{"title":"Daniel Masters, AbdurRahman Squires, and I. Kaka","author":{"id":2143,"name":"Daniel Masters, AbdurRahman Squires, and I. Kaka","slug":"daniel_masters_abdurrahman_squires_and_i_kaka","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-08-04T08:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-08-04T08:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Daniel Masters, AbdurRahman Squires, and I. Kaka"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2143?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2143?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2143?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2143","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2143?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2143?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2143?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2143","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2143?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2143?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2143?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2143","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":582,"title":"A Brief Introduction to Islam","slug":"a-brief-introduction-to-islam","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-A Brief Introduction to Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-A Brief Introduction to Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:a-brief-introduction-to-islam","hint":"","body":"

A Brief Introduction to Islam<\/span><\/h1>\r\n


<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

(part 1 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Islam and Muslims<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The word “Islam” is an Arabic word which means “submission to the will of God”.  This word comes from the same root as the Arabic word “salam”, which means “peace”.  As such, the religion of Islam teaches that in order to achieve true peace of mind and surety of heart, one must submit to God and live according to His Divinely revealed Law.  The most important truth that God revealed to mankind is that there is nothing divine or worthy of being worshipped except for Almighty God, thus all human beings should submit to Him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The word “Muslim” means one who submits to the will of God, regardless of their race, nationality or ethnic background.  Being a Muslim entails wilful submission and active obedience to God, and living in accordance with His message.  Some people mistakenly believe that Islam is just a religion for Arabs, but nothing could be further from the truth.  Not only are there converts to Islam in every corner of the world, especially in England and America, but by taking a look at the Muslim World from Bosnia to Nigeria, and from Indonesia to Morocco, one can clearly see that Muslims come from many various races, ethnic groups and nationalities.  It is also interesting to note that in actuality, more than 80% of all Muslims are not Arabs - there are more Muslims in Indonesia than in the whole Arab World!  So, though even though it is true that most Arabs are Muslims, the large majority of Muslims are not Arabs.  However, anyone who submits completely to God and worships Him alone is a Muslim.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Continuity of the Message<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Islam is not a new religion because “submission to the will of God”, i.e. Islam, has always been the only acceptable religion in the sight of God.  For this reason, Islam is the true “natural religion”, and it is the same eternal message revealed through the ages to all of God’s prophets and messengers.  Muslims believe that all of God’s prophets, which include Abraham, Noah, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad, brought the same message of Pure Monotheism.  For this reason, the Prophet Muhammad was not the founder of a new religion, as many people mistakenly think, but he was the final Prophet of Islam.  By revealing His final message to Muhammad, which is an eternal and universal message for all of mankind, God finally fulfilled the covenant that He made with Abraham, who was one of the earliest and greatest prophets.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sufficient is it to say that the way of Islam is the same as the way of the prophet Abraham, because both the Bible and the Quran portray Abraham as a towering example of someone who submitted himself completely to God and worshipped Him without intermediaries.  Once this is realized, it should be clear that Islam has the most continuous and universal message of any religion, because all prophets and messengers were “Muslims”, i.e.  those who submitted to God’s will, and they preached “Islam”, i.e. submission to the will of Almighty God.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Oneness of God<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The foundation of the Islamic faith is belief in the Oneness of Almighty God - the God of Abraham, Noah, Moses and Jesus.  Islam teaches that a pure belief in One God is intuitive in human beings and thus fulfils the natural inclination of the soul.  As such, Islam’s concept of God is straightforward, unambiguous and easy to understand.  Islam teaches that the hearts, minds and souls of human beings are fitting receptacles for clear divine revelation, and that God’s revelations to man are not clouded by self-contradictory mysteries or irrational ideas.  As such, Islam teaches that even though God cannot be fully comprehended and grasped by our finite human minds, He also does not expect us to accept absurd or demonstrably false beliefs about Him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

According to the teachings of Islam, Almighty God is absolutely One and His Oneness should never be compromised by associating partners with Him - neither in worship nor in belief.  Due to this, Muslims are required to maintain a direct relationship with God, and therefore all intermediaries are absolutely forbidden.  From the Islamic standpoint, believing in the Oneness of God means to realize that all prayer and worship should be exclusively for God, and that He alone deserves such titles as “Lord” and “Saviour”.  Some religions, even though they believe in “One God”, do not make all of their worship and prayers for Him alone.  Also, they also give the title of “Lord” to beings that are not All-Knowing, All-Powerful and Un-Changing - even according to their own scriptures.  Suffice it to say that according to Islam, it is not enough that people believe that “God is One”, but they must actualize this belief by proper conduct.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In short, in the Islamic concept of God, which is completely based on Divine Revelation, there is no ambiguity in divinity - God is God and man is man.  Since God is the only Creator and continual Sustainer of the Universe, He is transcendent above His creation - the Creator and the creature never mix.  Islam teaches that God has a unique nature and that He is free from gender, human weaknesses and beyond anything which human beings can imagine.  The Quran teaches that the signs and proofs of God’s wisdom, power and existence are evident in the world around us.  As such, God calls on man to ponder over the creation in order to build a better understanding of his Creator.  Muslims believe that God is Loving, Compassionate and Merciful, and that He is concerned with the daily affairs of human beings.  In this, Islam strikes a unique balance between false religious and philosophical extremes.  Some religions and philosophies portray God as just an impersonal “Higher Power” who is uninterested, or unaware, of the life of each individual human.  Other religions tend to give God human qualities and teach that He is present in His creation, by being incarnate in someone, something - or even everything.  In Islam, however, Almighty God has clarified the truth by letting mankind know that He is “Compassionate”, “Merciful”, “Loving” and the “Answerer of Prayers”.  But He has also emphasized strongly that “there is nothing like unto Him”, and that He is high above time, space and His creation.  Finally, it should be mentioned that the God that Muslims worship is the same God that Jews and Christians worship - because there is only one God.  It is unfortunate that some people mistakenly believe that Muslims worship a different God than Jews and Christians, and that “Allah” is just the “god of the Arabs”.  This myth, which has been propagated by the enemies of Islam, is completely false since the word “Allah” is simply the Arabic name for Almighty God.  It is the same word for God which is used by Arabic-speaking Jews and Christians.  However, it should be clarified that even though Muslims worship the same God as Jews and Christian, their concept of Him differs somewhat from the beliefs of other religions - mainly because it is based completely on Divine Revelation from God.  For example, Muslims reject the Christian belief that God is a Trinity, not only because the Quran rejects it, but also because if this was God’s true nature, He would have clearly revealed it to Abraham, Noah, Jesus and all of the other prophets.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (part 2 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

The Quran<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The Arabic word “Al-Quran” literally means “the recitation”.  When used in regards to Islam, the word Quran means God’s final message to mankind, which was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad.  The Quran, sometimes spelled Koran, is the literal the word of God - as it clearly says time and time again.  Unlike other sacred scriptures, the Quran has been perfectly preserved in both its words and meaning in a living language.  The Quran is a living miracle in the Arabic language; and is know to be inimitable in its style, form and spiritual impact.  God’s final revelation to mankind, the Quran, was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad over a period of 23 years. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Quran, in contrast to many other religious books, was always thought to be the Word of God by those who believed in it, i.e. it wasn’t something decreed by a religious council many years after being written.  Also, the Quran was recited publicly in front of both the Muslim and non-Muslim communities during the life of the Prophet Muhammad.  The entire Quran was also completely written down in lifetime of the Prophet, and numerous companions of the Prophet memorized the entire Quran word-for-word as it was revealed.  So, unlike other scriptures, the Quran was always in the hands of the common believers; it was always thought to be God’s word and, due to wide-spread memorization,  it was perfectly preserved.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 In regards to the teachings of the Quran - it is a universal scripture addressed to all of mankind, and not addressed only to a particular tribe or “chosen people”.  The message that it brings is nothing new, but the same message of all of the prophets - submit to Almighty God and worship Him alone.  As such, God’s revelation in the Quran focuses on teaching human beings the importance of believing in the Oneness of God and framing their lives around the guidance which He has sent.  Additionally, the Quran contains the stories of the previous prophets, such as Abraham, Noah, Moses and Jesus; as well as many commands and prohibitions from God.  In modern times where so many people are caught up in doubt, spiritual despair and “political correctness”, the Quranic teachings offer solutions to the emptiness of our lives and the turmoil that is gripping the world today.  In short, the Quran is the book of guidance par excellence.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet Muhammad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Unlike the founders of many religious, the final prophet of Islam is a real documented and historical figure.  He lived in the full light of history, and the most minute details of his life are known.  Not only do Muslims have the complete text of God’s words that were revealed to Muhammad, but they have also preserved his sayings and teachings in what is called “hadeeth” literature.  This having been said, it should be understood that Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad was only a man chosen by God, and that he is not divine in any way.  In order to avoid the misguided wish to deify him, the Prophet Muhammad taught Muslims to refer to him as “God’s Messenger and His Slave”.  The mission of the last and final prophet of God was to simply teach that “there is nothing divine or worthy of being worshipped except for Almighty God”, as well as being a living example of God’s revelation.  In simple terms, God sent the revelation to Muhammad, who in turn taught it, preached it, lived it and put it into practice. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

In this way, Muhammad was more than just a “prophet” in the sense of many of the Biblical prophets, since he was also a statesman and ruler.  He was a man who lived a humble life in the service of God, and established an all-encompassing religion and way of life by showing what it means to be an ideal friend, husband, teacher, ruler, warrior and judge.  For this reason, Muslims follow him not for his own sake, but in obedience to God, because Muhammad not only showed us how to deal with our fellow human beings, but more importantly, showed us how to relate to and worship God; worship Him in the only way pleasing to Him. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Like other prophets, Muhammad faced a great deal of opposition and persecution during his mission.  However, he was always patient and just, and he treated his enemies well.  The results of his mission were very successful, and even though his mission started in one of the most backward and remotes places on earth, within a hundred years of the death of Muhammad, Islam had spread from Spain to China.  The Prophet Muhammad was the greatest of all of God’s prophets, not because he had new doctrines or greater miracles, but because it was him who was chosen to bear the last revelation which would come to humanity from God, one suitable for all places, times, and people, everlasting and unchanging until the Last Day.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Islamic Way of Life<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

In the Holy Quran, God teaches human beings that they were created in order to worship Him, and that the basis of all true worship is God-consciousness.  Since the teachings of Islam encompass all aspects of life and ethics, God-consciousness is encouraged in all human affairs.  Islam makes it clear that all human acts are acts of worship if they are done for God alone and in accordance to His Divine Law.  As such, worship in Islam is not limited to religious rituals. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

The teachings of Islam act as a mercy and a healing for the human soul, and such qualities as humility, sincerity, patience and charity are strongly encouraged.  Additionally, Islam condemns pride and self-righteousness, since Almighty God is the only judge of human righteousness. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Islamic view of the nature of man is also realistic and well-balanced.  Human beings are not believed to be inherently sinful, but are seen as equally capable of both good and evil. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam also teaches that faith and action go hand-in-hand.  God has given people free-will, and the measure of one’s faith is one’s deeds and actions.  However, human beings have also been created weak and regularly fall into sin.  This is the nature of the human being as created by God in His Wisdom, and it is not inherently “corrupt” or in need of repair.  This is why the avenue of repentance is always open to all human beings, and Almighty God loves the repentant sinner more than one who does not sin at all. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

The true balance of an Islamic life is established by having a healthy fear of God as well as a sincere belief in His infinite Mercy.  A life without fear of God leads to sin and disobedience, while believing that we have sinned so much that God will not possibly forgive us only leads to despair.  In light of this, Islam teaches that only the misguided despair of the Mercy of their Lord. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Additionally, the Holy Quran, which was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, contains a great deal of teachings about the life in the hereafter and the Day of Judgment.  Due to this, Muslims believe that all human beings will ultimately be judged by God for their beliefs and actions in their earthly lives.  In judging human beings, Almighty God will be both Merciful and Just, and people will only be judged for what they were capable of. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sufficient is it to say that Islam teaches that life is a test, and that all human beings will be accountable before God.  A sincere belief in the life of the hereafter is the key to leading a well-balanced and moral life.  Otherwise, life is viewed as an end in itself, which causes human beings to become more selfish, materialistic and immoral.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam for a Better Life<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Islam teaches that true happiness can only be obtained by living a life full of God-consciousness and being satisfied with what God has given us.  Additionally, true “freedom” is freedom from being controlled by our base human desires and being ruled by man-made ideologies.  This stands in stark contrast to the view of many people in the modern world, who consider “freedom” to be the ability to satisfy all of their desires without inhibition.  The clear and comprehensive guidance of Islam gives human-beings a well-defined purpose and direction in life.  In addition to being members of the human-brotherhood of Islam, its well-balanced and practical teachings are a source of spiritual comfort, guidance and morality.  A direct and clear relationship with Almighty God, as well as the sense of purpose and belonging that ones feels as a Muslim, frees a person from the many worries of everyday life. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

In short, the Islamic way of life is pure and wholesome.  It builds self-discipline and self-control through regular prayer and fasting, and frees human-beings from superstition and all sorts of racial, ethnic and national prejudices.  By accepting to live a God-conscious life, and realizing that the only thing that distinguishes people in the sight of God is their consciousness of Him, a person’s true human dignity is realized.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":18987,"lft":935,"rght":946,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-05T03:39:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T11:04:13.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":2143,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"Daniel Masters, AbdurRahman Squires, and I. Kaka","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-05","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-A Brief Introduction to Islam.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-A Brief Introduction to Islam.docx"},{"id":583,"title":"Una breve introducci\u00f3n al Islam","slug":"una-breve-introduccin-al-islam","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-A Brief Introduction to Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-A Brief Introduction to Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:una-breve-introduccin-al-islam","hint":"","body":"

Una breve introducción al Islam<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"
<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

El Islam y los musulmanes<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

La palabra árabe Islam<\/em> significa “sumisión a la voluntad de Dios”. Esta palabra tiene la misma raíz que la palabra árabe <\/em>salam<\/em>, que significa “paz”. Como tal, la religión islámica enseña los medios para alcanzar la paz verdadera en el sentido terrenal y espiritual, abandonándonos a la voluntad de Dios y viviendo de acuerdo a Sus leyes divinas reveladas. La verdad más importante que Dios ha revelado a la humanidad es que nada ni nadie tiene derecho a ser adorado excepto Él, Dios, el Todopoderoso, y todas las alabanzas de la humanidad son debidas a Él.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La palabra musulmán tiene la misma raíz, y significa aquél que se entrega a la voluntad de Dios, sin importar su raza, nacionalidad u origen étnico. Ser musulmán implica sumisión voluntaria y una obediencia activa a los preceptos de Dios, y vivir de acuerdo a Su mensaje. Algunas personas creen erróneamente que el Islam es sólo una religión de árabes, pero nada puede estar más lejos de la realidad. No sólo hay musulmanes en cada rincón del mundo, como en Norteamérica y Europa; sino desde Bosnia hasta Nigeria, de Indonesia hasta Marruecos, uno claramente puede ver que los musulmanes son de diversos pueblos, culturas, nacionalidades y orígenes étnicos. Es interesante señalar que en la actualidad más del 80% de la población musulmana mundial no son árabes, ¡hay más musulmanes sólo en Indonesia, que en todo el mundo árabe! Por consiguiente, aún cuando es correcta la noción de que la mayoría de los árabes son musulmanes, la gran mayoría de los musulmanes no son árabes. Todo aquel que se entrega a la voluntad de Dios y lo adora a Él solamente, es considerado musulmán.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Continuidad del Mensaje<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El Islam no es una nueva religión, ya que no es más que el desarrollo práctico de la sumisión a Dios, eso es el Islam, y ha sido siempre la única religión aceptable a los ojos de Dios. Por esta razón, el Islam es la religión natural del ser humano y la única verdadera, su mensaje es el mismo que Dios ha revelado a todos los profetas y mensajeros enviados a toda la humanidad a lo largo de la historia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Por consiguiente, los musulmanes creemos que todos los profetas enviados por Dios a la humanidad, desde Abraham, Moisés, Jesús, Noé, y el último de ellos, Muhammad, trajeron a las gentes siempre el mismo mensaje: el monoteísmo puro. Es por eso que no consideramos a Muhammad como el fundador de una nueva religión, como mucha gente piensa erróneamente, sino el continuador del mensaje de los profetas anteriores y el Sello de la Profecía, el último de los profetas. Al entregarle a Muhammad Su Revelación final, eterna y universal, para toda la humanidad, Dios finalmente completó el pacto que hizo con Abraham, el Padre de los profetas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Basta decir que el camino del Islam es el mismo que el del Profeta Abraham, porque tanto en la Biblia como en el Corán, Abraham es el paradigma dado por Dios de la persona que se entrega por propia decisión a la voluntad de Dios y lo adora a Él solamente, sin asociarle nada y sin intermediarios. Una vez que nos damos cuenta de esto, se hace evidente que el Islam tiene el mensaje más continuo y universal a lo largo de la historia humana que ninguna otra religión, ya que todos los profetas pueden considerarse musulmanes; es decir, que escogieron abandonarse a la voluntad de Dios y predicaron el Islam, lo cual significa aceptar la guía del Todopoderoso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Unicidad de Dios<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El fundamento de la fe islámica es la creencia de que Dios es Uno y Único, Dios El Todopoderoso; el Dios de Abraham, de Moisés y de Jesús. El Islam enseña que la creencia en un solo Dios es una intuición natural en el ser humano, y la inclinación natural de su vocación de culto. Como tal, el concepto de Dios en el Islam es bien concreto, sin ambigüedades y fácil de entender. El Islam nos enseña que el corazón, la mente y el alma de los seres humanos son naturalmente receptivos a la Revelación divina, y que la Revelación de Dios al ser humano no está oculta detrás de misterios irracionales ni contradictorios. Consecuentemente, el Islam enseña que, si bien la naturaleza e inmensidad de Dios no pueden ser comprendidas completamente por la limitada mente humana, Dios tampoco espera que creamos y aceptemos cualquier teoría absurda y demostrablemente falsa acerca de Él.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De acuerdo a las enseñanzas del Islam, Dios, El Todopoderoso, posee unidad absoluta, y nuestra fe en Su unidad jamás debe quedar comprometida por asociarle copartícipes a Su divinidad, compañeros, asociados, hijos, padres ni nada que se le parezca. Por eso, el Islam requiere que cada musulmán mantenga su vínculo directo con Dios sin intermediarios, los que están absolutamente prohibidos por Dios. Desde el punto de vista islámico, creer en la Unicidad absoluta de Dios significa darse cuenta de que todas las alabanzas, oraciones, súplicas, y formas de adoración, son debidas a Él exclusivamente, y que solamente Él merece ser llamado Señor y Salvador. Algunas religiones, sin embargo, aún cuando se autodenominan “monoteístas” y dicen profesar una fe en la Unicidad de Dios, no le dedican su culto a Él solamente. También otorgan el título de “Señor” y “Salvador” a seres creados, que no son omnipotentes, omnisapientes ni inmutables, incluso de acuerdo a sus propias escrituras. Es suficiente decir que según el Islam no basta decir que Dios es Uno: esto debe demostrarse en los actos y las creencias, dedicándolas exclusivamente a Él y no a otros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En resumen, según el concepto islámico de Dios, basado tanto en el Corán como en la Biblia, no hay ninguna ambigüedad acerca de la divinidad: Dios es Dios, y el hombre es hombre. Como Dios es el Único Creador y Sustentador del universo, es trascendente y está más allá de Su creación; el Creador y Sus criaturas no están mezcladas ni son lo mismo. El Islam nos enseña que Dios tiene una naturaleza verdaderamente única e indivisible, que no engendró ni fue engendrado, y que está por encima de toda debilidad humana o de cualquier cosa que el ser humano pueda concebir e imaginar. El Corán enseña que en todo el universo y alrededor nuestro hay signos y pruebas de la sabiduría de Dios. Por ende, Dios convocó al ser humano a meditar acerca de la creación para construir y perfeccionar su conocimiento del Creador. Los musulmanes creemos que Dios es Amoroso, Compasivo y Misericordioso, que Él es consciente de todos los detalles de nuestra vida diaria. En esto, el Islam mantiene una vía intermedia entre las creencias extravagantes de algunas religiones y aquellas que son excesivamente restrictivas. Algunas religiones y filosofías retratan a Dios como un “Ser Superior” que no manifiesta ningún interés por los asuntos de Sus criaturas o que no tiene conocimiento de ellos. Otras religiones tienden a representar a Dios con cualidades humanas, y enseñan que Él está en esencia presente en Su creación, que encarnó en alguien o algo, o que está en todo. Según el Islam, Dios, el Todopoderoso, ha clarificado la verdad de esto a través de sucesivas revelaciones, revelándonos que Él es Compasivo, Misericordioso, y Respondedor de las plegarias. Pero también, ha enfatizado que no hay nada ni nadie comparable a Él en el universo, que Él está más allá de Su creación y no incluido en ella.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Finalmente, debe señalarse que La Divinidad que los musulmanes adoramos es la misma que adoran los judíos y los cristianos, porque no hay más divinidad que Dios mismo. Desafortunadamente, algunas personas creen erróneamente que los musulmanes adoramos a un Dios diferente del de los judíos y cristianos, y queAllah<\/em> es algo así como “el dios de los árabes”. Esto es un mito que ha sido propagado por los orientalistas y es completamente falso, porque la palabra árabe Al-Lah quiere decir literalmente “La Divinidad”. Al-Láh es la misma palabra árabe que utilizan los árabes judíos y cristianos para referirse a Dios. Sin embargo, como afirmamos anteriormente, aún cuando La Divinidad que adoramos los musulmanes es la misma que adoran los judíos y cristianos, el concepto de Él que el Islam tiene difiere de las creencias de otras religiones, principalmente porque el concepto islámico de Dios está enteramente basado en la Revelación Divina, sin adulteración por parte de un clero. Por ejemplo, los musulmanes rechazamos la creencia cristiana de la trinidad, no sólo porque el Corán la rechaza, sino también porque si tal fuese la verdadera naturaleza de Dios, Él se lo habría revelado a Abraham, a Noé, a Jesús y a los demás profetas y enviados.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

El Corán<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

La palabra árabe Qur’án<\/em>, literalmente significa “recitación”, “lectura”. Cuando es usada en el contexto de la religión islámica, significa el Mensaje final de Dios para la humanidad, que fue revelado al último Profeta, Muhammad. Es literalmente la Palabra de Dios, como está claramente afirmado en él. A diferencia de otras escrituras sagradas reveladas por Dios, el Corán ha sido perfectamente preservado, tanto en sus palabras como en sus significados, a través de una lengua viva. El Corán es un milagro de la lengua árabe; es conocido por ser inimitable en su estilo, por la excelencia de sus figuras retóricas, y por su impacto espiritual. La Revelación final de Dios a la humanidad, el Corán, fue revelado al Profeta Muhammad a lo largo de 23 años.<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

El Corán, en contraste con muchos otros libros religiosos, fue siempre considerado por sus creyentes como la Palabra de Dios, y no designado así por un concilio religioso cientos de años después de que fuese escrito. También, fue recitado ininterrumpidamente en público desde su revelación, tanto frente a los musulmanes como ante los no musulmanes. Durante la vida del Profeta Muhammad fue escrito en su totalidad y memorizado concienzudamente, palabra por palabra, por los compañeros del Profeta tal como le fue revelado. Por eso, a diferencia de otras religiones, el Corán estuvo siempre, desde el comienzo, en manos y posesión del pueblo musulmán, tanto en su redacción como en sus significados; como tal, fue difundido, memorizado y preservado de la adulteración por parte de un clero.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Con respecto a las enseñanzas del Corán, es un mensaje universal dirigido a toda la humanidad, y no está dirigido a un “pueblo elegido” ni a una tribu en particular. El Mensaje que trae no es nuevo, sino que es el mismo mensaje de todos los profetas anteriores: abandonarnos a la voluntad de Dios y adorarlo a Él solamente. Como tal, la Revelación de Dios en el Corán se concentra en enseñar a los seres humanos la importancia de creer en la Unidad absoluta de Dios sin asociarle nada, y enmarcar nuestras vidas en la guía que Él nos ha revelado. Además, el Corán contiene historias de los profetas anteriores, tales como Abraham, Noé, Moisés y Jesús, así también muchas prohibiciones y mandatos de Dios. En los tiempos modernos en que muchas personas son acosadas por la incertidumbre, la desesperación espiritual y una preocupación obsesiva por las apariencias, las enseñanzas del Corán ofrecen una satisfacción espiritual que contrasta con la vaciedad y el sinsentido crónico que padece el ser humano en las sociedades modernas. En resumen, el Corán es el libro de guía para la vida por excelencia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Profeta Muhammad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

 A diferencia de los fundadores de muchas otras religiones, el último Profeta del Islam es, como reconocen los historiadores de Occidente, la figura del mundo antiguo mejor documentada de la historia de la humanidad, ya que conocemos su vida hasta en los más íntimos detalles. No sólo se ha preservado el texto original de la Revelación de Dios a Muhammad, sino que también se han preservado miles de reportes históricos reflejando sus enseñanzas y hechos, en lo que se conoce como la literatura del hadiz.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dicho esto, es importante tener en cuenta que los musulmanes creemos que el Profeta Muhammad fue sólo un hombre como nosotros, escogido por Dios, y que no tiene ningún atributo divino. Para evitar el desviado deseo de deificarlo, Muhammad enseñó a los musulmanes que se refieran a él como “el Mensajero de Dios y Su siervo”. La misión del último Profeta de Dios fue simplemente enseñar, una vez más, que no hay nada ni nadie con derecho a ser adorado excepto Dios, el Todopoderoso; como también ofrecer a la humanidad un ejemplo viviente de la Revelación de Dios. En términos simples, Dios descendió Su revelación a Muhámmad, quien la enseñó, la predicó, vivió en base a ella y la practicó en todos los ámbitos y esferas de la vida humana.<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 Así, Muhammad fue más que un profeta, comparado con muchos de los profetas de la Biblia, ya que también fue estadista y gobernante. Fue un hombre humilde que vivió una vida de servicio a Dios, estableciendo Su religión y un estilo de vida que abarca todos los aspectos de la existencia humana, ofreciendo un ejemplo del ideal humano de amigo, esposo, maestro, gobernante, guerrero y juez. Por esta razón, los musulmanes lo seguimos, no por devoción a él, sino por obediencia a Dios. Muhammad no sólo nos enseñó cómo relacionarnos los unos con los otros en base al amor, sino, y más importante aún, cómo relacionarnos con Dios y cómo adorarlo de la manera que a Él le agrada.<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 Como otros profetas anteriores, Muhammad enfrentó la oposición y la persecución durante su vida. Siempre fue paciente y justo, trató a sus enemigos con clemencia. El resultado de su misión fue completamente exitoso, aún cuando su misión comenzó en uno de los lugares más remotos y solitarios de la Tierra; apenas doscientos años después de su muerte el Islam se había esparcido desde España hasta la China.<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 El Profeta Muhammad tiene un rango especial y honrado entre todos los profetas, no porque trajera nuevas doctrinas o milagros más grandes, sino porque fue elegido por Dios para traer la Su última Revelación a la humanidad, cuya legislación se adapta a todas las épocas, pueblos y latitudes, inmutable hasta el Último Día.<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 El estilo de vida islámico<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

 En el Sagrado Corán, Dios enseña a la humanidad que fuimos creados para descubrirlo y adorarlo, y que la base de toda verdadera religión es ser consciente de Dios. Como las enseñanzas islámicas abarcan todas las esferas de la existencia humana, ser consciente de Dios es algo que se incentiva en todas las circunstancias mundanas concebibles. El Islam enseña que cualquier acto mundano se convierte en un acto de culto cuando es realizado con la intención de complacer solamente a Dios, dentro del marco de Su ley divina. Por lo tanto, el culto en el Islam no está limitado a los rituales religiosos.<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 Las enseñanzas del Islam son una misericordia y una curación para el alma humana, desarrollando preponderantemente en el ser humano cualidades como la humildad, la paciencia, la sinceridad y la caridad. Además, el Islam condena el orgullo y la falsa pretensión de rectitud, pues es Dios, el Todopoderoso, el único que juzga a los hombres.<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

El punto de vista islámico acerca de la naturaleza del hombre es realista y equilibrado. Lo musulmanes no creemos que el ser humano sea concebido en el pecado ni malvado por naturaleza, sino que tiene la capacidad de hacer tanto el bien como el mal.<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

El Islam también enseña que las creencias deben ir acompañadas por los actos. Dios ha dado al ser humano libre albedrío, y nuestra fe se mide por nuestras acciones. En cualquier caso, los seres humanos hemos sido creados débiles y caemos en los pecados regularmente. Así es la naturaleza humana, tal como Dios la ha creado en Su sabiduría, y no es inherentemente corrupta ni defectuosa. Por eso, la puerta del arrepentimiento está siempre abierta para todos los seres humanos, y el Todopoderoso ama al pecador que se arrepiente más que aquél que no peca en absoluto.<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 El verdadero balance dado al musulmán por el estilo de vida islámico consiste en un saludable temor devocional a Dios, como también en una sincera esperanza en Su infinita misericordia. Una vida sin temor a Dios conduce al pecado y a la transgresión; y una vida sin fe en Su misericordia conduce a la desesperación y a resignarse al pecado, sin aspirar a autosuperarse. A la luz de esto, el Islam enseña que sólo los desviados desesperan de la misericordia de Dios.<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Además, el Sagrado Corán contiene abundantes enseñanzas acerca de la vida en el Más Allá y del Día del Juicio. Por eso, los musulmanes creemos que todos los seres humanos seremos juzgados por Dios al final de los tiempos, por nuestras creencias y actos en la Tierra. Al juzgar a cada ser humano, Dios, el Todopoderoso, será tanto Justo como Misericordioso, no juzgará a nadie más allá de sus capacidades.<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

El Islam enseña que la vida es una prueba, y que todos los seres humanos seremos responsables ante Dios. Una fe sincera en la existencia en el Más Allá es la clave para llevar aquí en la Tierra una vida moral balanceada. De otra forma, la vida terrenal puede ser vista como un fin en sí misma, lo que conlleva a las personas a volverse egoístas, materialistas e inmorales<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

El Islam lleva a una vida mejor<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El Islam nos enseña que la verdadera felicidad sólo puede obtenerse viviendo una vida completamente sumergida en el entendimiento de Dios, y satisfaciendo lo que nos exige en Su infinita sabiduría. La verdadera libertad significa no ser esclavos de nuestros bajos instintos o de las ideologías inventadas por los hombres, ni por la voracidad irracional e insaciable de los propios apetitos mundanos. Esto contrasta completamente con el punto de vista de tanta gente en el mundo moderno, que considera que la libertad es poder satisfacer todos sus deseos sin restricción ni inhibición. La guía clara y comprensiva del Islam ofrece al ser humano un propósito bien definido en la vida. Además de integrarlo como miembro de una ya milenaria hermandad, sus enseñanzas prácticas y bien balanceadas son una fuente de confort espiritual, sabiduría y moralidad. La relación directa y sin intermediarios con Dios que el Islam propone al ser humano, como también el sentido de propósito que uno siente al ser musulmán, lo libera de muchas de las ansiedades y preocupaciones de la vida moderna.<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

En resumen, el estilo de vida islámico es puro y completo. Está construido sobre la disciplina, autocontrol, la oración regular y el ayuno, y está libre de supersticiones irracionales o discriminaciones raciales, nacionales o culturales. Aceptando vivir una vida consciente de Dios, siendo conscientes de que lo único que distingue a un ser humano de otro ante los ojos de Dios es su piedad y conciencia de Él, el ser humano se realiza con dignidad.<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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Eine kurze Einleitung zum Islam<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

 (teil 1 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Islam und Muslime<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Das Wort “Islam” ist ein arabisches Wort, das “Ergebenheit in den Willen Gottes” bedeutet.  Dieses Wort kommt von derselben Wurzel wie das arabische Wort “Salam”, das „Frieden“ heißt.   Als solches lehrt die Religion des Islam, dass man sich Gott ergeben und nach Seinem Göttlichen offenbarten Gesetz leben muss, um wahren Seelenfrieden und Sicherheit im Herzen zu erreichen.  Die wichtigste Wahrheit, die Gott der Menschenheit offenbart hat, ist, dass es nichts Göttliches gibt und nichts, das würdig wäre, angebetet zu werden, außer der Allmächtige Gott, daher sollen sich Ihm alle Menschen ergeben.    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Das Wort „Muslim“ bezeichnet jemanden, der sich dem Willen Gottes unterwirft, ungeachtet seiner Rasse, Nationalität oder seines ethnischen Hintergrundes.  Ein Muslim zu sein, beinhaltet willige Hingabe und aktive Gehorsamkeit zu Gott und im Einklang mit Seiner Botschaft zu leben.  Einige Leute denken fälschlichereise, dass der Islam nur eine Religion für Araber sei, aber nichts könnte von der Wahrheit weiter entfernt sein.  Es gibt nicht nur auf der ganzen Welt Menschen, die zum Islam konvertiert sind, ganz besonders in England, Amerika und Deutschland; wenn man nur einen Blick auf die unterschiedlichen Völker wirft, die in der muslimischen Welt leben – von Nigeria bis Bosnien und von Marokko bis Indonesien – dann kann man ganz leicht erkennen, dass Muslime aus allen verschiedenen Rassen, ethnischen Gruppen, Kulturen und Nationalitäten kommen.  Interessant ist auch, dass über 80% aller Muslime keine Araber sind – es gibt mehr Muslime in Indonesien als in der gesamten arabischen Welt!  Obwohl es wahr ist, dass die meisten Araber Muslime sind, besteht die große Mehrheit der Muslime aus Nicht-Arabern.  Denn jeder, der sich vollständig Gott ergibt und Ihn allein anbetet, ist ein Muslim. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Beständigkeit der Botschaft   <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Der Islam ist keine neue Religion, denn “sich dem Willen Gottes ergeben”, d.h. Islam, war schon immer die einzige von Gott akzeptierte Religion.  Aus diesem Grund ist der Islam die wahre „natürliche“ Religion, und es ist dieselbe ewige Botschaft, die in jedem Zeitalter von allen Propheten und Gesandten Gottes übermittelt wurde.  Muslime glauben, dass alle Propheten Gottes, einschließlich Abraham, Noah, Moses, Jesus und Muhammad, dieselbe Botschaft vom reinen Monotheismus gebracht haben.  Deshalb war der Prophet Muhammad nicht der Begründer einer Neuen Religion, wie viele Menschen fälschlicherweise denken, sondern er war der letzte Prophet des Islam.  Indem Er Muhammad Seine letzte Botschaft offenbart hat, welche eine ewige und universelle Botschaft für die gesamte Menschheit ist, hat Gott schließlich Seinen Bund mit Abraham erfüllt, einem der ersten und größten Propheten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Es genügt, zu sagen, dass der Weg des Islam derselbe wie der Weg des Propheten Abrahams ist, denn sowohl die Bibel als auch der Qur´an portraitieren Abraham als überragendes Beispiel von jemandem, der sich Gott völlig unterwirft und Ihn ohne Fürsprecher anbetet.  Wenn einem dies einmal bewußt geworden ist, sollte klar sein, dass der Islam die beständigste und und universellste Botschaft von allen Religionen enthält, denn alle Propheten und Gesandte waren “Muslime”, d.h. jene, die sich dem Willen Gottes ergaben, und sie predigten „Islam“, d.h. die Ergebung in den Willen des Allmächtigen Gottes. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Einheit Gottes  <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Die Grundlage des islamischen Glaubens bildet der Glaube an die Einheit des Allmächtigen Gottes – des Gottes Abrahams, Noahs, Moses´ und Jesus´.  Der Islam lehrt, dass der reine Glaube an Einen Gott allen Menschen eingegeben ist und der natürlichen Veranlagung der Seele entspricht.   Als solches ist die islamische Vorstellung von Gott geradlinig, eindeutig und leicht zu verstehen.  Der Islam lehrt, dass das Herz, der Verstand und die Seele des Menschen die passenden Behälter für die klare göttliche Offenbarung sind, und dass Gottes Offenbarungen an den Menschen nicht durch sich selbst widersprechende Geheimnisse oder unverständliche Vorstellungen verschleiert sind.  Der Islam lehrt daher, dass Gott, obwohl Er von unserem begrenzten Verstand nicht vollständig begriffen und erfasst werden kann, nicht von uns erwartet, dass wir absurde oder sichtlich falsche Glaubensdinge über Ihn akzeptieren. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gemäß den Lehren des Islam ist Gott, der Allmächtige, absolut Einer und in Seiner Einheit sollte kein Kompromiss eingegangen werden, indem Ihm irgendwelche Partner zur Seite gestellt werden – weder im Gottesdienst noch im Glauben.  Deshalb wird von Muslimen verlangt, dass sie eine direkte Verbindung zu Gott aufrecht erhalten und aus diesem Grund sind sämtliche Vermittler absolut verboten.  Vom islamischen Standpunkt her bedeutet, an die Einheit Gottes zu glauben, jegliche Anbetung und jeglichen Gottesdienst exklusiv für Gott zu verrichten, und dass Ihm allein derartige Titel wie „Herr“ und „Erlöser“ zustehen.  Manche Religionen richten nicht ihre gottesdienstlichen Handlungen und Gebete nur an Gott alleine, obwohl sie vorgeben, nur an „einen Gott“ zu glauben.  Sie verwenden den Titel „Herr“ auch für andere Wesen, die nicht All-Wissend, All-Mächtig und Ewig sind – auch nach ihren eigenen Schriften.  Es genügt, zu sagen, dass es gemäß dem Islam nicht ausreicht, dass die Menschen glauben, dass „Gott Einer ist“, sondern sie müssen diesen Glauben auch in entsprechendes Verhalten umsetzen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Kurz gesagt, die islamische Vorstellung von Gott, die vollständig auf Göttlicher Offenbarung basiert, besagt, dass es keine Zweideutigkeit in der Göttlichkeit gibt – Gott ist Gott und Mensch ist Mensch.  Da Gott der alleinige Schöpfer und kontinuierliche Erhalter des Universums ist, übertrifft Er Seine Schöpfung – der Schöpfer und Seine Schöpfung vermischen sich niemals.  Der Islam lehrt, dass Gott ein einzigartiges Wesen ist und dass Er frei von Geschlecht und menschlicher Schwäche ist und über allem steht, das die Menschen sich vorstellen können.  Der Qur´an lehrt, dass die Zeichen und Beweise von Gottes Weisheit, Macht und Existenz in der ganzen Welt um uns herum erkennbar sind.  Daher fordert Gott den Menschen auf, über die Schöpfung nachzudenken, um sich ein besseres Bild von seinem Schöpfer machen zu können.  Muslime glauben, dass Gott Liebend, Erbarmungsvoll und Gnädig ist, und dass Er um die täglichen Belange der Menschen besorgt ist.  Hierin zieht der Islam die einzigartige Bilanz zwischen falschen religiösen und philosophischen Extremen.  Einige Religionen und Philosophien portraitieren Gott nur als unpersönliche „Höhere Macht“, die am Leben jedes einzelnen Individuums nicht weiter interessiert ist.  Andere Religionen neigen dazu, Gott menschliche Eigenschaften zuzusprechen und lehren, dass Gott in Seiner Schöpfung anwesend sei, in jemandem oder etwas wiedergeboren – oder sogar in allem.  Im Islam hat Gott jedoch die Menschheit gelehrt, dass Er „Erbarmungsvoll“, „Gnädig“, „Liebend“ und der „Beantworter der Gebete“ ist.  Aber Er hat ebenfalls streng betont, dass „nichts Ihm jemals gleich ist“, und dass Er Hocherhaben über Zeit, Raum und Seiner Schöpfung steht.  Schließlich muss noch erwähnt werden, dass Muslime denselben Gott anbeten, den auch die Juden und Christen anbeten – denn es gibt nur einen Gott.  Unglücklicherweise denken manche Menschen, dass Muslime einen anderen Gott anbeten als Juden und Christen und dass „Allah“ nur der „Gott der Araber“ sei.  Dieser Mythos, der von den Feinden des Islam verbreitet worden ist, ist völlig falsch, denn das Wort „Allah“ ist einfach der arabische Name für den Allmächtigen Gott.  Dasselbe Wort wird auch von arabisch sprechenden Juden und Christen verwendet.  Allerdings sollte deutlich gesagt werden, dass der Gottbegriff der Muslime, auch wenn sie denselben Gott anbeten wie Juden und Christen, sich erheblich von den Glaubensgrundlagen anderer Religionen unterscheidet – und das hauptsächlich, weil er auf Göttlicher Offenbarung basiert.  Beispielsweise lehnen Muslime den christlichen Glauben an die Trinität ab, nicht nur weil der Qur´an dies auch tut, sondern wenn dies tatsächlich Gottes Natur wäre, dann hätte Er es auch Abraham, Noah, Jesus und all den anderen Propheten klar und deutlich offenbart. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (teil 2 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Der Qur´an<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Das arabische Wort “Al-Qur´an” bedeutet wörtlich “die Rezitation”.  Wenn es im Hinblick auf den Islam verwendet wird, bedeutet das Wort Qur´an Gottes letzte Botschaft an die Menschheit, die dem Propheten Muhammad offenbart worden war.  Der Qur´an, manchmal auch Koran geschrieben, ist das reine Wort Gottes – wie er immer wieder betont.  Anders als andere heilige Schriften ist der Qur´an vollkommen erhalten geblieben, sowohl in seinen Worten als auch in der Bedeutung als lebendige Sprache.  Der Qur´an ist ein bestehendes Wunder auf arabischer Sprache; er ist bekannt dafür, dass er in seinem Stil, seiner Form und seinem spirituellen Einfluss nicht imitierbar ist.  Gottes letzte Offenbarung für die Menschen wurde dem Propheten Muhammad über einen Zeitraum von 23 Jahren offenbart.    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 Der Qur´an wurde von denen, die an ihn glauben, schon immer als das Wort Gottes betrachtet, d.h. nicht als etwas, das viele Jahre nach seiner Niederschrift durch ein religiöses Konzil festgelegt worden war.  Der Qur´an wurde zu Lebzeiten des Propheten öffentlich vor muslimischen und nicht-muslimischen Gemeinschaften rezitiert.  Der gesamte Qur´an wurde ebenfalls zu Lebzeiten des Propheten vollständig aufgeschrieben und von zahlreichen Gefährten komplett, Wort für Wort, auswendig gelernt, so wie er offenbart worden war.  Der Qur´an befand sich also anders als die anderen Schriften seit jeher in den Händen der einfachen Gläubigen; er wurde immer als Gottes Wort angesehen und aufgrund des weitverbreiteten Auswendiglernens wurde er vollkommen bewahrt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Was die Lehren des Qur´an betrifft, er ist eine universelle Schrift, die sich an die gesamte Menschheit richtet und nicht nur an einen bestimmten Stamm oder ein „auserwähltes Volk“.  Die Botschaft, die er bringt, ist nichts Neues, sondern es ist dieselbe Botschaft aller Propheten – sich Gott, dem Allmächtigen, zu ergeben und Ihm allein zu dienen.  Gottes Offenbarung im Qur´an lehrt den Menschen als solches, die Wichtigkeit, an die Einheit Gottes zu glauben und ihre Leben um die Rechtleitung, die Er uns gesandt hat, herum einzurichten.  Zusätzlich enthält der Qur´an Geschichten früherer Propheten wie Abraham, Noah, Moses und Jesus; ebenso wie viele Anweisungen und Verbote von Gott.  In unserer modernen Zeit, wo viele Menschen von Zweifeln, spiritueller Hoffnungslosigkeit und “political Correctness” gefangen sind, bieten die Lehren des Qur´an Lösungen für die Leere unserer Leben und den Tumult, der die Welt heute schüttelt.  Kurz gesagt, der Qur´an ist das Buch der Rechtleitung schlechthin.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Prophet Muhammad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Anders als die Gründer vieler Religionen ist der letzte Prophet des Islam eine tatsächlich historisch dokumentierte Person.  Er lebte im vollen Licht der Geschichte und die kleinsten Einzelheiten seines Lebens sind bekannt.  Die Muslime haben nicht nur den vollständigen Text von Gottes Worten an Muhammad bewahrt, sondern auch seine Aussagen und Lehren in der sogenannten “Hadith”- Literatur.  Nachdem dies gesagt ist, sollte verstanden werden, dass der Prophet Muhammad nur ein von Gott ausgewählter Mann und dass er kein bisschen göttlich war.  Um zu vermeiden, dass Irregeführte ihn zu vergöttlichen wünschen, lehrte der Prophet Muhammad die Muslime, ihn als „Gottes Gesandter und Sein Diener“ zu bezeichnen.  Die Botschaft des allerletzten Propheten Gottes war einfach zu lehren, dass “es nichts Göttliches gibt oder nichts Anbetungswürdiges außer Gott, dem Allmächtigen”, und darin, ein lebendiges Vorbild für die Offenbarung Gottes zu sein.  Mit einfachen Worten: Gott hat Muhammad mit der Offenbarung gesandt, der sie lehrte, predigte, nach ihr lebte und in die Tat umsetzte. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Auf diese Weise war Muhammad mehr als einfach nur ein „Prophet“, wie viele biblische Propheten, denn er war auch Staatsmann und Herrscher.  Er war ein Mann, der ein Leben in Demut führte, um Gott zu dienen, und er stellte eine allumfassende Religion und eine Lebensweise auf, indem er zeigte, was es bedeutet, ein idealer Freund, Ehemann, Lehrer, Herrscher, Heerführer und Richter zu sein.  Aus diesem Grund folgen die Muslime ihm nicht seinetwegen, sondern aus Gehorsam Gott gegenüber, denn Muhammad zeigte uns nicht nur, wie wir mit unseren Mitmenschen umgehen sollen, sondern was noch wichtiger ist, er zeigte uns, wie wir uns an Gott wenden und Ihm dienen sollen; wie wir Ihm auf die einzige Art und Weise dienen, die Ihm gefällt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wie andere Propheten auch litt Muhammad unter großem Widerstand und Verfolgung während seiner Mission.  Aber er war immer geduldig und gerecht, und er behandelte seine Gegner gut.  Die Ergebnisse seiner Mission waren sehr erfolgreich, und das obwohl er seine Mission in einem der rückständigsten und abgelegensten Orte der Erde begann, hatte sich der Islam hundert Jahre nach Muhammads Tod von Spanien bis China ausgebreitet.  Der Prophet Muhammad war der größte Prophet Gottes, nicht weil er neuere Doktrinen oder großartigere Wunder vorzuweisen hatte, sondern er war es, der dazu auserwählt worden war, die letzte Offenbarung zu tragen, die von Gott an die Menschheit gerichtet war; eine, die für alle Orte, Zeiten und Völker geeignet war, unveränderlich bis zum letzten Tag.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Islamische Lebensweise <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Im Heiligen Qur´an lehrt Gott die Menschen, dass sie erschaffen wurden, um Ihm zu dienen, und dass die Grundlage jeglichen wahren Gottesdienstes, Gottes-Bewusstsein ist.  Da die Lehren des Islam alle Aspekte des Lebens und der Ethik umfassen, wird die Wichtigkeit des Gottes-Bewusstseins in allen menschlichen Angelegenheiten betont.  Der Islam macht deutlich, dass alle Taten der Menschen auch gottesdienstliche Taten sind, wenn sie nur Gott zuliebe verrichtet werden und mit Seinem göttlichen Gesetz im Einklang stehen.  Deshalb ist der Gottesdienst im Islam nicht auf religiöse Rituale beschräkt.        <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Lehren des Islam sind eine Gnade und eine Heilung für die menschliche Seele; gute Eigenschaften wie Menschlichkeit, Aufrichtigkeit, Geduld und Mildtätigkeit werden gefördert.  Außerdem verdammt der Islam Stolz und Selbstgefälligkeit, denn Gott, der Allmächtige, ist der einzige Richter über die Rechtschaffenheit der Menschen.    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die islamische Sicht von der Natur des Menschen ist sowohl realistisch als auch ausgeglichen.  Die Menschen werden nicht als von Geburt an sündig angesehen, sondern sie sind gleichermaßen fähig, Gutes oder Böses zu tun. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Islam lehrt ebenfalls, dass Glaube und Taten Hand in Hand gehen müssen.  Gott hat den Menschen den freien Willen gegeben, und als Maßstab für den Glauben eines Menschen dienen seine Taten.  Aber die Menschen sind schwach erschaffen worden und begehen immer wieder Sünden.  Dies gehört zu den Eigenschaften der Menschen, die Gott in Seiner Weisheit erschaffen hat, und er ist nicht von Geburt an „verdorben“ oder muss verbessert werden.  Aus diesem Grund steht das Tor der Reue allen Menschen immer offen und Gott, der Allmächtige, liebt die bereuenden Sünder mehr als diejenigen, die überhaupt nicht sündigen.    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Das wahre Gleichgewicht des islamischen Lebens besteht aus einer gesunden Gottesfurcht auf der einen Seite und dem aufrichtigen Glauben an Seine unendliche Gnade auf der anderen.  Ein Leben ohne Gottesfurcht führt zu Sünde uns Übertretung, während der Glaube, dass wir so sehr gesündigt hätten, dass Gott uns unmöglich vergeben könnte, nur zur Verzweiflung führt.  Daher lehrt der Islam, dass nur die Irregeführten an der Gnade ihres Herrn verzweifeln.    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Außerdem enthält der Heilige Qur´an, der dem Propheten Muhammad offenbart wurde, eine ganze Menge an Lehren über das Leben im Jenseits und den Tag des Gerichts.  Aus diesem Grund glauben Muslime, dass alle Menschen von Gott für ihren Glauben und ihre Taten in ihren irdischen Leben zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden.  Wenn Er über die Menschen richtet, wird Gott, der Allmächtige, Barmherzig und auch Gerecht sein, und die Menschen werden nur für das zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden, wozu sie auch fähig waren.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Es genügt, zu sagen, dass der Islam lehrt, dass dieses Leben eine Prüfung ist und dass alle Menschen vor Gott verantwortlich sind.  Ein aufrichtiger Glaube an das Leben im Jenseits ist der Schlüssel dafür, ein ausgeglichenes und sittsames Leben zu führen.  Wenn man das Leben selbst als das Ende betrachtet, bringt das die Menschen dazu, eigennütziger, materialistischer und sittenloser zu werden. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam für ein besseres Leben <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Der Islam lehrt, dass wahre Freude nur dadurch erreicht werden kann, wenn man ein Leben voller Gottes-Bewusstsein führt und mit dem, was Gott uns gegeben hat, zufrieden ist.  Außerdem ist wahre Freiheit die Freiheit, nicht von unseren menschlichen Grundbedürfnisse kontrolliert zu werden und nicht durch von Menschen erfundende Ideologien beherrscht zu werden.   Dies bildet einen starken Kontrast zu der Ansicht vieler Menschen in der modernen Welt, die unter „Freiheit“ verstehen, dass man alle seine Begierden ohne Einschränkung befriedigen darf.  Die klare und verständliche Leitung des Islam gibt den Menschen einen wohl-definierten Sinn und eine Richtung fürs Leben.  Zusätzlich dazu, Mitglieder der humanen Bruderschaft des Islam zu sein, sind seine wohl-ausgewogenen und praktischen Lehren eine Quelle spirituellen Trosts, Leitung und Sittsamkeit.  Eine direkte und klare Beziehung zu Gott, dem Allmächtigen, und auch der Sinn für den Zweck und die Zugehörigkeit, die man als Muslim fühlt, befreien uns von vielen Sorgen des alltäglichen Lebens.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Kurz gesagt, die Islamische Lebensweise ist rein und ganzheitlich.  Sie baut Selbstdisziplin und Selbstkontrolle durch regelmäßiges Gebet und Fasten auf, und befreit die Menschen von Aberglauben und rassischen, ethnischen und nationalen Vorurteilen.  Indem wir akzeptieren, ein gott-bewusstes Leben Leben zu führen, und uns gewahr werden, dass das einzige, was die Menschen vor Gott unterscheidet, ihr Bewusstein von Ihm ist, wird die tatsächliche Würde der Person gewahrt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":12540,"lft":938,"rght":939,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-05T03:43:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T09:32:33.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":7,"author_id":2143,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":582,"author_name":"Daniel Masters, AbdurRahman Squires, and I. Kaka","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-05","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-A Brief Introduction to Islam.dot","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-A Brief Introduction to Islam.docx"},{"id":585,"title":"\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c","slug":"---sd","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-A Brief Introduction to Islam.dot","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-A Brief Introduction to Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:---sd","hint":"","body":"

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\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c – \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0438\u0431\u043e «\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u0436\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435» (\u0442.\u0435. \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c) \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u043c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c – «\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f» \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437  \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430  \u0432\u0441\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c, \u041d\u043e\u0439, \u041c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439, \u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441 \u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c – \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a  \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 – \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0443. \u0418 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0438 \u0432 \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0415\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 – \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c – \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u041d\u043e\u044f, \u041c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0435\u044f , \u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430… \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0446\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u044b \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0438\u043c\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043a \u0431\u043e\u0436\u044c\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0436\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043c-\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043e\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0446 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e: \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443, \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0443. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u041e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c, \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043a \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0443\u044e «\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0421\u0438\u043b\u0443», \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439. \u0412 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041e\u043d \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439, \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u041d\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e: \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.  \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435  \u0411\u043e\u0433, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433 – \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d. \u0410 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e «\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445», \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a «\u0411\u043e\u0433 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0432», \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a (\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445) \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0418 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0422\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0446\u0435. \u041d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430 (\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439), \u0442\u043e \u041e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043b \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0443, \u041d\u043e\u044e, \u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2 \u0438\u0437 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0410\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 «\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435». \u0412 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435  \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d – \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0434\u043e, \u041a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 23 \u043b\u0435\u0442.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430  \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438  \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430. \u0422\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0436\u0438\u0432, \u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e. \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0445\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e «\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443».  \u041e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 – \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0415\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u0412\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0412 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d (\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c) – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435. \u0418\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0441.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 – \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f  \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443, \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0423 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d – \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u044b – \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c,  \u043d\u043e, \u0432\u0441\u0435-\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u043d \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e «\u0431\u043e\u0436\u044c\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043c». \u041c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439  \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043b \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0436\u0438\u043b. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c. \u041e\u043d \u0432\u0435\u043b \u0441\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0438, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c  \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043c, \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0439. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0441 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0441 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c. \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0415\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u041e\u043d \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438,  \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 – \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f. \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0414\u043d\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0412 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0415\u043c\u0443. \u0410 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a. \u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0449\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0434\u044b\u043d\u044e \u0438 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0435, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0441.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e \u0438 \u0437\u043b\u043e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0430\u043c. \u041d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u044b\u043c, \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0430. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u041e\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u041d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0435. \u0416\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0438, \u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0443\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0438 \u0421\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0430\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c – \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u043a \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0433\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c – \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u0410 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439. \u0412 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u042f\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441\u043e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e\u0449. \u041e\u043d \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 – \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445…<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u041d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":10630,"lft":940,"rght":941,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-05T03:43:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T07:44:04.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":7,"author_id":2143,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":582,"author_name":"Daniel Masters, AbdurRahman Squires, and I. Kaka","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-05","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-A Brief Introduction to Islam.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-A Brief Introduction to Islam.dot"},{"id":586,"title":"Uma Breve Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o ao Isl\u00e3","slug":"uma-breve-introduo-ao-isl","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-A Brief Introduction to Islam.dot","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-A Brief Introduction to Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:uma-breve-introduo-ao-isl","hint":"","body":"

Uma Breve Introdução ao Islã<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Islã e Muçulmanos<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

A palavra “Islã” é uma palavra árabe que significa “submissão à vontade de Deus.” Essa palavra vem da mesma raiz que a palavra árabe “salam”, que significa “paz”.  Como tal, a religião do Islã ensina que para alcançar verdadeira paz de espírito e certeza de coração, devemos nos submeter a Deus e viver de acordo com Sua Lei divinamente revelada.  A verdade mais importante que Deus revelou para a humanidade é que não há nenhuma divindade merecedora de adoração exceto Deus Todo-Poderoso e, dessa forma, todos os seres humanos devem se submeter a Ele.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A palavra “muçulmano” significa aquele que se submete a vontade de Deus, independente de sua raça, nacionalidade ou origem étnica.  Ser um muçulmano implica em submissão voluntária e obediência ativa a Deus e em viver de acordo com Sua mensagem.  Algumas pessoas acreditam equivocadamente que o Islã é apenas uma religião para árabes, mas nada poderia estar mais distante da verdade.  Além de existirem convertidos ao Islã em todos os cantos do mundo, especialmente Inglaterra e América, ao dar uma olhada no mundo muçulmano da Bósnia a Nigéria e da Indonésia ao Marrocos, pode-se ver claramente que os muçulmanos vêm de várias raças, grupos étnicos e nacionalidades.  Também é interessante notar que na verdade, mais de 80% de todos os muçulmanos não são árabes - existem mais muçulmanos na Indonésia do que em todo o mundo árabe!  Então, embora seja verdade que quase todos os árabes são muçulmanos, a grande maioria dos muçulmanos não é árabe.  Entretanto, quem quer que se submeta completamente a Deus e adore somente a Ele é um muçulmano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Continuidade da Mensagem<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

O Islã não é uma religião nova porque “submissão a vontade de Deus”, ou seja, Islã, sempre foi a única religião aceitável aos olhos de Deus.  Por essa razão o Islã é a “religião natural” verdadeira e é a mesma mensagem eterna revelada através dos tempos para todos os profetas e mensageiros de Deus.  Os muçulmanos acreditam que os profetas de Deus, que incluem Abraão, Noé, Moisés, Jesus e Muhammad, trouxeram a mesma mensagem de Monoteísmo Puro.  Por essa razão o Profeta Muhammad não foi o fundador de uma nova religião, como muitas pessoas equivocadamente pensam, mas foi o Profeta final do Islã.  Ao revelar Sua mensagem final a Muhammad, que é uma mensagem eterna e universal para toda a humanidade, Deus finalmente cumpriu a promessa que fez a Abraão, que foi um dos primeiros e maiores profetas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

É suficiente dizer que o caminho do Islã é o mesmo do profeta Abraão, porque tanto a Bíblia quanto o Alcorão retratam Abraão como um exemplo proeminente de alguém que se submeteu completamente a Deus e O adorou sem intermediários.   Quando isso é entendido, fica claro que o Islã tem a mensagem mais contínua e universal do que qualquer outra religião, porque todos os profetas e mensageiros foram “muçulmanos”, ou seja, aqueles que se submeteram à vontade de Deus, e eles pregaram o “Islã”, ou seja, a submissão a vontade de Deus Todo-Poderoso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Unicidade de Deus<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

A base da fé islâmica é a crença na Unicidade de Deus Todo-Poderoso – o Deus de Abraão, Noé, Moisés e Jesus.  O Islã ensina que a crença pura em Um Deus é intuitiva nos seres humanos e atende a uma inclinação natural da alma.  Como tal, o conceito de Deus do Islã é direto, sem ambiguidades e fácil de compreender.  O Islã ensina que os corações, mentes e almas dos seres humanos são receptáculos adequados para a revelação divina clara que as revelações de Deus ao homem não são encobertos por mistérios contraditórios e idéias irracionais.  Dessa forma, o Islã ensina que mesmo que Deus não seja plenamente compreendido por nossas mentes humanas finitas, Ele também não espera que aceitemos absurdos ou crenças demonstravelmente falsas sobre Ele.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De acordo com os ensinamentos do Islã, Deus Todo-Poderoso é absolutamente Um e Sua Unicidade não deve nunca ser comprometida pela associação de parceiros a Ele - nem na adoração e nem na crença.  Devido a isso, é exigido que os muçulmanos mantenham uma relação direta com Deus e, consequentemente, todos os intermediários são absolutamente proibidos.  Do ponto de vista islâmico, acreditar na Unicidade de Deus significa perceber que todas as orações e adoração devem ser exclusivamente para Deus e que somente Ele merece títulos como “Senhor” e “Salvador”.  Algumas religiões, embora acreditem em “Um Deus”, não fazem todas as orações e adoração somente para Ele.  Também dão título de “Senhor” a seres que não são Oniscientes, Todo-Poderosos e Imutáveis - mesmo de acordo com suas próprias escrituras.  É suficiente dizer que de acordo com o Islã, não basta que as pessoas acreditem que “Deus é Um”, mas elas devem por em prática essa crença através de conduta adequada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Em resumo, o conceito islâmico de Deus, que é completamente baseado em revelação divina, não existe ambiguidade na divindade – Deus é Deus e homem é homem.  Uma vez que Deus é o único Criador e contínuo Sustentador do Universo, Ele transcende Sua criação – o Criador e a criatura nunca se misturam.  O Islã ensina que Deus tem uma natureza única e que Ele é livre de gênero, fraquezas humanas e além de qualquer coisa que os seres humanos possam imaginar.  O Alcorão ensina que os sinais e provas da sabedoria, poder e existência de Deus são evidentes no mundo ao nosso redor.  Assim, Deus conclama o homem a ponderar sobre a criação para construir um melhor entendimento de seu Criador.  Os muçulmanos acreditam que Deus é Amoroso, Compassivo e Misericordioso e que Se preocupa com os assuntos diários dos seres humanos.  Nesse ponto o Islã alcança um equilíbrio único entre falsos extremos religiosos e filosóficos.  Algumas religiões e filosofias retratam Deus como um “Poder Maior” impessoal que está desinteressado, ou ignora, a vida de cada indivíduo.  Outras religiões tendem a dar a Deus qualidades humanas e ensinam que Ele está presente em Sua criação, encarnado em alguém, algo ou em tudo.  No Islã, entretanto, Deus Todo-Poderoso esclareceu a verdade ao deixar a humanidade saber que Ele é “Compassivo”, “Misericordioso”, “Amoroso” e “Aquele que Atende as Orações”.  Mas Ele também enfatiza fortemente que “nada é como Ele” e que Ele está acima de tempo, espaço e Sua criação.  Finalmente, deve ser mencionado que o Deus que os muçulmanos adoram é o mesmo Deus que os judeus e cristãos adoram – porque só existe um Deus.  É desastroso que algumas pessoas erroneamente acreditem que os muçulmanos adorem um Deus diferente dos judeus e cristãos e que “Allah” seja apenas o “deus dos árabes”.  Esse mito, que tem sido propagado pelos inimigos do Islã, é completamente falso já que a palavra “Allah” é simplesmente o nome árabe para Deus Todo-Poderoso.  É a mesma palavra para Deus usada pelos judeus e cristãos que falam árabe.  Entretanto, deve ser esclarecido que embora os muçulmanos adorem o mesmo Deus dos judeus e cristãos, seu conceito Dele difere um pouco das crenças de outras religiões – principalmente porque é completamente baseada em revelação divina.  Por exemplo, os muçulmanos rejeitam a crença cristã de que Deus é uma Trindade, não somente porque o Alcorão a rejeita, mas também porque se essa fosse a verdadeira natureza de Deus, Ele a teria revelado claramente para Abraão, Noé, Jesus e todos os outros profetas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

O Alcorão<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

A palavra árabe “Al-Quran” (Alcorão, em português) literalmente significa “a recitação.” Quando usada em relação ao Islã, a palavra Alcorão significa a mensagem final de Deus para a humanidade, que foi revelada ao profeta.  O Alcorão é a palavra literal de Deus – como ele diz claramente em várias de suas passagens.  Ao contrário de outras escrituras sagradas, o Alcorão foi perfeitamente preservado tanto em palavras quanto em significado em uma língua viva.  O Alcorão é um milagre vivo na língua árabe; é conhecido como inimitável em seu estilo, forma e impacto espiritual.  A revelação final de Deus para a humanidade, o Alcorão, foi revelado ao profeta Muhammad ao longo de 23 anos. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Alcorão, em contraste com muitos outros livros religiosos, sempre foi ensinado como sendo a Palavra de Deus por aqueles que acreditavam nele, ou seja, não foi algo decretado por um concílio religioso anos após ter sido escrito.  O Alcorão também foi recitado publicamente perante comunidades muçulmanas e não-muçulmanas durante a vida do profeta Muhammad.  O Alcorão inteiro também foi completamente registrado durante a vida do profeta e vários companheiros dele memorizaram o Alcorão palavra por palavra como foi revelado.  Assim, ao contrário de outras escrituras, o Alcorão sempre esteve nas mãos de crentes comuns; sempre foi considerado a palavra de Deus e devido a memorização propagada, foi perfeitamente preservado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 Em relação aos ensinamentos do Alcorão – é uma escritura universal dirigida para toda a humanidade e não para uma tribo ou “povo escolhido” em particular.  A mensagem que ele traz não é nova e sim a mesma de todos os profetas – submeter-se a Deus Todo-Poderoso e adorar somente a Ele.  Dessa forma, a revelação de Deus no Alcorão foca em ensinar aos seres humanos a importância de acreditar na Unicidade de Deus e de enquadrar suas vidas com base na orientação que Ele enviou.  Adicionalmente, o Alcorão contém histórias dos profetas anteriores, como Abraão, Noé, Moisés e Jesus e também muitos mandamentos e proibições de Deus.   Nos dias atuais, em que tantas pessoas são presas da dúvida, desespero espiritual e “correção política”, os ensinamentos corânicos oferecem soluções para o vazio de nossas vidas e a desordem que domina o mundo hoje.  Em resumo, o Alcorão é o livro de orientação por excelência.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Profeta Muhammad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Ao contrário dos fundadores de muitas religiões, o profeta final do Islã é uma figura real histórica e documentada.  Viveu à luz da história e os mínimos detalhes de sua vida são conhecidos.  Além de terem o texto completo das palavras de Deus que foram reveladas a Muhammad, os muçulmano também preservaram seus ditos e ensinamentos no que é chamado de literatura “hadith”.  Dito isso, deve ser entendido que os muçulmanos acreditam que o profeta Muhammad foi apenas um homem escolhido por Deus, que não era divino em qualquer aspecto.  Para evitar o desejo mal orientado de deificá-lo, o profeta Muhammad ensinou aos muçulmanos a se referirem a ele como “Mensageiro de Deus e Seu Servo”.  A missão do último e final profeta de Deus foi simplesmente ensinar que “não há nenhuma divindade merecedora de adoração exceto Deus Todo-Poderoso” e ser um exemplo vivo da revelação de Deus.  Em termos simples, Deus enviou a revelação a Muhammad, que por sua vez a pregou, viveu e colocou em prática. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dessa forma, Muhammad foi mais que apenas um “profeta” no sentido de muitos profetas bíblicos, uma vez que também foi estadista e governante.   Foi um homem que viveu uma vida humilde a serviço de Deus e estabeleceu uma religião abrangente e um modo de vida mostrando o que é ser um amigo, marido, professor, governante, guerreiro e juiz ideais.  Por essa razão os muçulmanos o seguem não por sua causa, mas em obediência a Deus, porque Muhammad nos mostrou como lidar com nossos semelhantes e, mais importante, nos mostrou como nos relacionar e adorar a Deus; adorá-Lo na única forma que O agrada. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como outros profetas, Muhammad enfrentou grande oposição e perseguição durante sua missão.  Entretanto, foi sempre paciente e justo e tratou bem seus inimigos.  Os resultados de sua missão foram muito bem-sucedidos e embora sua missão tenha começado em um dos lugares mais atrasados e remotos da terra, em cem anos a partir da morte de Muhammad o Islã tinha se propagado da Espanha a China.  O profeta Muhammad foi o maior de todos os profetas de Deus, não porque ele tivesse doutrinas novas ou milagres maiores, mas porque foi ele o escolhido para transmitir a última revelação vinda de Deus para a humanidade, uma que fosse adequada para todos os lugares, épocas e povos, eterna e imutável até o Dia do Juízo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Maneira Islâmica de Vida<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

No Alcorão Sagrado Deus ensina os seres humanos que foram criados para adorá-Lo e que a base de toda adoração verdadeira é a consciência de Deus.  Uma vez que os ensinamentos do Islã abrangem todos os aspectos da vida e da ética, a consciência de Deus é encorajada em todos os assuntos humanos.  O Islã deixa claro que todos os atos humanos são atos de adoração se forem feitos somente para agradar a Deus e de acordo com Sua Lei Divina.   Assim, a adoração no Islã não está limitada aos rituais religiosos.   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os ensinamentos do Islã agem como misericórdia e cura para a alma humana e qualidades como humildade, sinceridade, paciência e caridade são fortemente encorajadas.  Além disso, o Islã condena o orgulho e o autoelogio, já que Deus Todo-Poderoso é o único juiz da virtude humana. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

A visão islâmica da natureza do homem também é realista e bem balanceada. Não se acredita que os seres humanos sejam inerentemente pecadores, mas são vistos como igualmente capazes do bem e do mal. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Islã também ensina que a fé e a ação devem andar de mãos dadas.  Deus deu às pessoas o livre arbítrio e a medida da fé são os atos e ações.  Entretanto, os seres humanos também foram criados fracos e caem em pecado com regularidade.  Essa é a natureza do ser humano como criado por Deus em Sua Sabedoria e não é inerentemente “corrupta” ou necessitando de reparos.  Isso porque o caminho para o arrependimento está sempre aberto para todos os seres humanos e Deus Todo-Poderoso ama o pecador arrependido mais que aquele que nunca peca. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

O verdadeiro equilíbrio de uma vida islâmica é estabelecido por um temor saudável de Deus associado a uma crença sincera em Sua infinita Misericórdia.  Uma vida sem temor a Deus leva ao pecado e a desobediência, enquanto que a crença de que pecamos tanto que Deus não poderia nos perdoar só nos leva ao desespero.  À luz disso, o Islã ensina que somente os desorientados se desesperam da misericórdia de seu Senhor.   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Adicionalmente o Alcorão Sagrado, que foi revelado ao profeta Muhammad, contém muitos ensinamentos sobre a vida depois da morte e o Dia do Juízo.  Devido a isso, os muçulmanos acreditam que todos os seres humanos serão no fim julgados por Deus por suas crenças e ações em suas vidas terrenas.  Ao julgar os seres humanos Deus Todo-Poderoso será ao mesmo tempo misericordioso e justo e as pessoas só serão julgadas por aquilo que eram capazes de fazer. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

É suficiente dizer que o Islã ensina que a vida é um teste e que todos os seres humanos prestarão contas perante Deus.  Uma crença sincera na vida depois da morte é a chave para levar uma vida moral e bem equilibrada.  De outra forma a vida é vista como um fim em si mesma, o que faz com que os seres humanos se tornem egoístas, materialistas e imorais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islã por uma Vida Melhor<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

O Islã ensina que a verdadeira felicidade só pode ser obtida se levarmos uma vida cheia de consciência de Deus e ficarmos satisfeitos com o que Deus nos deu.  Além disso, a verdadeira “liberdade” é estarmos livres de sermos controlados por nossos desejos humanos básicos e sermos governados por ideologias feitas pelo homem.  Essa posição contrasta claramente com a opinião de muitas pessoas no mundo moderno, que consideram “liberdade” a habilidade de satisfazer todos os seus desejos sem inibição.  A orientação clara e abrangente do Islã dá aos seres humanos propósito e direção bem definidos na vida.   Além de serem membros da irmandade humana do Islã, seus ensinamentos equilibrados e práticos são uma fonte de conforto, orientação e moralidade espirituais.  Um relacionamento claro e direto com Deus Todo-Poderoso, associado ao senso de propósito e pertencimento que se sente como muçulmano, liberta a pessoa de muitas preocupações da vida diária.   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Em resumo, a maneira islâmica de vida é pura e completa.  Constrói autodisciplina e autocontrole através da oração regular e jejum e liberta os seres humanos de superstição e todo tipo de preconceitos raciais, étnicos e nacionais.  Ao aceitar viver uma vida consciente de Deus e perceber que a única coisa que distingue as pessoas aos olhos de Deus é sua consciência Dele, a verdadeira dignidade humana de uma pessoa é compreendida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7b80\u4ecb<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\uff081\/2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e0e\u7a46\u65af\u6797<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“\u4f0a\u65af\u5170”\uff08Islam\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u5728\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u4e2d\u610f\u4e3a“\u987a\u4ece\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u610f\u613f”\u3002\u8be5\u8bcd\u6e90\u4e8e\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u8bcd\u6839“\u8272\u4fe9\u76ee”\uff08salam\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a“\u548c\u5e73”\u3002\u65e2\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u5bfc\u7684\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u5b89\u5b81\uff0c\u5373\u987a\u4ece\u5b89\u62c9\u5e76\u4f9d\u7167\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\u800c\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u542f\u793a\u7ed9\u4e16\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u771f\u7406\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u9664\u5b89\u62c9\u5916\u7edd\u65e0\u5e94\u53d7\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7406\u5e94\u5d07\u62dc\u4ed6\u3002ao<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\uff082\/2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e8e\u6700\u7f8e\u7684\u751f\u6d3b<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":9955,"lft":944,"rght":945,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-05T03:43:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T10:28:45.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":7,"author_id":2143,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":582,"author_name":"Daniel Masters, AbdurRahman Squires, and I. Kaka","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-05","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-A Brief Introduction to Islam.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-A Brief Introduction to Islam.dot"},{"id":588,"title":"Seven Common Questions about Islam","slug":"seven-common-questions-about-islam","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Seven Common Questions about Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Seven Common Questions about Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:seven-common-questions-about-islam","hint":"","body":"

Seven Common Questions about Islam<\/strong><\/strong><\/span>
<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n


<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\r\n

 (part 1 of 2)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

1.      What is Islam?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam is the name of the religion, or more properly the ‘way of life’, which God (Allah) has revealed and which was practiced by all of the Prophets and Messengers of God that He sent to mankind.  Even the name stands out unique among other religions in that it means a state of being; it does not refer to any particular person, such as Christianity, Buddhism or Zoroastrianism; a tribe like Judaism; or a nation like Hinduism.  The root Arabic word from which Islam is derived implies peace, safety, salutation, protection, blamelessness, wholesomeness, submission, acceptance, surrender, and salvation.  Islam specifically means being in the state of submission to God, worshipping Him Alone, and reverently accepting and obeying His Law.  Through this submission, the peace, security, and wholesome well-being implied in its literal meaning is achieved.  Hence, a Muslim or Muslimah is a person (male or female) in that state of submission.  A person’s Islam weakens through sins, ignorance, and wrong-doing, and becomes nullified in totality by associating partners with God or disbelieving in Him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.      What are Muslims?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The Arabic word “Muslim” literally means “someone who is in a state of Islam (submission to the will and law of God)”.  The message of Islam is meant for the entire world, and anyone who accepts this message becomes a Muslim.  Some people mistakenly believe that Islam is just a religion for Arabs, but nothing could be further from the truth.  In actuality, over 80% of the world's Muslims are not Arabs! Even though most Arabs are Muslims, there are Arabs who are Christians, Jews and atheists.  If one just takes a look at the various peoples who live in the Muslim World - from Nigeria to Bosnia and from Morocco to Indonesia - it is easy enough to see that Muslims come from all different races, ethnic groups, cultures and nationalities.  Islam has always been a universal message for all people.  This can be seen in the fact that some of the early companions of the Prophet Muhammad were not only Arabs, but also Persians, Africans and Byzantine Romans.  Being a Muslim entails complete acceptance and active obedience to the revealed teachings and laws of God the Exalted.  A Muslim is a person who freely accepts basing his beliefs, values and faith on the will of Almighty God.  In the past, even though you do not see it as much today, the word “Mohammedans” was often used as a label for Muslims.  This label is a misnomer, and is the result of either willful distortion or sheer ignorance.  One of the reasons for the misconception is that Europeans were taught for centuries that Muslims worshipped the Prophet Muhammad in the same way that Christians worship Jesus.  This is absolutely not true, since one is not considered a Muslim if he worships anyone or anything besides God the Exalted.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3.      Who is Allah?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Often one hears the Arabic word “Allah” being used in discussions regarding Islam.  The word “Allah” is simply the Arabic word for Almighty God, and is the same word used by Arabic speaking Christians and Jews.  As a matter of fact, the word Allah was in use far before the word God ever came into existence, since English is a relatively new language.  If one were to pick up an Arabic translation of the Bible, one would see the word “Allah” being use where the word “God” is used in English.  For instance, Arabic speaking Christians say that Jesus is, according to their canon belief, the Son of Allah.  In addition, the Arabic word for Almighty God, “Allah”, is quite similar to the word for God in other Semitic languages.  For example, the Hebrew word for God is “Elah”.  For various reasons, some non-Muslims mistakenly believe that Muslims worship a different God than the God of Moses and Abraham and Jesus.  This is certainly not the case, since the Pure Monotheism of Islam calls all people to the worship of the God of Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and all the other prophets, peace be upon them.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

4.      Who is Muhammad?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The last and final prophet whom God sent to humanity was the Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him.  At the age of forty, he received the revelation from God.  He then spent the remaining portion of his life explaining, and living the teachings of Islam, the religion that God revealed to him.  The Prophet Muhammad is the greatest of all prophets for many reasons, but primarily because he was chosen by God to be the last prophet - whose mission to guide humanity would continue until the Last Day - and because he has been sent as a mercy to all of mankind.  The result of his mission has brought more people into the pure belief in One God than any other prophet.  Since the beginning of time, God sent prophets to the earth, each one to his own specific nation.  The Prophet Muhammad, however, was sent as the final Messenger to all of humanity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Even though other religious communities have claimed to believe in One God, over time, some corrupted ideas entered into their beliefs and practices leading them away from the pure sincere monotheism of the prophets.  Some took their prophets and saints as intercessors with Almighty God.  Some even believed that their prophets were the manifestations of God, or “God Incarnate” or the “Son of God”.  All of these misconceptions lead to the worship of created beings instead of the Creator, and contributed to the idolatrous practice of believing that Almighty God may be approached through intermediaries.  In order to guard against these falsehoods, the Prophet Muhammad always emphasized that he was only a human-being with the mission of preaching and obeying God's message.  He taught Muslims to refer to him as “the Messenger of God and His Slave”.  Through his life and teachings, God made Muhammad the perfect example for all people - he was the exemplary prophet, statesman, military leader, ruler, teacher, neighbor, husband, father and friend.  Unlike other prophets and messengers, the Prophet Muhammad lived in the full light of history, and all his sayings and acts were meticulously recorded and collected.  Muslims don't need to have mere ‘faith’ that he existed, or that his teachings are preserved - they know it to be a fact.  God took it upon Himself to protect the message revealed to Muhammad from distortion or from being forgotten or lost.  This was necessary because God promised that Muhammad was to be the final Messenger to mankind.  All of God's Messengers preached the message of Islam - i.e.  submission to the law of God and the worship of God alone – but Muhammad is the last prophet of Islam who brought the final and complete message which was never to be changed until the Last Day.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 2 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

5.      What are the Teachings of Islam?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The foundation of the Islamic faith is belief in absolute Monotheism (the Oneness of God).  This means to believe that there is only one Creator and Sustainer of everything in the Universe, and that nothing is divine or worthy of being worshipped except for Him.  Truly, believing in the Oneness of God means much more than simply believing that there is “One God” - as opposed to two, three or four.  There are a number of religions that claim belief in “One God” and believe that ultimately there is only one Creator and Sustainer of the Universe, but true monotheism is to believe that only the One True Deity is to be worshipped in accordance to the revelation He sent to His Messenger.  Islam also rejects the use of all intermediaries between God and Man, and insists that people approach God directly and reserve all worship for Him alone.  Muslims believe that Almighty God is Compassionate, Loving and Merciful.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A common misconception is the claim that God cannot forgive His creatures directly.  By over-emphasizing the burden and penalty of sin, as well as claiming that God cannot forgive humans directly, people often despair of the Mercy of God.  Once they become convinced that they cannot approach God directly, they turn to false gods for help, such as heroes, political leaders, saviors, saints, and angels.  We often find that the people who worship, pray to, or seek intercession from these false deities, do not consider them to be a ‘god’.  They claim belief in One Supreme God, but claim that they pray to and worship others beside God only to get closer to Him.  In Islam, there is a clear distinction between the Creator and the created.  There is no ambiguity or mystery in issues of divinity: anything that is created does not deserve to be worshipped; only Allah, the Creator, is worthy of being worshipped.  Some religions falsely believe that God has become part of His creation, and this has led people to believe that they can worship something created in order to reach their Creator.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muslims believe that even though God is Unique and Exalted beyond speculative comprehension, He definitely has no partners, associates, peers, antagonists or offspring.  According to Muslim belief, Allah “neither begets, nor was He begotten” - neither literally, allegorically, metaphorically, physically or metaphysically.  He is Absolutely Unique and Eternal.  He is in control of everything and is perfectly capable of bestowing His infinite Mercy and Forgiveness to whomever He chooses.  That is why Allah is also called the All-Powerful and Most-Merciful.  Allah has created the Universe for man, and as such wants the best for all human beings.  Muslims see everything in the Universe as a sign of the Creatorship and Benevolence of Almighty God.  Also, the belief in the Oneness of Allah is not merely a metaphysical concept.  It is a dynamic belief that affects ones view of humanity, society and all aspects of practical life.  As a logical corollary to the Islamic belief in the Oneness of Allah, is its belief in the oneness of mankind and humanity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

6.      What is the Quran?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The Quran is the final revelation of Allah to all of mankind, which was spoken by Allah the Exalted Himself and conveyed through the Arch-Angel Gabriel in Arabic to the Prophet Muhammad, in sound, word and meaning.  The Quran, (sometimes incorrectly spelled Koran), was then relayed to the Prophet's companions, and they diligently memorized it verbatim and meticulously complied it into written form.  The Holy Quran has been continually recited by the companions of the Prophet and their successors until the present day.  In short, the Quran is the revealed book of Divine scripture from Allah to all humanity for their guidance and salvation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Today the Quran is still memorized and taught by millions of people.  The language of the Quran, Arabic, is still a living language to millions of people.  Unlike the scriptures of some other religions, the Quran is still read in its original language by countless millions of people.  The Quran is a living miracle in the Arabic language, and it is known to be inimitable in its style, form and spiritual impact, as well as the unique knowledge that it contains.  The Quran was revealed in a series of revelations to the Prophet Muhammad over a period of 23 years.  In contrast to many other religious books, the Quran was always believed to be the exact Word of Allah.  The Quran was recited publicly in front of both the Muslim and non-Muslim communities during the life of the Prophet Muhammad, and thereafter.  The entire Quran was also completely written down in the lifetime of the Prophet, and numerous companions of the Prophet memorized the entire Quran word-for-word as it was revealed.  The Quran was always in the hands of the common believers: it was always thought to be God's word; and, due to wide-spread memorization, it was perfectly preserved.  Never was any part of it altered or decreed by any religious council.  The teachings of the Quran comprise a universal scripture addressed to all of mankind and not to any particular tribe or ‘chosen people’.  The message that it brings is nothing new but the same message of all of the prophets: 'submit to Allah the One God and worship Him alone and follow Allah's Messengers for success in this life and salvation in the hereafter'.  As such, Allah's revelation in the Quran focuses on teaching human beings the importance of believing in the Oneness of Allah, and framing their lives around the guidance which He has sent, which is articulated in the Islamic Law.  The Quran contains the stories of the previous prophets, such as Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, peace be upon all of them, as well as commands and prohibitions from God.  In our modern times, in which so many people are caught up in doubt, spiritual despair and social and political alienation, the Quranic teachings offer solutions to the emptiness of our lives and the turmoil that is gripping the world today.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

7.      How Do Muslims View the Nature of Man, the Purpose of Life and the Life Hereafter?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

In the Holy Quran, Allah teaches human beings that they were created in order to glorify and worship Him, and that the basis of all true worship is God-consciousness.  All of Allah's creatures worship him naturally and only the humans have the free will to worship Allah their Creator or to reject Him.  This is a great test, but also a great honor.  Since the teachings of Islam encompass all aspects of life and ethics, God-consciousness is encouraged in all human affairs.  Islam makes it clear that all human acts are acts of worship if they are done for God alone and in accordance to His Divine Scripture and Law.  As such, worship in Islam is not limited to religious rituals, and for this reason it is more properly known as ‘way of life’ than a religion.  The teachings of Islam act as a mercy and a healing for the human soul, and qualities such as humility, sincerity, patience and charity are strongly encouraged.  Additionally, Islam condemns pride and self-righteousness, since Almighty God is the only judge of human righteousness.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Islamic view of the nature of man is also realistic and well-balanced in that human beings are not believed to be inherently sinful, but are seen as equally capable of both good and evil; it is their choice.  Islam teaches that faith and action go hand-in-hand.  God has given people free-will, and the measure of one's faith is their deeds and actions.  However, since human beings have also been created innately weak and regularly fall into sin, they are in need of continually seeking guidance and repentance, which is, in itself , also a form of worship loved by Allah.  The nature of the human being as created by God in His Majesty and Wisdom, is not inherently ‘corrupt’ or in need of repair.  The avenue of repentance is always open to all.  Almighty God knew that humans were going to make mistakes, so the real test is whether they seek repentance for their sins and try to avoid them, or if they prefer a life of heedlessness and sin, knowing well that it is not pleasing to God.  The true balance of an Islamic life is established by having a healthy fear of Allah's rightful punishment for crimes and sins, as well as a sincere belief that Allah, in His infinite Mercy, takes pleasure in bestowing His reward for our good deeds and sincere worship to Him.  A life without fear of Allah leads to sin and disobedience, while believing that we have sinned so much that God will not possibly forgive us only leads to despair.  In the light of this fact, Islam teaches that only the misguided despair of the Mercy of their Lord, and only wicked criminals are devoid of the fear of Allah their Creator and Judge.  The Holy Quran as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, also contains a great deal of teachings about life in the hereafter and the Day of Judgment.  Muslims believe that all human beings will ultimately be judged by Allah, the Absolute Sovereign King and Judge, for their beliefs and actions in their earthly lives.  In judging human beings, Allah the Exalted will be both Absolutely Just, by only punishing the truly guilty and rebellious unrepentant criminals, and Absolutely Merciful for those people who He, in His wisdom, judges worthy of mercy.  None will be judged for that which was beyond their capacity, or for that which they did not actually do.  It is sufficient to say that Islam teaches that life is a test designed by Allah, the Creator, Almighty and Most Wise; and that all human beings will be accountable before Allah for what they did with their lives.  A sincere belief in the life of the hereafter is the key to leading a well-balanced and moral life.  Otherwise, life is viewed as an end in itself, which causes people to become more selfish, materialistic and immoral by their blind pursuit of pleasure even at the expense of reason and ethics.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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Sept questions courantes sur l’islam<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"
<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (partie 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

1.      Qu’est-ce que l’islam?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

L’islam est la religion, ou plus précisément le mode de vie que Dieu (Allah) a révélé et qui fut pratiqué par tous les prophètes et messagers qu’Il envoya à l’humanité.  Le nom « islam » se démarque des noms des autres religions en ce sens qu’il signifie une façon d’être et ne réfère pas à une personne en particulier comme le christianisme, le bouddhisme ou le zoroastrisme, à une tribu, comme le judaïsme, ou à une nation, comme l’hindouisme.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le mot-racine arabe duquel le terme islam<\/em> dérive comprend les sens suivant : paix, sécurité, salutations, protection, absence de reproches, bien-être, soumission, acceptation, le fait de s’abandonner et le salut.  L’islam signifie plus précisément un état de soumission envers Dieu, le fait de n’adorer que Lui, en toute exclusivité, d’accepter Ses lois et de se soumettre à elles.  C’est par cette soumission que sont atteints la paix, la sécurité et le bien-être que l’on retrouve dans la signification de son terme.  Le(la) musulman(e) est donc une personne qui se trouve dans cet état de soumission.  L’islam d’une personne se trouve affaibli par les péchés, l’ignorance et les méfaits, et est totalement annulé par le fait d’adorer d’autres divinités à part Dieu ou par le fait de ne plus croire en Lui.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.      Qu’est-ce qu’un musulman?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le terme musulman<\/em> signifie littéralement celui (ou celle) qui est en état d’islam (i.e. de soumission à la volonté et à la Loi de Dieu).  L’islam fut révélé à l’humanité tout entière et quiconque accepte son message et s’y conforme devient musulman(e).  Certains croient à tort que l’islam est une religion exclusive aux Arabes, mais rien n’est plus faux.  En réalité, près de 80% des musulmans, dans le monde, ne sont pas arabes.  Bien que la plupart des Arabes soient musulmans, certains sont chrétiens, juifs, ou même athées.  Si l’on considère à quel point l’islam est répandu, dans le monde – du Nigéria à la Bosnie, en passant par le Maroc et l’Indonésie, entre autres – on constate que les musulmans proviennent de plusieurs races, groupes ethniques, cultures et nationalités.  L’islam a toujours été, depuis sa révélation, un message universel destiné à tous les peuples.  D’ailleurs, certains des compagnons du Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) n’étaient pas arabes, mais persans, africains et byzantins.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Être musulman signifie accepter totalement les enseignements et les lois révélés par Dieu et y obéir de façon active.  Le musulman est celui qui fait le libre choix de fonder ses croyances, ses valeurs et sa foi sur la volonté de Dieu.  Même si on le voit plutôt rarement de nos jours, le terme « mahométans » a souvent été utilisé, par le passé, pour qualifier les musulmans.  Mais cette étiquette est un terme inapproprié et découle soit d’une déformation délibérée, soit de l’ignorance.  L’une des raisons de cette déformation est que les Européens se sont laissés dire, durant des siècles, que les musulmans adoraient le prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) de la même façon que les chrétiens adorent Jésus.  Évidemment, cela est tout à fait faux, puisque nul ne peut prétendre être musulman s’il voue son adoration à qui que ce soit ou quoi que ce soit en dehors de Dieu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3.      Qui est Allah?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le mot « Allah » est tout simplement le nom donné à Dieu, en arabe. D’ailleurs, même les juifs et les chrétiens de langue arabe appellent Dieu « Allah ».  Dans les traductions arabes de la Bible, le nom « Allah » est également utilisé.  Les chrétiens de langue arabe, qui croient que Jésus est le fils de Dieu, parlent du « fils d’Allah ». <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le nom « Allah » est en fait très similaire au nom utilisé pour désigner Dieu dans d’autres langues sémitiques.  Par exemple, le nom hébreu pour désigner Dieu est « Elah ».  Pour des raisons qui demeurent obscures, certains non-musulmans s’imaginent que les musulmans adorent un Dieu différent de celui de Moïse, d’Abraham et de Jésus.  Il n’y a rien de plus faux, puisque le pur monothéisme de l’islam appelle tous les peuples à adorer de façon exclusive le Dieu de Noé, d’Abraham, de Moïse, de Jésus, et de tous les prophètes et messagers qu’Il a envoyés à l’humanité.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

4.      Qui est Mohammed?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le dernier prophète envoyé par Dieu à l’humanité était Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui).  Il commença à recevoir la révélation de Dieu à l’âge de quarante ans.  Puis il passa le reste de sa vie à expliquer l’islam et à le vivre au jour le jour.  Il est considéré comme le plus grand des prophètes pour plusieurs raisons, mais d’abord et avant tout parce que Dieu l’a choisi pour être le dernier de la lignée des prophètes et que, par conséquent, sa mission se poursuit de façon ininterrompue jusqu’au Jour du Jugement.  Il est aussi considéré comme le prophète le plus important parce qu’il a été envoyé comme une miséricorde à l’humanité.  Sa mission a amené plus de gens au monothéisme pur que celle de tout autre prophète.  Depuis la nuit des temps, Dieu a envoyé des prophètes sur terre, mais chacun à une nation spécifique.  Le prophète Mohammed, lui, a été envoyé comme dernier messager à toute l’humanité.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Même si d’autres communautés religieuses ont prétendu suivre un monothéisme pur et exclusif, des idées corrompues se sont infiltrées dans leurs croyances et pratiques, avec le temps, les éloignant ainsi du pur monothéisme des prophètes.  Certaines prirent leurs prophètes et leurs « saints » comme intercesseurs auprès de Dieu.  Certaines autres allèrent jusqu’à croire que leur prophète était l’incarnation de Dieu sur terre ou encore le « fils » de Dieu.  Toutes ces idées fausses et fabriquées de toutes pièces menèrent à l’adoration d’êtres créés plutôt qu’à l’adoration du Créateur et contribuèrent aux croyances idolâtres selon lesquelles Dieu ne peut être approché qu’à travers des intermédiaires.  Afin de prévenir de telles hérésies, le prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a maintes fois souligné qu’il n’était qu’un être humain auquel Dieu avait confié la mission de prêcher Son message et de Lui obéir.  Il a donc enseigné aux musulmans à toujours parler de lui en tant que « messager et serviteur de Dieu ».  Par son mode de vie et ses enseignements, Dieu a fait de Mohammed un exemple parfait pour tous les êtres humains : il était un prophète, un homme d’État, un chef militaire, un dirigeant, un enseignant, un voisin, un époux, un père et un ami exemplaire.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Contrairement aux autres prophètes et messagers, toutes les paroles et tous les actes du prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) ont été mémorisés puis recueillis par écrit.  Nul ne demande aux musulmans de simplement « croire » que Mohammed a existé et que ses enseignements ont été préservés; ils savent que ce sont des faits bien documentés.  Dieu a pris sur Lui-même de préserver contre toute altération le message qu’Il a révélé à Mohammed et Il a fait en sorte que jamais il ne soit oublié ou perdu.  Cela était nécessaire du fait qu’Il envoya Mohammed en tant que dernier messager à l’humanité tout entière.  Tous les messagers de Dieu, sans exception, ont prêché le message fondamental de l’islam, c’est-à-dire la soumission à la Loi de Dieu et Son adoration exclusive; mais Mohammed est le dernier messager à avoir été envoyé, avec le message complet et final destiné à demeurer le même, inchangé, jusqu’au Jour du Jugement.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(partie 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

5.      Quels sont les enseignements de l’islam?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le fondement de la foi islamique est la croyance en l’unicité de Dieu (le monothéisme absolu).  Le musulman croit donc qu’il n’existe qu’un seul Créateur, qui administre l’univers tout entier, et que rien ni personne ne mérite d’être adoré en dehors de Lui.  Croire en l’unicité de Dieu signifie bien plus que de simplement croire en « un seul Dieu » – par opposition à deux, trois, quatre, etc.  Car il existe plus d’une religion qui prétend se fonder sur la croyance en  « un seul Dieu » et en l’existence d’un seul Créateur et Administrateur de l’univers; mais le véritable monothéisme est le fait de croire qu’un seul et unique Dieu mérite d’être adoré en conformité avec la révélation qu’Il a transmise à l’humanité par l’intermédiaire de Son messager.  L’islam rejette fermement l’appel à tout intermédiaire entre l’homme et Dieu et insiste sur l’obligation de ne s’adresser qu’à Dieu directement et de n’adorer que Lui, en toute exclusivité.  Les musulmans perçoivent Dieu comme un Être compatissant, aimant et miséricordieux.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Une fausse idée répandue veut qu’il soit impossible, pour Dieu, de pardonner directement les péchés de Ses créatures.  En insistant constamment sur le fardeau des péchés et sur le châtiment qu’encourt la personne qui les commet, les gens finissent pas désespérer de la miséricorde de Dieu.  Une fois convaincus qu’ils ne peuvent s’adresser à Dieu directement, ils se tournent vers de fausses divinités,  cherchant secours et refuge auprès d’elles.  Souvent, ceux qui adorent ou prient ces fausses divinités ou demandent intercession auprès d’elles affirment ne pas les considérer comme des divinités.  Ils prétendent ne croire qu’en un Dieu suprême, mais prier d’autres divinités dans l’unique but de se rapprocher de Lui.  En islam, il existe une distinction très claire entre le Créateur et les êtres ou les choses créés.  Il n’y a pas d’ambiguïté ni de mystère sur les questions de divinité : toute chose créée ne doit pas être adorée et seul Allah, le Créateur, mérite d’être adoré.  Certaines religions croient faussement que Dieu fait partie de Sa création<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les musulmans croient que Dieu est unique et qu’Il n’a ni associés ni intermédiaires, antagonistes ou descendance.  Il n’a jamais engendré et n’a jamais été engendré, ni de façon littérale ni métaphorique, physique ou métaphysique.  Il est absolument unique et éternel.  Il contrôle tout et Il est parfaitement capable d’accorder Son infinie miséricorde et Son pardon à qui Il veut.  C’est pourquoi Allah est aussi appelé le Tout-Puissant et le Tout-Miséricordieux.  Allah a créé l’univers pour l’homme et souhaite le meilleur pour les êtres humains.  Les musulmans voient dans l’univers de multiples signes de la puissance de création et de la bienveillance de Dieu.  La croyance en l’unicité d’Allah n’est pas qu’un simple concept métaphysique.  C’est une croyance dynamique qui influence la façon de voir et de concevoir l’humanité, la société et tous les aspects pratiques de la vie.  Et comme croyance logique découlant de la croyance en l’unicité de Dieu, il y a le fait de croire en l’unicité de l’humanité.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

6.      Qu’est-ce que le Coran?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le Coran est la dernière révélation d’Allah à l’humanité, qu’Il a révélée au prophète Mohammed, en langue arabe, par l’intermédiaire de l’archange Gabriel.  Il fut ensuite transmis aux compagnons du Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui), qui le mémorisèrent et le compilèrent méticuleusement par écrit.  Le Coran a été mémorisé et récité par de très nombreux musulmans depuis sa révélation.  Bref, le Coran est le Livre que Dieu a révélé à l’humanité afin qu’elle soit bien guidée et qu’elle atteigne au salut.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De nos jours, le Coran est encore mémorisé et appris par des millions de musulmans.  La langue du Coran, l’arabe, est une langue bien vivante, utilisée par des millions de personnes.  Contrairement aux écritures de certaines autres religions, le Coran est toujours lu dans sa langue originale.  Le Coran constitue un véritable miracle en lui-même; il est connu pour être inimitable dans son style, sa forme et son impact spirituel, de même qu’au niveau du savoir unique qu’il contient.  Il fut révélé au prophète Mohammed en plusieurs épisodes de révélation étalés sur une période de 23 ans.  À l’opposé de plusieurs autres livres religieux, les musulmans ont de tout temps cru que le Coran était la parole exacte de Dieu.  À l’époque de sa révélation, il était récité publiquement tant devant les musulmans que devant les non-musulmans et il fut entièrement mis par écrit du vivant du Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui).  Le Coran a toujours été accessible à tous et n’a jamais été réservé à une élite; il a toujours été présenté comme la parole de Dieu et, grâce à sa mémorisation par de très nombreux musulmans, il a été parfaitement préservé.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aucune partie du Coran n’a jamais été altérée ni décrétée par un quelconque concile religieux.  Le Coran est une écriture universelle qui s’adresse à toute l’humanité et non à une nation particulière ni à un « peuple élu ».  Il n’a pas apporté un message nouveau; son message est le même que celui qui fut transmis par tous les prophètes l’ayant précédé, i.e. la soumission au Dieu unique et Son adoration exclusive, l’encouragement à suivre l’exemple des prophètes afin d’obtenir le succès en cette vie et le salut dans l’au-delà.  La révélation d’Allah, dans le Coran, se concentre d’abord sur l’importance, pour les hommes, de croire en l’unicité de Dieu et de bâtir leur vie sur le mode de vie qu’Il leur a révélé et qui se traduit par la Loi islamique.  Le Coran contient également les histoires des grands prophètes comme Noé, Abraham, Moïse et Jésus (que la paix soit sur eux tous), de même que divers commandements et interdictions.  À notre époque où tant de gens sont en proie au doute, au désespoir spirituel et à l’isolement social, les enseignements du Coran apportent diverses solutions au vide de nos vies, à l’agitation sociale et au désarroi de bien des gens.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

7.      Comment les musulmans perçoivent-ils la nature de l’homme, l’objectif de la vie sur terre et la vie dans l’au-delà?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Dans le Coran, Allah enseigne aux hommes qu’ils ont été créés pour L’adorer et que le fondement de toute adoration sincère est la conscience de Dieu.  Toutes les créatures d’Allah L’adorent de façon innée et spontanée et seuls les êtres humains possèdent la liberté de L’adorer ou de Le rejeter et de nier Son existence.  C’est là un grand test, pour l’homme, mais aussi un grand honneur.  Comme les enseignements de l’islam englobent tous les aspects de la vie, la conscience de Dieu est encouragée dans toutes les sphères du quotidien.  En islam, toutes nos actions sont considérées comme des actes d’adoration si elles sont faites dans l’unique but de plaire à Dieu et en conformité avec Ses écritures et Sa loi divine.  C’est ainsi que l’adoration ne se limite pas aux rituels religieux et, pour cette raison, l’islam est plus considéré comme un mode de vie que comme une religion.  Les enseignements de l’islam sont une miséricorde et ont un effet salutaire sur l’âme humaine et des qualités telles que l’humilité, la sincérité, la patience et la charité sont fortement encouragées.  De plus, l’islam condamne fermement l’arrogance et la suffisance puisque Dieu est le seul juge de la vertu d’une personne.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La vision islamique de la nature humaine est réaliste et équilibrée en ce sens que l’islam ne conçoit pas l’être humain comme pécheur de nature, mais autant capable de faire le bien que de commettre le mal.  L’être humain possède donc un libre-arbitre.  L’islam enseigne que la foi et les actions vont de pair; Dieu a donné à chacun une liberté de décision et la mesure de la foi de chacun passe par son comportement et ses actions.  Mais comme les êtres humains ont aussi été créés faibles et susceptibles de commettre des péchés, ils ont besoin d’être guidés et d’avoir régulièrement recours au repentir, ce qui constitue une des nombreuses formes d’adoration appréciées par Dieu.  La nature de l’être humain, créée par Dieu, dans Sa majesté et Sa sagesse, n’est pas corrompue et ne nécessite pas d’être « redressée ».  La voie du repentir est toujours ouverte à tous.  Dieu savait parfaitement que les hommes allaient commettre des erreurs; le véritable test consiste donc à voir s’ils se repentent de leurs péchés et tentent d’éviter de les commettre à nouveau ou s’ils préfèrent mener une vie insouciante et pécher à profusion, tout en sachant très bien à quel point cette voie déplaît à Dieu.  Le véritable équilibre d’une vie islamique s’atteint en éprouvant une crainte raisonnable du châtiment de Dieu, de même qu’en croyant sincèrement qu’Allah, dans Sa miséricorde infinie, aime rétribuer les bonnes actions et l’adoration sincère.  Une vie d’où est absente la crainte d’Allah mène tout droit au péché et à la désobéissance, tandis que croire que nous avons tellement péché que Dieu ne peut nous pardonner toutes nos fautes mène directement au désespoir.  L’islam enseigne donc que seuls ceux qui sont mal guidés désespèrent de la miséricorde de leur Seigneur et que seuls les criminels et pécheurs endurcis n’éprouvent aucune crainte de Dieu, leur Créateur et Juge.  Le Coran, tel que révélé au prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui), contient aussi de nombreux enseignements sur l’au-delà et sur le Jour du Jugement.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Selon l’islam, chaque être humain sera un jour jugé par Allah, le Souverain et Juge absolu, pour ses croyances et pour les actions qu’il aura faites au cours de son séjour sur terre.  En les jugeant, Allah sera très juste, en ne châtiant que ceux qui sont réellement coupables et qui ne se sont jamais repentis, et absolument miséricordieux envers ceux qui, selon Lui, méritent tout à fait d’être traités de façon clémente.  Nul ne sera jamais jugé pour ce qu’il ne pouvait faire parce qu’au-delà de ses capacités ou pour ce qu’il n’a tout simplement pas fait.  L’islam enseigne que la vie sur terre est une épreuve d’Allah, le Créateur et le très Sage, et que chaque être humain sera tenu responsable de ses actions et devra en rendre compte à son Créateur.  La croyance en l’au-delà est la clef qui mène à une vie exemplaire et parfaitement équilibrée.  Sans cette croyance, la vie est perçue comme une fin en elle-même, ce qui rend les gens plus égoïstes, matérialistes et immoraux dans leur poursuite aveugle des plaisirs de ce monde au détriment de la raison et de l’éthique.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Sieben allgemeine Fragen über Islam<\/span><\/h1>\r\n


<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (teil 1 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

1.      Was ist Islam?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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Islam ist der Name der Religion oder richtiger der ´Lebensweise´, die Gott (Allah) offenbart hat und die von allen Propheten und Gesandten Gottes, die Er der Menschheit gesandt hat, praktiziert wurde.  Sogar der Name ist unter den anderen Religionen einzigartig, denn er bezeichnet einen Zustand des Daseins; er bezieht sich weder auf eine bestimmte Person wie beim Christentum, Buddhismus oder Zoroastrismus; noch auf einen bestimmten Stamm wie beim Judentum; oder auf ein Volk wie beim Hinduismus.  Das arabische Wort, von dem Islam abgeleitet ist, bedeutet Friede, Sicherheit, Begrüßung, Schutz, Tadellosigkeit, Heilsamkeit, Unterwerfung, Hingabe, Sich-Anvertrauen und Erlösung.  Islam bedeutet insbesondere, sich in einem Zustand der Unterwüfigkeit zu Gott zu befinden, Ihn Allein anzubeten und Seine Gesetze ehrerbietig zu akzeptieren und ihnen zu gehorchen.  Durch diese Unterwürfigkeit wird Frieden, Sicherheit und wohltuende Heilsamkeit im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes erzielt.  Daher ist ein Muslim oder eine Muslima eine Person im Zustand der Unterwürfigkeit.  Der Islam eines Menschen wird durch Sünden, Unwissenheit und schlechte Taten geschwächt, und er wird gänzlich aufgehoben, wenn man Gott Partner zur Seite stellt oder nicht an Ihn glaubt.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.      Was sind Muslime? <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Das arabische Wort “Muslim” bedeutet buchstäblich: “jemand, der sich im Zustand des Islam (Unterwürfigkeit unter den Willen und das Gesetz Gottes) befindet”.  Die Botschaft des Islam richtet sich an die gesamte Welt und jeder, der die Botschaft annimmt, wird Muslim.  Manche Menschen glauben fälschlicherweise, dass der Islam nur eine Religion für Araber sei – aber nichts könnte von der Wahrheit weiter entfernt sein.  Tatsächlich sind über 80% der Muslime der Welt keine Araber!  Obwohl die meisten Araber Muslime sind, gibt es auch Araber, die Christen, Juden und Atheisten sind.  Wenn man nur einen Blick auf die unterschiedlichen Völker wirft, die in der muslimischen Welt leben – von Nigeria bis Bosnien und von Marokko bis Indonesien – ist es ganz leicht zu erkennen, dass Muslime von allen verschiedenen Rassen, ethnischen Gruppen, Kulturen und Nationalitäten kommen.  Der Islam war schon immer eine universelle Botschaft für alle Völker.  Dies kann man daran erkennen, dass einige der frühen Gefährten des Propheten Muhammad nicht nur Araber waren, sondern auch Perser, Afrikaner und byzantinische Römer.  Ein Muslim zu sein beinhaltet die vollkommene Annahme und aktive Gehorsamkeit gegenüber den offenbarten Lehren und Gesetzen Gottes, des Erhabenen.  Ein Muslim ist eine Person, die es freiwillig akzeptiert, ihren Glauben, ihre Werte und ihre Ansichten dem Willen Gottes zu unterwerfen.  In der Vergangenheit, auch wenn man es heute nicht mehr viel sieht, wurde der Begriff “Mohammedaner” häufig für Muslime verwendet.  Diese Bezeichnung ist falsch und missverständlich, und er ist entweder das Ergebnis absichtlicher Verwirrung oder reiner Unwissenheit.  Einer der Gründe für das Missverständnis ist, dass vielen Europäern jahrhundertelang beigebracht worden ist, Muslime würden den Propheten Muhammad so anbeten wie die Christen Jesus dienen.  Dies ist absolut nicht wahr, denn man wird nicht als Muslim betrachtet, wenn man irgendjemand anderen oder irgendetwas anderes als Gott anbetet. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

3.      Wer ist Allah? <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Häufig hört man das arabische Wort “Allah”, wenn es in Diskussionen über den Islam benutzt wird.  Das Wort „Allah“ ist einfach das arabische Wort für den Allmächtigen Gott und es ist dasselbe, das auch von arabisch sprechenden Christen und Juden verwendet wird.  Das Wort „Allah“ wurde sogar schon sehr viel früher verwendet, bevor das Wort Gott überhaupt existiert hat, denn Deutsch ist eine sehr junge Sprache.  Wenn wir eine arabische Übersetzung der Bibel zur Hand nehmen würden, würden wir feststellen, dass an den Stellen, wo im Deutschen das Wort „Gott“ steht, im Arabischen das Wort „Allah“ auftaucht.  Beispielsweise sagen arabisch sprechende Christen, dass Jesus ihrem Glauben zufolge, der Sohn Allahs sei.  Zusätzlich ähnelt das arabische Wort für den Allmächtigen Gott „Allah“ziemlich dem Wort für Gott in anderen semistischen Sprachen.    Beispielsweise dem hebräischen Wort für Gott: „Elah“.  Aus verschiedenen Gründen glauben manche Nicht-Muslime unrichtigerweise, dass Muslime einen anderen Gott als den Gott von Moses, Abraham und Jesus anbeten.  Dies ist sicherlich nicht der Fall, denn der reine Monotheismus des Islam ruft alle Menschen dazu auf, dem Gott von Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus und allen anderen Propheten – Friede sei mit ihnen allen – anzubeten.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

4.      Wer ist Muhammad? <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Der letzte und abschließende Prophet, den Gott der Menschheit gesandt hat, war der Prophet Muhammad, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm.  Im Alter von vierzig erhielt er die Offenbarung von Gott.  Darauf verbrachte er den Rest seines Lebens damit, die Lehren des Islam, der Religion die Gott ihm offenbart hat, zu erklären und danach zu leben.  Der Prophet Muhammad ist aus unterschiedlichen Gründen der größte Prophet, aber zuallerst weil er von Gott auserwählt worden ist, der letzte Prophet zu sein – dessen Botschaft die Menschheit zu leiten bis zum Letzten Tag andauern soll – und weil er als Gnade für die gesamte Menschheit gesandt wurde.  Als Ergebnis dieser Botschaft haben mehr Menschen den reinen Glauben an den Einen Gott angenommen, als durch jeden anderen Propheten.   Seit dem Beginn der Zeit hat Gott den Menschen Propheten auf die Erde gesandt, jeden für sein eigenes Volk.  Der Prophet Muhammad allerdings wurde als letzter Prophet für die gesamte Menschheit gesandt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Obwohl andere religiöse Gemeinschaften den Anspruch erhoben, an Einen Gott zu glauben, haben im Laufe der Zeit verdrehte Ideen in ihren Glauben und in ihre Praktiken Einzug erhalten, die sie vom reinen ernsthaften Monotheismus der Propheten weggeführt haben.  Einige nahmen ihre Propheten und Heiligen als Fürsprecher bei Gott dem Allmächtigen.  Einige glaubten sogar, dass ihre Propheten Erscheinungen Gottes seien oder die “Wiedergeburt Gottes” oder der “Sohn Gottes“.  Alle diese Missverständnisse führen zum Anbeten anderer erschaffener Geschöpfe anstelle des Schöpfers, und trugen zu der götzendienerischen Praxis bei, anzunehmen, dass man sich Gott, dem Allmächtigen, durch Vermittler nahekommen könnte.  Um vor diesen falschen Dingen zu schützen, betonte der Prophet Muhammad immer, dass er nur ein Mensch sei, der die Aufgabe habe, die Botschaft Gottes zu predigen und ihr zu gehorchen.  Er lehrte den Muslimen, ihn als „Gesandten Gottes und Seinen Diener“ zu bezeichnen.  Durch sein Leben und seine Lehren machte Gott Muhammad zum vollkommenen Vorbild für alle Menschen – er war ein vorbildlicher Prophet, Staatsmann, Heerführer, Herrscher, Lehrer, Nachbar, Ehemann, Vater und Freund.  Anders als die anderen Propheten und Gesandten lebte Muhammad im Angesicht der Geschichte und alle seine Aussagen und Taten wurden sorgfältig überliefert und gesammelt.  Muslime brauchen nicht „bloß“ daran zu glauben, dass er existiert hat oder dass seine Lehren bewahrt worden sind – sie wissen, dass es eine Tatsache ist.  Gott Selbst hat es übernommen, die Botschaft, die Muhammad offenbart worden war, vor Verfälschung zu bewahren oder davor, vergessen zu werden oder verloren zu gehen.  Dies war notwendig, denn Gott hat versprochen, dass er der letzte Gesandte für die gesamte Menschheit sei.  Alle Gesandte Gottes predigten die Botschaft des Islam, d.h. die Hingabe und Unterwerfung unter den Willen Gottes und die Anbetung Gottes Allein – aber Muhammad, der letzte Prophet des Islam, hat die letzte und vollständige Botschaft gebracht, die bis zum Letzten Tag nie verändert wird. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (teil 2 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

5.      Welche sind die Lehren des Islam?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Die Grundlage des islamischen Glaubens bildet der absolute Monotheismus (die Einheit Gottes).  Dies bedeutet zu glauben, dass es nur einen Schöpfer und Erhalter von allem im Universum gibt und dass nichts sonst göttlich ist oder es wert sei, angebetet zu werden, außer Ihm.  Wirklich an die Einheit Gottes zu glauben, bedeutet viel mehr, als einfach nur glauben, dass es „Einen Gott“ gibt – im Gegensatz zu zweien, dreien oder vieren.  Es gibt viele Religionen, die den Glauben an “Einen Gott” vorgeben und glauben, dass es nur einen Schöpfer und Erhalter des Universums gibt; aber wahrer Monotheismus bedeutet, zu glauben, dass nur die Eine Wahre Gottheit das Recht besitzt, angebetet zu werden – ganz im Einklang mit der Offenbarung, die Er Seinen Gesandten zuteil werden lassen hat.  Der Islam weist auch die Verwendung von Vermittlern zwischen Gott und Menschen zurück und besteht darauf, dass sich die Menschen an Gott wenden und jegliche gottesdienstliche Taten für Ihn Allein reservieren.  Muslime glauben, dass der Allmächtige Gott Erbarmungsvoll, Liebend und Gnädig ist.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ein weit verbreitetes Missverständnis ist die Behauptung, dass Gott Seinen Geschöpfen nicht direkt vergeben könnte.  Durch das Überbetonen der Last und der Strafe für die Sünde und auch durch die Behauptung, Gott könne Sünden nicht direkt vergeben, verzweifeln Menschen häufig an der Gnade Gottes.  Sobald sie  davon überzeugt sind, dass man sich nicht direkt an Gott wenden kann, wenden sie sich falschen Gottheiten zu, wie Helden, politischen Führern, Rettern, Heiligen und Engeln.  Oft stellen wir fest, dass die Menschen, die diesen falschen Gottheiten dienen, zu ihnen beten oder Fürsprache von ihnen verlangen, sie nicht für einen ´Gott´ halten.  Sie behaupten, an Einen Höchsten Gott zu glauben, aber sie behaupten auch, dass sie nur andere neben Gott anbeten, um Ihm damit näher zu kommen.  Im Islam gibt es eine deutliche Unterscheidung zwischen dem Schöpfer und dem Erschaffenen.  Es gibt keine Ambivalenz und keine Geheimnisse was Göttlichkeit angeht: alles, das geschaffen ist, besitzt kein Recht, angebetet zu werden; nur Allah, der Schöpfer, hat das Recht auf Anbetung.  Manche Religionen glauben fälschlicherweise, dass Gott ein Teil Seiner Schöpfung geworden wäre und dies hat dazu geführt, dass die Menschen glauben, sie könnten etwas Erschaffenes anbeten und damit Gott erreichen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muslime glauben, dass Gott obwohl Er Einzigartig und Erhabener ist, als wir es uns vorstellen können, überhaupt keine Partner, Gefährten, Ebenbürtigen, Widersacher oder Nachkommen besitzt.  Dem muslimischen Glauben entsprechend „zeugt“ Allah „nicht und wurde nicht gezeugt“ – weder wörtlich, sinnbildlich, metaphorisch, physisch oder metaphysisch.  Er ist Absolut Einzigartig und Ewig.  Er kontrolliert alles und Er ist Vollkommen in der Lage, Seine unendliche Gnade und Vergebung zuteil werden zu lassen, wem Er will.  Dies ist der Grund, aus dem Allah auch der Allmächtige und der Allbarmherzige genannt wird.  Allah hat das Universum für den Menschen geschaffen, und daher will Er auch das Beste für sie.  Muslime sehen in allen Dingen des Universums ein Zeichen für die Schöpfung und das Wohlwollen des Allmächtigen Gottes.  Auch der Glaube an die Einheit Allahs ist nicht ausschliesslich ein metaphysisches Konzept.  Es ist ein dynamischer Glaube, der unsere Sicht von der Menschheit, der Gesellschaft und allen Aspekten des praktischen Lebens betrifft.  Eine logische Folgerung auf den islamischen Glauben an die Einheit Allahs, ist ihr Glaube an die Einheit von Menschheit und Menschlichkeit. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

6.      Was ist der Qur´an?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Der Qur´an ist die letzte Offenbarung Allahs an die gesamte Menschheit, die von Allah, dem Erhabenen, Selbst gesprochen und durch den Erzengel Gabriel auf arabisch dem Propheten Muhammad mit Klang, Wort und Bedeutung übermittelt wurde.  Der Qur´an, manchmal unrichtigerweise Koran geschrieben , wurde dann den Gefährten des Propheten vorgetragen, die ihn Wort für Wort sorgfältig auswendig lernten und peinlich genau niederschrieben.  Der Heilige Qur´an wurde von den Gefährten des Propheten und ihren Nachfolgern bis zum heutigen Tag immer wieder rezitiert.  Kurz gesagt, der Qur´an ist das offenbarte Buch von der Göttlichen Schrift Allahs an die gesamte Menschheit für ihre Rechtleitung und Erlösung.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Heute wird der Qur´an immer noch von Millionen Menschen auswendig gelernt und gelehrt.  Die Sprache des Qur´an, arabisch, ist noch immer eine lebendige Sprache von Millionen Menschen.  Nicht wie die Schriften einiger anderer Religionen wird der Qur´an immer noch von einer unzählbaren Zahl von Menschen in seiner Originalsprache gelesen.  Der Qur´an ist ein lebendiges Wunder in arabischer Sprache und er ist für seinen nicht imitierbaren Stil, seine Form und seinen spirituellen Einfluss, ebenso wie für sein einzigartiges Wissen, das er enthält, bekannt.  Der Qur´an wurde dem Propheten Muhammad in einer Reihe von Offenbarungen über einen Zeitraum von 23 Jahren herabgesandt.  Im Gegensatz zu anderen religiösen Büchern wurde der Qur´an immer für das exakte Wort Allahs gehalten.  Der Qur´an wurde zu Lebzeiten des Propheten und auch danach öffentlich vor muslimischen und nicht-muslimischen Gemeinschaften vorgetragen.  Der komplette Qur´an wurde in der Lebenszeit des Propheten niedergeschrieben und zahlreiche Gefährten des Propheten haben den gesamten Qur´an Wort für Wort, wie er offenbart worden war, auswendig gelernt.  Der Qur´an war immer in der Hand der einfachen Gläubigen: er wurde immer als Gottes Wort betrachtet; und, aufgrund der breiten Masse, die ihn auswendig gelernt hatte, blieb er vollkommen erhalten.  Niemals wurde irgendein Teil von ihm verändert oder von irgendeinem religiösen Rat bestimmt.  Die Lehren des Qur´an umfassen eine universelle Schrift, die sich an die gesamte Menschheit wendet und nicht an einen bestimmten Stamm oder an ein ´auserwähltes Volk´.  Die Botschaft, die er bringt, ist nichts Neues, sondern dieselbe Botschaft aller Propheten: ´Gebt euch Allah hin, dem Einen Gott, und betet Ihn allein an und folgt Allahs Gesandten, für den Erfolg in diesem Leben und die Erlösung im Jenseits´.  So konzentriert sich der Qur´an darauf, den Menschen die Wichtigkeit an die Einheit Allahs zu glauben zu lehren und ihre Leben um die Rechtleitung herum, die Er ihnen gesandt hat und die im Islamischen Gesetz formuliert ist, einzurichten.  Der Qur´an enthält die Geschichten früherer Propheten wie Noah, Abraham, Moses und Jesus, Friede sei mit ihnen allen, ebenso wie Befehle und Verbote Gottes.  In unseren modernen Zeiten, wo viele Menschen an Zweifeln, spiritueller Enttäuschung sowie sozialer und politischer Bindungslosigkeit leiden, bieten die Lehren des Qur´an Lösungen für die Leere unserer Leben und den Tumult, der die Welt heutzutage erschüttert. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

7.      Wie sehen Muslime die Natur des Menschen, den Sinn des Lebens und das Leben im Jenseits?  <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Im Heiligen Qur´an lehrt Allah die Menschen, dass sie erschaffen wurden, um Ihn zu preisen und anzubeten und dass die Grundlage von jeglichem wahren Gottesdienst das Gottesbewusstsein ist.  Alle Geschöpfe Allahs beten Ihn ganz selbstverständlich an, und nur die Menschen besitzen den freien Willen, Allah, ihren Schöpfer, anzubeten oder Ihn zu verleugnen.  Dies ist eine große Prüfung, aber auch eine große Ehre.  Da die Lehren des Islam alle Bereiche des Lebens und der Ethik umfassen, ist Gottesbewusstsein bei allen menschlichen Angelegenheiten erwünscht.  Der Islam macht deutlich, dass alle Taten der Menschen gottesdienstliche Handlungen sind, sofern sie für Gott allein verrichtet werden und Seinen Göttlichen Schriften und Gesetzen entsprechen.  Daher ist der Gottesdienst im Islam nicht nur auf religiöse Rituale begrenzt und aus diesem Grunde ist er richtiger als ´Lebensweise´ zu bezeichnen denn als Religion.  Die Lehren des Islam dienen als Gnade und Heilung für die menschliche Seele und Eigenschaften wie Menschlichkeit, Aufrichtigkeit, Geduld und Mildtätigkeit werden unterstützt.  Außerdem verdammt der Islam Stolz und Selbstgerechtigkeit, denn Gott der Allmächtige ist der einzige Richter über die menschliche Rechtschaffenheit. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die islamische Sicht von der Natur des Menschen ist sowohl realistisch als auch ausgewogen, denn Menschen werden nicht als von Geburt an sündig angesehen, sondern sie haben die Fähigkeit, gut und böse zu sein; das ist ihre Wahl.  Der Islam lehrt, dass Glaube und Taten Hand in Hand gehen.  Gott hat den Menschen den freien Willen gegeben, und der Maßstab für ihren Glauben sind ihre Taten und Handlungen.  Allerdings sind die Menschen schwach geboren und sündigen immer wieder, daher müssen sie um Rechtleitung und Vergebung bitten, dies allein ist eine Form des Gottesdienstes, die Allah liebt.  Die Natur des Menschen, wie Gott sie in Seiner Majestät und Seiner Weisheit geschaffen hat, ist nicht von Geburt an ´korrupt´ oder muss verbessert werden.  Der Weg der Reue steht allen immer offen.  Gott der Allmächtige, weiß, dass die Menschen Fehler machen, also besteht die wahre Prüfung darin, ob sie Ihn für ihre Sünden um Vergebung bitten und versuchen, sie zu vermeiden oder ob sie ein führungsloses Leben in Sünde bevorzugen, obwohl sie wissen, dass dies Gott nicht gefällt.  Das wahre Gleichgewicht eines islamischen Lebens wird durch eine gesunde Furcht vor Allahs rechtmäßiger Bestrafung für Verbrechen und Sünden aufgestellt, ebenso wie durch ernsthaften Glauben an Allah, an Seine unendliche Gnade und an die Freude, dass Er uns Seine Belohnung für unsere guten Taten und unsere aufrichtige Anbetung gewährt.  Ein Leben ohne Gottesfurcht führt zu Sünde und Ungehorsam, während der Glaube, dass wir soviel gesündigt haben, dass Gott uns möglicherweise sowieso nicht vergeben wird, nur zur Verzweiflung führt.  Angesichts dieser Tatsache lehrt der Islam, dass nur die Irregeleiteten an der Gnade Gottes verzweifeln und nur verdorbene Verbrecher fürchten Allah nicht als ihren Schöpfer und Richter.  Der Heilige Qur´an, wie er dem Propheten Muhammad, Friede sei mit ihm, offenbart worden war, enthält ebenfalls viele Lehren über das Leben im Jenseits und den Tag des Gerichts.  Muslime glauben, dass Gott, der Absolute Souveräne König und Richter, über alle Menschen für ihren Glauben und ihre Taten in ihrem irdischen Leben richten wird.  Indem Er über die Menschen richten wird, wird Allah, der Erhabene, sowohl absolut gerecht sein, weil Er nur die wirklich schuldigen und aufrührerischen, nicht bereuenden Verbrecher bestrafen wird; und absolut barmherzig zu den Menschen, die Er, bei Seiner Weisheit, Seiner Gnade würdig findet.  Niemand wird für irgendetwas zur Verantwortung gezogen, das außerhalb seiner Fähigkeiten lag oder für etwas, das er nicht wirklich getan hat.  Es genügt, zu sagen, dass der Islam lehrt, dass das Leben eine Prüfung von Allah ist, dem Schöpfer, dem Allmächtigen und Allerweisesten, und dass alle Menschen für das, was sie mit ihren Leben angefangen haben, von Allah zur Verantwortung gezogen werden.  Ein aufrichtiger Glaube an das Leben im Jenseits ist der Schlüssel dafür, ein ausgeglichenes und sittliches Leben zu führen.  Anderenfalls wird das Leben selbst als ein Ende betrachtet, das verursacht, dass die Menschen immer selbstsüchtiger, materialistischer und unmoralischer in ihrer blinden Verfolgung ihres Genusses werden, auch auf Kosten von Vernunft und Sitten. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":14142,"lft":950,"rght":951,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-05T20:47:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T05:39:06.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":7,"author_id":2143,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":588,"author_name":"Daniel Masters, AbdurRahman Squires, and I. Kaka","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-05","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Seven Common Questions about Islam.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Seven Common Questions about Islam.docx"},{"id":591,"title":"\u0421\u0435\u043c\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435","slug":"---8utt","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Seven Common Questions about Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Seven Common Questions about Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:---8utt","hint":"","body":"

\u0421\u0435\u043c\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"SevenQuestions.jpg\"
<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1 \u0438\u0437 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

1.   \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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2.   \u041a\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0442\u043e\u0442, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0441 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d  \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d «\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435». \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0446\u044b \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0443, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u0438\u0431\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443-\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0441 \u041d\u0438\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3.   \u041a\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0412 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e «\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445».  \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043a \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443. \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0430 \u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443, \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 «\u0441\u044b\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430». \u0412\u043e\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 «\u0411\u043e\u0433» \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f «\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445». \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e «\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445» \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u041a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u042d\u043b\u043e\u0445. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435  \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442  \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b \u041c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439, \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0438\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u041d\u043e\u044f, \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u041c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0435\u044f, \u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0438\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

4.   \u041a\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 – \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442. \u0412 \u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043d \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043a \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443 – \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, - \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0447\u044c\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f – \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 – \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043a\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443. \u0421\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438  \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0421\u0430\u043c \u0411\u043e\u0433 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u044b\u043d \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430…  \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c. \u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443. «\u041d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430»,- \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u043e \u0412\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0446\u0435\u043c, \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043c, \u043e\u0442\u0446\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c.  \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e 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«\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c» \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443, \u0438\u0431\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 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\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u044f\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c  \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2 \u0438\u0437 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

5. \u0427\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c (\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430). \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0446, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043d \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c  \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u041d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433 \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430, \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u0442 \u0434. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0446, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a,  \u043a\u0430\u043a \u041e\u043d \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0411\u043e\u0433 – \u041b\u044e\u0431\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439, \u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u043c… \u0417\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0430\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u044f\u0441\u044c, \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438: \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0435\u043c \u0431\u044b \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043a \u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c  \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 – \u0443 \u041d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439… \u041f\u043e \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c «\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d» - \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d. \u041e\u043d \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 – \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0432\u0441\u044f \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

6. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0413\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u041e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u044f\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0430\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u0427\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.  \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d – \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u041a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435  \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435, \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 23 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430 – \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445, \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435,  \u0434\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 «\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443». \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438: «\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0443 – \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0415\u043c\u0443 \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439». \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c  \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435. \u0412 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 – \u041d\u043e\u0435, \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0435, \u041c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0435, \u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0435, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0438\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435… \u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

7.  \u0421\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430,  \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430. \u041d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u044b\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c. \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445. \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435: \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u043e\u044f\u0437\u043d\u044c\u044e \u0431\u043e\u0436\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0436\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b. \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c – \u0438\u0445 \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0437 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0414\u043d\u0435. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0421\u0443\u0434 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0434, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0445, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e, \u043f\u043e \u0415\u0433\u043e \u041c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445, \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u043e\u043c, \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u044b\u043c, \u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043d\u0438. \u0418\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c - \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u043a \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0433\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u0438\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":12703,"lft":952,"rght":953,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-05T20:47:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T11:41:37.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":7,"author_id":2143,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":588,"author_name":"Daniel Masters, AbdurRahman Squires, and I. Kaka","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-05","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Seven Common Questions about Islam.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Seven Common Questions about Islam.docx"},{"id":592,"title":"Sete Perguntas Comuns sobre o Isl\u00e3","slug":"sete-perguntas-comuns-sobre-o-isl","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Seven Common Questions about Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Seven Common Questions about Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:sete-perguntas-comuns-sobre-o-isl","hint":"","body":"

Sete Perguntas Comuns sobre o Islã<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"SevenQuestions.jpg\"
<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

1.      O que é Islã?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Islã é o nome da religião, ou mais adequadamente do “modo de vida”, que Deus (Allah) revelou e que foi praticado por todos os Profetas e Mensageiros de Deus enviados para a humanidade.  Até o nome se destaca como único entre as outras religiões na medida em que significa um estado de ser; não se refere a qualquer pessoa em particular, como Cristianismo, Budismo ou Zoroastrismo; uma tribo como Judaísmo ou uma nação como Hinduísmo.  A palavra raiz árabe da qual Islã é derivada implica paz, segurança, saudação, proteção, irrepreensibilidade, salubridade, submissão, aceitação, rendição e salvação.  Islã significa especificamente estar em estado de submissão a Deus, adorando somente a Ele e aceitando e obedecendo reverentemente Sua Lei.  Através dessa submissão, são alcançados a paz, a segurança e o bem-estar completos implícitos em seu significado literal.  Consequentemente, um muçulmano ou muçulmana é uma pessoa nesse estado de submissão.  O Islã de uma pessoa enfraquece através de pecados, ignorância e transgressão e se torna nulo em sua totalidade pela associação de parceiros com Deus ou descrença Nele.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.      Quem são os Muçulmanos?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

A palavra árabe “muçulmano” significa literalmente “alguém que está em estado de Islã (submissão à vontade e lei de Deus)”.  A mensagem do Islã é para o mundo inteiro, e qualquer um que aceite essa mensagem se torna um muçulmano. Algumas pessoas acreditam equivocadamente que o Islã é apenas uma religião para árabes, mas nada poderia estar mais distante da verdade.  Na verdade, mais de 80% dos muçulmanos do mundo não são árabes! Embora a maioria dos árabes seja muçulmana, existem árabes que são cristãos, judeus e ateus.  Se dermos uma olhada nos vários povos que vivem no Mundo Muçulmano - da Nigéria a Bósnia e do Marrocos a Indonésia - é fácil ver que os muçulmanos vêm de raças, grupos étnicos, culturas e nacionalidades diferentes.  O Islã sempre foi uma mensagem universal para todos os povos.  Isso pode ser constatado pelo fato de que alguns dos primeiros companheiros do Profeta Muhammad não eram somente árabes, mas também persas, africanos e romanos bizantinos.  Ser muçulmano implica aceitação completa e obediência ativa nos ensinamentos e leis revelados de Deus, o Exaltado.  Um muçulmano é uma pessoa que aceita livremente basear suas crenças, valores e fé na vontade de Deus Todo-Poderoso.  No passado, mesmo que não seja tão comum hoje em dia, a palavra “maometanos” era usada com frequência como rótulo para muçulmanos.  Esse rótulo é incorreto e é resultado de distorção intencional ou pura ignorância.  Uma das razões para a concepção errônea é que os europeus foram ensinados por séculos que os muçulmanos adoravam o Profeta Muhammad da mesma forma que os cristãos adoram Jesus.  Isso não é verdade, uma vez que não é considerado muçulmano aquele que adora alguém ou algo ao lado de Deus, o Exaltado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3.      Quem é Allah?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Com frequência ouve-se a palavra árabe “Allah” sendo usada em discussões relacionadas ao Islã.  A palavra “Allah” é simplesmente a palavra árabe para Deus Todo-Poderoso e é a mesma palavra usada por cristãos e judeus que falam árabe.  De fato, a palavra Allah estava em uso muito antes de a palavra Deus passar a existir, uma vez que o português é uma língua relativamente nova.  Se pegarmos uma tradução árabe da Bíblia, veremos a palavra “Allah” sendo usada onde a palavra “Deus” é usada em português.  Por exemplo, cristãos que falam árabe dizem que Jesus é, de acordo com sua crença, o Filho de Allah.  Além disso, a palavra árabe para o Todo-Poderoso, “Allah”, é muito semelhante à palavra para Deus em outros idiomas semitas.  Por exemplo, a palavra hebraica para Deus é “Elah”.  Por várias razões, alguns não-muçulmanos equivocadamente acreditam que os muçulmanos adoram um Deus diferente do Deus de Moisés e Abraão e Jesus.  Esse com certeza não é o caso, uma vez que o monoteísmo puro do Islã conclama todas as pessoas a adorarem o Deus de Noé, Abraão, Moisés, Jesus e todos os outros profetas, que a paz esteja sobre eles.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

4.      Quem é Muhammad?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

O último e final profeta que Deus enviou para a humanidade foi o Profeta Muhammad, que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele.  Com a idade de quarenta anos, ele recebeu a revelação de Deus.  Ele então passou o resto de sua vida explicando e vivenciando os ensinamentos do Islã, a religião que Deus lhe revelou.  O Profeta Muhammad é o maior de todos os profetas por muitas razões, mas basicamente porque foi escolhido por Deus para ser o último profeta – cuja missão para guiar a humanidade continuaria até o Último Dia – e porque foi enviado como misericórdia para toda a humanidade.  O resultado de sua missão trouxe mais pessoas à crença pura em um Deus Único do que qualquer outro profeta.  Desde o início dos tempos, Deus enviou profetas para a terra, cada um para sua nação específica.  O Profeta Muhammad, entretanto, foi enviado como mensageiro final para toda a humanidade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mesmo que outras comunidades religiosas reivindiquem acreditar em um Deus Único, com o passar do tempo algumas idéias corrompidas entraram em suas crenças e práticas, afastando-as do monoteísmo puro e sincero dos profetas.  Algumas adotaram seus profetas e santos como intercessores junto a Deus Todo-Poderoso.  Algumas até acreditaram que seus profetas eram manifestações de Deus ou “Deus Encarnado” ou o “Filho de Deus”.  Todas essas concepções errôneas levam à adoração de seres criados ao invés do Criador e contribuíram para a prática idólatra de acreditar que Deus Todo-Poderoso pode ser abordado através de intermediários.  De modo a prevenir essas falsidades, o Profeta Muhammad sempre enfatizava que era somente um ser humano com a missão de pregar e obedecer a mensagem de Deus.  Ele ensinou os muçulmanos a se referirem a ele como “o mensageiro e servo de Deus”.  Através de sua vida e ensinamentos, Deus fez de Muhammad o exemplo perfeito para todas as pessoas – ele foi o profeta exemplar, estadista, líder militar, governante, professor, vizinho, marido, pai e amigo.  Ao contrário de outros profetas e mensageiros, o Profeta Muhammad viveu à luz plena da história e todos os seus ditos e atos foram meticulosamente registrados e coletados.  Os muçulmanos não precisam ter mera “fé” que ele existiu, ou que seus ensinamentos estão preservados – eles sabem disso como fato.  Deus Se encarregou de proteger a mensagem revelada a Muhammad da distorção ou de ser esquecida ou perdida.  Isso foi necessário porque Deus prometeu que Muhammad era o mensageiro final para a humanidade.  Todos os mensageiros de Deus pregaram a mensagem do Islã – ou seja, submissão à lei de Deus e a adoração somente de Deus – mas Muhammad é o último profeta do Islã que trouxe a mensagem final e completa que nunca será mudada até o Último Dia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

5.      Quais são os ensinamentos do Islã?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

A base da fé islâmica é a crença no monoteísmo absoluto (a Unicidade de Deus).  Isso significa acreditar que existe somente um Criador e Sustentador de tudo no Universo e que nada é divino ou merecedor de ser adorado exceto Ele.  Na verdade, acreditar na Unicidade de Deus significa muito mais que simplesmente acreditar que existe “Um Deus” – em oposição a dois, três ou quatro.  Existem várias religiões que reivindicam crença em um “Deus Único” e acreditam que existe apenas um Criador e Sustentador do Universo, mas o verdadeiro monoteísmo é acreditar que somente a Verdadeira Deidade é para ser adorada, de acordo com a revelação que Ele enviou para Seu mensageiro.   O Islã também rejeita o uso de todos os intermediários entre Deus e o homem e insiste que as pessoas se aproximem de Deus diretamente e reservem toda a adoração somente para Ele.  Os muçulmanos acreditam que Deus Todo-Poderoso é Compassivo, Amoroso e Misericordioso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um equívoco comum é a alegação de que Deus não pode perdoar Suas criaturas diretamente.  Ao enfatizar demais o fardo e a punição do pecado, assim como alegar que Deus não pode perdoar os humanos diretamente, as pessoas se desesperam da Misericórdia de Deus.  Uma vez que se convencem de que não podem se aproximar de Deus diretamente, se voltam para falsos deuses em busca de ajuda, como heróis, líderes políticos, salvadores, santos e anjos.  Com frequência descobrimos que as pessoas que adoram, oram ou buscam intercessão dessas falsas deidades, não as consideram como um “deus”.  Alegam crer em um Deus Único Supremo, mas que oram e adoram outros ao lado de Deus somente para ficarem mais próximas Dele.  No Islã existe uma distinção clara entre o Criador e o criado.  Não existe ambiguidade ou mistério em questões de divindade: qualquer coisa criada não merece ser adorada; somente Allah, o Criador, é merecedor de ser adorado.  Algumas religiões crêem falsamente que Deus se tornou parte de Sua criação, e que deixou as pessoas acreditarem que podem adorar algo criado para alcançar seu Criador.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os muçulmanos acreditam que embora Deus seja Único e Exaltado além de compreensão especulativa, Ele definitivamente não tem parceiros, associados, iguais, antagonistas ou descendência.  De acordo com a crença islâmica, Allah “não gerou e nem foi gerado” – seja literal, alegórica, metafórica, física ou metafisicamente.  Ele é absolutamente Único e Eterno.  Está em controle de tudo e é perfeitamente capaz de conceder Sua misericórdia e perdão infinitos a quem Ele escolher.  Por isso Allah também é chamado o Todo-Poderoso e Misericordiosíssimo.  Allah criou o universo para o homem e como tal quer o melhor para todos os seres humanos.  Os muçulmanos vêem tudo no universo como sinal da criação e benevolência do Deus Todo-Poderoso.  E a crença na unicidade de Allah não é um conceito meramente metafísico.  É uma crença dinâmica que afeta a visão de humanidade, sociedade e todos os aspectos da vida prática.   Como um corolário lógico para a crença islâmica na unicidade de Allah, existe a crença na unicidade da humanidade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

6.      O que é o Alcorão?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

O Alcorão é a revelação final de Allah para toda a humanidade, que foi pronunciado por Allah o Exaltado e transmitido através do arcanjo Gabriel em árabe ao Profeta Muhammad em palavra e significado.  O Alcorão foi então retransmitido aos companheiros do Profeta e eles diligentemente o memorizaram palavra por palavra e meticulosamente o compilaram em forma escrita.   O Alcorão Sagrado tem sido recitado continuamente pelos companheiros do Profeta e seus sucessores até o dia presente.  Em resumo, o Alcorão é o livro revelado de escritura divina de Allah para toda a humanidade, para sua orientação e salvação.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Hoje o Alcorão continua a ser memorizado e ensinado por milhões de pessoas.  A língua do Alcorão, o árabe, continua a ser uma língua viva para milhões de pessoas.  Ao contrário das escrituras de algumas religiões, o Alcorão continua a ser lido em sua língua original por milhões de pessoas.  O Alcorão é um milagre vivo na língua árabe e é conhecido por seu estilo, forma e impacto espiritual inimitáveis, assim como o conhecimento único que contém.  O Alcorão foi revelado em uma série de revelações ao profeta Muhammad ao longo de 23 anos.  Em contraste aos livros de muitas outras religiões, sempre se acreditou que o Alcorão era a Palavra exata de Allah.  O Alcorão foi recitado publicamente perante comunidades muçulmanas e não-muçulmanas durante a vida do profeta Muhammad e após sua morte.  O Alcorão inteiro também foi completamente registrado durante a vida do profeta e vários companheiros dele memorizaram o Alcorão palavra por palavra como foi revelado.  O Alcorão sempre esteve nas mãos de crentes comuns; sempre foi considerado a palavra de Deus e devido à memorização propagada, foi perfeitamente preservado.  Nenhuma parte dele foi alterada ou decretada por qualquer concílio religioso.  Os ensinamentos do Alcorão compreendem uma escritura universal dirigida para toda a humanidade e não para uma tribo em particular ou “povo escolhido”.  A mensagem que ele traz não é nova e sim a mesma de todos os profetas: “submeter-se a Deus Todo-Poderoso e adorar somente a Ele, seguindo os mensageiros de Allah para o sucesso nessa vida e salvação na vida futura”.  Dessa forma, a revelação de Allah no Alcorão foca em ensinar aos seres humanos a importância de acreditar na Unicidade de Deus e de enquadrar suas vidas com base na orientação que Ele enviou, que é articulada na Lei Islâmica.  O Alcorão contém histórias dos profetas anteriores, como Abraão, Noé, Moisés e Jesus, que a paz esteja sobre todos eles, e também muitos mandamentos e proibições de Deus.   Nos dias atuais, em que tantas pessoas são presas da dúvida, desespero espiritual e alienação social e política, os ensinamentos corânicos oferecem soluções para o vazio de nossas vidas e a desordem que domina o mundo hoje.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

7.      Como os muçulmanos vêem a natureza do homem, o propósito da vida e a vida futura?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

No Alcorão Sagrado Allah ensina os seres humanos que foram criados para glorificá-Lo e adorá-Lo e que a base de toda adoração verdadeira é a consciência de Deus.  Todas as criaturas de Allah O adoram naturalmente e somente os humanos têm o livre arbítrio para adorar Allah como seu Criador ou rejeita-Lo.  Esse é um grande teste, mas também uma grande honra.  Uma vez que os ensinamentos do Islã abrangem todos os aspectos da vida e da ética, a consciência de Deus é encorajada em todos os assuntos humanos.  O Islã deixa claro que todos os atos humanos são atos de adoração se forem feitos somente para agradar a Deus e de acordo com Sua Escritura e Lei Divinas.   Dessa forma, a adoração no Islã não está limitada a rituais religiosos e por essa razão é mais adequadamente conhecida como um “modo de vida” do que uma religião.  Os ensinamentos do Islã agem como misericórdia e cura para a alma humana e qualidades como humildade, sinceridade, paciência e caridade são fortemente encorajadas.  Além disso, o Islã condena o orgulho e o autoelogio, já que Deus Todo-Poderoso é o único juiz da virtude humana.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A visão islâmica da natureza do homem também é realista e bem equilibrada na medida em que seres humanos não são vistos como inerentemente pecadores, mas com capacidade igual para o bem e o mal; cabe a eles escolher.  O Islã também ensina que a fé e a ação devem andar de mãos dadas.  Deus deu às pessoas o livre arbítrio e a medida da fé são os atos e ações.  Entretanto, como os seres humanos foram criados fracos e regularmente caem em pecado, precisam buscar orientação e arrependimento continuamente, o que é também, por si só, uma forma de adoração amada por Allah.  Essa é a natureza do ser humano como criado por Deus em Sua Majestade e Sabedoria. Não é inerentemente “corrupta” ou precisando de reparos.  O caminho do arrependimento está sempre aberto para todos.  Deus Todo-Poderoso sabia que os humanos cometeriam erros, de modo que o verdadeiro teste é se arrependerão por seus pecados e tentarão evita-los ou se preferirão uma vida de negligência e pecado, sabendo bem que não está agradando a Deus.  O verdadeiro equilíbrio de uma vida islâmica é estabelecido através do temor saudável da punição justa de Allah para crimes e pecados, associado à crença sincera de que Allah, em Sua infinita misericórdia, tem prazer em conceder Sua recompensa pelos nossos bons atos e adoração sincera a Ele.  Uma vida sem temor a Allah leva ao pecado e a desobediência, enquanto que a crença de que pecamos tanto que Deus não poderia nos perdoar só nos leva ao desespero.  À luz desse fato, o Islã ensina que somente os desorientados se desesperam da misericórdia de seu Senhor, e somente os criminosos malvados são destituídos do temor a Allah, seu Criador e Juiz.  O Alcorão Sagrado, como revelado ao profeta Muhammad, que a paz esteja sobre ele, também contém muitos ensinamentos sobre a vida após a morte e o Dia do Juízo.  Os muçulmanos acreditam que todos os seres humanos serão no fim julgados por Allah, o Soberano e Juiz Absoluto, por suas crenças e ações em suas vidas terrenas.  Ao julgar os seres humanos, Allah o Exaltado, será ao mesmo tempo absolutamente justo, ao punir somente os verdadeiramente culpados e criminosos rebeldes que não se arrependeram, e absolutamente misericordioso com aquelas pessoas que Ele, em Sua sabedoria, julgar merecedoras de misericórdia.  Ninguém será julgado por algo acima de sua capacidade ou pelo que não fez.  É suficiente dizer que o Islã ensina que a vida é um teste elaborado por Allah, o Criador, Todo-Poderoso e Sábio, e que todos os seres humanos serão responsabilizados perante Allah pelo que fizeram com suas vidas.  Uma crença sincera na vida após a morte é a chave para levar uma vida moral e bem equilibrada.  De outra forma, a vida é considerada com um fim em si mesma, o que faz com que as pessoas se tornem mais egoístas, materialistas e imorais na busca cega de prazer, às custas da razão e da ética.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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1.    \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u4e2d“\u7a46\u65af\u6797”\uff08Muslim\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u4e49\u4e3a“\u4fe1\u5949\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u4eba”\uff08\u987a\u4ece\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u662f\u9762\u5411\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\uff0c\u51e1\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f7f\u547d\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5c06\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u8bef\u89e3\u4e3a\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc780%\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u975e\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u662f\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u4fe1\u5949\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u548c\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u653e\u773c\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u4ece\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u5230\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u4ece\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5\u81f3\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u5168\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u5148\u77e5\u548c\u4f7f\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u3001\u975e\u6d32\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u7b49\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5fc5\u987b\u5b8c\u5168\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u5c65\u884c\u5b89\u62c9\u6240\u542f\u793a\u7684\u6559\u8bf2\u548c\u5f8b\u6cd5\u3002\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u6709\u81ea\u613f\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u53ca\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\u5e38\u4ee5“\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u6559”\u6765\u79f0\u547c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bef\u79f0\uff0c\u662f\u84c4\u610f\u66f2\u89e3\u548c\u5168\u7136\u65e0\u77e5\u9020\u6210\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8bef\u89e3\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5373\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u51e0\u767e\u5e74\u6765\u6309\u7167\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5d07\u62dc\u8036\u7a23\u90a3\u6837\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u60f3\u8c61\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5d07\u62dc\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u3002\u8fd9\u65ad\u7136\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u9664\u5b89\u62c9\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u53e6\u6709\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.    \u5b89\u62c9\u662f\u8c01\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u5728\u63a2\u8ba8\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5e38\u4f1a\u542c\u5230\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47“\u5b89\u62c9”\uff08Allah\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u3002“\u5b89\u62c9”\u4e00\u8bcd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u7684\u4e13\u6709\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u548c\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u5f92\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u4f7f\u7528“\u5b89\u62c9”\u4e00\u8bcd\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c“\u5b89\u62c9”\u4e00\u8bcd\u5f88\u4e45\u4ee5\u524d\u5c31\u7528\u6765\u6307\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u540e\u6765\u82f1\u8bed\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u65b0\u8bcd\u8bedGod\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e7\u8bd1“\u5b89\u62c9”——\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ffb\u9605\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u4eba\u4eec\u5e38\u7528“Allah”\uff08\u5b89\u62c9\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u6307\u4ee3\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684“God”\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u5728\u8c08\u53ca\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u65f6\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u6559\u89c4\uff0c\u5c14\u6492\u662f“\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u513f\u5b50”\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u4e2d\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u4e3b“\u5b89\u62c9”\u4e00\u8bcd\u540c\u5176\u5b83\u95ea\u65cf\u8bed\u7cfb\u5bf9\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u7684\u6307\u4ee3\u5341\u5206\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u8bed\u4e2d\u795e\u4e00\u8bcd\u662f“Elah”\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u79cd\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u4e3b\u5bb0\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u7a46\u8428\uff08\u6469\u897f\uff09\u3001\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\uff08\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\uff09\u548c\u5c14\u8428\uff08\u8036\u7a23\uff09\u6240\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u795e\u3002\u8fd9\u7edd\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u795e\u8bba\uff0c\u5b83\u53f7\u53ec\u4eba\u4eec\u53bb\u5d07\u62dc\u52aa\u54c8\u3001\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u3001\u7a46\u8428\u3001\u5c14\u6492\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\uff08\u613f\u4e3b\u8d50\u798f\u4ed6\u4eec\uff09\u6240\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u4e3b\u5bb0——\u5b89\u62c9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3.    \u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u662f\u8c01\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u5b89\u62c9\u6d3e\u9063\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f7f\u8005\u662f\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\uff08\u613f\u4e3b\u798f\u5b89\u4e4b\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u56db\u5341\u5c81\u65f6\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f59\u751f\u7528\u6765\u9610\u91ca\u5b89\u62c9\u542f\u793a\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u6559\u8bf2\u3002\u4f7f\u8005\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u56e0\u8bf8\u591a\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u4f17\u4f7f\u8005\u4e2d\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u9009\u62d4\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f7f\u8005\u6765\u4f20\u8fbe\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\u4e16\u4eba\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u672b\u65e5——\u4e14\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5168\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4ec1\u6148\u800c\u88ab\u6d3e\u9063\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u4f20\u8fbe\u4f7f\u547d\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3b\u72ec\u4e00\uff0c\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u3002\u81ea\u4eba\u7c7b\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u6d3e\u9063\u4ed6\u4eec\u672c\u65cf\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4f7f\u8005\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u662f\u6d3e\u9063\u7ed9\u5168\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6700\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f7f\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u5373\u6ce2\u65af\u62dc\u706b\u6559\u3001\u7946\u6559\u3001\u660e\u6559\uff0c\u7531\u7d22\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6d3e\u522b\uff0c\u5728\u963f\u7ef4\u65af\u9640\u5723\u7ecf\u4e2d\u9610\u660e\u5176\u6559\u4e49\uff0c\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u5149\u660e\u4e0e\u9ed1\u6697\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u5bfc\u4eba\u4eec\u5d07\u62dc\u5149\u660e\u795e\u5965\u5c14\u7a46\u5179\u5fb7——\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff082\/2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

5. \u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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6. \u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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7. \u7a46\u65af\u6797\u600e\u6837\u770b\u5f85\u4eba\u7684\u5929\u6027\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u540e\u4e16\u751f\u6d3b\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":9906,"lft":956,"rght":957,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-05T20:47:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T11:36:41.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":7,"author_id":2143,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":588,"author_name":"Daniel Masters, AbdurRahman Squires, and I. Kaka","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-05","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Seven Common Questions about Islam.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Seven Common Questions about Islam.docx"},{"id":594,"title":"\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3088\u304f\u3042\u308b\uff17\u3064\u306e\u8cea\u554f","slug":"asdg","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Seven Common Questions about Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Seven Common Questions about Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:asdg","hint":"","body":"

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3088\u304f\u3042\u308b\uff17\u3064\u306e\u8cea\u554f<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"SevenQuestions.jpg\"
<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

\uff08\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\uff11\/2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

1.      \u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u5b97\u6559\u306e\u540d\u524d\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3082\u3063\u3068\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3048\u3070\u795e\u306b\u3088\u308a\u5553\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u795e\u304b\u3089\u4eba\u985e\u306b\u9063\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5168\u3066\u306e\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3068\u4f7f\u5f92\u9054\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b9f\u8df5\u3055\u308c\u305f“\u751f\u304d\u65b9”\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u3088\u304f\u8868\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306e“\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0”\u3068\u3044\u3046\u540d\u524d\u81ea\u4f53\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u3082\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u3084\u4ecf\u6559\u3001\u30be\u30ed\u30a2\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u6559\u306a\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u4eba\u7269\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u307e\u305f\u30e6\u30c0\u30e4\u6559\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u90e8\u65cf\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304f\uff1b\u307e\u305f\u30d2\u30f3\u30ba\u30fc\u6559\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u56fd\u5bb6\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u8a9e\u6e90\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5e73\u548c\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u6328\u62f6\u3001\u4fdd\u8b77\u3001\u6b20\u9665\u306e\u306a\u3044\u3001\u5065\u5168\u306a\u3001\u670d\u5f93\u3001\u53d7\u5bb9\u3001\u964d\u4f0f\u3001\u6551\u3044\u306a\u3069\u306e\u610f\u5473\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u306f\u795e\u3078\u306e\u670d\u5f93\u3001\u552f\u4e00\u795e\u306e\u5d07\u62dd\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u795e\u306e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u3092\u656c\u3044\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3001\u5f93\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u670d\u5f93\u3001\u5e73\u548c\u3001\u5e73\u5b89\u3001\u5b89\u5fc3\u3001\u5065\u5168\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u3053\u305d\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u304c\u9054\u6210\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3086\u3048\u7537\u5973\u3092\u554f\u308f\u305a\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u306f\u3053\u306e\u670d\u5f93\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4eba\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u7f6a\u3084\u7121\u77e5\u3001\u9593\u9055\u3063\u305f\u884c\u3044\u306a\u3069\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f31\u304f\u306a\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u795e\u306b\u4f55\u304b\u3092\u4e26\u3079\u305f\u30ea\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.      \u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u306e“\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0”\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u306f\u76f4\u8a33\u3067\u3001“\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\uff08\u795e\u306e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u3068\u305d\u306e\u3054\u610f\u601d\u3078\u306e\u670d\u5f93\uff09\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u3042\u308b\u4eba”\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u306f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u305f\u8005\u306f\u8ab0\u3067\u3082\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8aa4\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u771f\u5b9f\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e80\uff05\u4ee5\u4e0a\u304c\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\uff01\u5927\u534a\u306e\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u3084\u30e6\u30c0\u30e4\u6559\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u306e\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u3082\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30ca\u30a4\u30b8\u30a7\u30ea\u30a2\u304b\u3089\u30dc\u30b9\u30cb\u30a2\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30e2\u30ed\u30c3\u30b3\u304b\u3089\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u30cd\u30b7\u30a2\u306a\u3069\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u4e16\u754c\u306b\u4f4f\u3080\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u4e00\u77a5\u3057\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3082\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u304c\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u4eba\u7a2e\u3084\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3084\u56fd\u7c4d\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5341\u5206\u5206\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u306a\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u3092\u3001\u5e38\u306b\u5168\u3066\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3078\u5411\u3051\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306e\u521d\u671f\u306e\u53cb\u4eba\u9054\u304c\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30da\u30eb\u30b7\u30a2\u4eba\u3001\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u4eba\u3001\u30d3\u30b6\u30f3\u30c1\u30f3\u306e\u30ed\u30fc\u30de\u4eba\u306a\u3069\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u3082\u898b\u53d7\u3051\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6559\u3048\u3068\u81f3\u9ad8\u306a\u308b\u795e\u306e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u53d7\u5bb9\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u670d\u5f93\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u306f\u5168\u80fd\u306e\u795e\u306e\u3054\u610f\u601d\u306e\u3082\u3068\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3068\u4fa1\u5024\u3068\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3092\u7bc9\u304f\u8005\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4eca\u65e5\u3067\u306f\u4f59\u308a\u898b\u3089\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3092\u8868\u3059\u8a00\u8449\u3068\u3057\u3066“\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u6559\u5f92”\u3068\u3044\u3046\u540d\u79f0\u304c\u3088\u304f\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30ec\u30c3\u30c6\u30eb\u306f\u9593\u9055\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6545\u610f\u306b\u6b6a\u66f2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5168\u304f\u306e\u7121\u77e5\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304b\u3089\u304d\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u8aa4\u89e3\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u7406\u7531\u306f\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u4eba\u304c\u4f55\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u3082\u6e21\u308a\u3001\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92\u304c\u30a4\u30a8\u30b9\u3092\u5d07\u62dd\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3068\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u304c\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u3092\u5d07\u62dd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u6559\u308f\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5168\u304f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u53cd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u3082\u795e\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u4f55\u304b\u3092\u5d07\u62dd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4eba\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3.      \u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u3068\u306f\u8ab0\u304b\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8b70\u8ad6\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u306e“\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc”\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u8033\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002“\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc”\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u8449\u306f\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u3067\u5168\u80fd\u306e\u795e\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u3001\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3059\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92\u3084\u30e6\u30c0\u30e4\u6559\u5f92\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3082\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u3068\u3053\u308d\u82f1\u8a9e\u306f\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u8a00\u8a9e\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u8449\u306f\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u795e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u8449\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u4ee5\u524d\u304b\u3089\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3082\u3057\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u8a33\u306e\u8056\u66f8\u3092\u307f\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067“\u795e”\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u90e8\u5206\u304c“\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc”\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u304f\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3059\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92\u306f\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u30a4\u30a8\u30b9\u306f\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u306e\u606f\u5b50\u3060\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u4ed6\u306e\u30bb\u30e0\u7cfb\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3067\u306e\u795e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u8449\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u306e\u5168\u80fd\u306e\u795e“\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc”\u3068\u3088\u304f\u4f3c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u30d8\u30d6\u30e9\u30a4\u8a9e\u3067\u795e\u306f“\u30a8\u30e9\u30fc”\u3067\u3059\u3002\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u7406\u7531\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3042\u308b\u7a2e\u306e\u975e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u304c\u30e2\u30fc\u30bc\u3084\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u3001\u30a4\u30a8\u30b9\u3089\u3068\u3068\u306f\u9055\u3046\u795e\u3092\u5d07\u62dd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8aa4\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d14\u6b63\u306a\u4e00\u795e\u6559\u306f\u5168\u3066\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u30ce\u30a2\u3001\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u3001\u30e2\u30fc\u30bc\u3001\u30a4\u30a8\u30b9\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u5168\u3066\u306e\u9810\u8a00\u8005\uff08\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u5e73\u5b89\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3088\u3046\u306b\uff09\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306e\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u795e\u3092\u5d07\u62dd\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u547c\u3073\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

4.      \u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u3068\u306f\u8ab0\u304b\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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\u5f7c\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u305f\u3061\u306b\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3001“\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u3067\u795e\u306e\u3057\u3082\u3079”\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u5f7c\u306e\u4eba\u751f\u3068\u6559\u3048\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u795e\u306f\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u3092\u5168\u3066\u306e\u4eba\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u308b\u898b\u672c\u3068\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u6a21\u7bc4\u7684\u306a\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3001\u8ecd\u4e8b\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u3001\u6559\u5e2b\u3001\u96a3\u4eba\u3001\u592b\u3001\u7236\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u53cb\u4eba\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3084\u4f7f\u5f92\u3068\u306f\u9055\u3063\u3066\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306f\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u660e\u308b\u307f\u3092\u751f\u304d\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u5168\u3066\u306e\u8a00\u884c\u306f\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u8a18\u9332\u3055\u308c\u53ce\u96c6\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306f\u5f7c\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u305f\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u6559\u3048\u304c\u4fdd\u7ba1\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5358\u306a\u308b“\u4fe1\u4ef0“\u3092\u6301\u3064\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u771f\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306b\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u304c\u6b6a\u66f2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5fd8\u308c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5931\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u81ea\u3089\u4fdd\u8b77\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u795e\u304c\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u3092\u4eba\u985e\u3078\u306e\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u305f\u3061\u306f\u7686\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u2010\u795e\u306e\u7acb\u6cd5\u3078\u306e\u670d\u5f93\u3068\u552f\u4e00\u795e\u306e\u5d07\u62dd\u2010\u3092\u5531\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306f\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u65e5\u307e\u3067\u6c7a\u3057\u3066\u5909\u308f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u306a\u3044\u5b8c\u5168\u304b\u3064\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u305f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u30d1\u30fc\u30c82\/2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

5.      \u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6559\u3048\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u306f\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u795e\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u304b\u308c\u4ee5\u5916\u306b\u5d07\u62dd\u306b\u5024\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3084\u795e\u8056\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306f\u4f55\u3082\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5b87\u5b99\u306e\u5168\u3066\u306e\u5275\u9020\u4e3b\u304b\u3064\u7dad\u6301\u8005\u306f\u552f\u4e00\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3001\u795e\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u6027\u3092\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306f\u306f\u305f\u3060\u5358\u306b“\u552f\u4e00\u795e”\u3092\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u3001\u4e09\u3064\u3001\u56db\u3064\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u795e\u3092\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306f\u5168\u304f\u5bfe\u7167\u7684\u3067\u3059\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u304c“\u552f\u4e00\u795e”\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3092\u6a19\u699c\u3057\u3001\u5b87\u5b99\u306e\u5275\u9020\u8005\u3001\u7dad\u6301\u8005\u306f\u305f\u3060\u4e00\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u672c\u5f53\u306e\u4e00\u795e\u6559\u3068\u306f\u795e\u304c\u9063\u308f\u3057\u305f\u4f7f\u5f92\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u3001\u552f\u4e00\u795e\u306e\u307f\u304c\u5d07\u62dd\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u795e\u3068\u4eba\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u4ef2\u4ecb\u8005\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3057\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u795e\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u3065\u304d\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u304b\u308c\u3060\u3051\u306b\u5168\u3066\u306e\u5d07\u62dd\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u5411\u3051\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306f\u5168\u80fd\u306e\u795e\u304c\u601d\u3044\u3084\u308a\u306e\u3042\u308b\u3001\u611b\u60c5\u306b\u6e80\u3061\u305f\u6148\u60b2\u6df1\u3044\u795e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4fe1\u3058\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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6.      \u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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7.      \u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6765\u4e16\u306e\u751f\u6d3b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8003\u3048\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

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