{"title":"Paul Vallely","author":{"id":2140,"name":"Paul Vallely","slug":"paul_vallely","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-08-03T08:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-08-03T08:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Paul Vallely"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":531,"title":"How Muslim inventors changed the world","slug":"how-muslim-inventors-changed-the-world","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:how-muslim-inventors-changed-the-world","hint":"","body":"

How Muslim inventors changed the world<\/span><\/h1>\r\n


<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

From coffee to cheques and the three-course meal, the Muslim world has given us many innovations that we in the West take for granted.  Here are 20 of their most influential innovations:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(1)  The story goes that an Arab named Khalid was tending his goats in the Kaffa region of southern Ethiopia, when he noticed his animals became livelier after eating a certain berry.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

He boiled the berries to make the first coffee.  Certainly the first record of the drink is of beans exported from Ethiopia to Yemen where some Muslims drank it to stay awake all night to pray on special occasions.  By the late 15th century it had arrived in Makkah and Turkey from where it made its way to Venice in 1645.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

It was brought to England in 1650 by a Turk named Pasqua Rosee who opened the first coffee house in Lombard Street in the City of London.  The Arabic “qahwa” became the Turkish “kahve” then the Italian “caffé” and then English “coffee”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(2)  The ancient Greeks thought our eyes emitted rays, like a laser, which enabled us to see.  The first person to realise that light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

He invented the first pin-hole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in window shutters.  The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and set up the first Camera Obscura (from the Arab word “qamara” for a dark or private room).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

He is also credited with being the first man to shift physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(3)  A form of chess was played in ancient India but the game was developed into the form we know it today in Persia.  From there it spread westward to Europe — where it was introduced by the Moors in Spain in the 10th century — and eastward as far as Japan.  The word “rook” comes from the Persian “rukh”, which means chariot.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(4)  A thousand years before the Wright brothers, a Muslim poet, astronomer, and engineer named Abbas ibn Firnas made several attempts to construct a flying machine.  In 852 he jumped from the minaret of the Grand Mosque in Cordoba using a loose cloak stiffened with wooden struts.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

He hoped to glide like a bird.  He didn’t.  But the cloak slowed his fall, creating what is thought to be the first parachute, and leaving him with only minor injuries.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In 875, aged 70, having perfected a machine of silk and eagles’ feathers he tried again, jumping from a mountain.  He flew to a significant height and stayed aloft for ten minutes but crashed on landing — concluding, correctly, that it was because he had not given his device a tail so it would stall on landing.  Baghdad international airport and a crater on the Moon are named after him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(5)  Washing and bathing are religious requirements for Muslims, which is perhaps why they perfected the recipe for soap which we still use today.  The ancient Egyptians had soap of a kind, as did the Romans who used it more as pomade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

But it was the Arabs who combined vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide and aromatics such as thyme oil.  One of the Crusaders’ most striking characteristics, to Arab nostrils, was that they did not wash.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Shampoo was introduced to England by a Muslim who opened Mahomed’s Indian Vapour Baths on Brighton seafront in 1759 and was appointed Shampooing Surgeon to Kings George IV and William IV.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(6)  Distillation, the means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points, was invented around the year 800 by Islam’s foremost scientist, Jabir ibn Hayyan, who transformed alchemy into chemistry, inventing many of the basic processes and apparatus still in use today — liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation and filtration.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As well as discovering sulphuric and nitric acid, he invented the alembic still, giving the world intense rosewater and other perfumes and alcoholic spirits (although drinking them forbidden, in Islam).  Ibn Hayyan emphasised systematic experimentation and was the founder of modern chemistry.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(7)  The crank-shaft is a device which translates rotary into linear motion and is central to much of the machinery in the modern world, not least the internal combustion engine.  One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind, it was created by an ingenious Muslim engineer called al-Jazari to raise water for irrigation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

His Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (1206) shows he also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, devised some of the first mechanical clocks driven by water and weights, and was the father of robotics.  Among his 50 other inventions was the combination lock.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(8)  Quilting is a method of sewing or tying two layers of cloth with a layer of insulating material in between.  It is not clear whether it was invented in the Muslim world or whether it was imported there from India or China.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

However, it certainly came to the West via the Crusaders.  They saw it used by Saracen warriors, who wore straw-filled quilted canvas shirts instead of armour.  As well as a form of protection, it proved an effective guard against the chafing of the Crusaders’ metal armour and was an effective form of insulation — so much so that it became a cottage industry back home in colder climates such as Britain and Holland.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(9)  The pointed arch so characteristic of Europe’s Gothic cathedrals was an invention borrowed from Islamic architecture.  It was much stronger than the rounded arch used by the Romans and Normans, thus allowing the building of bigger, higher, more complex and grander buildings.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Other borrowings from Muslim genius included ribbed vaulting, rose windows and dome-building techniques.  Europe’s castles were also adapted to copy the Islamic world’s — with arrow slits, battlements, a barbican and parapets.  Square towers and keeps gave way to more easily defended round ones.  The architect of Henry V’s castle was a Muslim.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":19225,"lft":833,"rght":846,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T21:18:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T11:32:19.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":2140,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"Paul Vallely","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx"},{"id":532,"title":"C\u00f3mo los inventores musulmanes cambiaron al mundo","slug":"cmo-los-inventores-musulmanes-cambiaron-al-mundo","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:cmo-los-inventores-musulmanes-cambiaron-al-mundo","hint":"","body":"

Cómo los inventores musulmanes cambiaron al mundo<\/span><\/h1>\r\n


<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Desde el café hasta los cheques y la comida de tres platos, el mundo musulmán nos ha dado muchas innovaciones que en Occidente damos por sentadas. He aquí 20 de sus innovaciones más influyentes:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(1)  La historia cuenta que un árabe de nombre Jalid estaba cuidando sus cabras en la región de Kaffa en el sur de Etiopia, cuando se dio cuenta de que sus animales se ponían más activos cuando comían una baya determinada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Él hirvió las bayas e hizo el primer café. Ciertamente, el primer registro de esta bebida es de granos exportados de Etiopia al Yemen, donde algunos musulmanes lo bebían para mantenerse despiertos toda la noche para rezar en ocasiones especiales. Pero a fines del siglo XV llegó a La Meca y Turquía, desde donde viajó a Venecia en 1645.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Fue llevado a Inglaterra en 1650 por un turco llamado Pasqua Rosee, quien abrió el primer café en Lombard Street en la ciudad de Londres. De la palabra árabe qahwa<\/em> viene la turca kahve<\/em>, y de ella vienen la italiana caffé<\/em>, la inglesacoffee<\/em> y la española “café”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(2)  Los griegos antiguos creían que nuestros ojos emitían rayos, como un láser, que nos permitían ver. La primera persona en darse cuenta de que la luz entra en el ojo en lugar de salir de él, fue el matemático, astrónomo y físico musulmán del siglo X Ibn Al Haizam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Él inventó la primera cámara estenopeica después de notar la forma en que la luz pasa a través de un agujero en las persianas de las ventanas. Cuanto más pequeño es el agujero, mejor es la imagen; él trabajó y construyó la primera cámara oscura (del árabe qamara<\/em> para una habitación oscura o privada).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

También se le atribuye haber sido el primer hombre en hacer que la física pase de ser una actividad filosófica a una experimental.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(3)  En la antigua India se jugó una forma de ajedrez, pero el juego fue desarrollado a la forma que hoy conocemos en Persia. De allí se difundió hacia el oeste a Europa —fue introducido en España por los moros en el siglo X— y hacia el este hasta Japón. La palabra rook<\/em> (nombre en inglés de la torre del ajedrez) proviene del persa ruj<\/em>, que significa carro (de ahí la palabra “enroque”).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(4)  Mil años antes que los hermanos Wright, un poeta, astrónomo e ingeniero musulmán llamado Abbas Ibn Firnas realizó varios intentos de construir una máquina voladora. En 852 saltó del minarete de la Gran Mezquita de Córdoba utilizando un manto suelto sostenido con puntales de madera.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Esperaba deslizarse como un pájaro. No lo hizo, pero el manto ralentizó su caída, creando lo que se cree es el primer paracaídas, y dejándolo apenas con lesiones menores.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En 875, a la edad de 70 años, después de perfeccionar una máquina de seda y plumas de águila, lo intentó de nuevo saltando desde una montaña. Voló a una altura considerable y permaneció en el aire durante diez minutos, pero se estrelló al aterrizar. Concluyó correctamente que se debió a que no había dotado a su aparato de una cola, por lo que perdió el control durante el aterrizaje. El aeropuerto internacional de Bagdad y un cráter en la Luna llevan su nombre.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(5)  Lavarse y bañarse son requerimientos religiosos para los musulmanes, y quizás es por eso que ellos perfeccionaron la receta del jabón que todavía utilizamos hoy día. Los antiguos egipcios tenían un tipo de jabón, al igual que los romanos que lo utilizaban más como pomada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Pero fueron los árabes quienes combinaron aceites vegetales con hidróxido de sodio y compuestos aromáticos, como el aceite de tomillo. Para los musulmanes, una de las características más llamativas de los cruzados era que no se lavaban.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El champú fue introducido a Inglaterra por un musulmán que abrió el establecimiento “Baños de vapor indios de Mahomed” en la playa de Brighton en 1759, y fue designado como “Cirujano de Champú para los Reyes George IV y William IV”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(6)  La destilación, el medio para separar líquidos gracias a sus diferentes puntos de ebullición, fue inventada alrededor del año 800 por el científico pionero en el Islam Yabir Ibn Hayyan, que transformó la alquimia en química, inventando muchos de los procesos y aparatos aún en uso en la actualidad: licuefacción, cristalización, destilación, purificación, oxidación, evaporación y filtración.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Igualmente, descubrió los ácidos sulfúrico y nítrico, e inventó el alambique, para la fabricación de agua de rosas y otros perfumes (el uso del alambique para producir bebidas alcohólicas destiladas está prohibido en el Islam). Ibn Hayyan hizo énfasis en la experimentación sistemática y fue el fundador de la química moderna.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(7)  El cigüeñal es un dispositivo que convierte el movimiento giratorio en lineal, y es fundamental para mucha de la maquinaria del mundo moderno, comenzando por el motor de combustión interna. Es uno de los inventos mecánicos más importantes en la historia de la humanidad, y fue creado por un ingeniero musulmán ingenioso llamado Al Yazari para elevar agua para el riego.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Su “Libro del conocimiento de dispositivos mecánicos ingeniosos” (1206) muestra que también inventó o perfeccionó el uso de válvulas y pistones, ideó algunos de los primeros relojes mecánicos accionados por agua y pesos, y fue el padre de la robótica. Entre sus otras 50 invenciones está la cerradura de combinación.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(8)  Acolchar es un método de coser o atar dos capas de tela con una capa de material aislante en medio. No está claro si fue inventado en el mundo musulmán o si fue importado de India o China.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sin embargo, lo cierto es que llegó a Occidente a través de los cruzados. Ellos vieron que lo usaban los guerreros sarracenos, que llevaban camisas de lona acolchadas con paja en lugar de armadura. Además de ser una forma de protección, probó ser un protector efectivo contra el roce de la armadura de metal de los cruzados y una forma eficaz de aislamiento, tanto así que se convirtió en una industria artesanal cuando los cruzados regresaron a climas más fríos, como Gran Bretaña y Holanda.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(9)  El arco ojival, tan característico de las catedrales góticas europeas, fue un invento tomado de la arquitectura islámica. Era mucho más fuerte que el arco de medio punto utilizado por romanos y normandos, por lo que permitía la construcción de edificios más grandes, altos, complejos y grandiosos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Otros inventos tomados del genio musulmán incluyen la bóveda de crucería, el rosetón y las técnicas de construcción de domos. Los castillos europeos también fueron adaptados para copiar a los del mundo islámico, con aspilleras, almenas, una barbacana y parapetos. Las torres y guardias cuadradas dieron lugar a las redondeadas, más fáciles de defender. La arquitectura del castillo de Enrique V, de Inglaterra era musulmana.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":13882,"lft":844,"rght":845,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T21:18:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T11:30:38.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":7,"author_id":2140,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":531,"author_name":"Paul Vallely","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx"},{"id":533,"title":"Comment des inventeurs musulmans ont chang\u00e9 le monde","slug":"comment-des-inventeurs-musulmans-ont-chang-le-monde","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:comment-des-inventeurs-musulmans-ont-chang-le-monde","hint":"","body":"

Comment des inventeurs musulmans ont changé le monde<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Du café aux chèques, en passant par les repas à trois services, le monde musulman est à l’origine de plusieurs innovations que nous prenons pour acquises, en Occident.  De ces inventions, voici les neuf plus connues :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(1)  On raconte qu’un Arabe prénommé Khalid s’occupait de sa chèvre, dans la région de Kaffa, au sud de l’Éthiopie, lorsqu’il remarqua que celle-ci devenait plus éveillée après avoir mangé des grains rouges sur un arbuste.  Il fit bouillir ces grains et en fit ainsi le premier café. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cette histoire n’est peut-être qu’une histoire, mais nous savons de source sûre que la première exportation de café se fit de l’Éthiopie au Yémen, où des musulmans le consommaient pour rester éveillés toute la nuit lors d’occasions spéciales.  Vers la fin du quinzième siècle, on trouvait du café à la Mecque et en Turquie, d’où il trouva son chemin jusqu’à Venise, en 1645.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il fut acheminé en Angleterre en 1650, par un Turc nommé Pasqua Rosee, qui ouvrit le premier café sur la Lombard Street, à Londres.  Le « qahwa » arabe devint le « kahve » turc, qui se transforma en « caffè » italien, pour devenir le « coffee » anglais et le « café » français.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(2)  Les Grecs anciens croyaient que nos yeux émettaient des rayons, comme les lasers, et que c’est cela qui nous permettait de voir.  Le premier à réaliser qu’en fait, la lumière entre dans l’œil plutôt que d’en sortir fut le mathématicien, astronome et physicien du 10e<\/sup> siècle Ibn al-Haitham.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il inventa le premier appareil à sténopé après avoir remarqué comment la lumière passait au travers des volets des fenêtres.  Il en déduisit que plus le trou était petit, plus l’image était claire.  Il inventa la première camera obscura (du mot arabe « qamara », qui fait référence à une pièce sombre ou privée).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il est également reconnu comme le premier homme à avoir fait passer la physique de son statut d’activité philosophique à celui d’activité expérimentale concrète.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(3)  Une forme de jeu d’échecs existait dans l’Inde ancienne, mais le jeu tel que nous le connaissons aujourd’hui fut développé en Perse.  Puis, il fut introduit en Europe, et plus particulièrement en Espagne, par les Maures, au 10e<\/sup> siècle, pour ensuite être exporté vers l’Est, aussi loin qu’au Japon.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(4)  Mille ans avant les frères Wright, un poète, astronome et ingénieur musulman du nom d’Abbas ibn Firnas tenta à plusieurs reprises de construire une machine volante.  En 852, il sauta du minaret de la grande mosquée de Cordoba à l’aide d’une grande cape qu’il avait raidie en y collant de petites planches de bois.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il croyait pouvoir voler comme un oiseau, mais il n’y parvint pas.  Toutefois, la cape ralentit sa chute, ce qui lui évita des blessures graves.  Il venait de créer, sans le savoir, l’ancêtre du parachute.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En 875, alors âgé de 70 ans, il parfait une machine faite de soie et de plumes d’aigle et tente, cette fois, de sauter d’une montagne.  Étonnamment, il demeure en vol durant plus de dix minutes, mais s’écrase à l’atterrissage.  Il conclut, avec raison, qu’il avait raté son atterrissage parce qu’il n’avait pas fabriqué de queue à son appareil, ce qui aurait amorti sa chute.  L’aéroport de Bagdad et un cratère lunaire portent son nom.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(5) Les ablutions et le bain complet sont des prescriptions religieuses, chez les musulmans.  C’est peut-être la raison pour laquelle ils ont parfait la recette du savon tel que nous le connaissons aujourd’hui.  Les anciens Égyptiens utilisaient un savon similaire, tout comme les Romains, qui l’utilisaient plutôt comme pommade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mais ce sont les Arabes qui combinèrent des huiles végétales, de l’hydroxyde de sodium et des huiles essentielles telles l’huile de thym.  Aux yeux des Arabes, l’une des caractéristiques les plus frappantes des Croisés était qu’ils ne se lavaient pas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le shampooing fut introduit en Angleterre par un musulman qui ouvrit les bains publics Mohammed’s Indian Vapour Baths en bordure de mer, à Brighton, en 1759, et qui fut nommé spécialiste du shampooing des rois George IV et William IV.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(6)  La distillation, qui est un procédé de séparation de substances liquides dont les températures d'ébullition sont différentes, fut inventée vers l’an 800 par le plus grand scientifique musulman, Jabir ibn Hayyan, qui transforma l’alchimie en chimie, inventant plusieurs des processus de base de la chimie, de même que les instruments nécessaires à ces processus – liquéfaction, cristallisation, distillation, purification, oxydation, évaporation et filtration.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En plus de découvrir les acides nitrique et sulfurique, il inventa l’alambic, avec lequel il fabriqua de l’eau de rose et d’autres parfums.  Ibn Hayyan mit l’accent sur l’expérimentation systématique et fut le fondateur de la chimie moderne.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(7)  Le vilebrequin est un instrument qui transforme le mouvement rotatif en mouvement linéaire et qui est essentiel à la machinerie des temps modernes.  L’une des inventions mécaniques les plus importantes de l’histoire de l’humanité, il fut inventé par un musulman ingénieux du nom d’Al-Jazari, pour puiser l’eau nécessaire à l’irrigation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Son Livre du savoir sur les instruments mécaniques ingénieux (1206) nous apprend qu’il a également inventé ou raffiné l’usage des valves et des pistons, conçu l’une des premières horloges mécaniques activées par de l’eau et des poids et qu’il fut le père de la robotique.  Parmi sa cinquantaine d’inventions, on retrouve le cadenas à combinaison.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(8)  Le matelassage est une méthode de couture visant à insérer et à coudre, entre deux couches de tissu, une couche de matériel isolant.  Nous ne savons pas si cette méthode fut inventée en terre d’islam ou si elle y fut importée de l’Inde ou de la Chine.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Toutefois, cette technique a sans doute fait son apparition en Occident par l’intermédiaire des Croisés.  Ils la virent utilisée par les guerriers sarrasins, qui portaient des chemises de toile rembourrées avec de la paille plutôt que des armures.  En plus d’être une forme de protection, elles étaient efficaces contre l’abrasion des armures métalliques des Croisés, en plus d’être isolantes – à tel point qu’elles devinrent une industrie artisanale dans les pays au climat plus frais, comme la Grande-Bretagne et la Hollande.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(9)  Les arcs en ogive, si caractéristiques des cathédrales gothiques européennes, furent empruntés à l’architecture musulmane.  Ces arcs étaient beaucoup plus solides que les arcs arrondis utilisés par les Romains et les Normands, permettant des édifices plus grands, plus hauts et plus complexes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Autres emprunts au monde musulman : les croisées d’ogives, les rosaces et les techniques de construction des dômes.  Les châteaux européens empruntèrent de multiples caractéristiques aux édifices du monde musulman : les meurtrières, les remparts, les barbacanes et les parapets, entre autres.  Aussi, les tours et les châteaux-forts carrés cédèrent la place aux constructions arrondies, plus faciles à défendre.  L’architecte du château d’Henry V était musulman.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":10717,"lft":842,"rght":843,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T21:18:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T11:35:37.000000Z","language_id":9,"user_id":7,"author_id":2140,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":531,"author_name":"Paul Vallely","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx"},{"id":534,"title":"Wie muslimische Erfinder die Welt ver\u00e4nderten","slug":"wie-muslimische-erfinder-die-welt-vernderten","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:wie-muslimische-erfinder-die-welt-vernderten","hint":"","body":"

Wie muslimische Erfinder die Welt veränderten<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Von Kaffee bis hin zu Schecks und dem Drei-Gänge Menü, die muslimische Welt hat uns viele Neuerungen gebracht, die wir im Westen für selbstverständlich halten.  Hier sind 20 der einflussreichsten Erneuerungen:. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

(1)  Die Geschichte fing damit an, das sein Araber namens Khalid seine Ziegen in der Kaffa-Region im Süden von Äthiopien weiden ließ, da bemerkte er, dass die Tiere lebhafter wurden, nachdem sie bestimmte Beeren gefressen hatten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Er kochte diese Beeren, und machte den ersten Kaffee.  Die erste Überlieferung von diesem Getränk aus Bohnen, die von Äthiopien nach Jemen exportiert worden waren, ist sicherlich die, wo einige Muslime es tranken, um bei besonderen Gelegenheiten, die ganze Nacht wach zu bleiben, um beten zu können.  Im späten 15.Jahrhundert hatte er Mekka und die Türkei  erreicht, von wo aus er 1645 seinen Weg nach Venedig antrat. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Er wurde 1650 von einem Türken namens Pasqua Rosee nach England gebracht, der das erste Kaffeehaus in der Lombard Street in der Innenstadt von London eröffnete.  Das Arabische “qahwa” wurde zu “kahve” auf t[rkisch, dann italienisch “caffé” und schließlich englisch “coffee”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(2)  Die alten Griechen dachten, unsere Augen w[rden Strahlen aussenden, wie ein Laser, die uns befähigten, zu sehen.  Der erste Mensch, der erkannte, dass Licht in das Auge eintritt, anstatt es zu verlassen, war im 10. Jahrhundert der muslimische Mathematiker, Astronom und Arzt Ibn al-Haitham.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(2)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Er erfand die erste Lochkamera, nachdem er bemerkt hatte, wie das Licht durch ein Loch im Fensterladen leuchtete.  Je kleiner das Loch ist, umso besser wird das Bild, fand er heraus, und konstruierte die erste Camera Obscura (von dem arabischen Wort “qamara” für ein dunklen oder privaten Raum).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ihm wird auch zugeschrieben, dass er der erste Mann gewesen ist, der Physik von einer philosophischen Aktivität zu einer experimentellen gewandelt hat.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

(3)  Eine Art von Schach wurde im alten Indien gespielt, aber das Spiel wurde in Persien zu der Art entwickelt, die wir heute kennen.  Von dort breitete es sich westwärts nach Europa aus – wo es im 10. Jahrhundert von den Mauren in Spanien eingeführt wurde – und ostwärts bis nach Japan.  Das Wort “rook” (Turm) kommt vom persischen “rukh”, was Streitwagen bedeutet.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(4)  Ein tausend Jahre vor den Wrightbrüdern hat ein muslimischer Dichter, Astronom und Ingenieur namens Abbas ibn Firnas mehrere Versuche unternommen, um eine Flugmaschine zu bauen.  852 sprang er vom Minarett der großen Moschee von Cordoba mit einem weiten Umhang mit hölzernen Streben verstärkt.   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Er hoffte, damit zu gleiten wie ein Vogel.  Das tat er aber nicht.  Aber der Umhang verlangsamte seinen Fall, schuf etwas, das als der erste Fallschirm angesehen wird und ihn nur mit einigen geringfügigen Verletzungen davonkommen ließ. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

875 im Alter von 70 versuchte er es wieder, mit einer vervollkommneten Maschine aus Seide und Adlerfedern sprang er von einem Berg.  Er flog zu einer bedeutenden Höhe, blieb zehn Minuten in der Luft, aber machte eine Bruchlandung – daraus zog er den korrektenanchluss, dass dies daran gelegen hatte, dass er seinem Gefährt keinen Schwanz gegeben hatte, damit es stabil bei der Landung bleibt.  Der internationale Flughafen von Baghdad und ein Mondkrater wurden nach ihm benannt.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(5)  Waschen und sind religiöse Erfordernisse für Muslime, vielleicht aus diesem Grunde haben sie das Rezept für Seife vervollkommnet, so wie wir es heute noch verwenden.  Die alten Ägypter hatten Seife von einer Art, wie sie die Römer verwenden hatten gehabt, die sie eher als Pomade benutzten.    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aber die Araber waren es, die Pflanzenöle mit Natriumhydroxid  und Wohlgerüchen wie Thymianöl kombinierten.  Eine der auffallendsten Eigenschaften der Kreuzritter – für arabische Nasen, war - dass sie sich nicht wuschen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Shampoo wurde in England durch einen Muslim eingeführt, der 1759 Mahomed’s Indian Vapour Baths in Brighton direkt am Meer eröffnete, und er war  beauftragter Shampoo-Arzt der Könige George IV und William IV.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(6)  Destillation, das Mittel, um Flüssigkeiten durch ihre unterschiedlichen Siedepunkte zu trennen, wurde ungefähr im Jahr 800 von dem führendsten Wissenschaftler des Islam, Jabir ibn Hayyan, eingeführt, der die Alchemie zur Chemie umwandelte, zahlreiche der Grundverfahren und Apparaturen einführte, die noch heute in Gebrauch sind – Verflüssigung, Kristallisation, Destillation, Reinigung, Oxidation, Evaporisation und Filtration.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Er hat ebenfalls Schwefelsäure und Salpetersäure entdeckt, er führte den Destillierkolben ein, gab der Welt starkes Rosenwasser, sowie auch andere Parfums und alkoholische Auszüge (obwohl das Trinken davon verboten ist).  Ibn Hayyan betonte das systematische Experimentieren und war der Gründer der modernen Chemie. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

(7)  Die Kurbelwelle ist eine Vorrichtung, die Rotation in lineare Bewegung umwandelt und bei vielen Maschinen der modernen Welt, nicht zuletzt beim Verbrennungsmotor, eine zentrale Rolle spielt.  Eine der wichtigsten Errungenschaften in der Geschichte der Menschheit wurde von einem genialen muslimischen Ingenieur namens al-Jazari erfunden, um Wasser für die Bewässerung zu fördern. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sein Buch des Wissens über geniale mechanische Vorrichtungen (1206) zeigt, dass er den Gebrauch von Ventilen und Kolben einführte oder verfeinerte, einige der ersten mechanischen Uhren anfertigte, die von Wasser und Gewichten angetrieben wurden, und er war der Vater der Robotik.  Eine seiner 50 weiteren Erfindungen war das Kombinationsschloss.     <\/span><\/p>\r\n

(8)  Steppen ist eine Methode des Nähens oder des Verbindens zweier Lagen Stoff mit einer Lage von isolierendem Material dazwischen.  Es ist nicht sicher, ob es in der muslimischen Welt erfunden wurde oder ob es von Indien oder China importiert worden war. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wie auch immer, mit Sicherheit kam es durch die Kreuzritter in den Westen.  Sie hatten es bei den sarazenischen Kämpfern gesehen, die strohgefüllte gesteppte Leinenhemden anstelle einer Rüstung trugen.  Außer als Absicherung zeigte es sich auch wirksam als Schutz gegen das Scheuern der Metallrüstungen der Kreuzritter und als effektive Isolierung – so sehr, dass zurück zuhause in kälteren Klimaten wie Großbritanien und Holland eine Baumwollindustrie entstand.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(9)  Der Spitzbogen, der so charakteistisch für die gothischen Kathedralen Europas ist, war eine Erfindung, die der islamischen Architektur entliehen wurde.  Er war viel stärker als der Rundbogen der von Römern und Normannen verwendet worden war, daher gestattete er den Bau größerer, höherer, komplexerer und prachtvollerer Bauten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Weitere Entlehnungen von muslimischen Genies beinhalten das Kreuzrippengewölbe, Rosetten und Kuppelbautechniken.  Europas Schlösser wurden auch nach dem Vorbild der islamischen Welt umgebaut – mit Schießscharten, Festungsmauern, einer Vorburg und Wällen.  Quadratische Türme und Burgfriede machten leichter zu verteidigenden runden Platz.  Der Architekt von Henry V’s Schloß war ein Muslim. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":10000,"lft":840,"rght":841,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T21:18:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T08:41:56.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":7,"author_id":2140,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":531,"author_name":"Paul Vallely","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx"},{"id":535,"title":"Como os inventores mu\u00e7ulmanos mudaram o mundo","slug":"como-os-inventores-muulmanos-mudaram-o-mundo","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:como-os-inventores-muulmanos-mudaram-o-mundo","hint":"","body":"

Como os inventores muçulmanos mudaram o mundo<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Do café aos cheques e a refeição de três etapas, o mundo muçulmano nos deu muitas inovações que nós no ocidente consideramos normal.  Aqui estão 20 de suas inovações mais influentes:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(1)  A história é que um árabe chamado Khalid estava cuidando de suas cabras na região de Kaffa no sul da Etiópia quando notou que seus animais ficavam mais animados quando comiam uma certa baga.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ele ferveu as bagas para fazer o primeiro café.  Certamente o primeiro registro da bebida é de grãos exportados da Etiópia para o Iêmen, onde alguns muçulmanos a bebiam para ficar acordados a noite toda para orar em ocasiões especiais.  Por volta do século 15 tinha chegado em Meca e Turquia, a partir de onde fez seu caminho até Veneza em 1645.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Foi levado para a Inglaterra em 1650 por um turco chamado Pasqua Rosee que abriu a primeira cafeteria na rua Lombard na cidade de Londres.  O árabe “qahwa” tornou-se o turco “kahve”, depois o italiano “caffé” e o português “café”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(2)  Os gregos antigos pensavam que seus olhos emitiam raios, como um laser, que nos capacitava a ver.  A primeira pessoa a perceber que a luz entra no olho, ao invés de sair dele, foi o matemático, astrônomo e físico muçulmano do século 10 Ibn al-Haitham.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Inventou a primeira câmera pinhole depois de notar a forma como a luz passava por um orifício nas venezianas da janela.  Quanto menor era o orifício, melhor a foto. Ele aprimorou e fez a primeira câmera obscura (da palavra árabe “qamara” para um quarto escuro ou particular).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Também tem o crédito de ser o primeiro homem a transformar a física, até então uma atividade filosófica, em uma experimental.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(3)  Uma forma de xadrez era jogada na antiga Índia, mas o jogo foi desenvolvido para a forma que conhecemos hoje na Pérsia.  De lá se espalhou em direção ao ocidente para a Europa - onde foi introduzido pelos mouros na Espanha no século 10 - e em direção ao oriente até o Japão.  A palavra “rook” vem do persa “rukh”, que significa carruagem.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(4)  Mil anos antes dos irmãos Wright, um poeta, astrônomo e engenheiro muçulmano chamado Abbas ibn Firnas fez várias tentativas para construir uma máquina voadora.  Em 852 pulou de um minarete da grande mesquita em Córdoba usando um manto frouxo reforçado com suportes de madeira.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Esperava planar como um pássaro.  Não planou. Mas o manto retardou sua queda, criando o que é considerado como o primeiro paraquedas, que o deixou somente com pequenos ferimentos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Em 875, com 70 anos, depois de aperfeiçoar uma máquina de seda e penas de águia ele tentou novamente, pulando de uma montanha.  Voou a uma altura significativa e manteve-se no alto por dez minutos, mas chocou-se na aterrissagem - concluindo, corretamente, que foi por que não tinha dado ao seu dispositivo uma cauda que atrasaria a aterrissagem.  O aeroporto internacional de Bagdá e uma cratera na lua receberam o seu nome.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(5)  Lavar-se e banhar-se são requisitos religiosos para os muçulmanos, razão pela qual, talvez, aperfeiçoaram o recipiente para sabonete que continuamos a usar hoje.  Os antigos egípcios tinham sabonete de um tipo, como os romanos que o usavam mais como pomada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mas foram os árabes que combinaram óleos vegetais com hidróxido de sódio e aromáticos, como o óleo de tomilho.  Uma das características mais marcantes dos cruzados para as narinas árabes, era que não se lavavam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O xampu foi introduzido na Inglaterra por um muçulmano que abriu Mahomed’s Indian Vapour Baths (Banhos de vapor indiano do Mahomed, em tradução livre) em Brighton à beira-mar em 1759 e foi nomeado cirurgião para lavagem com xampu para os reis George IV e William IV.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(6)  A destilação, o meio para separar líquidos através de diferenças em seus pontos de ebulição, foi inventada por volta do ano 800 pelo cientista mais destacado do Islã, Jabir ibn Hayyan, que transformou a alquimia em química inventando muitos dos processos básicos e instrumentos que continuam em uso hoje - liquefação, cristalização, destilação, purificação, oxidação, evaporação e filtragem.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Além de descobrir os ácidos sulfúrico e nítrico também inventou o alambique, dando ao mundo a água de rosas e outros perfumes e também as bebidas alcoólicas (embora consumi-las seja proibido no Islã).  Ibn Hayyan enfatizava a experimentação sistemática e foi o fundador da química moderna.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(7)  A manivela é um dispositivo que transforma movimento rotativo em linear e é fundamental para muitos maquinários no mundo moderno e na combustão interna do motor.  Uma das invenções mecânicas mais importantes na história da humanidade foi criada por um engenheiro muçulmano brilhante chamado al-Jazari para elevar água para irrigação.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O seu Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Livro de conhecimento de dispositivos mecânicos geniais, em tradução livre) de 1206 mostra que ele também inventou ou refinou o uso de válvulas e pistões, concebeu alguns dos primeiros relógios mecânicos e foi o pai da robótica.  Entre suas outras 50 invenções estava o cadeado de combinação.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(8)  O acolchoamento é um método de costurar ou amarrar duas camadas de tecido com uma camada de material isolante entre elas.  Não está claro se foi inventado no mundo muçulmano ou se foi importado lá da Índia ou China.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Entretanto, certamente veio para o ocidente através dos cruzados.  Eles viram seu uso nos guerreiros sarracenos, que vestiam camisas de lona acolchoadas com enchimento de palha ao invés de armadura.  Além de ser uma forma de proteção, provou ser eficaz contra o atrito da armadura dos cruzados e como isolante - tanto que se tornou uma indústria caseira quando os cruzados voltaram para casa nos climas mais frios, como na Inglaterra e Holanda.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(9)  Os arcos em ponta tão característicos das catedrais góticas da Europa foi uma invenção tomada emprestada da arquitetura islâmica.  Era muito mais forte que o arco redondo usado pelos romanos e normandos, permitindo a construção de edificações maiores, mais altas, mais complexas e grandiosas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Outros empréstimos dos gênios muçulmanos incluem as técnicas de abóbada nervurada, janelas em formato de rosa e a construção de domos.  Os castelos da Europa também foram adaptados para copiar os do mundo islâmico - com fendas em forma de flecha, parapeitos, um barbacã e balaustradas.  Torres quadradas eram mais fáceis de defender do que as redondas.  O arquiteto do castelo de Henrique V era um muçulmano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":11699,"lft":838,"rght":839,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T21:18:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T11:03:17.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":7,"author_id":2140,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":531,"author_name":"Paul Vallely","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx"},{"id":536,"title":"\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c","slug":"sdfg--","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:sdfg--","hint":"","body":"

\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\uff087\uff09\u66f2\u8f74\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65cb\u8f6c\u7ebf\u6027\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4f20\u9012\u88c5\u7f6e\uff0c\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u73b0\u4ee3\u673a\u68b0\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5185\u71c3\u673a\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u67a2\u7ebd\u3002\u5177\u6709\u72ec\u521b\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u52a0\u624e\u91cc(jazari)\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u704c\u6e89\u6c34\u8f66\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u53d1\u660e\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c1206\u5e74\u4ed6\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u7cbe\u5de7\u673a\u68b0\u88c5\u7f6e\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u300b(Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices)\uff0c\u4e5f\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u53d1\u660e\u6216\u8005\u6539\u8fdb\u4e86\u9600\u95e8\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u7528\u6c34\u548c\u91cd\u91cf\u9a71\u52a8\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u673a\u68b0\u8868\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\u3002\u4ed6\u768450\u9879\u53d1\u660e\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u9879\u662f\u7ec4\u5408\u9501\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":7431,"lft":836,"rght":837,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T21:18:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T11:37:37.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":7,"author_id":2140,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":531,"author_name":"Paul Vallely","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx"},{"id":537,"title":"\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e\u767a\u660e\u5bb6\u304c\u3044\u304b\u306b\u4e16\u754c\u3092\u5909\u3048\u305f\u304b","slug":"dsgsg","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:dsgsg","hint":"","body":"

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\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":13042,"lft":834,"rght":835,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T21:18:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T10:49:50.000000Z","language_id":16,"user_id":7,"author_id":2140,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":531,"author_name":"Paul Vallely","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-How Muslim inventors changed the world.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-How Muslim inventors changed the world.docx"}],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?articles_page=1","from":1,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?articles_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?articles_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":7,"total":7},"fatawas":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?fatawas_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?fatawas_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140?fatawas_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2140","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"books_total":0,"videos_total":0,"audios_total":0,"fatawas_total":0,"articles_total":7,"q":"","count":7}