e educados de todos os países e estabelecer um regime uniforme baseado nos princípios do Alcorão, que são os únicos verdadeiros e os únicos que podem levar os homens à felicidade.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sir George Bernard Shaw<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘The Genuine Islam,’ Vol. 1, No. 8, 1936.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Se qualquer religião tiver a chance de governar a Inglaterra, e até a Europa nas próximas centenas de anos, que seja o Islã.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Eu sempre tive a religião de Muhammad em alta estima por causa de sua maravilhosa vitalidade.   É a única religião que me parece possuir a capacidade de assimilação para a constante fase de mudança da existência que apela para todas as épocas.  Eu o tenho estudado – o homem maravilhoso e em minha opinião longe de ser um anticristo, ele deve ser chamado de Salvador da Humanidade.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “Eu acredito que se um homem como ele assumisse a ditadura do mundo moderno, seria bem-sucedido em resolver seus problemas de uma forma que traria a paz e a felicidade muito necessárias:  eu profetizei sobre a fé de Muhammad que ela seria aceitável para a Europa de amanhã com está começando a ser aceitável para a Europa de hoje.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bertrand Russel<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

History of Western Philosophy,’ Londres, 1948, p. 419.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“O nosso uso da frase ‘Idade das Trevas’ para cobrir o período que vai do ano de 699 ao ano 1.000 marca nossa concentração indevida na Europa Ocidental...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Da Índia até a Espanha, a civilização brilhante do Islã florescia.  O que foi perdido para a Cristandade naquela época não foi perdido para a civilização, muito ao contrário...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Para nós parece que a civilização Ocidental-Européia é civilização, mas essa é uma visão estreita.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

H.G. Wells<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“Os ensinamentos islâmicos deixaram grandes tradições para tratamento e comportamento eqüitativo e gentil, e inspiraram pessoas com nobreza e tolerância.  Esses são ensinamentos humanos da mais alta ordem e, ao mesmo tempo, praticáveis.  Esses ensinamentos trouxeram à existência uma sociedade na qual a indiferença e opressão e injustiça coletivas eram o mínimo se comparado com todas as outras sociedades que a precederam...o Islã está repleto com gentileza, cortesia e fraternidade.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dr. William Draper<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘History of Intellectual Development of Europe’<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Durante o período dos Califas os homens sábios dos cristãos e judeus não somente eram tidos em alta estima, mas eram apontados para posições de grande responsabilidade, e eram promovidos a posições de alto nível no governo...Ele (Califa Harun Rashid) nunca considerou a que país uma pessoa sábia pertencia nem qual sua fé e crença, mas apenas sua excelência no ramo de conhecimento.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Thomas Carlyle<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘Heroes, Hero Worship, and the Heroic in History,’ Palestra 2, Sexta-Feira, 8 de Maio de 1840.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Uma vez que não há perigo de nenhum de nós nos tornarmos maometanos (ou seja, muçulmanos), eu pretendo dizer tudo de bom que puder sobre ele...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Quando Pococke perguntou a Grotius, onde estava a prova da estória do pombo, treinado para pegar ervilhas da orelha de Maomé (Muhammad), passar por um anjo que lhe ditava? Grotius respondeu que não havia prova!...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Um homem pobre, que trabalhava duro, de poucos meios; despreocupado com as coisas com as quais homens trabalhadores comuns se preocupam.  Não era um mau homem, eu devo dizer; sem qualquer tipo de ganância, - ou esses homens árabes selvagens, lutando e combatendo vinte e três anos sob seu comando, sempre em contato próximo com ele, não o reverenciariam! Eles eram homens selvagens sempre em disputa, com todo o tipo de sinceridade feroz; sem verdadeiro valor e vigor, nenhum homem poderia tê-los comandado.  Eles o chamavam de profeta, vocês diriam? Por que eles os confrontou face a face; desprovido, sem estar encoberto em qualquer mistério; visivelmente remendando seu próprio manto; fazendo seus próprios sapatos; lutando, aconselhando, dando ordens no meio deles: eles devem ter visto que tipo de homem ele era, deixem que o chamem do que quiserem! Nenhum imperador com suas tiaras jamais foi obedecido como esse homem em um manto que ele próprio remendou.  Durante vinte e três anos de atribulações muito duras.  Eu acho que é preciso um verdadeiro Herói para isso...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Esses árabes, o homem Maomé, e aquele século, - não é como se uma faísca tivesse caído, uma faísca, do que provou ter um poder explosivo, e queimou com chamas que atingiram os céus, de Deli até Granada?! Eu  disse, o Grande homem era como um relâmpago caído dos Céus; o resto dos homens esperavam por ele como combustível e então se inflamaram...”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Phillip Hitti<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘Short History of the Arabs’<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Durante toda a primeira parte da Idade Média, nenhum outro povo fez uma contribuição tão importante para o progresso humano quanto os árabes, se nós tomarmos esse termo como significando todos aqueles que tinham o árabe como língua materna, e não meramente aqueles que viviam na Península Arábica.  Por séculos, o árabe foi a língua do aprendizado, do progresso cultural e intelectual para todo o mundo civilizado com exceção do Oriente Longínquo.  Do século 9 ao 12 houve mais trabalhos filosóficos, médicos, históricos, religiosos, astronômicos e geográficos escritos em árabe do que em qualquer outra língua humana.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Carra de Vaux<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘The Philosophers of Islam,’ Paris, 1921.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Finalmente como se pode esquecer que ao mesmo tempo o Império Mongol da Índia (1526-1857 E.C) dava ao mundo o Taj Mahal (concluído em 1648 E.C) a beleza arquitetônica que nunca foi superada, e o ‘Akbar Nameh’ de Abu Fazl:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

‘Aquele trabalho extraordinário cheio de idéias da vida e aprendizado onde cada aspecto da vida é examinado, listado e classificado, e onde o progresso continuamente assombra os olhos, é um documento do qual a civilização oriental deve se orgulhar.  Os homens cujos gênios encontraram sua expressão nesse livro estavam muito além de sua época na arte prática de governar, e eram talvez avançados também em suas especulações sobre filosofia religiosa.  Aqueles poetas, aqueles filósofos, sabiam como lidar com o mundo ou a matéria.  Eles observavam, classificavam, calculavam e experimentavam.  Todas as idéias que lhes ocorria eram testadas com fatos.  Eles se expressavam com eloqüência mas também se apoiavam em estatísticas.’<\/span><\/p>\r\n

...os princípios de tolerância, justiça e humanidade que prevaleceram durante o longo reinado de Akbar.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Marcel Clerget<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘La Turquie, Passe et Present,’ Paris, 1938.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“Muitas provas do alto nível cultural do Império Otomano durante o reinado de Suleiman, o Magnífico, podem ser encontradas no desenvolvimento da ciência e da lei; no florescimento de trabalhos literários em árabe, persa e turco; nos monumentos contemporâneos em Istambul, Bursa e Edirne; na explosão das indústrias do luxo; na vida suntuosa da corte e dos altos dignitários, e por último mas não menos importante, em sua tolerância religiosa.  Todas as diversas influências – notavelmente turcas, bizantinas e italianas se misturaram e ajudaram a fazer dessa a época mais brilhante dos Otomanos.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Miguel (o Grande)<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Citado em ‘Michael the Elder, Chronique de Michael Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d’ Antioche,’ J.B. Chabot, Editor, Vol. II, Paris, 1901.<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“É por isso que o Deus da vingança, o único que é todo-poderoso, e muda o império dos mortais de acordo com a Sua vontade, dando-o a quem Ele desejar, e eleva o humilde, vendo a maldade dos romanos que ao longo de seus domínios pilharam cruelmente nossas igrejas e monastérios e nos condenaram sem piedade, trouxe da região do sul os filhos de Ismael, para nos libertar das mãos dos romanos.  E se em verdade nós sofremos algumas perdas, por causa das igrejas católicas, que foram tomadas de nós e dadas aos calcedônios, permanecendo em sua posse; porque quando as cidades foram submetidas aos árabes, eles designaram para cada denominação as igrejas que estavam sob sua posse (e naquela época as grandes igrejas de Emessa e Harran tinham sido tomadas de nós); ainda assim não foi uma pequena vantagem para nós sermos libertados da crueldade dos romanos, sua maldade, sua ira e seu fervor cruel contra nós, e nos encontrarmos entre pessoas.  (Miguel, o Grande, patriarca jacobita da Antioquia escreveu esse texto no fim do século 12, após cinco séculos de governo muçulmano naquela região.  Clique aqui<\/a> para um documento relevante enviado aos monges do Monastério de Santa Catarina no Monte Sinai, em 628 E.C).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sir John Bagot Glubb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“O período do governo do Califa Al-Mamun (813 – 833 E.C) pode ser considerado a ‘era dourada’ da ciência e aprendizado.   Ele sempre foi devotado aos livros e à busca do conhecimento.  Sua mente brilhante estava interessada em toda forma de atividade intelectual.  Não apenas a poesia mas também a filosofia, teologia, astronomia, medicina e leis ocupavam o seu tempo.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Na época de Mamun as escolas de medicina eram extremamente ativas em Bagdá.   O primeiro hospital público foi aberto em Bagdá durante o Califado de Harun ar-Rashid.  A medida que o sistema se desenvolveu, os médicos e cirurgiões foram designados para dar aulas a estudantes de medicina e emitir diplomas para aqueles que fossem considerados qualificados para a prática.  O primeiro hospital no Egito foi aberto em 872 AD e depois disso hospitais públicos se espalharam por todo o império da Espanha e Magrebe à Pérsia.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sobre o Holocausto de Bagdá (1258 E.C.) Perpetrado por Hulagu<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“A cidade foi sistematicamente saqueada, destruída e queimada.  Foi dito que oitocentas mil pessoas foram mortas.  O Califa Mustasim foi colocado em um saco e pisoteado até a morte pelos cavalos mongóis.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Por quinhentos anos, Bagdá foi uma cidade de palácios, mesquitas, bibliotecas e universidades.  Suas universidades e hospitais foram os mais modernos no mundo.  Nada restou, exceto destroços e um cheiro de carne humana apodrecida.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":12200,"lft":826,"rght":827,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T20:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T11:44:35.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":7,"author_id":2139,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":523,"author_name":"A. Zahoor ","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx"},{"id":529,"title":"\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u660e\u8bc4\u8ff0","slug":"dfg--","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:dfg--","hint":"","body":"

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u660e\u8bc4\u8ff0<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\uff081\/2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1·\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92<\/strong>\u8c22\u5c14\u83f2\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4\u4e0e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u300b\uff0c\u4f69\u591a\u5185\u57c3\u5fb7\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c<\/strong>1914<\/strong>\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c<\/strong>105<\/strong>\u548c<\/strong>125<\/strong>\u9875<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

——\u539f\u6587\u5f15\u7528\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u300a\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u4e00\u4e16\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e94\u5377\uff0c\u7f16\u53f74287\uff0c 1799\u5e747\u670817\u65e5……”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u6469\u897f\u5411\u4ed6\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728,\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u5411\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u5411\u65e7\u5927\u9646……<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u5728\u8036\u7a23\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u516d\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u975e\u5e38\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u662d\u793a\u4eba\u4eec\u53bb\u5d07\u62dc\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\u795e——\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u3001\u4ee5\u5b9e\u739b\u5229\u3001\u6469\u897f\u548c\u8036\u7a23\u6240\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u795e\u3002\u96c5\u5229\u5b89\u4eba\uff08Ariyans\uff09\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6559\u6d3e\u7684\u795e\u7236\u3001\u5723\u5b50\u548c\u5723\u7075\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u6405\u52a8\u4e86\u4e1c\u65b9\u7684\u5e73\u9759\u3002\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u9664\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\u5b89\u62c9\u5916\uff0c\u518d\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u795e\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e0\u7236\u3001\u65e0\u5b50\uff0c\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7eaf\u5c5e\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc……<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u82e5\u6211\u80fd\u6839\u636e\u552f\u4e00\u771f\u7406\u4e14\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u591f\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e8e\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u56e2\u7ed3\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7684\u667a\u8005\u548c\u6240\u6709\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9065\u8fdc\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e54\u6cbb·\u8427\u4f2f\u7eb3\u7235\u58eb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4f0a\u65af<\/strong>\u5170\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\uff0c\u7b2c<\/strong>8<\/strong>\u9875\uff0c<\/strong>1936<\/strong>\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4f55\u5b97\u6559\u90fd\u6709\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u767e\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u4e16\u754c *-\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u6211\u5bf9\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6709\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u6d3b\u529b\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u6df1\u6df1\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u6211\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u63a5\u53d7\u65b0\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b97\u6559\u5438\u5f15\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u4e16\u9053\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u3002\u6211\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4ed6——\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u4f20\u5947\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u4eba——\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e94\u8be5\u79f0\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u62ef\u6551\u8005\u3002\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u628a\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e13\u653f\u7684\u6743\u529b\u8d4b\u4e88\u4ed6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u6210\u529f\u89e3\u51b3\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u5e78\u798f\u3002\u6211\u9884\u8a00\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4eca\u65e5\u6b27\u6d32\u63a5\u53d7\u4ed6\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4e5f\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f2f\u7279\u5170·\u7f57\u7d20<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u300b\uff0c<\/strong>\u4f26\u6566\uff0c<\/strong>1948<\/strong>\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c<\/strong>419<\/strong>\u9875<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u516c\u5143699\u5e74\u52301000\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u9ed1\u6697\u65f6\u671f\u65f6\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u8fc7\u5206\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u897f\u6b27……<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u660e\u4e5f\u4ece\u5370\u5ea6\u5230\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u83b7\u5f97\u7a7a\u524d\u53d1\u5c55……<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u90a3\u79cd\u56ff\u4e8e\u897f\u6b27\u6587\u660e\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u662f\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

H. G. \u5a01\u5c14\u65af<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u4e49\u4ee5\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u964b\u4e60\uff0c\u5e76\u6fc0\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u4e92\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6559\u4e49\u90fd\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6559\u4e49\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u90fd\u5207\u5b9e\u53ef\u884c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6559\u4e49\u5f15\u9886\u4eba\u4eec\u4ece\u51b7\u9177\u3001\u538b\u8feb\u548c\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u8d70\u5411\u4e0e\u5176\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a……\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u6e29\u548c\u3001\u793c\u8c8c\u548c\u53cb\u7231\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5a01\u5ec9·\u5fb7\u96f7\u73c0\u535a\u58eb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300a\u6b27\u6d32\u667a\u529b<\/strong>\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2<\/strong>\u300b<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u5728\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5b66\u8bc6\u6e0a\u535a\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u5f92\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53d7\u5230\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u5c0a\u656c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u88ab\u59d4\u4ee5\u91cd\u4efb\uff0c\u63d0\u62d4\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u62c5\u4efb\u9ad8\u7ea7\u804c\u52a1……\u4ed6\uff08\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u54c8\u4f26·\u62c9\u5e0c\u5fb7\uff09\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u8651\u4ed6\u5f55\u7528\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u662f\u54ea\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u4fe1\u5949\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u53ea\u8003\u8651\u6b64\u4eba\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5982\u4f55\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6258\u9a6c\u65af·\u5361\u83b1\u5c14<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300a<\/strong>\u8bba\u82f1\u96c4\u3001\u82f1\u96c4\u5d07\u62dc\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u4e1a\u7ee9\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bb2\uff0c<\/strong> 1840<\/strong>\u5e74<\/strong>5<\/strong>\u6708<\/strong>8<\/strong>\u65e5<\/strong>\uff0c\u661f\u671f\u4e94<\/strong>\u8bb2\u6f14<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u518d\u5219\uff0c\u6211\u6253\u7b97\u5c3d\u91cf\u516c\u6b63\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u4f18\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u62c5\u5fc3\u6211\u4eec\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\uff08\u5373\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff09……<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u6ce2\u79d1\u514b[1]<\/a>\u66fe\u7ecf\u95ee\u683c\u52b3\u79c0\u65af[2]<\/a>\uff1a\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e00\u53ea\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u517b\u7684\u9e3d\u5b50\u4ece\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u8033\u6735\u91cc\u5544\u8c4c\u8c46\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u5411\u4ed6\u53e3\u6388\u6307\u547d\u7684\u5929\u4f7f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u6839\u636e\uff1f\u683c\u52b3\u79c0\u65af\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\u6ca1\u6709\u6839\u636e\uff01……<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u4ed6\u867d\u8d2b\u7a77\u3001\u52b3\u7d2f\u548c\u8863\u98df\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u5374\u65e0\u89c6\u4eba\u4eec\u68a6\u5bd0\u4ee5\u6c42\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u574f\u4eba\uff1b\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\u6709\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u6b32\u671b\u66f4\u4e3a\u9ad8\u8d35\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002——\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u968f\u4ed6\u5f81\u6218\u594b\u659723\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ed6\u98ce\u96e8\u540c\u821f\u3001\u4eb2\u5bc6\u65e0\u95f4\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u7c97\u72c2\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5982\u6b64\u5c0a\u656c\u4ed6\uff01\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u662f\u7c97\u72c2\u65e0\u7f81\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u65f6\u5e38\u4e89\u5435\u4e0d\u4f11\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u80fd\u8d64\u8bda\u76f8\u89c1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8d85\u4eba\u7684\u54c1\u5fb7\u548c\u6c14\u9b44\uff0c\u5219\u65e0\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u6307\u6325\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc3\u670d\u53e3\u670d\u3002\u8bd5\u60f3\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u4ee4\u4eba\u6298\u670d\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u79f0\u4ed6\u4e3a\u5148\u77e5\u5417\uff1f\u5514\uff01\u4ed6\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fc3\u819d\u76f8\u5904\uff0c\u5766\u8bda\u76f8\u89c1\uff0c\u6beb\u65e0\u9690\u79c1\u3002\u5927\u5bb6\u4eb2\u773c\u770b\u89c1\u4ed6\u7f1d\u8865\u5927\u6c05\uff0c\u4fee\u7406\u978b\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u540c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u6218\u6597\u3001\u5546\u8bae\u548c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5927\u4e8b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u80af\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u662f\u600e\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u80fd\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u559c\u7231\u53bb\u79f0\u547c\u4ed6\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6559\u7687\u6743\u5229\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u50cf\u8fd9\u4f4d\u81ea\u5df1\u7f1d\u8865\u5927\u6c05\u7684\u4eba\u53d7\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u900f\u8fc723\u5e74\u7684\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u78e8\u7ec3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u4ed6\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u6240\u5fc5\u5907\u7684\u6c14\u6982\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u8fd9\u4e9b\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u53ca\u5176\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c——\u597d\u4f3c\u706b\u82b1\u843d\u5230\u4e86\u4e0d\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u832b\u832b\u6c99\u6f20\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u770b\u54ea\uff01\u90a3\u8352\u6c99\u5374\u6210\u4e86\u5f15\u7206\u7684\u70b8\u836f\uff0c\u706b\u5149\u7167\u4eae\u4e86\u4ece\u5fb7\u91cc\u5230\u683c\u6797\u7eb3\u8fbe\u7684\u9ad8\u7a7a\uff01\u6211\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f1f\u5927\u4eba\u7269\u603b\u662f\u50cf\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u95ea\u7535\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u5907\u7528\u7684\u71c3\u6599\uff0c\u6709\u4e86\u4f1f\u4eba\u8fd9\u4e2a\u706b\u82b1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u71c3\u70e7\u53d1\u5149\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u7231\u5fb7\u534e·\u6ce2\u79d1\u514b\uff081604-1691\uff09\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u548c\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u3002——\u8bd1\u8005<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> \u683c\u52b3\u79c0\u65af\uff081583-1645\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u96e8\u679c·\u5fb7·\u683c\u9c81\u7279\uff0c\u8377\u5170\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\uff0c\u8bd7\u4eba\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002——\u8bd1\u8005<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff081\/2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u83f2\u5229\u6d66·\u5e0c\u63d0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300a\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f<\/strong>\u7b80\u53f2<\/strong>\u300b<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u6c11\u65cf\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u90fd\u6bd4\u4e0d\u4e0a\u963f\u62c9\u6bd4\u4e9a\u4eba\u548c\u8bf4\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bdd\u7684\u5404\u65cf\u4eba\u6c11\u3002\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u516b\u5343\u4e07\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u5e38\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002……\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u597d\u51e0\u767e\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u66fe\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u660e\u4e16\u754c\u5b66\u672f\u6587\u5316\u754c\u548c\u8fdb\u6b65\u601d\u60f3\u754c\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5728\u4e5d\u81f3\u5341\u4e8c\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u7528\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u5199\u6210\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u5929\u6587\u3001\u5730\u7406\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u8bed\u8a00\u5199\u6210\u7684\u8fd8\u8981\u591a\u4e9b\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5361\u62c9\u4ee3\u6c83<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300a\u4f0a\u65af<\/strong>\u5170\u6559\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u300b\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c<\/strong>1921<\/strong>\u5e74\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u53c8\u600e\u80fd\u5fd8\u8bb0\u5370\u5ea6\u83ab\u5367\u513f\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08\u516c\u51431526\uff5e1857\u5e74\uff09\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u767b\u5cf0\u9020\u6781\u7684\u6cf0\u59ec\u9675\uff081648\u5e74\u5b8c\u5de5\uff09\u5efa\u7b51\u827a\u672f\u4e4b\u7f8e\uff0c\u827e\u5e03·\u6cd5\u5fb7\u52d2\u5728\u300a\u963f\u514b\u5df4\u5927\u5e1d\u4f20\u300b\u4e2d\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

‘\u8fd9\u4e0d\u5e73\u51e1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u5bf9\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u8ffd\u601d\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u5176\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5ba1\u67e5\u548c\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5176\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f7f\u4eba\u773c\u82b1\u7f2d\u4e71\uff0c\u662f\u4e1c\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u5f15\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8363\u7684\u51ed\u8bc1\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e66\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u5f53\u65f6\u767b\u5cf0\u9020\u6781\u7684\u7687\u5bb6\u56ed\u6797\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u900f\u89c6\u51fa\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\u9ad8\u6df1\u9886\u57df\u7684\u63a2\u6d4b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bd7\u4eba\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u3001\u5206\u7c7b\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u60f3\u51fa\u5404\u79cd\u529e\u6cd5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u96c4\u8fa9\u7684\u53e3\u624d\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u5b57\u6765\u8bf4\u670d\u3002’<\/span><\/p>\r\n

……\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u548c\u4eba\u9053\u662f\u963f\u514b\u5df4\u957f\u671f\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9a6c\u585e\u5c14·\u514b\u52d2\u76d6\u7279<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300a\u571f\u8033\u5176\uff1a<\/strong>\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u300b\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c<\/strong>1938<\/strong>\u5e74\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u82cf\u83b1\u66fc\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ece\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u707f\u70c2\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u660e\u8bc1\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff1b\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u904d\u5730\u5f00\u82b1\uff1b\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5e03\u5c14\u3001\u5e03\u5c14\u8428\u548c\u57c3\u8fea\u5c14\u5185\u7684\u4e30\u7891\u6797\u7acb\uff1b\u5404\u5f0f\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u70ed\u6f6e\uff1b\u5bab\u5ef7\u548c\u8d35\u65cf\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5962\u534e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd——\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u571f\u8033\u5176\u3001\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u8f89\u714c\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14·\u57c3\u5c14\u5fb7<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u7eaa\u4e8b\u300b\uff0c\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u5b89\u63d0\u963f\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u5df4\u987f\u585e\u6ce2\u7279\uff0c\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c<\/strong>1901<\/strong>\u5e74\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u590d\u4ec7\u7684\u3001\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u3001\u628a\u56fd\u6743\u6b32\u4ece\u8c01\u624b\u4e2d\u593a\u8d70\u5c31\u4ece\u8c01\u624b\u4e2d\u593a\u8d70\u3001\u6b32\u8d4f\u8d50\u7ed9\u8c01\u5c31\u8d4f\u8d50\u7ed9\u8c01\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u8c26\u5351\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6446\u8131\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u7684\u6b8b\u9177\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u884c\u5f84\u6076\u52a3\uff0c\u66fe\u6b8b\u9177\u63a0\u593a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6559\u5802\u548c\u4fee\u9053\u9662\uff0c\u8d23\u96be\u6211\u4eec\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u601c\u60af\u6211\u4eec\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c06\u4ee5\u5b9e\u739b\u5229\u7684\u5b50\u5b59\u4ece\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u5e26\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5df2\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6559\u4f1a\u9057\u5f03\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u8f83\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u57ce\u6c60\u4ea4\u7ed9\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5374\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u5361\u5c14\u8272\u6566\u65cf\uff08\u897f\u90e8\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u548c\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u5f0f\u6b63\u7edf\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u4f1a\u6210\u5458——\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff09\uff0c\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u7559\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9886\u5730\u3002\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u89c4\u5b9a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6559\u6d3e\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u90fd\u5f52\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6559\u6d3e\u81ea\u5df1\u62e5\u6709\uff08\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4f0a\u6885\u6c99\u548c\u54c8\u5170\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5927\u6559\u5802\u5374\u5728\u6392\u65a5\u6211\u4eec\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6b8b\u9177\u3001\u90aa\u6076\u3001\u66b4\u8650\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4e0d\u5c0f\u7684\u5bbd\u5ba5\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u8d77\u7801\u627e\u56de\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u3002\uff08\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u5b89\u63d0\u963f\u4e3b\u6559\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14·\u57c3\u5c14\u5fb7\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u9053\uff0c12\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5728\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u5171\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e865\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc<\/span>\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a\u6709\u5173628\u5e74\u897f\u5948\u5c71\u5723·\u51ef\u745f\u7433\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u7684\u50e7\u4fa3\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7ea6\u7ff0·\u5df4\u6208\u7279·\u683c\u62c9\u5e03\u7235\u58eb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u9a6c\u8499\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff08813\uff5e833\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u7684‘\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3’\u3002\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u9f13\u52b1\u548c\u652f\u6301\u8457\u4e66\u7acb\u8bf4\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5149\u8f89\u601d\u60f3\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u667a\u529b\u6d3b\u52a8\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u4e0a\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8bd7\u6b4c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u533b\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7b49\u6240\u6709\u9886\u57df\u90fd\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u9a6c\u8499\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u6821\u5728\u5df4\u683c\u8fbe\u6781\u4e3a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u3002\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u54c8\u4f26·\u62c9\u5e0c\u5fb7\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u514d\u8d39\u7684\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u5728\u5df4\u683c\u8fbe\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u5f00\u653e\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u53d1\u8fbe\uff0c\u533b\u751f\u53d7\u4efb\u7ed9\u5b66\u751f\u8bb2\u8bfe\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5408\u683c\u884c\u533b\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u751f\u9881\u53d1\u6bd5\u4e1a\u6587\u51ed\u3002872\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5bb6\u533b\u9662\u5728\u57c3\u53ca\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u4ece\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u9a6c\u683c\u91cc\u5e03\u5230\u6ce2\u65af\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5730\u65b9\u5174\u8d77\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u65ed\u70c8\u5140\u8840\u6d17\u5df4\u683c\u8fbe\uff08<\/strong>1258<\/strong>\u5e74\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u88ab\u6d17\u52ab\u3001\u7834\u574f\u548c\u70e7\u6bc1\u4e00\u7a7a\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u6709\u516b\u5341\u4e07\u4eba\u88ab\u6740\u5bb3\u3002\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u7a46\u65af\u6cf0\u5c14\u7ee5\u59c6\u88ab\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u7f1d\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e3\u888b\u91cc\u7eb5\u9a6c\u8e0f\u6b7b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u6f2b\u6f2b\u957f\u6cb3\uff0c\u9996\u90fd\u5df4\u683c\u8fbe\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7\u62e5\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5bab\u6bbf\u3001\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u3001\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u548c\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u533b\u9662\u90fd\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u3002\u73b0\u5982\u4eca\u5374\u662f‘\u904d\u5730\u5934\u9885\u751f\u9b3c\u706b\uff0c\u7a7a\u6751\u74e6\u783e\u7edd\u4eba\u70df’\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":10380,"lft":828,"rght":829,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T20:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T09:54:34.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":7,"author_id":2139,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":523,"author_name":"A. Zahoor ","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx"},{"id":530,"title":"\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6587\u660e\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5f15\u7528","slug":"uydgh","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:uydgh","hint":"","body":"

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6587\u660e\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

\uff08\u30d1\u30fc\u30c81\uff0f2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30f3\u30fb\u30dc\u30ca\u30d1\u30eb\u30c8<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c6\u30a3\u30e4\u30f3\u30fb\u30b7\u30a7\u30eb\u30d5\u30a3\u8457\u300c\u30dc\u30ca\u30d1\u30eb\u30c8\u3068\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u300d\uff08<\/strong>Christian Cherfils, ‘Bonaparte et Islam,’ Pedone Ed., Paris, France, 1914, pp. 105, 125<\/strong>\uff09\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

-         \u539f\u5178\uff1a“Correspondance de Napoléon Ier Tome V pièce n° 4287 du 17\/07\/1799...”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u300c\u79c1\u306f\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306e\u56fd\u306e\u8ce2\u4eba\u3084\u6559\u990a\u3042\u308b\u8005\u304c\u4e00\u5802\u306b\u4f1a\u3057\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u305f\u7d71\u4e00\u653f\u4f53\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u65e5\u304c\u9060\u304b\u3089\u305a\u3084\u3063\u3066\u6765\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u671b\u3080\u3002\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3053\u305d\u306f\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u552f\u4e00\u4eba\u985e\u3092\u5e78\u798f\u3078\u3068\u5c0e\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30b8\u30fb\u30d0\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u30c9\u30fb\u30b7\u30e7\u30fc\u537f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300c\u771f\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u300d\uff08<\/strong>‘The Genuine Islam’Vol. 1, No. 8, 1936.<\/strong>\uff09\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u3082\u3057\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3001\u3044\u3084\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u3092\u4eca\u5f8c\u6570\u767e\u5e74\u9593\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u3042\u308b\u5b97\u6559\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u79c1\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7d20\u6674\u3089\u3057\u3044\u751f\u547d\u529b\u3086\u3048\u3001\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u306b\u9ad8\u3044\u656c\u610f\u3092\u6255\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u79c1\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3053\u305d\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u306e\u5909\u308f\u308a\u884c\u304f\u5074\u9762\u3092\u6d88\u5316\u3059\u308b\u8a31\u5bb9\u529b\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u8a34\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u601d\u3048\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9—\u5091\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u9593\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u79c1\u306e\u610f\u898b\u3067\u306f\u30a2\u30f3\u30c1\u30fb\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u306a\u3069\u304b\u3089\u306f\u7e01\u9060\u3044\u5b58\u5728—\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5f7c\u3053\u305d\u306f\u4eba\u985e\u306e\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u3068\u547c\u79f0\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u79c1\u306f\u3001\u3082\u3057\u5f7c\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7537\u6027\u304c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u6a29\u3092\u62c5\u3046\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u5f85\u671b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5e73\u548c\u3068\u5e78\u798f\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u8af8\u554f\u984c\u3092\u89e3\u6c7a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6210\u529f\u3059\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3068\u601d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u304c\u3001\u4eca\u65e5\u306e\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u8a31\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306b\u306a\u308a\u59cb\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u660e\u65e5\u306e\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3082\u8a31\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4e88\u6e2c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30d0\u30fc\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u30fb\u30e9\u30c3\u30bb\u30eb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300c\u897f\u6d0b\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u300d\uff08<\/strong>History of Western Philosophy,’ London, 1948, p. 419<\/strong>\uff09\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u897f\u66a6699\u5e74\u304b\u30891000\u5e74\u306b\u6e21\u308b\u671f\u9593\u3092\u8986\u3063\u305f\u3001“\u6697\u9ed2\u6642\u4ee3”\u3068 \u6211\u3005\u304c\u7528\u3044\u308b\u8a00\u3044\u56de\u3057\u306f\u3001\u897f\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u3078\u306e\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u504f\u308a\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u304b\u3089\u30b9\u30da\u30a4\u30f3\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u8f1d\u304b\u3057\u3044\u6587\u660e\u304c\u82b1\u958b\u3044\u305f\u3002\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u56fd\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306e\u640d\u5931\u306f\u6587\u660e\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306e\u640d\u5931\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3080\u3057\u308d\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u9006\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306f\u897f\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u6587\u660e\u3053\u305d\u304c\u6587\u660e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6620\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4e00\u7a2e\u306e\u8996\u754c\u72ed\u7a84\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30cf\u30fc\u30d0\u30fc\u30c9\u30fb\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30b8\u30fb\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u30ba<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300c\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6559\u7fa9\u306f\u516c\u6b63\u304b\u3064\u7a4f\u3084\u304b\u306a\u53d6\u5f15\u3084\u7d20\u884c\u306b\u3001\u5049\u5927\u306a\u4f1d\u7d71\u3092\u6b8b\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u9ad8\u8cb4\u3055\u3068\u5fcd\u8010\u3055\u3067\u3082\u3063\u3066\u9f13\u821e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u3001\u6700\u3082\u9ad8\u3044\u4f4d\u968e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u6559\u3048\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u540c\u6642\u306b\u5b9f\u884c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6559\u3048\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u524d\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u51b7\u9177\u3055\u3084\u96c6\u56e3\u6291\u5727\u3084\u4e0d\u6b63\u304c\u6700\u5c0f\u9650\u306b\u6291\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u793e\u4f1a\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u512a\u3057\u3055\u3068\u793c\u5100\u3068\u53cb\u611b\u3067\u6e80\u3061\u6ea2\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a6\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2\u30e0\u30fb\u30c9\u30ec\u30fc\u30d1\u30fc\u535a\u58eb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300c\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e\u77e5\u7684\u767a\u5c55\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u300d\uff08<\/strong>‘History of Intellectual Development of Europe’<\/strong>\uff09\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u6642\u4ee3\u3001\u6559\u990a\u3042\u308b\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92\u3084\u30e6\u30c0\u30e4\u6559\u5f92\u3089\u306f\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5c0a\u91cd\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u30dd\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u4efb\u547d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3001\u9ad8\u3044\u968e\u4f4d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u653f\u5e9c\u8077\u3092\u4efb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3057\u305f\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\u5f7c\uff08\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30fb\u30cf\u30fc\u30eb\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30b7\u30fc\u30c9\uff09\u306f\u5b66\u8b58\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u7269\u306e\u56fd\u7c4d\u3084\u4fe1\u6761\u306a\u3069\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u5206\u91ce\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u8005\u304c\u6709\u3059\u308b\u5353\u8d8a\u6027\u3053\u305d\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30c8\u30fc\u30de\u30b9\u30fb\u30ab\u30fc\u30e9\u30a4\u30eb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300c\u6b74\u53f2\u4e0a\u306e\u82f1\u96c4\u3001\u82f1\u96c4\u5d07\u62dd\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u82f1\u96c4\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u300d\uff08<\/strong>‘Heroes, Hero Worship, and the Heroic in History,’ Lecture 2, Friday, 8th May 1840<\/strong>\uff09\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306e\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u30de\u30db\u30e1\u30c3\u30c8\u6559\u5f92\uff08\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\uff09\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u5371\u967a\u6027\u3082\u306a\u3044\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u3001\u79c1\u304c\u516c\u6b63\u306b\u305d\u3046\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u9650\u308a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u5168\u3066\u306e\u7f8e\u5fb3\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3064\u3082\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u30dd\u30fc\u30b3\u30c3\u30af\u304c\u3001\u30a8\u30f3\u30c9\u30a6\u8c46\u3092\u30de\u30db\u30e1\u30c3\u30c8\uff08\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\uff09\u306e\u8033\u304b\u3089\u62fe\u3044\u4e0a\u3052\u3001\u5f7c\u306b\u7b46\u8a18\u3055\u305b\u308b\u4e00\u4eba\u306e\u5929\u4f7f\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3092\u901a\u308a\u904e\u304e\u305f\u30cf\u30c8\u306e\u7269\u8a9e\u306e\u8a3c\u660e\u306f\u3069\u3053\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3001\u3068\u30b0\u30ed\u30c1\u30a6\u30b9\u306b\u5c0b\u306d\u305f\u6642\u3001\u30b0\u30ed\u30c1\u30a6\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u8a3c\u62e0\u306a\u3069\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3001\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff01\uff08\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f53\u6642\u6d41\u5e03\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u60aa\u8a55\u306f\u3001\u634f\u9020\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3002\uff09\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u5f7c\u306f\u52e4\u52c9\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u7aae\u4e4f\u3057\u305f\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u4fd7\u4e16\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u7a3c\u3050\u3082\u306e\u306b\u306f\u5168\u304f\u7121\u95a2\u5fc3\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u6c7a\u3057\u3066\u60aa\u3044\u4eba\u7269\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306a\u3089\u300123\u5e74\u9593\u306b\u3082\u6e21\u308a\u5f7c\u306e\u5143\u306b\u5fe0\u5b9f\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u6570\u3005\u3082\u306e\u6226\u3044\u3092\u7e70\u308a\u5e83\u3052\u3066\u304d\u305f\u8352\u3005\u3057\u3044\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f\u5f7c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7a7a\u8179\u611f\u306b\u3082\u512a\u308b\u4f55\u304b\u304c\u5f7c\u306b\u306f\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u66b4\u767a\u3057\u3001\u53d6\u308b\u306b\u8db3\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7406\u7531\u306b\u8a00\u3044\u4e89\u3044\u3084\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u7a2e\u985e\u306e\u6b8b\u5fcd\u306a\u5358\u7d14\u3055\u3078\u3068\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u308b\u91ce\u86ee\u306a\u7537\u305f\u3061\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u76f8\u5fdc\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3068\u52c7\u6c17\u304c\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u547d\u4ee4\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u8005\u306f\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u5f7c\u3092\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3068\u547c\u3093\u3060\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6bc5\u7136\u3068\u3057\u305f\u614b\u5ea6\u3067\u5411\u304d\u5408\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3082\u306a\u306b\u3072\u3068\u3064\u5305\u307f\u96a0\u3055\u305a\u3001\u3042\u308a\u306e\u307e\u307e\u306e\u59ff\u3067\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u5916\u8863\u3084\u9774\u3092\u7e55\u3044\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u6226\u3044\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u3001\u6307\u5c0e\u3057\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u5f7c\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4eba\u7269\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3092\u76ee\u306b\u3057\u3001\u826f\u304f\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306f\u305a\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5f7c\u304c\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u540d\u3067\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3001\u51a0\u3092\u6234\u304f\u7687\u5e1d\u3067\u3055\u3048\u3082\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u7e55\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u5916\u8863\u3092\u7e8f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u5f7c\u307b\u3069\u306b\u5f93\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u53f2\u5b9f\u306b\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300123\u5e74\u306b\u3082\u6e21\u308b\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u8a66\u7df4\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u898b\u3066\u3082\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3053\u3068\u304c\u771f\u306e\u82f1\u96c4\u306b\u306f\u6b20\u304b\u305b\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u306e\u3060\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u3068\u30de\u30db\u30e1\u30c3\u30c8\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7537\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30ea\u30fc\u304b\u3089\u30b0\u30e9\u30ca\u30c0\u307e\u3067\u5929\u9ad8\u304f\u71c3\u3048\u4e0a\u304c\u3063\u305f\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u706b\u85ac\u7c89\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3001\u4e00\u9583\u306e\u706b\u82b1\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u308d\u3046\u304b\uff01\u305d\u306e\u5049\u5927\u306a\u308b\u7537\u306f\u3044\u3064\u3082\u3001\u5929\u306e\u5f7c\u65b9\u306e\u96fb\u5149\u306e\u3088\u3046\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3001\u3068\u79c1\u306f\u8a00\u304a\u3046\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u5168\u3066\u306e\u4eba\u985e\u306f\u3001\u307e\u308b\u3067\u71c3\u6599\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5f7c\u3092\u5f85\u3061\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u5f7c\u3089\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u706b\u3092\u5674\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b…\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u30d1\u30fc\u30c82\uff0f2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u30d5\u30a3\u30ea\u30c3\u30d7\u30fb\u30d2\u30c3\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300c\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u307f\u308b\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u300d\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“\u4e2d\u4e16\u521d\u982d\u3001\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba—\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u534a\u5cf6\u306b\u4f4f\u3080\u4eba\u3005\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3059\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u542b\u3081\u305f\u5834\u5408<\/em>—\u3088\u308a\u3082\u4eba\u985e\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5bc4\u4e0e\u3092\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u4ed6\u306b\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u6975\u6771\u3092\u9664\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6570\u4e16\u7d00\u3082\u306e\u9577\u304d\u306b\u6e21\u3063\u3066\u5b66\u554f\u3084\u6587\u5316\u306b\u4ee3\u8868\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6587\u660e\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u77e5\u7684\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u3063\u305f\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u30029\u4e16\u7d00\u304b\u308912\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5b66\u554f\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3001\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u3088\u308a\u3082\u983b\u7e41\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u8a00\u8a9e\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30ab\u30eb\u30e9\u30fb\u30c7\u30f4\u30a9\u30fc<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300c\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u300d\uff08\u30d1\u30ea\u3001<\/strong>1921<\/strong>\u5e74\uff09\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5370\u7528<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u30e0\u30ac\u30fc\u30eb\u5e1d\u56fd\uff081526—1857\uff09\u304c\u3001\u30bf\u30fc\u30b8\u30fb\u30de\u30cf\u30eb\uff081648\u5e74\u5b8c\u6210\uff09\u3084\u3001\u30a2\u30d6\u30eb\u30fb\u30d5\u30a1\u30ba\u30eb\u306e‘\u30a2\u30af\u30d0\u30eb\u30fb\u30ca\u30e1”\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u307e\u3067\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u898b\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5efa\u7bc9\u7f8e\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5fd8\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u306a\u3044\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3067\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

‘\u4eba\u751f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u5074\u9762\u304c\u8003\u5bdf\u3001\u63cf\u5199\u3055\u308c\u3001\u751f\u304d\u751f\u304d\u3057\u305f\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30a2\u3068\u77e5\u8b58\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e26\u5916\u308c\u305f\u6210\u679c\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u7729\u60d1\u3055\u305b\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u9032\u6b69\u306f\u3001\u6771\u6d0b\u6587\u660e\u304c\u5802\u3005\u3068\u8a87\u308b\u3079\u304d\u529f\u7e3e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3067\u305d\u306e\u5929\u624d\u6027\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u306b\u3057\u305f\u7537\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u6280\u5de7\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6642\u4ee3\u3092\u9065\u304b\u306b\u5148\u53d6\u308a\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u6050\u3089\u304f\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u63a8\u6e2c\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3082\u9032\u6b69\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\u8005\u3068\u8a69\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u3084\u7269\u8cea\u3068\u63a5\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u89b3\u6e2c\u3001\u5206\u985e\u3001\u8a08\u7b97\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u6d6e\u304b\u3093\u3060\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30a2\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u7167\u3089\u3055\u308c\u3066\u691c\u67fb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u96c4\u5f01\u3055\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u540c\u6642\u306b\u7d71\u8a08\u304b\u3089\u3082\u88cf\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002’<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\u5bdb\u5bb9\u306e\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u6b63\u7fa9\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u4eba\u9593\u6027\u304c\u3001\u30a2\u30af\u30d0\u30eb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9577\u671f\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u9855\u73fe\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30de\u30eb\u30bb\u30eb\u30fb\u30af\u30ec\u30eb\u30b8\u30a7<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300c La Turquie, Passe et Present\uff08\u30c8\u30eb\u30b3\u2015\u305d\u306e\u73fe\u5728\u3068\u904e\u53bb\uff09\u300d\uff08\u30d1\u30ea\u30011938\u5e74\uff09\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

“\u30b9\u30ec\u30a4\u30de\u30f3\u5927\u5e1d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d71\u6cbb\u306e\u30aa\u30b9\u30de\u30f3\u5e1d\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6cd5\u3068\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u305f\u9ad8\u3044\u6587\u5316\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u767a\u898b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u3001\u30da\u30eb\u30b7\u30e3\u8a9e\u3001\u30c8\u30eb\u30b3\u8a9e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u82b1\u3092\u54b2\u304b\u305b\u305f\u6587\u82b8\u4f5c\u54c1\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30d6\u30fc\u30eb\u3001\u30d6\u30eb\u30b5\u3001\u30a8\u30c7\u30a3\u30eb\u30cd\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u5efa\u7bc9\u7269\u3001\u8c6a\u83ef\u7523\u696d\u306e\u6025\u9a30\u3001\u5bae\u5ef7\u8cb4\u65cf\u3084\u9ad8\u5b98\u305f\u3061\u306e\u8d05\u6ca2\u306a\u66ae\u3089\u3057\u3001\u307e\u305f\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5bdb\u5bb9\u3055\u306a\u3069\u304c\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30c8\u30eb\u30b3\u3001\u30d3\u30b6\u30f3\u30c1\u30f3\u3001\u30a4\u30bf\u30ea\u30a2\u306b\u3088\u308b\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u306e\u6df7\u5408\u304c\u3001\u30aa\u30b9\u30de\u30f3\u5e1d\u56fd\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6700\u3082\u753b\u671f\u7684\u306a\u6642\u4ee3\u3092\u5275\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9577\u8001\u30de\u30a4\u30b1\u30eb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300c<\/strong> <\/strong>Michael the Elder, Chronique de Michael Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d’ Antioche<\/strong>\uff08\u9577\u8001\u30de\u30a4\u30b1\u30eb<\/strong>\u2015<\/strong>\u30a2\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30aa\u30ad\u30a2\u306e\u30b7\u30ea\u30a2\u6b63\u6559\u4f1a\u30fb\u7dcf\u4e3b\u6559\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5e74\u4ee3\u8a18\u300d\uff08<\/strong>J.B. Chabot, Editor, Vol. II, Paris, 1901<\/strong>\uff09\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f15\u7528<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u3053\u308c\u3053\u305d\u304c\u3001\u552f\u4e00\u306b\u3057\u3066\u5168\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306f\u6ec5\u3076\u3079\u304d\u904b\u547d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5e1d\u56fd\u306e\u904b\u547d\u3092\u63e1\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5fa1\u5fc3\u306e\u304b\u306a\u3046\u4eba\u7269\u306b\u6388\u3051\u3001\u305d\u306e\u652f\u914d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6211\u3005\u306e\u6559\u4f1a\u3084\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u304b\u3089\u51b7\u9177\u306b\u3082\u7565\u596a\u3057\u7121\u60c5\u306b\u3082\u6211\u3005\u3092\u7834\u6ec5\u306b\u5c0e\u3044\u305f\u30ed\u30fc\u30de\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306e\u51f6\u60aa\u6027\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u306b\u3057\u3001\u5357\u65b9\u304b\u3089\u30a4\u30b7\u30de\u30a8\u30eb\u306e\u5b50\u5b6b\uff08\u8a33\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u306e\u3053\u3068\uff09\u3092\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30ed\u30fc\u30de\u4eba\u306e\u624b\u304b\u3089\u9003\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u3088\u3046\u5dee\u3057\u5411\u3051\u305f\u3001\u5fa9\u8b90\u306e\u795e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3057\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u6211\u3005\u304c\u4f55\u3089\u304b\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u3092\u88ab\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30ab\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u6559\u4f1a\u304c\u596a\u308f\u308c\u3001\u30ab\u30eb\u30b1\u30c9\u30f3\u6d3e\u306b\u8b72\u6e21\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u6240\u6709\u306b\u7559\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f\u753a\u3092\u5360\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5404\u5b97\u6d3e\u306b\u6559\u4f1a\u3092\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u305f\u304c\uff08\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u5f53\u6642\u3001\u65e2\u306b\u30db\u30e0\u30b9\u3068\u30cf\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u5927\u6559\u4f1a\u306f\u6211\u3005\u304b\u3089\u596a\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002\uff09\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3082\u95a2\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u30ed\u30fc\u30de\u4eba\u306e\u6211\u3005\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u51f6\u60aa\u6027\u3001\u7370\u731b\u6027\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6b8b\u8650\u6027\u3001\u307e\u305f\u6211\u3005\u304c\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u3082\u3068\u306b\u623b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u6211\u3005\u306b\u53d6\u3063\u3066\u5c11\u3057\u3082\u597d\u90fd\u5408\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002\uff08\u30b7\u30ea\u30a2\u6b63\u6559\u4f1a\u306e\u7dcf\u4e3b\u6559\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a2\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30aa\u30ad\u30a2\uff3b\u73fe\u5728\u306f\u30c8\u30eb\u30b3\u306e\u4e00\u90fd\u5e02\uff3d\u306e\u9577\u8001\u30de\u30a4\u30b1\u30eb\u306f\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u304c\u305d\u306e\u5730\u57df\u3092\u5f81\u670d\u3057\u305f5\u4e16\u7d00\u5f8c\u306e12\u4e16\u7d00\u5f8c\u534a\u306b\u3053\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u8a18\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002628\u5e74\u306b\u30b7\u30ca\u30a4\u5c71\u306e\u8056\u30ab\u30c8\u30ea\u30fc\u30cc\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u306e\u4fee\u9053\u58eb\u5b9b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9001\u3089\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u9023\u66f8\u7c21\u3092\u8aad\u3080\u306b\u306f\u3053\u3053<\/a>\u3092\u30af\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u3057\u3066\u4e0b\u3055\u3044\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30d0\u30b4\u30c3\u30c8\u30fb\u30b0\u30e9\u30d6\u537f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30fb\u30de\u30a2\u30e0\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u652f\u914d\uff08813—833\uff09\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u77e5\u8b58\u7fd2\u5f97\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9ec4\u91d1\u6642\u4ee3\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u66f8\u7269\u3084\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u63a2\u6c42\u306b\u8eab\u3092\u6367\u3052\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306e\u512a\u308c\u305f\u77e5\u6027\u306f\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u5206\u91ce\u306e\u77e5\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u8208\u5473\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3001\u8a69\u3070\u304b\u308a\u3067\u306a\u304f\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6cd5\u5b66\u306b\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u6642\u9593\u3092\u3064\u304e\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u30de\u30a2\u30e0\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30d0\u30b0\u30c0\u30c3\u30c9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u533b\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u6d3b\u767a\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30cf\u30fc\u30eb\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30c3\uff1d\u30e9\u30b7\u30fc\u30c9\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u306f\u3001\u521d\u306e\u7121\u6599\u516c\u7acb\u75c5\u9662\u304c\u30d0\u30b0\u30c0\u30c3\u30c9\u306b\u958b\u8a2d\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6280\u8853\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3059\u308b\u3068\u5171\u306b\u3001\u5185\u79d1\u533b\u3001\u5916\u79d1\u533b\u306f\u533b\u5b66\u751f\u305f\u3061\u3078\u306e\u8b1b\u5e2b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4efb\u547d\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5b9f\u8df5\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u751f\u5f92\u9054\u3078\u514d\u72b6\u3092\u767a\u884c\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30b8\u30d7\u30c8\u521d\u306e\u75c5\u9662\u304c872\u5e74\u306b\u958b\u8a2d\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u30b9\u30da\u30a4\u30f3\u30fb\u30de\u30b0\u30ea\u30d7\u304b\u3089\u30da\u30eb\u30b7\u30e3\u3092\u8de8\u3044\u3060\u5e1d\u56fd\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u516c\u7acb\u75c5\u9662\u304c\u666e\u53ca\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30d5\u30e9\u30b0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30d0\u30b0\u30c0\u30c3\u30c9\u30fb\u30db\u30ed\u30b3\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\uff08<\/strong>1258<\/strong>\u5e74\uff09\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u8857\u306f\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u306a\u7565\u596a\u3001\u7834\u58ca\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u706b\u6253\u3061\u306e\u6182\u304d\u76ee\u306b\u906d\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f53\u664280\u4e07\u4eba\u3082\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u6bba\u5bb3\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30fb\u30e0\u30b9\u30bf\u30a2\u30b9\u30a3\u30e0\u306f\u888b\u8a70\u3081\u306b\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30e2\u30f3\u30b4\u30eb\u8ecd\u306e\u8ecd\u99ac\u306b\u8e0f\u307f\u3064\u3076\u3055\u308c\u3066\u51e6\u5211\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “500\u5e74\u9593\u306b\u6e21\u308a\u3001\u30d0\u30b0\u30c0\u30c3\u30c9\u306f\u5bae\u6bbf\u3084\u30e2\u30b9\u30af\u3001\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5927\u5b66\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u8853\u90fd\u5e02\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5927\u5b66\u3068\u75c5\u9662\u306e\u6570\u3005\u306f\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u6700\u5148\u7aef\u3092\u884c\u304f\u512a\u79c0\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u73fe\u5728\u3067\u306f\u74e6\u792b\u306e\u5c71\u3084\u4eba\u306e\u6b7b\u81ed\u306e\u4ed6\u306b\u306f\u4f55\u3082\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":8302,"lft":830,"rght":831,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T20:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T11:58:07.000000Z","language_id":16,"user_id":7,"author_id":2139,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":523,"author_name":"A. Zahoor ","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Quotations on Islamic Civilization.docx"}],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?articles_page=1","from":1,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?articles_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?articles_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":8,"total":8},"fatawas":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?fatawas_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?fatawas_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139?fatawas_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2139","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"books_total":0,"videos_total":0,"audios_total":0,"fatawas_total":0,"articles_total":8,"q":"","count":8}