{"title":"Nimah Ismail Nawwab","author":{"id":2167,"name":"Nimah Ismail Nawwab","slug":"nimah_ismail_nawwab","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-08-12T08:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-08-12T08:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Nimah Ismail Nawwab"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2167?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2167?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2167?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2167","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2167?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2167?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2167?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2167","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2167?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2167?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2167?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/esp\/api\/authors\/2167","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":935,"title":"Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime","slug":"hajj---the-journey-of-a-lifetime","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:hajj---the-journey-of-a-lifetime","hint":"","body":"

Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/h1>\r\n

(part 1 of 2): The Day of Arafah and its Preparation<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

The hajj<\/em>, or pilgrimage to Mecca, a central duty of Islam whose origins date back to the Prophet Abraham, brings together Muslims of all races and tongues for one of life’s most moving spiritual experiences.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

For 14 centuries, countless millions of Muslims, men and women from the four corners of the earth, have made the pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Islam.  In carrying out this obligation, they fulfill one of the five “pillars” of Islam, or central religious duties of the believer.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muslims trace the recorded origins of the divinely prescribed pilgrimage to the Prophet Abraham.  According to the Quran, it was Abraham who, together with Ishmael built the Kabah, “the House of God”, the direction toward which Muslims turn in their worship five times each day.  It was Abraham, too who established the rituals of the hajj<\/em>, which recall events or practices in his life and that of Hagar and their son Ishmael.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In the chapter entitled “The Pilgrimage”, the Quran speaks of the divine command to perform the hajj<\/em> and prophesies the permanence of this institution:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“And when We assigned for Abraham the place of the House, saying ‘Do not associate Anything with Me, and purify My House for those who go around it and for those who stand and bow and prostrate themselves in worship.  And proclaim the Pilgrimage among humankind: They will come to you on foot and on every camel made lean By traveling deep, distant ravines.’” (Quran 22:26-27)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

By the time the Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, received the divine call, however, pagan practices had come to muddy some of the original observances of the hajj<\/em>.  The Prophet, as ordained by God, continued the Abrahamic hajj<\/em> after restoring its rituals to their original purity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Furthermore, Muhammad himself instructed the believers in the rituals of thehajj<\/em>.  He did this in two ways: by his own practice, or by approving the practices of his Companions.  This added some complexity to the rituals, but also provided increased flexibility in carrying them out, much to the benefit of pilgrims ever since.  It is lawful, for instance, to have some variation in the order in which the several rites are carried out, because the Prophet himself is recorded as having approved such actions.  Thus, the rites of the hajj<\/em> are elaborate, numerous and varied; aspects of some of them are highlighted below.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The hajj<\/em> to Mecca is a once-in-a-lifetime obligation upon male and female adults whose health and means permit it, or, in the words of the Quran, upon “those who can make their way there.”  It is not an obligation on children, though some children do accompany their parents on this journey.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Before setting out, a pilgrim should redress all wrongs, pay all debts, plan to have enough funds for his own journey and for the maintenance of his family while he is away, and prepare himself for good conduct throughout the hajj<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

When pilgrims undertake the hajj<\/em> journey, they follow in the footsteps of millions before them.  Nowadays hundreds of thousands of believers from over 70 nations arrive in the Mecca by road, sea and air every year, completing a journey now much shorter and in some ways less arduous than it often was in the past.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Till the 19th century, traveling the long distance to Mecca usually meant being part of a caravan.  There were three main caravans: the Egyptian one, which formed in Cairo; the Iraqi one, which set out from Baghdad; and the Syrian, which, after 1453, started at Istanbul, gathered pilgrims along the way, and proceeded to Mecca from Damascus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As the hajj<\/em> journey took months if all went well, pilgrims carried with them the provisions they needed to sustain them on their trip.  The caravans were elaborately supplied with amenities and security if the persons traveling were rich, but the poor often ran out of provisions and had to interrupt their journey in order to work, save up their earnings, and then go on their way.  This resulted in long journeys which, in some cases, spanned ten years or more.  Travel in earlier days was filled with adventure.  The roads were often unsafe due to bandit raids.  The terrain the pilgrims passed through was also dangerous, and natural hazards and diseases often claimed many lives along the way.  Thus, the successful return of pilgrims to their families was the occasion of joyous celebration and thanksgiving for their safe arrival.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Lured by the mystique of Mecca and Medina, many Westerners have visited these two holy cities, on which the pilgrims converge, since the 15th century.  Some of them disguised themselves as Muslims; others, who had genuinely converted, came to fulfill their duty.  But all seem to have been moved by their experience, and many recorded their impressions of the journey and the rituals of the hajj<\/em> in fascinating accounts.  Many hajj<\/em> travelogues exist, written in languages as diverse as the pilgrims themselves.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The pilgrimage takes place each year between the 8th and the 13th days of Dhul-Hijjah, the 12th month of the Muslim lunar calendar.  Its first rite is the donning of the ihram<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The ihram<\/em>, worn by men, is a white seamless garment made up of two pieces of cloth or toweling; one covers the body from waist down past the knees, and the other is thrown over the shoulder.  This garb was worn by both Abraham and Muhammad.  Women dress as they usually do.  Men’s heads must be uncovered; both men and women may use an umbrella.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The ihram<\/em> is a symbol of purity and of the renunciation of evil and mundane matters.  It also indicates the equality of all people in the eyes of God.  When the pilgrim wears his white apparel, he or she enters into a state of purity that prohibits quarreling, committing violence to man or animal and having conjugal relations.  Once he puts on his hajj<\/em> clothes the pilgrim cannot shave, cut his nails or wear any jewelry, and he will keep his unsown garment on till he completes the pilgrimage.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A pilgrim who is already in Mecca starts his hajj<\/em> from the moment he puts on the ihram<\/em>.  Some pilgrims coming from a distance may have entered Mecca earlier with their ihram<\/em> on and may still be wearing it.  The donning of the ihram<\/em> is accompanied by the primary invocation of the hajj<\/em>, the talbiyah<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Here I am, O God, at Thy Command!  Here I am at Thy Command!  Thou art without associate; Here I am at Thy Command!  Thine are praise and grace and dominion!  Thou art without associate.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The thunderous, melodious chants of the talbiyah<\/em> ring out not only in Mecca but also at other nearby sacred locations connected with the hajj<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

On the first day of the hajj<\/em>, pilgrims sweep out of Mecca toward Mina, a small uninhabited village east of the city.  As their throngs spread through Mina, the pilgrims generally spend their time meditating and praying, as the Prophet did on his pilgrimage.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

During the second day, the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, pilgrims leave Mina for the plain of Arafat where they rest.  This is the central rite of the hajj<\/em>.  As they congregate there, the pilgrims’ stance and gathering reminds them of the Day of Judgment.  Some of them gather at the Mount of Mercy, where the Prophet delivered his unforgettable Farewell Sermon, enunciating far-reaching religious, economic, social and political reforms.  These are emotionally charged hours, which the pilgrims spend in worship and supplication.  Many shed tears as they ask God to forgive them.  On this sacred spot, they reach the culmination of their religious lives as they feel the presence and closeness of a merciful God.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The first Englishwoman to perform the hajj<\/em>, Lady Evelyn Cobbold, described in 1934 the feelings pilgrims experience at Arafat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“It would require a master pen to describe the scene, poignant in its intensity, of that great concourse of humanity of which I was one small unit, completely lost to their surroundings in a fervor of religious enthusiasm.  Many of the pilgrims had tears streaming down their cheeks; others raised their faces to the starlit sky that had witnessed this drama so often in the past centuries.  The shining eyes, the passionate appeals, the pitiful hands outstretched in prayer moved me in a way that nothing had ever done before, and I felt caught up in a strong wave of spiritual exaltation.  I was one with the rest of the pilgrims in a sublime act of complete surrender to the Supreme Will which is Islam.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

She goes on to describe the closeness pilgrims feel to the Prophet while standing in Arafat:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“...as I stand beside the granite pillar, I feel I am on Sacred ground.  I see with my mind’s eye the Prophet delivering that last address, over thirteen hundred years ago, to the weeping multitudes.  I visualize the many preachers who have spoken to countless millions who have assembled on the vast plain below; for this is the culminating scene of the Great Pilgrimage.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet is reported to have asked God to pardon the sins of pilgrims who gathered at Arafat, and was granted his wish.  Thus, the hopeful pilgrims prepare to leave this plain joyfully, feeling reborn without sin and intending to turn over a new leaf.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 2 of 2): The Rites of Abraham<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Just after sunset, the mass of pilgrims proceeds to Muzdalifah, an open plain about halfway between Arafat and Mina.  There they first pray and then collect a fixed number of chickpea-sized pebbles to use on the following days.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Before daybreak on the third day, pilgrims move en masse from Muzdalifah to Mina.  There they cast at white pillars the pebbles they have previously collected, a practice associated with the Prophet Abraham.  As pilgrims throw seven pebbles at each of these pillars, they remember the story of Satan’s attempt to persuade Abraham to disregard God’s command to sacrifice his son.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Throwing the pebbles is symbolic of humans’ attempt to cast away evil and vice, not once but seven times - the number seven symbolizing infinity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Following the casting of the pebbles, most pilgrims sacrifice a goat, sheep or some other animal.  They give the meat to the poor after, in some cases, keeping a small portion for themselves.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

This rite is associated with Abraham’s readiness to sacrifice his son in accordance with God’s wish.  It symbolizes the Muslim’s willingness to part with what is precious to him, and reminds us of the spirit of Islam, in which submission to God’s will plays a leading role.  This act also reminds the pilgrim to share worldly goods with those who are less fortunate, and serves as an offer of thanksgiving to God.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As the pilgrims have, at this stage, finished a major part of the hajj<\/em>, they are now allowed to shed their ihram and put on everyday clothes.  On this day Muslims around the world share the happiness the pilgrims feel and join them by performing identical, individual sacrifices in a worldwide celebration of ‘Eid al-Adha, “the Festival of Sacrifice.”  Men either shave their heads or clip their hair, and women cut off a symbolic lock, to mark their partial deconsecration.  This is done as a symbol of humility.  All proscriptions, save the one of conjugal relations, are now lifted.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Still so journing in Mina, pilgrims visit Mecca to perform another essential rite of the hajj<\/em>: the tawaf<\/em>, the seven-fold circling of the Kaaba, with a prayer recited during each circuit.  Their circumambulation of the Kaaba, the symbol of God’s oneness, implies that all human activity must have God at its center.  It also symbolizes the unity of God and man.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Thomas Abercrombie, a convert to Islam and a writer and photographer for National Geographic Magazine, performed the hajj<\/em> in the 1970’s and described the sense of unity and harmony pilgrims feel during the circling:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Seven times we circled the shrine repeating the ritual devotions in Arabic: ‘Lord God, from such a distant land I have come unto Thee....  Grant me shelter under Thy throne.’  Caught up in the whirling scene, lifted by the poetry of the prayers, we orbited God’s house in accord with the atoms, in harmony with the planets.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

While making their circuits pilgrims may kiss or touch the Black Stone.  This oval stone, first mounted in a silver frame late in the seventh century, has a special place in the hearts of Muslims as, according to some hadeeth, it is the sole remnant of the original structure built by Abraham and Ishmael.  But perhaps the single most important reason for kissing the stone is that the Prophet did so.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No devotional significance whatsoever is attached to the stone, for it is not, nor has ever been, an object of worship.  The second caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab, made this crystal clear when, on kissing the stone himself in emulation of the Prophet, he proclaimed:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“I know that you are but a stone, incapable of doing good or harm.  Had I not seen the Messenger of God kiss you - may God’s blessing and peace be upon him - I would not kiss you.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

After completing the tawaf<\/em>, pilgrims pray, preferably at the Station of Abraham, the site where Abraham stood while he built the Kaaba.  Then they drink of the water of Zamzam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Another, and sometimes final, rite is the sa’y<\/em>, or “exerting.”  This is a reenactment of a memorable episode in the life of Hagar, who was taken into what the Quran calls the “uncultivable valley” of Mecca, with her infant son Ishmael, to settle there.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The sa’y<\/em> commemorates Hagar’s frantic search for water to quench Ishmael’s thirst.  She ran back and forth seven times between two rocky hillocks, al-Safa<\/em> andal-Marwah<\/em>, until she found the sacred water known as Zamzam.  This water, which sprang forth miraculously under Ishmael’s tiny feet, is springs from the same well from which pilgrims drink today<\/span><\/p>\r\n

These rites performed, the pilgrims are completely deconsecrated: They may resume all normal activities.  They now return to Mina, where they stay up to the 12th or 13th day of Dhu al-Hijjah.  There they throw their remaining pebbles at each of the pillars in the manner practiced or approved by the Prophet.  They then take leave of the friends they have made during the Hajj<\/em>.  Before leaving Mecca, however, pilgrims make a final tawaf<\/em> round the Kaaba to bid farewell to the Holy City.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Usually pilgrims either precede or follow the hajj<\/em>, “the greater pilgrimage,” with the umrah<\/em>, “the lesser pilgrimage,” which is sanctioned by the Quran and was performed by the Prophet.  The umrah<\/em>, unlike the hajj<\/em>, takes place only in Mecca itself and can be performed at any time of the year.  The ihram<\/em>, talbiyah<\/em> and the restrictions required by the state of consecration are equally essential in theumrah<\/em>, which also shares three other rituals with the hajj<\/em>: the tawaf<\/em>, sa’y<\/em> and shaving or clipping the hair.  The observance of the umrah<\/em> by pilgrims and visitors symbolizes veneration for the unique sanctity of Mecca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Before or after going to Mecca, pilgrims also avail themselves of the opportunity provided by the hajj<\/em> or theumrah<\/em> to visit the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina, the second holiest city in Islam.  Here, the Prophet lies buried in a simple grave.  The visit to Medina is not obligatory, as it is not part of the hajj<\/em> or umrah<\/em>, but the city - which welcomed Muhammad when he migrated there from Mecca - is rich in moving memories and historical sites that are evocative of him as a Prophet and statesman.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In this city, loved by Muslims for centuries, people still feel the effect of the Prophet’s life.  Muhammad Asad, an Austrian Jew who converted to Islam in 1926 and made five pilgrimages between 1927 and 1932, comments on this aspect of the city:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Even after thirteen centuries [the Prophet’s] spiritual presence is almost as alive here as it was then.  It was only because of him that the scattered group of villages once called Yathrib became a city and has been loved by all Muslims down to this day as no city anywhere else in the world has ever been loved.  It has not even a name of its own: for more than thirteen hundred years it has been called Madinat an-Nabi<\/em>, ‘the City of the Prophet.’  For more than thirteen hundred years, so much love has converged here that all shapes and movements have acquired a kind of family resemblance, and all differences of appearance find a tonal transition into a common harmony.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As pilgrims of diverse races and tongues return to their homes, they carry with them cherished memories of Abraham, Ishmael, Hagar, and Muhammad.  They will always remember that universal concourse, where poor and rich, black and white, young and old, met on equal footing.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

They return with a sense of awe and serenity: awe for their experience at Arafat, when they felt closest to God as they stood on the site where the Prophet delivered his sermon during his first and last pilgrimage; serenity for having shed their sins on that plain, and being thus relieved of such a heavy burden.  They also return with a better understanding of the conditions of their brothers in Islam.  Thus is born a spirit of caring for others and an understanding of their own rich heritage that will last throughout their lives.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The pilgrims go back radiant with hope and joy, for they have fulfilled God’s ancient injunction to humankind to undertake the pilgrimage.  Above all, they return with a prayer on their lips: May it please God, they pray, to find their hajj<\/em>acceptable, and may what the Prophet said be true of their own individual journey:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“There is no reward for a pious pilgrimage but Paradise.” (Al-Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":13227,"lft":1647,"rght":1662,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-13T02:04:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T04:19:27.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":2167,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":21,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"Nimah Ismail Nawwab","category_name":"Transactions & Worship","category_slug":"Transactions-Worship","get_date":"2014-08-13","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.docx"},{"id":936,"title":"El Hayy \u2013 El viaje de toda una vida","slug":"el-hayy--el-viaje-de-toda-una-vida","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:el-hayy--el-viaje-de-toda-una-vida","hint":"","body":"

El Hayy – El viaje de toda una vida<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2): El Día de Arafat<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

El Hayy, o peregrinación a La Meca, una obligación esencial del Islam cuyos orígenes se remontan al Profeta Abraham, une a los musulmanes de todas las étnias y lenguas en una de las experiencias espirituales más conmovedoras de toda la vida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Durante 14 siglos, millones y millones de musulmanes, hombres y mujeres de los cuatro rincones del planeta, han realizado su peregrinación a La Meca, el lugar de nacimiento del Islam.  Al cumplir con esta obligación, están cumpliendo uno de los cinco “pilares” del Islam, u obligaciones religiosas centrales de todo creyente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los musulmanes remontan el origen de esta peregrinación devocional al Profeta Abraham.  Según el Corán, fue Abraham quien, junto con Ismael, construyó la Ka’bah, “la Casa de Dios”, en cuya dirección los musulmanes oran cinco veces al día.  Fue Abraham también quien estableció los ritos del Hayy, que recuerdan hechos o prácticas de su vida y de la de Hagar y su hijo Ismael.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En el capítulo titulado “La Peregrinación”, el Corán habla del mandamiento divino de realizar el Hayy y profetiza sobre la permanencia de este rito:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Y recuerda cuando establecimos a Abraham junto a la Casa Sagrada [y le ordenamos que la reconstruyera y] que sólo Me adorase a Mi, no Me atribuyera copartícipes y purificase Mi Casa [de la idolatría] para quienes la circunvalen ritualmente, y quienes oren de pie, inclinados y prosternados.  Y [también le ordenamos:] convoca a los hombres a realizar la peregrinación; vendrán a ti a pie, o sobre camellos exhaustos de todo lugar apartado.” (Corán 22:26-27)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cuando el Profeta Muhammad, la paz y la misericordia de Dios sean con él, recibió el llamado divino, las prácticas paganas ya habían ensuciado algunos de los ritos originales del Hayy.  El Profeta, según lo ordenó Dios, continuó realizado el Hayy de Abraham luego de restaurar los ritos a su pureza original.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aún más, el mismo Muhammad instruyó a los creyentes en los rituales del Hayy.  Lo hizo de dos maneras: Con el propio ejemplo o aprobando las prácticas de sus Compañeros.  Esto le añadió algo de complejidad a los rituales, pero también aumentó la flexibilidad a la hora de llevarlos a cabo, para beneficio de los peregrinos desde ese entonces.  Por ejemplo, es lícito tener alguna variación en el orden en que se llevan a cabo algunos ritos, porque el Profeta así lo aprobó.  Por lo tanto, los ritos del Hayy son elaborados, numerosos y variados; a continuación se destacan algunos aspectos de los mismos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Hayy a La Meca es una obligación única en la vida para todo hombre o mujer, adultos, y cuyos medios y riqueza le permitan realizarlo, o, según el Corán, para “aquellos que pueden transitar el camino hasta allí”.  No es obligatorio para los niños, aunque algunos niños acompañen a sus padres en este viaje.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Antes de partir, el peregrino debe reparar todos los daños, pagar todas las deudas, planificar los fondos suficientes para su viaje y para el sustento de su familia mientras esté fuera y prepararse él mismo para una buena conducta durante todo el Hayy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cuando los peregrinos emprenden el viaje del Hayy, siguen los pasos de millones de peregrinos anteriores.  Hoy día, cientos de miles de creyentes de más de 70 países llegan a La Meca por tierra, aire y mar todos los años, completando un viaje que ahora es mucho más corto y en muchos aspectos mucho menos arduo que en el pasado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Hasta el siglo XIX, recorrer la distancia hacia La Meca implicaba a menudo ser parte de una caravana.  Había tres caravanas principales: La egipcia, que se formaba en El Cairo; la iraquí, que partía de Bagdad; y la siria, que, después de 1453, comenzaba en Estambul, reunía peregrinos en el camino, y proseguía hacia La Meca desde Damasco.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como el viaje del Hayy llevaba meses si todo salía bien, los peregrinos llevaban consigo las provisiones necesarias para mantenerse durante el viaje.  Las caravanas estaban muy bien aprovisionadas con todo lo necesario y también con seguridad para las personas si los que viajaban eran ricos, pero los pobres a menudo se quedaban sin provisiones y tenían que interrumpir su viaje para trabajar, ganar dinero y así poder continuar.  Esto hacía que los viajes duraran mucho más, en algunos casos hasta diez años.  Los viajes en esos primeros tiempos estaban llenos de aventuras.  Los caminos a menudo eran inseguros debido a los ataques de bandidos.  Los terrenos transitados también eran peligrosos y las enfermedades y desastres naturales se cobraban muchas vidas en el camino.  Por lo tanto, el regreso de los peregrinos a sus familias era motivo de celebración y agradecimiento por su llegada sanos y salvos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Atraídos por la mística de La Meca y Medina, muchos occidentales han visitado estas dos ciudades sagradas, donde convergen los peregrinos, desde el siglo XV.  Algunos de ellos haciéndose pasar por musulmanes; otros, genuinamente convertidos, llegaron para cumplir con su obligación.  Pero todos parecen haberse conmovido por su experiencia, y muchos dan cuenta de sus impresiones del viaje y de los rituales del Hayy en fascinantes relatos.  Existen muchos diarios de viaje del Hayy, escritos en lenguas tan diversas como los peregrinos mismos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La peregrinación tiene lugar cada año entre el 8 y el 13 de Dhul-Hiyyah, el mes 12 del calendario lunar musulmán.  Su primer ritual es vestir los ropajes delihram<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El ihram<\/em>, usado por los hombres, es una prenda blanca sin costuras compuesta de dos piezas de tela o toalla; una cubre el cuerpo de la cintura hacia abajo, hasta debajo de las rodillas, y la otra va sobre los hombros.  Esta prenda fue usada por Abraham y Muhammad.  Las mujeres se visten a su manera habitual pero sin lujos.  Los hombres deben llevar la cabeza descubierta; tanto hombres como mujeres pueden llevar una sombrilla para cubrirse del sol.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El ihram<\/em> es un símbolo de pureza y de renuncia al mal y a los asuntos mundanos.  También indica la igualdad de todas las personas ante los ojos de Dios.  Cuando el peregrino usa este atuendo blanco, ingresa en un estado de pureza que prohíbe las disputas, cometer actos de violencia contra hombres o animales y mantener relaciones conyugales.  Una vez que el peregrino viste su ropa de Hayy, no puede afeitarse, recortarse las uñas ni usar ningún tipo de joya, y debe mantener puesta esta prenda sin costuras hasta el final de la peregrinación.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El peregrino que ya está en La Meca comienza su Hayy desde el momento en que viste el ihram<\/em>.  Algunos peregrinos que vienen desde lejos pueden haber ingresado a La Meca antes con su ihram<\/em> y lo siguen usando.  La vestimenta delihram<\/em> va acompañada de la invocación principal del Hayy, la talbiyah<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“¡Aquí estoy, Oh Señor, respondiendo a tu llamada!  ¡Aquí estoy, Oh Señor, respondiendo a tu llamada!  No tienes asociados (en tu divinidad); ¡Aquí estoy, Oh Señor, respondiendo a tu llamada!  La alabanza y el dominio te pertenecen.  No tienes asociado (en tu divinidad).”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los cánticos poderosos y melodiosos de la talbiyah<\/em> resuenan no sólo en La Meca sino también en otras locaciones sagradas cercanas relacionadas con el Hayy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El primer día del Hayy, los peregrinos parten de La Meca hacia Mina, un pequeño pueblo deshabitado al este de la ciudad.  A medida que se acercan a Mina, los peregrinos pasan su tiempo meditando y orando, tal como lo hacía el Profeta en su peregrinación.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Durante el segundo día, el 9 de Dhul-Hiyyah, los peregrinos parten de Mina hacia el valle de Arafat donde descansan.  Este es el rito central del Hayy.  A medida que se congregan allí, la reunión de los peregrinos les recuerdan el Día del Juicio.  Algunos de ellos se reúnen en el Monte de la Piedad, donde el Profeta dio su inolvidable Sermón de Despedida, enunciando extensas reformas religiosas, económicas, sociales y políticas.  Son horas de mucha emoción, en las que los peregrinos adoran y suplican.  Derraman muchas lágrimas pidiendo el perdón de Dios.  En este sitio sagrado, llegan a la culminación de sus vidas religiosas al sentir la presencia y la cercanía de un Dios misericordioso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La primera mujer inglesa en realizar el Hayy, Lady Evelyn Cobbold, describió en 1934 las sensaciones que experimentan los peregrinos en Arafat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Haría falta una pluma maestra para describir la escena, de extrema intensidad, del gran viaje de la humanidad y del que yo fui apenas una pequeña parte, completamente perdida en un entorno de fervoroso entusiasmo religioso.  Muchos de los peregrinos derramaban lágrimas por sus mejillas; otros elevaban sus rostros al cielo estrellado que había sido testigo de esta experiencia en siglos anteriores.  Los ojos brillantes, los pedidos llenos de pasión, las manos piadosas extendidas en la plegaria me conmovieron como nunca nada lo había hecho antes, y me sentí atrapada en una fuerte ola de exaltación espiritual.  Estaba unida al resto de los peregrinos en un sublime acto de completa sumisión a la voluntad suprema que es el Islam”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ella continúa describiendo la cercanía que sienten los peregrinos con el Profeta mientras están en Arafat:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…al estar parada junto al pilar de granito, me siento en tierra sagrada.  Veo con el ojo de mi mente al Profeta dando sus últimas palabras, hace más de trece siglos, frente a multitudes llenas de lágrimas.  Visualizo perfectamente a los miles de predicadores que han hablado frente a millones que se reunieron en el vasto valle; pues esta es la escena culminante de la Gran Peregrinación”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Se dice que el Profeta le ha pedido perdón a Dios por los pecados de los peregrinos reunidos en Arafat, y que su deseo fue concedido.  Por lo tanto, los peregrinos llenos de esperanza se preparan para irse de este valle llenos de gozo, sintiéndose renacidos y sin pecados y con la intención de dar vuelta una nueva hoja.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 2 de 2): Los ritos de Abraham<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Justo después del atardecer, la masa de peregrinos prosigue hacia Muzdalifah, una planicie abierta a mitad de camino entre Arafat y Mina.  Allí oran primero y luego recogen una cantidad fija de piedras del tamaño de un guisante para utilizar en los días subsiguientes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Antes del alba, al día siguiente, los peregrinos avanzan en masa de Muzdalifah a Mina.  Allí arrojan las piedras recogidas contra los pilares blancos, una práctica asociada con el Profeta Abraham.  Al arrojar las siete piedras contra cada uno de los pilares, los peregrinos recuerdan el relato del intento de Satán de persuadir a Abraham para que ignore el mandamiento de Dios de sacrificar a su hijo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Arrojar las piedras es un símbolo del intento de los seres humanos de alejar el mal y el vicio, no una sino siete veces – siendo que el número siete simboliza la infinidad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Luego de arrojar las piedras, la mayoría de los peregrinos sacrifican una cabra, oveja o algún otro animal, tras lo cual dan la carne a los pobres, y en algunos casos, guardan una pequeña parte para consumo propio.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Este rito está asociado con la voluntad que Abraham demostró para sacrificar a su hijo según el deseo de Dios.  Simboliza la voluntad del musulmán para abandonar lo que es más preciado y nos recuerda del espíritu del Islam, en el que la sumisión a Dios juega un papel preponderante.  Este acto también le recuerda al peregrino que debe compartir los bienes mundanos con los menos afortunados, y sirve de ofrenda para dar gracias a Dios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En esta etapa, como los peregrinos ya han completado una gran parte del Hayy, pueden abandonar el ihram<\/em> y ponerse su ropa habitual.  En este día, los musulmanes de todo el mundo comparten la felicidad que sienten los peregrinos y se unen a ellos realizando sacrificios idénticos e individuales en una celebración mundial llamada ‘Eid al-Adha, “el Festival del Sacrificio”.  Los hombres se afeitan la cabeza o se cortan el cabello y las mujeres se recortan un mechón simbólico, para marcar su liberación parcial.  Esto se hace en símbolo de humildad.  Todas las proscripciones, excepto la de mantener relaciones conyugales, se levantan.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aún en viaje a Mina, los peregrinos visitan La Meca para realizar otro rito esencial del Hayy: El tawaf, las siete vueltas alrededor de la Kaaba, con una plegaria recitada durante cada circuito.  La circunvalación a la Kaaba, el símbolo de la unicidad de Dios, implica que toda actividad humana debe tener a Dios en el centro.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Thomas Abercrombie, un musulmán converso, escritor y fotógrafo de la revista Nacional Geographic<\/em>, realizó el Hayy en la década del ‘70 y describió la sensación de unidad y armonía que sienten los peregrinos durante este recorrido:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Siete veces giramos en torno a la Kaaba repitiendo las devociones rituales en árabe: ‘Señor, desde tan distantes lugares hemos llegado.... garantízanos seguridad bajo tu Trono’.  Capturados allí girando, elevados por la poesía de las oraciones, giramos en torno a la casa de Dios como lo hacen los átomos, en armonía con los planetas”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al hacer sus circuitos, los peregrinos pueden besar o tocar la Piedra Negra.  Esta piedra oval, montada por primera vez en un marco de plata en el siglo XVII, tiene un lugar especial en los corazones de los musulmanes pues, según algunos dichos del Profeta, es el único resto de la estructura original construida por Abraham e Ismael.  Pero quizás la razón más importante para besar la roca es porque el Profeta lo hizo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sin embargo, no se le asigna ningún significado de devoción a la roca, pues no es, ni nunca lo ha sido, un objeto de adoración.  El segundo califa, Umar ibn al-Jattab, lo dejó claro cuando, al besar la roca emulando al Profeta, proclamó:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Sé que no eres más que una roca, incapaz de beneficiar o perjudicar.  Si no hubiera visto al Mensajero de Dios besarte – la paz y las bendiciones de Dios desciendan sobre él – no te besaría”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Luego de completar el Tawaf, los peregrinos oran, preferentemente tras la Estación de Abraham, el sitio donde Abraham se paró mientras construía la Kaaba.  Luego se bebe el agua de Zamzam.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Otro rito, y a veces final, es el sa’i o “corrida”.  Se trata de una dramatización de un episodio memorable de la vida de Hagar, quien fue llevada a lo que el Corán llama el “valle árido” de La Meca, con su pequeño hijo Ismael, para establecerse allí.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El sa’i conmemora a Hagar y su frenética búsqueda de agua para saciar la sed de Ismael.  Fue y volvió siete veces entre dos colinas rocosas, al-Safa y al-Marwah, hasta que encontró el agua sagrada conocida como Zamzam.  Esta agua, que fluía milagrosamente a los pies del pequeño Ismael, provenía de los mismos manantiales del agua que beben los peregrinos hoy.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Una vez que se culminan estos ritos, los peregrinos están totalmente liberados: Pueden retomar todas las actividades normales.  Luego regresan a Mina, donde permanecen hasta el 12 o 13 del mes de Dhul-Hiyyah.  Allí arrojan las piedras sobrantes contra cada uno de los pilares en la manera practicada o aprobada por el Profeta.  Luego se despiden de los amigos que conocieron durante el Hayy.  Sin embargo, antes de partir de La Meca, los peregrinos realizan un tawaf final en torno a la Kaaba para decirle adiós a la Ciudad Sagrada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A menudo los peregrinos realizan la umrah, o “peregrinación menor” antes o después del Hayy, conocido como la “peregrinaciòn mayor”.  La umrah está establecida por el Corán y fue realizada por el Profeta.  La umrah, a diferencia del Hayy, tiene lugar solamente en La Meca y puede realizarse en cualquier época del año.  El ihram, la talbiyah y las restricciones requeridas por el estado de consagración son igualmente esenciales en la umrah, que también comparte otros tres rituales con el Hayy: El tawaf, el sa’i y afeitarse o recortarse el cabello.  El cumplimiento de la umrah por parte de peregrinos y visitantes simboliza la veneración de la santidad única de La Meca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Antes o después de ir a La Meca, los peregrinos aprovechan la oportunidad que les brinda el Hayy o la Umrah para visitar la Mezquita del Profeta en Medina, la segunda ciudad sagrada en orden de importancia en el Islam.  Aquí, el Profeta está enterrado en una tumba sencilla.  La visita a Medina no es obligatoria, pues no es parte del Hayy o de la Umrah, pero la ciudad – que le dio la bienvenida a Muhammad cuando emigró allí desde La Meca – es rica en recuerdos conmovedores y sitios históricos que lo evocan como Profeta y ser humano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En esta ciudad, amada por los musulmanes durante siglos, la gente siente el efecto de la vida del Profeta.  Muhammad Asad, un judío austriaco convertido al Islam en 1926 y que hico cinco peregrinaciones entre 1927 y 1932, comenta lo siguiente sobre ese aspecto de la cuidad:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Aún trece siglos después, la presencia espiritual [del Profeta] está casi tan viva como en ese entonces.  Fue gracias a él que un grupo de aldeas esparcidas llamadas Yazrib<\/em> en un tiempo se convirtieron en una ciudad y ha sido amada por todos los musulmanes hasta este día como ninguna otra ciudad en el mundo ha sido amada jamás.  Ni siquiera tenía nombre propio: Durante más de mil trescientos años, fue llamada Madinat an-Nabi<\/em>: ‘la Ciudad del Profeta’.  Durante más de mil trescientos años, ha convergido aquí tanto amor que todas las formas y movimientos han adquirido una especie de semejanza familiar, y todas las diferencias de aspecto encuentran una transición tonal hacia una armonía común”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cuando los peregrinos de distintas etnias y lenguas regresan a sus casas, llevan consigo hermosos recuerdos de Abraham, Ismael, Hagar y Muhammad.  Siempre recordarán ese encuentro universal, donde pobres y ricos, blancos y negros, jóvenes y ancianos, se reúnen por igual.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Regresan con un sentido de admiración y serenidad: Admiración por su experiencia en Arafat, al sentirse cerca de Dios pues estuvieron en el sitio donde el Profeta dio su sermón durante su primera y última peregrinación; serenidad por haber dejado sus pecados en ese valle, aliviándose así de tan pesada carga.  También regresan con un mejor entendimiento de las condiciones de sus hermanos en el Islam.  Por lo tanto, nace un espíritu de solidaridad por los demás y de comprender su propia riqueza que durará todas sus vidas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los peregrinos vuelven radiantes de esperanza y gozo, pues han cumplido con la obligación establecida por Dios de realizar esa peregrinación.  Por sobre todas las cosas, regresan con una plegaria en los labios: Que Dios acepte su Hayy, y que lo que dijo el Profeta sea cierto sobre su propio viaje individual:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“No existe recompensa para una peregrinación piadosa aparte del Paraíso.” (Al-Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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Hajj: le voyage d’une vie<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

(partie 1 de 2) : Le jour de ‘Arafat et ses préparatifs<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Le Hajj, ou pèlerinage à la Mecque, est un des piliers de l’islam dont l’origine remonte à l’époque du prophète Abraham.  Il rassemble des musulmans de toutes les races et de tous les statuts, qui vivent tous ensemble une des expériences spirituelles les plus intenses et émouvantes de leur vie.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Depuis 14 siècles, des millions de musulmans, hommes et femmes, provenant des quatre coins du monde, ont accompli le pèlerinage à la Mecque, lieu de naissance de l’islam.  En accomplissant cette obligation, ils remplissent un des cinq piliers de l’islam, lesquels constituent les principaux devoirs spirituels du croyant.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le pèlerinage prescrit par Dieu remonte au prophète Abraham.  Selon le Coran, c’est Abraham qui, avec son fils Ismaël, a construit la Ka’bah, la « maison de Dieu », vers laquelle les musulmans se tournent cinq fois par jour pour accomplir leurs prières.  C’est Abraham, également, qui a établi les rituels du Hajj, lesquels rappellent certains événements de sa vie et de celles de son épouse Hagar et de son fils Ismaël.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dans le chapitre intitulé « le pèlerinage », le Coran parle du commandement divin, aux croyants, d’accomplir le Hajj :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« (Rappelle-toi) quand Nous préparâmes l’emplacement de la Maison sacrée pour Abraham.  Nous lui dîmes : « Ne M’associe rien; et purifie Ma Maison pour ceux qui tournent autour, pour ceux qui s’y tiennent debout, et pour ceux qui s’y inclinent et s’y prosternent.  Et appelle les hommes au pèlerinage; ils viendront vers toi à pied ou sur le dos de chameaux efflanqués (amaigris par le voyage). » (Coran 22:26-27)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Au moment où le prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) commença à recevoir la révélation, des pratiques païennes de toutes sortes étaient venues ternir les rituels entourant le Hajj.  Dieu ordonna au Prophète de reprendre les rituels d’Abraham, dans toute leur pureté d’origine.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) enseigna aux croyants les rituels du Hajj de deux façons : en les mettant lui-même en pratique, ou en approuvant les pratiques de ses compagnons.  Cela apporta une certaine complexité aux rituels, mais aussi une plus grande flexibilité, ce qui constitue un avantage pour les croyants, de nos jours encore.  Il est permis, par exemple, d’apporter certaines variations dans l’ordre des rituels, car il a été rapporté que le Prophète avait approuvé cette façon de faire.  Les rites du Hajj sont élaborés, nombreux et variés; nous en décrivons quelques-uns ci-dessous.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le pèlerinage du Hajj, à la Mecque, est une obligation pour tous les musulmans, hommes et femmes, au moins une fois dans leur vie, si leur santé le leur permet et s’ils en ont les moyens financiers.  Cette obligation n’incombe pas aux enfants, même si certains accompagnent leurs parents durant ce voyage.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Avant de partir pour le Hajj, le pèlerin doit réparer tous les torts qu’il a commis, payer ses dettes, posséder suffisamment de fonds pour subvenir à ses besoins durant son voyage et aux besoins de sa famille durant son absence, et se préparer à adopter une conduite irréprochable durant toute la période du Hajj.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Lorsque les pèlerins entreprennent le voyage du Hajj, ils suivent les traces de millions de musulmans avant eux.  De nos jours, des centaines de milliers de croyants, provenant de plus de 70 pays à travers le monde, arrivent chaque année à la Mecque par diverses routes, par bateau et par avion; leur voyage est beaucoup plus court et souvent bien moins difficile qu’il ne l’était au cours des siècles passés.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jusqu’au 19e<\/sup> siècle, se rendre à la Mecque signifiait souvent voyager au sein d’une caravane.  Il y avait trois principales caravanes : la caravane égyptienne, qui partait du Caire; la caravane irakienne, qui partait de Bagdad; et la caravane syrienne qui, après 1453, se formait à Istanbul et ramassait des pèlerins en chemin, pour ensuite partir officiellement de Damas, en direction de la Mecque.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Comme le voyage du Hajj durait parfois des mois, si tout se passait bien, les pèlerins transportaient avec eux les provisions dont ils avaient besoin pour toute la durée du voyage.  Les caravanes traînaient avec elles divers équipements et possédaient un service de sécurité si les personnes qui voyageaient étaient riches.  Les pauvres, quant à eux, manquaient souvent de provisions et devaient interrompre leur voyage pour travailler et racheter des provisions, avant de repartir vers la Mecque.  Dans certains cas, cela pouvait rallonger leur voyage de plus de dix ans.  À cette époque, les gens devaient s’attendre à vivre toutes sortes d’aventures, lors de leur périple.  Les routes étaient dangereuses, car de nombreux bandits y circulaient.  Le terrain était également source de multiples dangers, car souvent accidenté, et les pèlerins étaient souvent en proie à diverses maladies qui fauchaient leur vie avant même qu’ils n’atteignent la Mecque.  On comprend donc, dans ces circonstances, que le retour des pèlerins auprès de leur famille était une occasion de joyeuses célébrations et de remerciements à Dieu pour les avoir ramenés sains et saufs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Séduits par l’aura de mystère de la Mecque et de Médine, de nombreux Occidentaux, depuis le 15e<\/sup> siècle, ont visité ces deux villes vers lesquelles convergent de nombreux pèlerins.  Certains s’y sont rendus en se faisant passer pour des musulmans, d’autres, convertis à l’islam, y sont allés accomplir leur devoir religieux.  Tous, cependant, furent émus par leur expérience, et plusieurs relatèrent, par des récits fascinants, les rituels du Hajj et leurs impressions du voyage.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le pèlerinage a lieu chaque année entre les 8e<\/sup> et 13e<\/sup> jours de Dhoul-Hijjah, le douzième mois du calendrier lunaire musulman.  Son premier rite consiste à se revêtir du ihram<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le ihram<\/em>, porté par les hommes, est un vêtement fait de tissu blanc sans coutures, constitué de deux pièces de coton ou d’un autre tissu; l’un recouvre la partie inférieure du corps, de la taille jusqu’au bas des genoux, tandis que l’autre recouvre les épaules.  Cette tenue fut portée par les prophètes Abraham et Mohammed.  Les femmes, quant à elles, s’habillent comme à l’accoutumée.  Les hommes doivent garder la tête découverte, mais ils peuvent, à l’instar des femmes, utiliser une ombrelle pour se protéger du soleil.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le ihram<\/em> est un symbole de pureté et de renonciation aux choses de ce monde.  Il représente également l’égalité des hommes devant Dieu.  Lorsque le pèlerin revêt son ihram<\/em>, il entre dans un état de pureté qui lui interdit de se disputer, de commettre des actes de violence contre des personnes ou des animaux et d’avoir des rapports conjugaux.  Une fois revêtu de ses habits de Hajj, il n’a plus le droit de se raser, de couper ses ongles ou de porter des bijoux, et il doit garder ce vêtement jusqu’à ce qu’il ait complété tous les rites du pèlerinage.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Pour les pèlerins qui se trouvent déjà à la Mecque, le Hajj débute à partir du moment où ils revêtent leur ihram<\/em>.  Certains pèlerins provenant de contrées lointaines peuvent être entrés à la Mecque quelques jours plus tôt avec leur ihram<\/em>.  Le revêtement du ihram<\/em> s’accompagne des premières invocations du Hajj appeléestalbiyah<\/em> :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Me voici, ô Dieu, répondant à Ton commandement.  Me voici!  Tu n’as aucun associé.  Me voici, répondant à Ton commandement!  À Toi les louanges, la grâce et le royaume!  Et Tu n’as aucun associé. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le chant mélodieux du talbiyah<\/em> s’élève et retentit non seulement dans toute la Mecque, mais aussi dans les lieux sacrés des environs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Au premier jour du Hajj, les pèlerins sortent de la Mecque et se dirigent vers Mina, un petit village inhabité à l’est de la ville.  En arrivant à Mina, les pèlerins passent une bonne partie de leur temps à méditer et à prier, comme le fit le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) lors de son propre pèlerinage.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le deuxième jour, qui est le 9e<\/sup>jour du mois de Dhoul-Hijjah, les pèlerins quittent Mina pour se rendre dans la plaine d’Arafat, où ils peuvent se reposer un peu.  Il s’agit là du rite central du Hajj.  Le fait d’être tous rassemblés, debout, dans ce lieu qui n’est pas très vaste leur rappelle le Jour du Jugement.  Certains se rassemblent au Mont de Miséricorde sur lequel s’était tenu le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) pour prononcer son sermon d’adieu, dans lequel il énonçait plusieurs réformes religieuses, économiques, sociales et politiques, qui allaient avoir une portée considérable.  Ces heures à Arafat, que les pèlerins passent à prier et à invoquer Dieu, sont très chargées au niveau émotif.  Nombreux sont ceux qui se mettent à pleurer en implorant le pardon de Dieu.  À cet endroit sacré, ils atteignent le point culminant de leur vie spirituelle, car ils ressentent très fortement la présence et la proximité d’un Dieu plein de miséricorde.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La première femme anglaise à accomplir le Hajj, Lady Evelyn Cobbold, a décrit, en 1934, les sentiments et les émotions que vivent les pèlerins à Arafat :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Il faudrait une excellente plume pour arriver à décrire la scène, d’une poignante intensité, de ce grand rassemblement de l’humanité dont je n’étais qu’une minuscule partie, complètement perdue parmi eux, dans cette ferveur et cet enthousiasme religieux.  Des larmes ruisselaient sur les joues de nombreux pèlerins, d’autres levaient leur visage vers le ciel parsemé d’étoiles qui avait été si souvent témoin de cet événement, au cours des siècles.  Les yeux brillants, les invocations passionnées, les malheureuses mains levées au ciel en prière m’émurent comme jamais rien auparavant, et je me sentis en proie à une intense exaltation spirituelle.  Je ne faisais plus qu’un avec les pèlerins, dans un acte sublime de soumission totale à la Volonté Suprême. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Plus loin, elle décrit à quel point les pèlerins se sentent proches du Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) lorsqu’ils se tiennent debout à Arafat :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« ... alors que je me tiens près d’un pilier de granite, je sens que je suis sur une terre sacrée.  Je m’imagine et je vois le Prophète prononcer son dernier sermon, il y a de cela treize siècles, devant une foule en larmes.  Je m’imagine les nombreux prêcheurs qui se sont adressés à des millions de croyants rassemblés sur cette vaste plaine, au-dessous.  C’est là la scène culminante de ce Grand Pèlerinage. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

On rapporte que le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a demandé à Dieu de pardonner leurs péchés à tous les pèlerins qui se rassembleraient à Arafat, et que sa demande fut exaucée.  C’est donc le cœur léger et plein d’espoir que les pèlerins quittent cette plaine, se sentant renaître parce que lavés de leurs péchés et prêts à repartir en tournant une nouvelle page de leur vie.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(partie 2 de 2) : Les rites d’Abraham<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Tout juste après le coucher du soleil, la foule de pèlerins se rend à Mouzdalifah, une plaine sise à mi-chemin entre Arafat et Mina.  Là, ils prient et recueillent, au sol, un nombre déterminé de cailloux qu’ils utiliseront les jours suivants.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Avant l’aube, au troisième jour, les pèlerins se déplacent de Mouzdalifah jusqu’à Mina.  Là, ils lancent, sur des piliers blancs, les cailloux qu’ils ont recueillis la veille, une pratique remontant à l’époque du prophète Abraham (que la paix soit sur lui).  Tandis qu’ils lancent sept cailloux sur chacun des piliers, ils se souviennent de la tentative de Satan de détourner Abraham de l’ordre de Dieu l’enjoignant de sacrifier son fils.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Lancer ces cailloux symbolise la volonté de l’homme de repousser le mal et le vice, non pas une seule fois, mais sept – le nombre sept étant le symbole de l’infini.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Après le lancer des cailloux, la plupart des pèlerins sacrifient une chèvre, un mouton ou un autre animal.  Ils distribuent la viande aux pauvres après, dans certains cas, en avoir gardé une portion pour eux-mêmes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ce rite est associé à la volonté d’Abraham de sacrifier son fils afin de se soumettre à l’ordre de Dieu.  Il symbolise la volonté du musulman de se départir de ce à quoi il tient et rappelle l’esprit de l’islam, dans lequel la soumission à Dieu joue un rôle crucial.  Cet acte rappelle également au pèlerin la nécessité de partager ses biens avec ceux qui sont plus pauvres que lui, tout en étant un signe de reconnaissance envers Dieu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Comme les pèlerins, à cette étape, ont terminé la majeure partie de leur Hajj, ils ont maintenant le droit d’enlever leur ihram<\/em> et de revêtir des vêtements ordinaires.  Ce jour-là, les musulmans à travers le monde partagent la joie des pèlerins et se joignent à eux dans le sacrifice des moutons, célébrant ainsi la fête qui est connue sous le nom d’Aïd al-Adha (Aïd du mouton).  Les hommes se rasent la tête ou coupent leurs cheveux très courts, tandis que les femmes se coupent une mèche symbolique pour signifier qu’elles sont sorties de leur état de sacralisation.  Toutes les prohibitions sont maintenant levées, à l’exception des rapports conjugaux, qui sont toujours interdits.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Toujours en séjour à Mina, les pèlerins se rendent ensuite à la Mecque pour accomplir un autre rite essentiel du Hajj : le tawaf<\/em>, qui consister à faire sept fois le tour de la Ka’bah, en récitant des invocations particulières.  Ces tours de la Ka’bah, symboles de l’unité de Dieu, font référence au fait que toutes nos activités, en tant qu’êtres humains, doivent être centrées autour de Dieu. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Thomas Abercrombie, un converti à l’islam, écrivain et photographe pour le magazine National Geographic, a accompli le Hajj dans les années 70 et décrit l’unité et l’harmonie que ressentent les pèlerins lorsqu’ils tournent autour de la Ka’bah :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Nous avons tourné sept fois autour de ce lieu de pèlerinage, en répétant nos dévotions en langue arabe : « Ô Seigneur!  Je suis venu de loin pour Toi... Accorde-moi le refuge à l’ombre de Ton Trône. »  Pris dans ce tourbillon, soulevés par la poésie de toutes ces prières, nous avons tourné autour de la Maison de Dieu comme des atomes, en harmonie avec les astres. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Tout en faisant ce circuit, les pèlerins peuvent, s’ils y arrivent, embrasser ou toucher la Pierre Noire.  Cette pierre ovale, d’abord montée sur un support d’argent, au septième siècle, occupe une place spéciale dans le cœur des pèlerins car, selon certains hadiths, elle est l’unique vestige de la structure originale bâtie par Abraham et son fils Ismaël.  Mais peut-être la raison la plus importante qui puisse nous pousser à embrasser ou toucher cette pierre est que le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) l’a lui-même fait.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nous ne devons pas accorder à la Pierre Noire plus d’importance qu’elle n’en a en réalité, car elle n’est point, et n’a jamais été, un objet d’adoration.  Le deuxième calife, Omar ibn al-Khattab, a fortement insisté sur ce point; en embrassant lui-même la pierre, comme l’avait fait le Prophète, il dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Je sais que tu n’es rien d’autre qu’une pierre, et que tu es incapable de faire ni bien ni mal par toi-même.  Si je n’avais vu le Messager de Dieu (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) t’embrasser, je ne l’aurais pas fait moi-même. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Après avoir complété le tawaf<\/em>, les pèlerins prient, de préférence à la Station d’Ibrahim, c’est-à-dire le site même où Ibrahim s’est tenu lorsqu’il a construit la Ka’bah.  Puis, ils peuvent boire de l’eau de Zamzam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un autre rite final est le sa’y<\/em>, ou « l’épuisement ».  Il s’agit de la reconstitution d’un épisode mémorable de la vie de Hagar, qui fut amenée, par son mari Abraham, dans ce que le Coran décrit comme une « vallée incultivable » de la Mecque, avec son fils Ismaël.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le sa’y<\/em> commémore la quête désespérée de Hagar pour trouver de l’eau, afin d’étancher sa soif et celle de son fils.  Elle fit l’aller-retour sept fois, en courant, entre les collines de Safa et de Marwah, jusqu’à ce qu’elle trouve la source d’eau sacrée connue sous le nom de Zamzam.  Cette eau, qui jaillit de façon miraculeuse sous les pieds d’Ismaël, est issue de la même source que celle à laquelle s’abreuvent les pèlerins, de nos jours.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Une fois tous ces rites accomplis, les pèlerins sont libres et peuvent reprendre leurs activités courantes.  Ils retournent à Mina, où ils restent jusqu’aux 12e<\/sup> et 13e<\/sup>jours de Dhoul Hijjah.  Là, ils lancent leurs cailloux restants sur chacun des piliers, de la manière pratiquée ou approuvée par le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui).  Puis, avant de quitter définitivement la Mecque, ils font un dernier tawaf<\/em> autour de la Ka’bah afin de faire leurs adieux à la ville sainte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Habituellement, les pèlerins précèdent ou font suivre leur pèlerinage, le Hajj, de la oumrah, ou « petit pèlerinage », que le Prophète a lui-même accompli.  La oumrah, contrairement au Hajj, n’a lieu qu’à la Mecque et peut être accomplie à n’importe quel moment de l’année.  Le ihram<\/em>, le talbiyah<\/em> et les interdictions s’appliquent aussi à la oumrah, qui partage également trois autres rites avec le Hajj : le tawaf<\/em>, le sa’y<\/em> et le rasage des cheveux.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Avant ou après être allés à la Mecque, les pèlerins profitent de l’occasion pour aller visiter la mosquée du Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) à Médine, la deuxième ville sainte de l’islam.  C’est là que repose le Prophète, dans une tombe très simple.  La visite à Médine n’est pas obligatoire, car elle ne fait pas partie du Hajj ni de la oumrah, mais la ville – qui accueillit Mohammed lorsqu’il quitta la Mecque – est très riche du point de vue historique et regorge de sites rappelant la vie de Mohammed en tant que prophète et homme d’État.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dans cette ville, chérie des musulmans depuis des siècles, les gens ressentent toujours les effets du passage du Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui).  Mohammed Asad, un juif autrichien converti à l’islam en 1926, a accompli cinq fois le pèlerinage entre 1927 et 1932 et commente ainsi cet aspect de Médine :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Même après treize siècles, la présence spirituelle du Prophète est presque aussi tangible qu’elle était de son vivant.  Ce n’est qu’à travers lui que l’ensemble de villages éparpillés qui s’appelait autrefois Yathrib devint une ville chérie des musulmans jusqu’à nos jours, comme nulle ville, en ce monde, n’a jamais été chérie.  Elle ne possède même pas un nom qui lui soit propre : depuis plus de treize siècles, les musulmans l’appellentMadinat-an-Nabi<\/em>, ou « la ville du Prophète ».  Depuis plus de treize siècles, tant d’amour a convergé vers ce lieu que toutes les formes et tous les mouvements ont acquis une ressemblance familiale; et toutes les différences extérieures arrivent à se rejoindre pour former une véritable harmonie. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Tandis que les pèlerins de diverses races et nationalités retournent chez eux, ils rapportent avec eux, dans leur cœur, le souvenir d’Abraham, d’Ismaël, de Hagar et de Mohammed.  Jamais ils n’oublieront ce rassemblement universel, où des pauvres et des riches, des Noirs et des Blancs, des jeunes et des vieux se sont rencontrés sur un même pied d’égalité.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ils retournent chez eux à la fois impressionnés et sereins.  À Arafat, c’est dans un sentiment mêlé de crainte et de respect qu’ils se sont sentis plus proches de Dieu que jamais auparavant, au moment où ils se tenaient sur ce lieu même où le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) prononça son dernier sermon durant ce qui fut son premier et dernier pèlerinage.  Et ils ont ressenti une grande sérénité pour s’être repentis de leurs péchés et s’être enfin libérés d’un si lourd fardeau.  Ils retournent aussi chez eux avec une meilleure compréhension de la diversité de leurs frères et sœurs en islam.  C’est ainsi qu’ils ont pu développer une plus grande compassion envers eux et qu’ils ont compris à quel point leur héritage commun est grandiose.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les pèlerins quittent ce pays emplis de joie et d’espoir, car ils ont répondu à l’appel de Dieu, ils se sont soumis à Son ordre, lancé à tous les musulmans, d’accomplir ce pèlerinage au moins une fois dans leur vie.  Mais surtout, ils reviennent avec une prière sur les lèvres : que Dieu accepte leur Hajj et que cette promesse, faite par le Prophète, s’applique à leur Hajj personnel :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Pour un pieux pèlerinage, il n’y a pas d’autre rétribution que le Paradis. » (at-Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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Ha\u011f\u011f – Die Reise des Lebens<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (teil 1 von 2): Der Tag von Arafah und seine Vorbereitung<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Die Ha\u011f\u011f <\/em>oder Pilgerreise nach Mekka, eine der zentralen Pflichten des Islam, deren Ursprünge auf den Propheten Abraham zurückzuführen sind, bringt Muslime aller Rassen und Sprachen zusammen – eines der bewegendsten spirituellen Erlebnisse meines Lebens.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Seit 14 Jahrhunderten haben unzählbare Millionen Muslime, Männer und Frauen aus allen vier Himmelsrichtungen, die Pilgerreise nach Mekka gemacht, dem Geburtsort des Islam.  Indem sie dieser Verpflichtung nachkommen, erfüllen sie eine der fünf \"Säulen\" des Islam, oder der zentralen Pflichten des Gläubigen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muslime führen die überlieferten Ursprünge der göttlich angeordneten Pilgerreise auf den Propheten Abraham zurück.  Gemäß dem Qur´an war es Abraham, der zusammen mit Ismael die Kaaba erbaut hat, das \"Haus Gottes\", die Richtung, in die die Muslime sich fünfmal am Tag in ihren Gebeten richten.  Es war Abraham, der auch die Rituale für die Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em> aufgestellt hat, die auf Ereignisse oder Handlungsweisen aus seinem Leben oder dem von Ha\u011f\u011far und ihrem Sohn Ismael zurückzuführen sind.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In dem Kapitel \"Die Pilgerreise\" spricht der Qur´an von dem göttlichen Befehl,Ha\u011f\u011f <\/em>zu machen und prophezeiht ihre Beständigkeit:.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Und als Wir für Abraham die Stätte des Hauses bestimmten, (sprachen Wir): \"Setze Mir nichts zur Seite und halte Mein Haus rein für die (es) Umkreisenden, Betenden und Sich-Niederwerfenden.  Und rufe die Menschen zur Pilgerfahrt auf.  Sie werden zu Fuß und auf jedem mageren Kamel aus allen fernen Gegenden zu dir kommen.” (Quran 22:26-27)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Unterdessen erhielt der Prophet Muhammad, Gottes Segen und Frieden sei auf ihm, den göttlichen Ruf, denn die Praktiken der Götzendiener hatten die ursprünglichen Zeremonien der Ha\u011f\u011f <\/em>verschmutzt.  Der Prophet führte, von Gott dazu angeleitet, die Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em> nach dem Vorbild Abrahams wieder ein, nachdem er ihre Riten in ihrer ursprünglichen Reinheit wiederhergestellt hatte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhammad selbst wies die Gläubigen in die Riten der Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em> ein.  Er tat dies auf zweierlei Arten: mit seiner eigenen Art und Weise, wie er die Pilgerreise vollzog oder indem er die Art und Weise seiner Gefährten empfahl.  Dies fügte den Riten eine gewisse Komplexität hinzu, erhöhte aber auch deren Flexibilität in der Ausführung, was für die Pilger seit damals von Nutzen ist.  Beispielsweise ist es erlaubt, bei der Durchführung mancher Riten eine andere Reihenfolge zu wählen, denn vom Propheten selbst wird überliefert, dass er solches empfohlen hatte.  Auch wenn die Riten der Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em> durchdacht, zahlreich und abwechslungsreich sind, wollen wir unten einige beleuchten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em>  nach Mekka ist einmal im Leben die Pflicht eines jeden männlichen oder weiblichen Erwachsenen, dessen Gesundheit und Mittel dies erlauben, oder, mit den Worten des Qur´an: \"für jene, die den Weg dahin machen können.\"  Sie ist keine Pflicht für Kinder, obwohl manche Kinder ihre Eltern auf dieser Reise begleiten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bevor er sich auf den Weg macht, soll der Pilger alles Unrecht wiedergut-machen, alle Schulden begleichen, genug Geld für sich unterwegs und auch für die Versorgung seiner Familie zu Hause, solange er fort ist, einplanen, und sich selbst auf gutes Benehmen während der gesamten Pilgerreise vorbereiten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wenn die Pilger die Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em>reise unternehmen, folgen sie den Fußstapfen von Millionen vor ihnen.  Heutzutage erreichen hundert tausende Gläubige aus über 70 Ländern Mekka von der Straße, dem Meer oder aus der Luft, sie machen eine Reise, die jetzt um einiges weniger anstrengend ist, als es häufig in der Vergangenheit war.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bis ins 19. Jahrhundert bedeutete die lange Reise nach Mekka noch, als Teil einer Karavane zu reisen.  Es gab drei Hauptkaravanen: die ägyptische, die in Kairo gebildet wurde; die irakische, die aus Baghdad loszog und die syrische, die nach 1453 in Istambul startete, Pilger auf dem Weg sammelte und über Damaskus nach Mekka reiste.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Da die Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em>reise Monate dauerte, wenn alles gut verlief, trugen die Pilger die Versorgung, die sie brauchten mit sich, um sich auf ihrer Reise zu versorgen.  Die Karavanen wurden sorgfältig mit Annehmlichkeiten und Sicherheiten ausgestattet, wenn die Reisenden reich waren, aber den Armen ging oft die Versorgung aus, und sie mussten ihre Reise unterbrechen, um zu arbeiten, wieder Geld zu sparen und dann ihre Reise fortzusetzen.  Daraus resultierten lange Reisen, die in manchen Fällen zehn Jahre und mehr dauerten.  Reisen in früheren Zeiten war ein Abenteuer.  Die Straßen waren häufig aufgrund der Räuberbanden unsicher.  Das Land, das die Pilger durchqueren mussten, war auch gefährlich, und sowohl natürliche Gefahren als auch Krankheiten kosteten vielen schon auf dem Weg das Leben.  Daher war die erfolgreiche Rückkehr der Pilger zu ihren Familien ein Anlass für freudige Feiern und Dankbarkeit für ihre sichere Ankunft.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Angelockt von der mystischen Ausstrahlung Mekkas und Medinas haben seit dem 15. Jahrhundert viele Westler diese beiden heiligen Städte besucht, zu denen die Pilger streben.  Manche von ihnen gaben sich als Muslime aus; andere, die wirklich konvertiert waren, kamen, um ihre Pflicht zu erfüllen.   Aber sie alle scheinen durch ihre Erfahrungen sehr bewegt zu sein, und viele berichteten ihre Eindrücke von dieser Reise und den Ritualen der Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em> in faszinierenden Erzählungen.  Es existieren viele Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em> -Reiseberichte in den unterschiedlichsten Sprachen, so wie die Pilger selbst auch.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Pilgerreise findet jedes Jahr zwischen dem 8. und 13. Tag des Dhul-Hi\u011f\u011fah statt, dem 12. Monat des muslimischen Mondkalenders.  Ihr erster Ritus besteht in dem Anlegen des Ihram<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Ihram<\/em>, den die Männer tragen, ist ein weißes, saumloses Kleidungsstück, das aus zwei Teilen Stoff oder Frottee besteht, eines davon bedeckt den Körper von der Taille abwärts bis zu den Knien, und das andere wird sich um die Schulter geschlungen.  Diese Art der Bekleidung verwendeten Abraham und Muhammad.  Frauen kleiden sich so, wie sie es normalerweise tun.  Die Köpfe der Männer dürfen nicht bedeckt sein; sowohl Männer als auch Frauen dürfen einen Sonnenschirm benutzen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Ihram <\/em>ist ein Symbol der Reinheit und der Abwendung von schlechten und weltlichen Angelegenheiten.  Er weist auch auf die Gleichheit aller Menschen in den Augen Gottes hin.  Wenn der Pilger seine weiße Tracht trägt, tritt er oder sie in den Status der Reinheit ein, der Streiten, Gewalt gegen Mensch oder Tier und eheliche Beziehungen verbietet.  Wenn er einmal seine Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em>-Bekleidung angelegt hat, kann sich der Pilger nicht mehr rasieren, seine Nägel schneiden oder Schmuck tragen, und er wird seine ungenähte Kleidung anbehalten, bis er die Pilgerschaft beendet hat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ein Pilger, der sich bereits in Mekka aufhält, beginnt seine Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em> in dem Moment, wo er seinen Ihram <\/em>anlegt.  Manche Pilger, die von weiter herkommen, sind bereits zuvor mit ihrem Ihram<\/em> in Mekka angekommen und könnten ihn noch immer tragen.  Das Anlegen des Ihram <\/em>wird von der anfänglichen Anrufung derHa\u011f\u011f<\/em> begleitet, der Talbiyah<\/em>:.     <\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Hier bin ich, o Gott, zu Deinem Befehl.  Hier bin ich, zu Deinem Befehl.  Du hast keinen Teilhaber; hier bin ich zu Deinem Befehl!  Alles Lob und alle Huld und alle Herrschaft sind Dein!  Du hast keinen Teilhaber!”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die donnernden, melodischen Rufe der Talbiyah <\/em>hört man nicht nur in Mekka, sondern auch in der Nähe der heiligen Stätten, die mit der Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em> verbunden sind.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Am ersten Tag der Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em> schwärmen die Pilger von Mekka aus nach Mina, ein kleines unbewohntes Dorf östlich der Stadt.  Während sich ihre Massen in Mina verstreuen, verbringen die Pilger im allgemeinen ihre Zeit mit Meditation und Gebeten, wie es der Prophet bei seiner Pilgerreise auch getan hat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Während des zweiten Tages, dem 9. Dhul- Hi\u011f\u011fah, verlassen die Pilger Mina um zur Ebene von Arafah zu ziehen, wo sie rasten.  Dies ist der zentrale Ritus der Ha\u011f\u011f.<\/em>  Wenn sie sich hier versammeln, erinnert sie die Versammlung der Pilger und das Stehen an den Tag des Gerichts.  Einige von ihnen sammeln sich auf dem Berg der Gnade, wo der Prophet seine unvergessliche Abschiedsrede gehalten hat, in der er weitreichende religiöse, wirtschaftliche, soziale und politische Reformen verkündet hat.  Dies sind emotional geladene Stunden, welche die Pilger im Gottesdienst und mit Bittgebeten verbringen.  Viele bitten Gott unter Tränen um Vergebung.  An dieser heiligen Stelle erreichen sie den Gipfel ihrer religiösen Leben, denn sie fühlen die Anwesenheit und Nähe eines gnadenvollen Gottes. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die erste Engländerin, die Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em> verrichtete, Lady Evelyn Cobbold, beschrieb 1934 die Gefühle der Pilger am Berg Arafah.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Es würde einen Meisterstift brauchen, um die Szene zu beschreiben, ergreifend in ihrer Intensität, dieses große Zusammentreffen der Menscheit, von der ich eine kleine Einheit bilde, vollkommen verlassen in dieser Umgebung, in der feurigen Hingabe von religiösem Enthusiasmus.  Viele der Pilger rannen Tränen aus den Augen, andere erhoben ihre Gesichter zum sternenhellen Himmel, in den letzten Jahrhunderten schon so oft Zeuge dieses Dramas geworden ist.  Die strahlenden Augen, die leidenschaftlichen Appelle, die bemitleidenswert ausgestreckten Hände im Gebet bewegten mich auf eine Weise, wie nichts zuvor und sich fühlte mich in einer starken Welle spiritueller Verzückung.  Ich war eins mit dem Rest der Pilger in einem unvergleichlichen Akt der vollständigen Auslieferung unter den Erhabensten Willen, das ist Islam.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sie fährt fort, die Nähe, die die Pilger zum Propheten fühlen, während sie in Arafat stehen, zu beschreiben:.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“...wie ich neben der Granitsäule stehe, fühle ich, dass ich mich auf heiligem Boden befinde.  Ich sehe vor meinem inneren Auge den Propheten, wie er vor den weinenden Massen seine Letzte Predigt hält, vor über dreizehn Jahrhunderten.  Ich stelle mir die vielen Prediger vor, die zu den unzählbaren Millionen, die sich auf dieser Ebene schon versammelt haben, bereits gesprochen haben, denn dies ist der Höhepunkt der Großen Pilgerreise.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Vom Propheten wird berichtet, dass er Gott um die Vergebung der Sünden der Pilger, die sich bei Arafah versammelt haben, gebeten habe – und dieser Wunsch wurde ihm gewährt.  Daher bereiten sich die hoffnungsvollen Pilger darauf vor, diese Ebene freudig zu verlassen, sie fühlen sich neugeboren, frei von Sünden, und beabsichtigen, ein neues Blatt aufzuschlagen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(teil 2 von 2): Die Riten von Abraham<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Gerade nach Sonnenuntergang ziehen die Massen der Pilger nach Muzdalifah, eine offene Ebene auf halbem Wege zwischen Arafah und Mina.  Dort angekommen, beten sie zuerst, dann sammeln sie eine bestimmte Anzahl kichererbsengroßer Steinchen, die sie in den kommenden Tagen brauchen werden.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Noch vor Tagesanbruch des dritten Tages bewegt sich die Masse der Pilger von Muzdalifah nach Mina zurück.  Dort werfen sie mit den Steinchen, die sie zuvor gesammelt haben auf die weißen Säulen, eine Tradition des Propheten Abrahams.  Wenn die Pilger sieben Steinchen auf jede dieser Säulen werfen, erinnern sie sich der Geschichte, als Satan versuchte, Abraham zu überreden, Gottes Befehl seinen Sohn zu opfern, zu missachten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Das Werfen der Steine ist ein Symbol für den Versuch des Menschen, Schlechtes und Böses abzuwerfen, nicht nur einmal sondern siebenmal – die Zahl sieben symbolisiert die Unendlichkeit.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nach dem Werfen opfern die meisten Pilger eine Ziege, ein Schaf oder ein anderes Tier.  Sie geben das Fleisch den Armen, nachdem sie eine kleine Portion für sich selbst behalten haben.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dieser Ritus steht in Verbindung mit Abrahams Bereitschaft, im Einklang mit Gottes Wunsch seinen Sohn zu opfern.  Es symbolisiert die Bereitwilligkeit des Muslim, das, was ihm teuer ist, zu teilen und es erinnert uns an den Geist des Islam, in dem die Unterwerfung unter den Willen Gottes eine führende Rolle spielt.  Diese Tat erinnert den Pilger auch daran, weltliche Güter mit denen, die nicht so glücklich sind, zu teilen und es ist auch eine Dankbarkeit Gott gegenüber.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Da die Pilger nun den Großteil der Ha\u011f\u011f <\/em>beendet haben, ist es ihnen jetzt erlaubt, ihren Ihram<\/em> abzulegen und ihre normale Kleidung anzuziehen.  An diesem Tag teilen Muslime auf der ganzen Welt die Freude der Pilger und wie sie opfern sie an diesem Tag und feiern ´Id al-Adha, das “Opferfest”.  Männer scheren ihre Haare und Frauen schneiden ein kleines Stück davon ab, um ihre teilweise Entweihung zu symbolisieren.  Dies alles sind Symbole der Demut.  Alle Verbote, außer das der ehelichen Beziehungen, sind nun aufgehoben.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Tage verbringen die Pilger noch immer in Mina, aber sie besuchen Mekka, um einen anderen essentiellen Ritus der Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em> zu vollziehen; den Tawaf<\/em>, das siebenmalige Umkreisen der Kaaba, bei dem Bittgebete zu sprechen sind.  Ihre Umkreisung der Kaaba, das Symbol für die Einheit Gottes, deutet darauf hin, dass Gott im Mittelpunkt einer jeden Aktivität des Menschen stehen muss.  Es symbolisiert ebenfalls die Verbindung von Gott und Mensch.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Thomas Abercrombie, zum Islam konvertiert und Schriftsteller und Photograph für das National Geographic Magazine, pilgerte in den 1970ern und beschrieb die Verbundenheit und Harmonie, welche die Pilger bei dem Umkreisen der Kaaba verspüren:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Siebenmal umkreisten wir den Schrein und wiederholten die rituellen Gebete auf arabisch: ´Herr Gott, von einem solchen fernen Land bin ich gekommen zu Dir... Gewähre mir Schatten unter Deinem Thron.´  Gefangen in der wirbelnden Szene, erhöht durch die Poesie der Gebete, umkreisten wir Gottes Haus im Einklang mit den Atomen, in Harmonie mit den Planeten.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Während sie ihre Umkreisung vollziehen, können die Pilger den Schwarzen Stein küssen oder berühren.  Dieser ovale Stein, im späten siebten Jahrhundert erst in den Silberrahmen eingelassen, besitzt in den Herzen der Muslime einen besonderen Platz, denn, gemäß mancher Hadith, ist es der einzige Überrest der Originalstruktur, die Abraham und Ismael erbaut haben.  Aber vielleich ist der einzige, wichtige Grund, den Stein zu küssen, dass es der Prophet genauso tat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Stein wird aber auf keinerlei Art und Weise angebetet, denn er ist kein Objekt der Anbetung und ist es auch nie gewesen.  Der zweite Khalif, Umar ibn al-Khattab machte dies ganz deutlich, als er den Stein selbst in Anlehnung an den Propheten küsste, gab er bekannt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ich weiß, dass du nur ein Stein bist, unfähig zu nutzen oder zu schaden.  Hätte ich nicht den Gesandten Gottes dich nicht küssen gesehen, würde ich dich nicht küssen.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nachdem sie den Tawaf <\/em>beendet haben, beten die Pilger möglichst am Platz von Abraham, das ist die Stelle, an der Abraham gestanden hat, als er die Kaabah gebaut hat.  Dann trinken sie Wasser von Zamzam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ein anderer und manchmal abschließender Ritus ist sa´i <\/em>oder “Anstrengung”.  Dies ist eine Wiederbelebung einer erinnerungswürdigen Episode aus dem Leben Hagars, die mit ihrem Sohn Ismeal in das “unkultivierbare Tal” von Mekka, wie der Quran es nennt, gebracht worden war, um dort zu leben.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Sa´i <\/em>erinnert uns an Hagars verzweifelten Suche nach Wasser, um Ismaels Durst zu stillen.  Sie rannte siebenmal zwischen den Hügeln as-Safa<\/em> und al-Marwah<\/em>hin und her, bis sie die heilige Wasserquelle fand, die Zamzam genannt wird.  Dieses Wasser, das auf wundersame Weise unterhalb von Ismaels kleinen Füßen entsprang, ist dieselbe Quelle aus der noch heute die Pilger trinken. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wenn diese Riten erfüllt sind, ist der Weihezustand der Pilger vollständig aufgehoben: sie können alle normalen Aktivitäten wieder aufnehmen.  Jetzt kehren sie nach Mina zurück, wo sie bis zum 12. oder 13. Dhul-Hi\u011f\u011fah bleiben.  Dort werfen sie ihre übrigen Steinchen auf jede der Säulen, auf die Art und Weise wie es der Prophet getan hat.  Dann verlassen sie ihre Freunde, die sie während derHa\u011f\u011f<\/em> gefunden haben.  Bevor sie Mekka ganz verlassen, machen die Pilger noche einen letzten Tawaf <\/em>um die Kaaba, um sich von der heiligen Stadt zu verabschieden.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Normalerweise verbinden die Pilger Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em>, die größere Pilgerfahrt, mit derUmrah, <\/em>der kleineren Pilgerfahrt, der durch den Qur´an ihre Grenzen bestimmt sind und die der Prophet ebenfalls durchführte.  Anders als die Ha\u011f\u011f, <\/em>findet dieUmrah<\/em> nur in Mekka selbst statt und kann jederzeit im ganzen Jahr verrichtet werden.  Der Ihram, Talbiyah <\/em>und die Einschränkungen die durch den Weihezustand bedingt sind, gelten bei der Umrah<\/em> gleichermaßen, die auch drei Rituale der Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em>teilt: den Tawaf, Sa´i<\/em> und das Scheren bzw. Schneiden der Haare.  Der rituelle Brauch der Umrah<\/em>, den Pilger wie Besucher einhalten, steht für die besondere Verehrung der einzigartigen Heiligkeit Mekkas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bevor oder nachdem sie in Mekka waren, nutzen die Pilger bei Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em>oder Umrah<\/em> gegebenenfalls auch die Gelegenheit, die Moschee des Propheten in Medinah zu besuchen, die zweitheiligste Stadt im Islam.  Hier liegt der Prophet in einem einfachen Grab begraben.  Der Besuch in Medinah ist keine Pflicht, denn es stellt keinen Teil der Ha\u011f\u011f<\/em> oderUmrah <\/em>dar, aber die Stadt – die Muhammad willkommen hieß, als er aus Mekka auswanderte – ist reich an bewegenden Erinnerungen und historischen Plätzen, welche die Erinnerung an ihn als Propheten und Staatsführer wachrufen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In dieser Stadt, die die Muslime seit Jahrhunderten lieben, kann man noch immer die Auswirkungen des Leben des Propheten spüren.  Muhammad Asad, ein österreichischer Jude, der 1926 zum Islam konvertiert ist, und fünf Pilgerreisen zwischen 1927 und 1932 unternahm, beschreibtt die Anziehungskraft dieser Stadt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Selbst nach dreizehn Jahrhunderten ist die spirituelle Gegenwart [des Propheten] hier lebendig wie damals.  Nur durch ihn wurde aus der verstreuten Gruppe von Dörfern, die einst Yathrib genannt wurde, eine Stadt, und sie wurde den Muslimen bis zum heutigen Tage so lieb, wie keine andere Stadt irgendwo sonst auf der Welt je geliebt wurde.  Sie hat noch nicht einmal einen eigenen Namen: seit über dreizehn hundert Jahren wird sie Madinat an-Nabi<\/em>, “die Stadt des Propheten” genannt.  Über dreizehnhundert Jahre ist hier so viel Liebe zusammengeflossen, dass alle Formen und Bewegungen eine gewisse Familienähnlichkeit aufweisen und jegliche abweichenden Erscheinungen finden einen tonalen Übergang in eine allgegenwärtige Harmonie.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wenn die Pilger unterschiedlicher Rassen und Sprachen nach Hause zurückkehren, tragen sie die hingebungsvollen Erinnerungen an Abraham, Ismael, Hagar und Muhammad mit sich.  Sie werden sich immer an das Zusammentreffen mit Menschen aus aller Welt erinnern, wo arme und reiche, schwarze und weiße, junge und alte sich auf einer gleichen Ebene getroffen haben. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sie kehren mit einem Gefühl der Ehrfurcht und Gelassenheit zurück: Ehrfurcht aufgrund ihrer Erfahrungen bei Arafat, als sie sich Gott am nächsten gefühlt haben, wo sie auf der Seite standen, an welcher der Prophet auf seiner ersten und einzigen Pilgerreise seine Abschiedspredigt gehalten hatte; und Gelassenheit, weil sie auf dieser Ebene ihre Sünden abgeworfen haben und nun von deren schwerer Last befreit sind.  Sie kehren ebenfalls mit einem größeren Verständnis für die Bedürfnisse ihrer Brüder im Islam zurück.  Dies ist entstanden aus dem Geist für andere zu sorgen und  dem Verständnis für ihr eigenes reiches Erbe, das ihre Leben lang andauern wird.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Pilger kommen strahlend mit Hoffnung und Freude zurück, denn sie haben Gottes uraltes Gebot an die Menschheit erfüllt.  Vor allem kommen sie mit einem Gebet auf den Lippen zurück: “Bitte, Gott”, beten sie, “akzeptiere unsere Ha\u011f\u011f <\/em>von uns”, und möge das, was der Prophet sagte, für ihre eigene Reise auch zutreffen:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Es gibt keine Belohnung für die fromme Pilgerreise als das Paradies.” (Al-Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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\u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436 – \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443 – \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043f \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412\u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0436\u0435 14 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445  \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443 – \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0443.  \u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0441\u044b\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0418\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b «\u0414\u043e\u043c \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430» \u041a\u0430\u0430\u0431\u0443. \u041f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a \u041a\u0430\u0430\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0440 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u0441\u0443\u0440\u0435 «\u041f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e» \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043e \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0412\u043e\u0442 \u041c\u044b \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0443 (\u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0443) \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0414\u043e\u043c\u0430 (\u041a\u0430\u0430\u0431\u044b): «\u041d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0439 \u043a\u043e \u041c\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0439 \u041c\u043e\u0439 \u0414\u043e\u043c (\u041a\u0430\u0430\u0431\u0443) \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0437\u044b, \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0446» \u0412\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c \u043e \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435, \u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433»<\/strong>(\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 22:26-27).<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b \u0438\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0414\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0420\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u043d\u043e, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 (\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430) \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0442\u043e, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430, «\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c». \u041a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f, \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430, \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437 70-\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0448\u0435, \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0443. \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u0442\u043e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0414\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0430. \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0438\u0440\u0435, \u0438\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 – \u0432 \u0411\u0430\u0433\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u0441\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0414\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0448\u043b\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e, \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432. \u041f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0434\u0443, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f. \u0411\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u0430 \u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435. \u041f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0414\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0417\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441 15-\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e-\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0432 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433. \u041d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0435, \u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0435, \u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435.  \u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433 \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445,  \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0441 8-\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e 13-\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043b\u0443\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430 \u0417\u0443\u043b\u044c-\u0425\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0430. \u041e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c – \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c – \u043e\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430: \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u044f – \u043f\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443, \u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b. \u041c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c – \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c. \u041e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b. \u041e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0433\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f… \u041c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430.  \u041f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430, \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436. \u041d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0438\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0438\u0439\u044e:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0412\u043e\u0442 \u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0422\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439, \u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0422\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0443 \u0422\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0422\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439; \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0445\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0431\u0435, \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0422\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0443 \u0422\u0435\u0431\u044f c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0430».<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0438\u0439\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u0441\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0438. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c (\u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0417\u0443\u043b\u044c-\u0425\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0430) \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0442. \u0414\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0442\u0430 – \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0414\u043d\u0435 \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c, \u043d\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0442\u0430), \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c,  \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043b \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0445. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0443 \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0438\u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0449\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436, \u041b\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u042d\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d \u041a\u043e\u0431\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0434, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0442:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u044e \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439  \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u044f. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0437\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0449\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u043e\u0440 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0443, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.   \u0413\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0443 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430. \u042f \u043e\u0449\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u043b\u0435 – \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0414\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0442\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«…\u041d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0430, \u044f \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435. \u041c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044f \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043f\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434. \u042f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u043e – \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0442, \u0438 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044c\u0431\u0443. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0442 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0434\u0443\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0441 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0430 (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2 \u0438\u0437 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0414\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0433\u0434\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0443, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0442 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u0434 – \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0430. \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u0442\u043e, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u044b, \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0411\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0437\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b, \u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437. \u0427\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442  \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435: \u043a\u043e\u0437\u0443, \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430. \u0411\u043e<\/em><\/strong>\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u044f\u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 – \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u0416\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430. \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0418\u0434 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0410\u0434\u0445\u0430 – \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c. \u0416\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0421 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445  \u043f\u043e\u0440, \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e (\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e) \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430 - \u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0444 \u0438\u043b\u0438  \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u041a\u0430\u0430\u0431\u044b. \u041f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u041a\u0430\u0430\u0431\u044b. \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0444 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441 \u0410\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 «National Geographic», \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436 \u0432 70-\u0445. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0430\u0431\u044b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0421\u0435\u043c\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \"\u041e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c! \u041c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0422\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442, \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0443\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\". \u041e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043f\u0435, \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443, \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043c\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0414\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a \u041a\u0430\u0430\u0431\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0434\u044c\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043c, \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c – \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430.  \u041f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444 \u0423\u043c\u0430\u0440 \u0418\u0431\u043d \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0425\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0430\u0431 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0443\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u042f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u044b – \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043b\u043e. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0431\u044b \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0431\u044f».<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443. \u0416\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f «\u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0430» - \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0430\u0431\u044b. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443  \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043c-\u0417\u0430\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u0430’\u0438 – \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043c \u0418\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0438. \u0421\u0430’\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0418\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430.  \u041f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u0442\u043e  \u0431\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0440 - \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043c\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0417\u0430\u043c-\u0417\u0430\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u0447\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0443 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043a \u0418\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435, \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0434\u043e 12-\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 13-\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0417\u0443\u043b\u044c-\u0425\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0430. \u0412 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u044b. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0444 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436 – \u0443\u043c\u0440\u0443. \u041e\u0431 \u0443\u043c\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442. \u0423\u043c\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044b. \u0420\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0443\u043c\u0440\u044b – \u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0444, \u0441\u0430’\u0438, \u0443\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441.  \u0412\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u043c\u0440\u044b, \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0438.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435, \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u041c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 – \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c, \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442. \u0412\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0440\u044b, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438,  \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0410\u0441\u0430\u0434, \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0441 1927 \u043f\u043e 1932 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430.  \u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0435\u043c\u0443, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u042f\u0441\u0440\u0438\u0431, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434. \u0423 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438: \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u041c\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0430\u043d-\u041d\u0430\u0431\u0438 – \u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430». <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441 \u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0435, \u0418\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0435, \u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0440, \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0435. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439  \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0431\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0445…<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0427\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0443. \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 – \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0442, \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0442, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 – \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430  \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u044f\u0436\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e<\/em><\/strong>\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0438\u0431\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0445: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041d\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0420\u0430\u044f» (\u0410\u0442-\u0422\u0438\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438<\/em>).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":10299,"lft":1654,"rght":1655,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-13T02:04:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T04:57:41.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":7,"author_id":2167,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":21,"parent_id":935,"author_name":"Nimah Ismail Nawwab","category_name":"Transactions & Worship","category_slug":"Transactions-Worship","get_date":"2014-08-13","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.docx"},{"id":940,"title":"Hajj \u2013 A Jornada de Uma Vida ","slug":"hajj--a-jornada-de-uma-vida-","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:hajj--a-jornada-de-uma-vida-","hint":"","body":"

Hajj – A Jornada de Uma Vida <\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

(parte 1 de 2): O Dia de Arafah e sua Preparação<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

O hajj<\/em>, ou peregrinação à Meca, um dever central do Islã cujas origens remontam ao Profeta Abraão, reúne os muçulmanos de todas as raças e línguas para uma das experiências espirituais mais comoventes da vida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Por 14 séculos, incontáveis milhões de muçulmanos, homens e mulheres dos quatro cantos da terra, têm feito a peregrinação à Meca, o local de nascimento do Islã.  Ao executar essa obrigação, eles cumprem um dos cinco “pilares” do Islã, ou deveres religiosos centrais do crente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os muçulmanos seguem as origens registradas da peregrinação divinamente prescrita ao Profeta Abraão.  De acordo com o Alcorão, foi Abraão quem, junto com Ismael, construiu a Caaba, “a Casa de Deus”, a direção para a qual os muçulmanos se voltam em adoração cinco vezes ao dia.  Foi Abraão também quem estabeleceu os rituais do hajj<\/em>, que relembram eventos ou práticas em sua vida e na de Hagar e seu filho Ismael.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No capítulo intitulado “A Peregrinação”, o Alcorão fala da ordem divina para realizar o hajj<\/em> e profetiza a permanência dessa instituição:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“E quando indicamos a Abraão o lugar da Casa, dizendo ‘Nada associes a Mim, e purifica Minha Casa para os que a circundam e para os que nela se põem de pé, curvam e se prostram em adoração.   E proclama a Peregrinação entre a humanidade: Eles virão a pé ou montados em camelo emagrecido pela longa viagem, vindos de desfiladeiros distantes.’” (Alcorão 22:26-27)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Na época que o Profeta Muhammad, que Deus o exalte, recebeu o chamado divino, entretanto, práticas pagãs tinham contaminado algumas das observâncias originais do hajj<\/em>.  O Profeta, como ordenado por Deus, continuou o hajj<\/em> abrâmico após restaurar seus rituais à pureza original.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Além disso, o próprio Muhammad instruiu os crentes nos rituais do hajj<\/em>.  Ele fez isso de duas formas: através de sua própria prática, ou através da aprovação de práticas de seus Companheiros.  Isso acrescentou alguma complexidade aos rituais, mas também forneceu uma flexibilidade maior na sua execução, em benefício dos peregrinos desde então.  É lícito, por exemplo, haver alguma variação na ordem na qual vários rituais são realizados, porque está registrado que o próprio Profeta aprovou essas ações.   Assim, os rituais do hajj<\/em> são elaborados, numerosos e variados; os aspectos de alguns deles são destacados abaixo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O hajj<\/em> à Meca é uma obrigação uma vez na vida para cada homem e mulher adultos cuja saúde e meios financeiros o permitam, ou, nas palavras do Alcorão, para “aqueles que possam chegar até lá.”  Não é uma obrigação para crianças, embora algumas crianças acompanhem seus pais nessa jornada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Antes de partir, um peregrino deve repensar todos os seus erros, pagar todas as dívidas, planejar ter fundos suficientes para sua própria jornada e para a manutenção de sua família enquanto ele estiver longe, e se preparar para uma boa conduta durante o hajj<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quando os peregrinos empreendem a jornada do hajj<\/em>, eles seguem os passos de milhões antes deles.  Hoje em dia centenas de milhares de crentes de mais de 70 nações chegam a Meca por terra, mar e ar todo ano, completando uma jornada que agora é muito mais curta e em alguns casos menos árdua do que costumava ser no passado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Até o século 19, viajar a longa distância até Meca geralmente significava ser parte de uma caravana.  Existiam três caravanas principais: a egípcia, formada no Cairo; a iraquiana, formada em Bagdá; e a síria, que, após 1453, começava em Istambul, reunia peregrinos ao longo do caminho e procedia para Meca de Damasco.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como a jornada do hajj<\/em> levava meses se tudo corresse bem, os peregrinos carregavam com eles provisões para sustentá-los na viagem.  As caravanas eram elaboradamente supridas com amenidades e segurança se as pessoas que viajavam eram ricas, mas os pobres geralmente ficavam sem provisões e tinham que interromper sua jornada para trabalhar, poupar o que tinham ganho, e então seguir caminho.  Isso resultava em longas jornadas que, em alguns casos, duravam dez anos ou mais.  Viajar naqueles tempos estava repleto de aventura.  As estradas eram inseguras devido a ataques de bandidos.  O terreno no qual os peregrinos passavam também era perigoso, e perigos naturais e doenças freqüentemente clamavam muitas vidas ao longo do caminho.  Portanto, o retorno bem-sucedido dos peregrinos para suas famílias era ocasião de celebração festiva e gratidão por sua chegada a salvo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Atraídos pelo mistério de Meca e Medina, muitos ocidentais têm visitado essas duas cidades sagradas, para as quais os peregrinos convergem, desde o século 15.  Alguns deles se disfarçam de muçulmanos; outros, que genuinamente se converteram, vêm para cumprir seu dever.  Mas todos parecem ter sido movidos por sua experiência, e muitos registraram suas impressões da jornada e dos rituais do hajj<\/em> em relatos fascinantes.  Existem muitos diários de viagem do hajj<\/em>, escritos em idiomas tão diversos quanto os próprios peregrinos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A peregrinação acontece a cada ano entre o oitavo e o décimo-terceiro dia de Dhul-Hijjah, o décimo-segundo mês do calendário islâmico lunar.  O seu primeiro ritual é adotar a vestimenta de ihram<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O ihram<\/em>, usado por homens, é uma vestimenta branca sem costura feita de duas peças de tecido; uma cobre o corpo da cintura até abaixo dos joelhos, e a outra é jogada sobre o ombro.  Essa vestimenta foi usada por Abraão e Muhammad.  As mulheres se vestem como elas usualmente fazem.  As cabeças dos homens devem estar descobertas; tanto homens quanto mulheres podem usar uma sombrinha.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O ihram<\/em> é um símbolo de pureza e de renúncia do mal e de assuntos mundanos.  Também indica a igualdade de todas as pessoas aos olhos de Deus.  Quando o peregrino usa sua vestimenta branca, ele ou ela entra em um estado de pureza que proíbe discussão, cometer violência contra um homem ou animal e ter relações conjugais.  Uma vez que ele ponha suas roupas de hajj<\/em> o peregrino não pode se barbear, cortar suas unhas ou usar qualquer jóia, e ele usará a sua vestimenta sem costura até completar a peregrinação.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um peregrino que já está em Meca começa seu hajj <\/em>do momento em que ele coloca o ihram<\/em>.  Alguns peregrinos vindos de lugares distantes podem ter entrado em Meca mais cedo com seu ihram<\/em> e podem continuar a usá-lo.  O vestir o ihram<\/em> é acompanhado pela invocação básica do hajj<\/em>, a talbiyah<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Aqui estou, Ó Deus, a Teu Serviço!  Aqui estou a Teu Serviço!  Tu não tens parceiros; Aqui estou a Teu Serviço!  Teu é o louvor, a graça e o domínio!  Tu não tens parceiros.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os cânticos melodiosos e ensurdecedores da talbiyah<\/em> ecoam não apenas em Meca mas também em outros locais sagrados relacionados com o hajj <\/em>nas proximidades.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No primeiro dia do hajj<\/em>, os peregrinos saem de Meca na direção de Mina, uma pequena aldeia desabitada a oeste da cidade.  Enquanto as multidões se espalham em Mina, os peregrinos geralmente passam seu tempo meditando e orando, como o Profeta fez em sua peregrinação.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Durante o segundo dia, o nono dia de Dhul-Hijjah, os peregrinos deixam Mina para a planície de Arafat, onde eles descansam.  Esse é o ritual central do hajj<\/em>.  Enquanto eles congregam lá, a postura e a reunião dos peregrinos os relembra do Dia do Juízo.  Alguns deles se reúnem no Monte da Misericórdia, onde o Profeta fez seu inesquecível Sermão da Despedida, enunciando reformas religiosas, econômicas, sociais e políticas abrangentes.  Essas são horas carregadas de emoção, que os peregrinos passam em adoração e súplicas.  Muitos choram enquanto pedem a Deus que os perdoe.  Nesse local sagrado, eles alcançam o ápice de suas vidas religiosas enquanto sentem a presença e proximidade de um Deus misericordioso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A primeira mulher inglesa a realizar o hajj<\/em>, Lady Evelyn Cobbold, descreveu em 1934 os sentimentos que os peregrinos experimentam em Arafat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Seria preciso uma pena de mestre para descrever a cena, pungente em sua intensidade, daquela grande reunião de humanidade da qual eu era apenas uma pequena unidade, completamente perdida nas circunstâncias em um fervor de entusiasmo religioso.  Muitos dos peregrinos tinham lágrimas correndo por suas bochechas; outros elevavam seus rostos para o céu que tinha testemunhado esse drama tão freqüentemente nos séculos passados.  Os olhos brilhantes, os apelos apaixonados, as mãos lastimosas estendidas em oração me comoveram de uma forma que nada tinha feito antes, e eu me senti presa em uma forte onda de exaltação espiritual.  Eu era uma com o resto dos peregrinos em um ato sublime de completa submissão à Vontade Suprema que é o Islã.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ela continua descrevendo a proximidade que os peregrinos sentem em relação ao Profeta quando estão em Arafat:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“...enquanto eu estava ao lado de um pilar de granito, eu me senti em solo sagrado.  Eu vi com os olhos da minha mente o Profeta fazendo seu último sermão, mais de treze séculos atrás, para as multidões em lágrimas.  Eu visualizei os muitos pregadores que falaram para incontáveis milhões que se reuniram na vasta planície abaixo, porque essa é a cena culminante da Grande Peregrinação.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

É relatado que o Profeta pediu a Deus o perdão dos pecados dos peregrinos que se reunissem em Arafat, e que teve o seu pedido concedido.  Portanto, os peregrinos esperançosos se preparam para deixar a planície com alegria, se sentindo renascidos sem pecados e pretendendo abrir uma nova página.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 2): Os Rituais de Abraão<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Logo após o pôr-do-sol, a massa de peregrinos prossegue para Muzdalifah, uma planície aberta a meia distância entre Arafat e Mina.  Lá eles primeiro oram e então coletam um número fixo de pedras pequenas para usar nos dias seguintes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Antes do nascer do terceiro dia, os peregrinos se movem em massa de Muzdalifah para Mina.  Lá eles jogam as pedras que coletaram previamente em pilares brancos, uma prática associada com o Profeta Abraão.  Enquanto os peregrinos jogam sete pedras em cada um desses pilares, eles relembram a estória da tentativa de Satanás em persuadir Abraão a desconsiderar a ordem de Deus de sacrificar o seu filho.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jogar as pedras é uma tentativa simbólica dos humanos de rejeitar o mal e o vício, não apenas uma vez, mas sete vezes – sendo que o número sete simboliza a infinidade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Após jogar as pedras, a maioria dos peregrinos sacrifica uma cabra, ovelha ou algum outro animal.  Eles dão a carne para os pobres após, em alguns casos, reservarem uma pequena parte para si mesmos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Esse ritual está associado com a disposição de Abraão em sacrificar seu filho de acordo com o desejo de Deus.  Simboliza a disposição do muçulmano de se afastar do que lhe é caro, e nos relembra do espírito do Islã, no qual a submissão à vontade de Deus desempenha um papel preponderante.  Esse ato também relembra o peregrino de compartilhar os bens terrenos com aqueles menos afortunados, e serve como uma oferta de gratidão a Deus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como a esse ponto os peregrinos já terminaram a maior parte do hajj<\/em>, lhes é permitido agora tirar o seu ihram e colocar roupas do dia a dia.   Nesse dia os muçulmanos em todo o mundo compartilham a felicidade que os peregrinos sentem e se unem a eles realizando sacrifícios individuais idênticos, em uma celebração mundial de ‘Eid al-Adha, “a Festa do Sacrifício.”  Os homens ou raspam suas cabeças ou aparam seus cabelos, e as mulheres cortam um cacho simbólico, para marcar a sua desconsagração parcial.  Isso é feito como um símbolo de humildade.  Todas as proscrições, exceto a de ter relações conjugais, são revogadas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Após a viagem a Mina os peregrinos visitam Meca para realizar um outro ritual essencial do hajj<\/em>: otawaf<\/em>, circundar sete vezes a Caaba, com uma oração recitada durante cada circuito.  Sua circumbulação da Caaba, o símbolo da unicidade de Deus, implica que todas as atividades humanas devem ter Deus como o seu centro.  Também simboliza a unidade de Deus e homem.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Thomas Abercrombie, um convertido ao Islã e escritor e fotógrafo para a revista National Geographic, realizou o hajj<\/em> nos anos 70 e descreveu o sentido de unidade e harmonia que os peregrinos sentem durante a circumbulação:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Nós circulamos em volta do santuário sete vezes repetindo as devoções rituais em árabe: ‘Senhor Deus, de uma terra distante eu vim para Ti...  Conceda-me abrigo sob o Teu trono.’  Envolvidos no redemoinho, elevados pela poesia das orações, nós orbitamos a casa de Deus de acordo com os átomos, em harmonia com os planetas.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Enquanto fazem seus circuitos os peregrinos podem beijar ou tocar a Pedra Negra.  Essa pedra oval, primeiro engastada em uma moldura de prata no século dezessete, tem um lugar especial nos corações dos muçulmanos já que, de acordo com alguns hadiths, é a única remanescente da estrutura original construída por Abraão e Ismael.  Mas talvez a razão mais importante para beijar a pedra seja que o Profeta assim o fez.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nenhum tipo de significância devocional está ligado à pedra, porque ela não é, e nem nunca foi, um objeto de adoração.   O segundo califa, Umar ibn al-Khattab, deixou bem claro quando ele próprio, ao beijar a pedra em imitação ao Profeta, proclamou:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Eu sei que tu não és nada exceto uma pedra, incapaz de fazer bem ou mal.  Se eu não tivesse visto o Mensageiro de Deus beijar-te – que as bênçãos e a paz de Deus estejam sobre ele – eu não te beijaria.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Após completar o tawaf<\/em>, os peregrinos oram, preferivelmente na Estação de Abraão, o local onde Abraão ficou enquanto construía a Caaba.  Então eles bebem da água de Zamzam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um outro, e às vezes final, ritual é o sa’y<\/em>, ou “empenho.”  É uma reconstituição de um episódio memorável na vida de Hagar, que foi levada para o que o Alcorão chama de “vale incultivável” de Meca, com seu filho bebê Ismael, para se estabelecer lá.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O sa’y<\/em> comemora a busca frenética de Hagar por água, para saciar a sede de Ismael.  Ela correu de um lado para outro sete vezes entre dois montes rochosos,al-Safa<\/em> e al-Marwah<\/em>, até encontrar a água sagrada conhecida como Zamzam.  Essa água, que jorrou milagrosamente sob os pequenos pés de Ismael, saiu do mesmo poço de onde os peregrinos bebem hoje.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Com todos esses rituais executados, os peregrinos estão completamente desconsagrados: eles podem retomar todas as atividades normais.  Eles agora retornam à Mina, onde ficam até o décimo segundo ou décimo terceiro dia de Dhu al-Hijjah.  Lá eles jogam as pedras remanescentes em cada um dos pilares de uma forma praticada ou aprovada pelo Profeta.  Então eles se despedem dos amigos que fizeram durante o Hajj<\/em>.  Antes de deixarem Meca, entretanto, os peregrinos fazem um tawaf<\/em> final em torno da Caaba para se despedirem da Cidade Sagrada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Geralmente os peregrinos, antes ou depois do hajj<\/em>, “a peregrinação maior,” fazem a umrah<\/em>, “a peregrinação menor,” que é sancionada pelo Alcorão e foi realizada pelo Profeta.   A umrah<\/em>, ao contrário do hajj<\/em>, acontece apenas em Meca e pode ser realizada em qualquer época do ano.  O ihram<\/em>, talbiyah<\/em>, e as restrições exigidas pelo estado de consagração são igualmente essenciais na umrah<\/em>, que também compartilha três outros rituais com o hajj<\/em>: o tawaf<\/em>, sa’y<\/em> e raspar ou cortar o cabelo.  A observância da umrah<\/em> pelos peregrinos e visitantes simboliza a veneração pela santidade única de Meca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Antes ou após ir a Meca, os peregrinos também se beneficiam da oportunidade fornecida pelo hajj<\/em> ouumrah<\/em> para visitar a Mesquita do Profeta em Medina, a segunda cidade mais sagrada no Islã.  Aqui, o Profeta está enterrado em um túmulo simples.  A visita à Medina não é obrigatória, e não é parte do hajj<\/em> ouumrah<\/em>, mas a cidade – que deu as boas vindas a Muhammad quando ele imigrou para lá vindo de Meca – é rica em memórias comoventes e locais históricos que o evocam como um Profeta e chefe de estado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nessa cidade, amada pelos muçulmanos por séculos, as pessoas ainda sentem o efeito da vida do Profeta.  Muhammad Asad, um judeu austríaco que se converteu ao Islã em 1926 e fez cinco peregrinações entre 1927 e 1932, comenta sobre esse aspecto da cidade:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Mesmo após treze séculos a presença espiritual [do Profeta] está quase tão viva aqui quanto estava então.  Foi apenas por causa dele que um grupo disperso de aldeias antes chamadas de Yathrib se tornou uma cidade e tem sido amada por todos os muçulmanos até esse dia, como nenhuma outra cidade em outro lugar do mundo jamais foi.  Ela não tem nem um nome seu: por mais de treze séculos tem sido chamada de Madinat an-Nabi<\/em>, ‘a Cidade do Profeta.’  Por mais de treze séculos, tanto amor convergiu para cá que todas as formas e movimentos adquiriram um tipo de semelhança familiar, e todas as diferenças de aparência encontram uma transição tonal em uma harmonia comum.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quando os peregrinos de diversas raças e línguas retornam para suas casas, eles carregam consigo caras memórias de Abraão, Ismael, Hagar e Muhammad.  Eles sempre se lembrarão do concurso universal, onde pobres e ricos, negros e brancos, jovens e velhos, se encontram em pé de igualdade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Eles retornam com um senso de reverência e serenidade: reverência por sua experiência em Arafat, quando se sentiram mais próximos de Deus enquanto ficavam no local onde o Profeta fez o seu sermão durante a primeira e última peregrinação; serenidade por terem deixado seus pecados naquela planície, e estarem, portanto, aliviados desse pesado fardo.  Eles também retornam com uma melhor compreensão das condições de seus irmãos no Islã.  Assim nasce um espírito de cuidado pelos outros e uma compreensão da sua rica herança que durará o resto de suas vidas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os peregrinos voltam radiantes com esperança e alegria, porque cumpriram a antiga injunção de Deus para a humanidade de fazer a peregrinação.  Acima de tudo, eles retornam com uma oração em seus lábios: Que isso agrade a Deus, eles oram, para que seu hajj <\/em>seja aceito, e que o que o Profeta disse seja verdadeiro em relação a suas próprias jornadas individuais:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Não existe outra recompensa para um peregrino devoto que não seja o Paraíso.” (Al-Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":8965,"lft":1656,"rght":1657,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-13T02:04:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T03:08:48.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":7,"author_id":2167,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":21,"parent_id":935,"author_name":"Nimah Ismail Nawwab","category_name":"Transactions & Worship","category_slug":"Transactions-Worship","get_date":"2014-08-13","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.docx"},{"id":941,"title":"\u671d\u89d0\u2014\u2014\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u65c5","slug":"sfhgere","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:sfhgere","hint":"","body":"

\u671d\u89d0——\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u65c5<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

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“<\/strong>\u51e1\u80fd\u65c5\u884c\u5230\u5929\u623f\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u6709<\/strong>\u4e3a\u5b89\u62c9\u800c\u671d\u89d0\u5929\u623f\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>3<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>97<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u7531\u4e8e\u9ea6\u52a0\u548c\u9ea6\u5730\u90a3\u4e24\u5723\u5730\u7684\u5438\u5f15\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u4e5f\u5230\u8bbf\u4e86\u4e24\u5723\u5730——\u8fd115\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u7684\u805a\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u88c5\u626e\u6210\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u8fdb\u5165\u4e24\u5723\u5730\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e4f\u62b1\u7740\u5230\u9ea6\u52a0\u5c65\u884c\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u7688\u4f9d\u8005\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u88ab\u671d\u89d0\u7684\u573a\u9762\u6240\u6253\u52a8\uff0c\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e0b\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u671d\u89d0\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u6df1\u6df1\u5438\u5f15\u7740\u4ed6\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u671d\u89d0\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u4f0a\u5386 12\u67088\u65e5—13\u65e5\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u671d\u89d0\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9879\u4eea\u5f0f\u662f\u53d7\u6212\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u9ea6\u52a0\u5c45\u6c11\u671d\u89d0\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3e\u610f\u53d7\u6212\uff0c\u7a7f\u4e0a\u6212\u8863\uff0c\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5f00\u59cb\u671d\u89d0\u529f\u8bfe\u4e86\u3002\u9ea6\u52a0\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u671d\u89d0\u8005\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u9ea6\u52a0\u524d\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u53d7\u6212\uff0c\u7a7f\u4e0a\u6212\u8863\uff0c\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u9ad8\u58f0\u5ff5\u8bf5\u5e94\u53ec\u8bcd\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5b89\u62c9\u554a\uff0c\u54cd<\/strong>\u5e94\u4f60<\/strong>\u7684\u53f7\u53ec\uff0c\u6211\u6765\u4e86\uff01\u54cd<\/strong>\u5e94\u4f60\u7684\u53f7\u53ec\uff0c\u6211\u6765\u4e86\uff01\u4f60\u662f\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u54cd\u5e94\u4f60\u7684\u53f7\u53ec\uff0c\u6211\u6765\u4e86\uff01\u4f60\u662f\u53ef\u9882\u7684\u3001\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u3001\u638c\u63a7\u4e07\u7269\u7684\uff01\u4f60\u662f\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u54cd\u5f7b\u4e91\u9704\u7684\u5e94\u53ec\u8bcd\u8426\u7ed5\u5728\u9ea6\u52a0\u4e0a\u7a7a\uff0c\u56de\u8361\u5728\u5723\u5730\u56db\u5468\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u57c3\u5f17\u6797·\u79d1\u6ce2\u5fb7\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5230\u9ea6\u52a0\u671d\u89d0\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u5987\u5973\u3002\u65e9\u57281934\u5e74\uff0c\u5979\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u963f\u5c14\u6cd5\u7279\u7684\u611f\u53d7\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u53ea\u6709\u5927\u5e08\u624d\u80fd\u63cf\u7ed8\u8fd9\u4e00\u58ee\u89c2\u7684\u573a\u9762\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4eba\u4eec\u611f\u5230\u52a8\u4eba\u5fc3\u6249\u7684\u60b2\u58ee\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u6c47\u805a\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u6e3a\u5c0f\u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u5931\u5728\u5145\u6ee1\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6fc0\u60c5\u7684\u4eba\u6d41\u4e2d\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u6cea\u5982\u96e8\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4eba\u9762\u5411\u7e41\u661f\u95ea\u70c1\u7684\u957f\u7a7a——\u89c1\u8bc1\u5982\u6b64\u5b8f\u5927\u573a\u9762\u5341\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u957f\u7a7a\u3002\u7948\u7977\u8005\u95ea\u70c1\u7740\u6cea\u5149\u7684\u773c\u775b\u3001\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u6fc0\u60c5\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3001\u5f20\u5f00\u53cc\u624b\u8654\u8bda\u7948\u7977\u7684\u795e\u60c5\uff0c\u90fd\u6df1\u6df1\u6253\u52a8\u4e86\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u6211\u4ee5\u524d\u6240\u505a\u7684\u7b80\u76f4\u7b97\u4e0d\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u6211\u6c89\u6d78\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u5927\u6d77\u4e2d\u3002\u6211\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4ee5\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u987a\u4ece\u4f1f\u5927\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u5b97\u6559——\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7ad9\u5728\u963f\u5c14\u6cd5\u7684\u5927\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u5979\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u63a5\u8fd1\u5723\u4eba\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u611f\u53d7\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u5f53\u6211\u7ad9\u5728\u5927\u7406\u77f3\u67f1\u65c1\u8fb9\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u6211\u7ad9\u5728\u4e00\u5757\u5723\u6d01\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eff\u4f5b\u89c9\u5f97\u773c\u524d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e861300\u5e74\u524d\u3001\u9762\u5bf9\u540c\u6837\u6d41\u6cea\u54ed\u6ce3\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u7a46\u5723\u53d1\u8868\u6177\u6168\u6fc0\u6602\u7684\u544a\u522b\u6f14\u8bf4\u7684\u60c5\u666f\u3002\u6211\u4f3c\u4e4e\u89c9\u5f97\u8bb8\u591a\u5ba3\u8bb2\u5e08\u5728\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5e73\u539f\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u6570\u4ee5\u767e\u4e07\u8ba1\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002\u4f1f\u5927\u671d\u89d0\u7684\u9ad8\u5cf0\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u554a\uff01”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u636e\u4f20\uff0c\u7a46\u5723\u8bf7\u6c42\u5b89\u62c9\u9976\u6055\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c47\u805a\u4e8e\u963f\u5c14\u6cd5\u7684\u671d\u89d0\u8005\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u6069\u51c6\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u51c6\u5907\u79bb\u5f00\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u5409\u5e86\u7684\u5e73\u539f\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u72b9\u5982\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u65e0\u7f6a\u5a74\u5b69\uff0c\u51b3\u5fc3\u8981\u7ffb\u5f00\u81ea\u5df1\u4eba\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff082\/2\uff09\uff1a\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u793c\u4eea<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u4f0a\u538612\u67089\u65e5\uff0c\u65e5\u843d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u671d\u89d0\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u7a46\u5179\u4ee3\u6cf0\u5229\u6cd5\u8fdb\u53d1\u3002\u7a46\u5179\u4ee3\u6cf0\u5229\u6cd5\u4f4d\u4e8e\u963f\u5c14\u62c9\u6cd5\u548c\u7c73\u7eb3\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u5230\u8fbe\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u540e\uff0c\u5408\u5e76\u793c\u660f\u793c\u548c\u5bb5\u793c\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5728\u6b64\u5730\u6361\u62fe\u7eff\u8c46\u822c\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u4e00\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5c0f\u77f3\u5b50\uff0c\u4ee5\u5907\u7b2c\u4e8c\u65e5\u5c04\u77f3\u4e4b\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u5929\u62c2\u6653\uff0c\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u79bb\u5f00\u7a46\u5179\u4ee3\u5229\u6cd5\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u7c73\u7eb3\u8fdb\u884c\u5c04\u77f3\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u5934\u4e00\u5929\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u77f3\u5b50\u6765\u63b7\u5c04\u9760\u8fd1\u9ea6\u52a0\u7684\u90a3\u6839\u77f3\u67f1\uff08\u73b0\u4e3a\u77f3\u5899\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e0e\u5148\u77e5\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u6709\u5173\u3002\u5f53\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u5411\u77f3\u67f1\u6295\u63b77\u9897\u77f3\u5b50\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u60f3\u8d77\u6492\u65e6\uff08\u6076\u9b54\uff09\u963b\u788d\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u5c65\u884c\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u727a\u7272\u513f\u5b50\u7684\u52a8\u4eba\u5386\u53f2\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u6258\u9a6c\u65af·\u963f\u6ce2\u514b\u7f57\u59c6\u6bd4\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7688\u4f9d\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u65b0\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5730\u91cc\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\u7684\u6444\u5f71\u5e08\u3002\u4ed6\u57281970\u5e74\u66fe\u5230\u9ea6\u52a0\u671d\u89d0\uff0c\u63cf\u5199\u4e86\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u73af\u6e38\u514b\u5c14\u767d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u73af\u6e38\u793c\u663e\u793a\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u7684\u56e2\u7ed3\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u5728\u7981\u5bfa\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u56f4\u7ed5\u514b\u5c14\u767d\u884c\u8d707\u5708\uff0c\u7528\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u5ff5\u8bf5\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff1a‘\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u517b\u80b2\u4e3b\u554a\uff0c\u6211\u4ece\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\u6765\u5230\u4f60\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002\u4e3b\u554a\uff0c\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u5b9d\u5ea7\u4e0b\u8d50\u6211\u4e00\u4e2a\u907f\u96be\u4e4b\u6240\u3002’\u6211\u4eec\u6c89\u6d78\u4e8e\u4eba\u6d41\u4e2d\uff0c\u8033\u8fb9\u662f\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u6b64\u8d77\u5f7c\u4f0f\u7684\u7948\u7977\u58f0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8c61\u548c\u8c10\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u707f\u70c2\u7fa4\u661f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u5723\u6bbf\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u9897\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5728\u73af\u6e38\u514b\u5c14\u767d\u65f6\uff0c\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4eb2\u543b\u6216\u89e6\u6478\u9ed1\u77f3\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u5757\u9e45\u5375\u5f62\u7684\u77f3\u5934\uff0c\u57287\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u9576\u4e0a\u94f6\u6846\u3002\u8fd9\u5757\u77f3\u5934\u5728\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5723\u8bad\u300b\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5757\u77f3\u5934\u662f\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u548c\u4f0a\u65af\u6885\u5c14\u4fee\u5efa\u514b\u5c14\u767d\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9057\u8ff9\u3002\u4f46\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u4eb2\u543b\u77f3\u5757\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7406\u7531\u662f\u7a46\u5723\u672c\u4eba\u66fe\u543b\u8fc7\u6b64\u77f3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u63a5\u543b\u9ed1\u77f3\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5fe0\u8bda\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u529f\u4fee\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u662f\u3001\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efb\u54c8\u7acb\u6cd5\u6b27\u9ea6\u5c14\u6a21\u4eff\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u5723\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u543b\u4e86\u8fd9\u5757\u77f3\u5934\u540e\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u53e5\u5343\u53e4\u540d\u53e5\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u4f60\u53ea\u662f\u4e00<\/strong>\u5757\u77f3\u5934\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9\u4eba\u5e26\u6765\u76ca\u5904\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u574f\u5904\u3002\u8981\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u770b\u89c1\u7a46\u5723\uff08\u613f\u5b89\u62c9\u8d50\u798f\u4e8e\u4ed6\uff09\u543b\u4e86\u4f60\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u543b\u4f60\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b8c\u6210“\u73af\u6e38\u793c”\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u4e00\u822c\u5728\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u7acb\u8db3\u5904\u793c\u62dc\u7948\u7977\u3002\u7acb\u8db3\u5904\u5c31\u662f\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u5723\u4eba\u7ad9\u7740\u4fee\u5efa\u514b\u5c14\u767d\u5723\u6bbf\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u5730\u7977\u544a\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u559d\u6e17\u6e17\u6cc9\u6c34\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u9879\u4eea\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f\u5728“\u8d5b\u53d1”\u548c“\u9ea6\u5c14\u5916”\u4e24\u5c71\u4e4b\u95f4“\u5954\u8d70\u793c”\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u7eaa\u5ff5\u54c8\u54f2\u5c14\u4e30\u529f\u4f1f\u7ee9\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f0a\u5e03\u62c9\u6b23\u5723\u4eba\u5e26\u7740\u54c8\u54f2\u5c14\u6bcd\u5b50\u5230\u4e86“\u5bf8\u8349\u4e0d\u751f”\u7684\u9ea6\u52a0\uff0c\u628a\u4ed6\u4fe9\u5b89\u987f\u4e8e\u6b64\u5730\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u5954\u8d70\u793c”\u7eaa\u5ff5\u54c8\u54f2\u5c14\u5fd9\u4e71\u4e2d\u4e3a\u4e86\u513f\u5b50\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u800c\u5bfb\u627e\u6c34\u6e90\u7684\u4e8b\u8ff9\u3002\u5979\u5728“\u8d5b\u53d1”\u548c“\u9ea6\u5c14\u5916”\u4e24\u5c71\u4e4b\u95f4\u6765\u56de\u5954\u8dd17\u6b21\u5bfb\u627e\u6c34\u6e90\u800c\u4e0d\u83b7\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5374\u5728\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u811a\u4e0b\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6e17\u6e17\u6cc9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6cc9\u6c34\u5947\u8ff9\u822c\u5730\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u6885\u5c14\u5c0f\u5c0f\u811a\u4e0b\u6e17\u51fa\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u996e\u7528\u7684\u6cc9\u6c34\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6cc9\u6c34\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e3e\u884c\u5b8c\u5907\u540e\uff0c\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u6212\uff08\u5927\u5f00\u6212\uff09\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u518d\u6b21\u56de\u5230\u7c73\u7eb3\uff0c\u9a7b\u7559\u5230\u4f0a\u538612\u6708\u768412\u65e5\u621613\u65e5\u3002\u6309\u7167\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u5723\u7684\u9057\u884c\uff0c\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u5728\u8fd9\u51e0\u65e5\u9700\u8981\u63b7\u5c04\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7c73\u7eb3\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u77f3\u67f1\u3002\u7136\u540e\u4e0e\u671d\u89d0\u671f\u95f4\u7ed3\u8bc6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\u544a\u522b\u3002\u5728\u79bb\u5f00\u9ea6\u52a0\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u5230\u514b\u5c14\u767d\u8fdb\u884c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u7684“\u73af\u6e38”\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f9d\u4f9d\u4e0d\u820d\u5730\u544a\u522b\u5723\u5730\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u6545\u4e61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u5728“\u6b63\u671d”\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e3e\u884c“\u526f\u671d”\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u548c\u5148\u77e5\u7684\u5723\u884c\u3002\u4e0e\u6b63\u671d\u4e0d\u540c\u662f\uff0c\u526f\u671d\u53ea\u5728\u9ea6\u52a0\u7684\u7981\u5bfa\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c65\u884c\u3002\u7a7f\u6212\u8863\u3001\u5ff5\u5e94\u53ec\u8bcd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u671d\u89d0\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e5f\u662f\u526f\u671d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u526f\u671d\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eea\u5f0f\uff1a\u73af\u6e38\u793c\u3001\u5954\u8d70\u793c\u3001\u5243\u53d1\u6216\u6253\u77ed\u5934\u53d1\u3002\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u548c\u53c2\u8bbf\u8005\u9075\u5b88\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u77e9\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u5723\u5730\u7684\u656c\u91cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5728\u6765\u9ea6\u52a0\u6216\u8005\u79bb\u5f00\u9ea6\u52a0\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u5927\u591a\u4e5f\u501f\u673a\u6e38\u8bbf\u9ea6\u5730\u90a3\u5148\u77e5\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u53ca\u5723\u9675\u3002\u9ea6\u5730\u90a3\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u5723\u5730\u3002\u7a46\u5723\u5b89\u846c\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u9675\u5893\u5341\u5206\u7b80\u6734\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u63a2\u671b\u5723\u9675\u4e0e\u671d\u89d0\u529f\u8bfe\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u63a5\u7eb3\u5e76\u6b22\u8fce\u7a46\u5723\u8fc1\u5c45\u4e8e\u6b64\u7684\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53e4\u8ff9\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53e4\u8ff9\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u60c5\u4e0d\u81ea\u7981\u5730\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7a46\u5723\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5148\u77e5\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u7684\u5149\u8f89\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6570\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5907\u53d7\u4eba\u4eec\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u91cc\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f9d\u7136\u4f1a\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u7a46\u5723\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u30021926\u5e74\uff0c\u7688\u4f9d\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u6fb3\u6d32\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7a46\u7f55\u7a46\u5fb7·\u963f\u8428\u5fb7\uff0c\u4ece1927\u5e74\u52301932\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u505a\u4e865\u6b21\u671d\u89d0\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u4f5c\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u5373\u4f7f\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e861300\u5e74\u7684\u6f2b\u957f\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5148\u77e5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u72b9\u5982\u4ed6\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4e86\u5148\u77e5\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u66fe\u7ecf\u53eb‘\u53f6\u65af\u91cc\u5e03’\u7684\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u56db\u5206\u4e94\u88c2\u7684\u5c0f\u6751\u5e84\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7\u4e3e\u4e16\u77a9\u76ee\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u50cf\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5230\u5982\u4eca\u4f9d\u7136\u53d7\u5230\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u70ed\u7231\u3002\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a1300\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u79f0\u5b83\u4e3a‘\u5148\u77e5\u4e4b\u57ce’\u30021300\u591a\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u628a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7231\u90fd\u6c47\u805a\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u6b64\u5730\u72b9\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79cd\u65cf\u4e0d\u540c\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u5404\u5f02\u7684\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u56de\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6545\u4e61\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e26\u53bb\u4e86\u5bf9\u4f0a\u5e03\u62c9\u6b23\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u6885\u5c14\u3001\u54c8\u54f2\u5c14\u548c\u5bf9\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u5723\u7684\u73cd\u8d35\u56de\u5fc6\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u6c38\u8fdc\u8bb0\u4f4f\u8fd9\u4e00\u76db\u5927\u7684\u96c6\u4f1a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u7a77\u4eba\u3001\u5bcc\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u3001\u9ed1\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u6c47\u805a\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u6000\u7740\u656c\u754f\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u7eaf\u6d01\u4e4b\u5fc3\u8fd4\u56de\u6545\u4e61\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u66fe\u9a7b\u8db3\u5148\u77e5\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u671d\u89d0\u65f6\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f53\u9a8c\u63a5\u8fd1\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u656c\u754f\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff1b\u66fe\u5728\u963f\u5c14\u6cd5\u4f53\u9a8c\u771f\u8bda\u5fcf\u6094\u540e\u7684\u7eaf\u6d01\u5fc3\u5883\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u5c06\u5e26\u53bb\u5e76\u53d1\u626c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5144\u5f1f\u60c5\u8c0a\u3001\u5e26\u53bb\u5173\u7231\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u53d1\u626c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u5316\u7684\u751f\u529b\u519b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“<\/strong>\u6b63<\/strong>\u4e49\u7684\u671d\u89d0\uff0c\u5176\u62a5\u916c\u5c31\u662f\u4e50\u56ed\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a<\/strong>\u94c1\u5bc6\u6d4e\u5723\u8bad\u96c6\u300b<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":16748,"lft":1658,"rght":1659,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-13T02:04:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T06:04:17.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":7,"author_id":2167,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":21,"parent_id":935,"author_name":"Nimah Ismail Nawwab","category_name":"Transactions & Worship","category_slug":"Transactions-Worship","get_date":"2014-08-13","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.docx"},{"id":942,"title":"\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8 \u2015 \u4eba\u751f\u4e00\u5927\u306e\u65c5","slug":"--dgsdgh","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Hajj - The Journey of a Lifetime.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:--dgsdgh","hint":"","body":"

\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8 \u2015 \u4eba\u751f\u4e00\u5927\u306e\u65c5<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

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“<\/strong>\u308f\u308c\u3089\u304c\u30a4\u30d6\u30e9\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u9928\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u5b9a\u3081\uff08\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u305f\uff09\u6642\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u601d\u3044\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u306e\u3060\u3002\u300c\u4f55\u4e00\u3064\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u308f\u308c\u3068\u4e00\u7dd2\u306b\u914d\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u3053\u3092\u5468\u56de\u3059\u308b\u8005\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u307e\u305f\uff08\u793c\u62dd\u306b\uff09\u7acb\u3061\u3001\u7acb\u793c\u3057\u8dea\u62dd\u3059\u308b\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u308f\u308c\u306e\u9928\u3092\u6e05\u3081\u3088\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u3001\u5de1\u793c\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u547c\u3073\u304b\u3051\u3088\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u6c5d\u306e\u8a31\u306b\u6b69\u3044\u3066\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u3069\u308c\u3082\u75e9\u305b\u3053\u3051\u305f\u30e9\u30af\u30c0\u306b\u4e57\u3063\u3066\u3001\u9060\u3044\u8c37\u9593\u306e\u9053\u3092\u306f\u308b\u3070\u308b\u3084\u3063\u3066\u6765\u308b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>22<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>26−<\/strong>27<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u65e2\u306b\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u306b\u5728\u4f4f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30d5\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0<\/em>\u3092\u8eab\u306b\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8<\/em>\u306e\u958b\u59cb\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e8b\u524d\u306b\u9060\u65b9\u304b\u3089\u5230\u7740\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30d5\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0<\/em>\u306e\u7740\u7528\u3068\u5171\u306b\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u3078\u5165\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u4fdd\u3064\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30d5\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0<\/em>\u306e\u7740\u7528\u306f\u3001\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8<\/em>\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u7948\u9858\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30bf\u30eb\u30d3\u30e4<\/em>\u3068\u5171\u306b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “<\/strong>\u3042\u306a\u305f\u3078\u3068\u99b3\u305b\u53c2\u3058\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u3088\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u3078\u3068\u99b3\u305b\u53c2\u3058\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u3078\u3068\u99b3\u305b\u53c2\u3058\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306b\u540c\u4f4d\u8005\u306f\u4e00\u5207\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u3078\u3068\u99b3\u305b\u53c2\u3058\u307e\u3059\u3002\u79f0\u8cdb\u3068\u6069\u6075\u3068\u4e3b\u6a29\u306f\u3001\u540c\u4f4d\u8005\u306a\u304d\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306b\u3053\u305d\u5c5e\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u65cb\u5f8b\u7684\u3067\u3068\u3069\u308d\u304f\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30bf\u30eb\u30d3\u30e4<\/em>\u306e\u5927\u5408\u5531\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8<\/em>\u306e\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u308b\u96a3\u63a5\u3059\u308b\u8056\u5730\u306b\u3082\u97ff\u304d\u6e21\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8<\/em>\u306e\u521d\u65e5\u3001\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u3092\u51fa\u767a\u3057\u3001\u6771\u306b\u96a3\u63a5\u3059\u308b\u5730\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30df\u30ca\u30fc\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7fa4\u8846\u304c\u30df\u30ca\u30fc\u306b\u5230\u7740\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u304c\u5de1\u793c\u3067\u884c\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306b\u5531\u5ff5\u3084\u793c\u62dd\u3092\u884c\u306a\u3063\u3066\u6642\u3092\u904e\u3054\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e8c\u65e5\u76ee\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30ba\u30eb\uff1d\u30d2\u30c3\u30b8\u30e3\u67089\u65e5\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30df\u30ca\u30fc\u3092\u96e2\u308c\u30a2\u30e9\u30d5\u30a1\u306e\u5e73\u91ce\u3078\u3068\u79fb\u52d5\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3067\u4e00\u65e5\u3092\u904e\u3054\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8<\/em>\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5100\u793c\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5730\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5408\u540c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5be9\u5224\u306e\u65e5\u3092\u601d\u3044\u8d77\u3053\u3055\u305b\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u5185\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u7d4c\u6e08\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u306e\u6539\u7de8\u304c\u5ba3\u8a00\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u304b\u306e\u6709\u540d\u306a‘\u5225\u308c\u306e\u8aac\u6559’\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u6148\u60b2\u306e\u5c71\u3078\u3068\u96c6\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u5d07\u62dd\u884c\u70ba\u3084\u7948\u9858\u306b\u8eab\u3092\u6367\u3052\u3001\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u306b\u9ad8\u63da\u3059\u308b\u5834\u9762\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u795e\u306e\u8d66\u3057\u3092\u4e5e\u3044\u3001\u6d99\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8056\u5730\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u6148\u60b2\u6df1\u304d\u795e\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3068\u305d\u306e\u8fd1\u3055\u3092\u808c\u3067\u611f\u3058\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u306e\u6700\u9ad8\u6f6e\u3092\u8fce\u3048\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6700\u521d\u306b\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8<\/em>\u3092\u884c\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3001\u30a4\u30f4\u30ea\u30f3\u30fb\u30ab\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9\u5973\u5019\u7235\u306f\u3001\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30a2\u30e9\u30d5\u30a1\u306e\u5730\u3067\u611f\u3058\u305f\u3053\u3068\u30921934\u5e74\u306b\u8a18\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u305d\u3053\u3067\u306e\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u5149\u666f\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u9b54\u6cd5\u306e\u30da\u30f3\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u306e\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u305f\u3063\u305f\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u3061\u3063\u307d\u3051\u306a\u500b\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u75db\u611f\u3057\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u60c5\u71b1\u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u71b1\u6c17\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5468\u56f2\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306e\u982c\u306b\u306f\u6d99\u304c\u3064\u305f\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3042\u308b\u8005\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u60c5\u666f\u3092\u904e\u53bb\u6570\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u6e21\u3063\u3066\u4f55\u5ea6\u3082\u76ee\u6483\u3057\u3066\u6765\u305f\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u661f\u306e\u304d\u3089\u3081\u304f\u591c\u7a7a\u3092\u4ef0\u3044\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u8f1d\u304d\u306b\u6e80\u3061\u305f\u76ee\u3001\u71b1\u70c8\u306a\u61c7\u9858\u3001\u793c\u62dd\u3067\u5dee\u3057\u4f38\u3070\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8b19\u865a\u306a\u4e21\u624b\u306f\u3001\u304b\u3064\u3066\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u7a0b\u306b\u79c1\u3092\u611f\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u3001\u5f37\u3044\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u9ad8\u63da\u306e\u6ce2\u3078\u3068\u79c1\u3092\u98f2\u307f\u8fbc\u307f\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u5d07\u9ad8\u306a\u884c\u70ba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u81f3\u9ad8\u8005\u306e\u610f\u5fd7\u3078\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u308b\u670d\u5f93\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u5168\u4f53\u3068\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u304c\u30a2\u30e9\u30d5\u30a1\u306b\u7acb\u3064\u969b\u306b\u611f\u3058\u308b\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3078\u306e\u656c\u611b\u3092\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\u82b1\u5d17\u5ca9\u3067\u51fa\u6765\u305f\u67f1\u306e\u96a3\u306b\u7acb\u3064\u3068\u3001\u8056\u5730\u306b\u7740\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b9f\u611f\u304c\u6cb8\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u6d99\u3059\u308b\u7fa4\u8846\u3092\u901a\u3057\u30011300\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3082\u524d\u306b\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u304c\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u8aac\u6559\u3092\u884c\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3092\u5fc3\u306e\u76ee\u3067\u898b\u305f\u6c17\u304c\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u3053\u3053\u306b\u5e83\u304c\u308b\u5e73\u91ce\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u8aac\u6559\u5e2b\u305f\u3061\u304c\u6570\u3048\u304d\u308c\u306a\u3044\u7a0b\u306e\u7fa4\u8846\u3092\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u8a71\u3059\u306e\u3092\u5fc3\u306b\u601d\u3044\u6d6e\u304b\u3079\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3053\u305d\u304c\u5927\u5de1\u793c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d76\u9802\u70b9\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30e9\u30d5\u30a1\u306b\u96c6\u307e\u308b\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306e\u7f6a\u304c\u8d66\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u7948\u9858\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u795e\u306b\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3086\u3048\u306b\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5e73\u91ce\u3067\u306e\u5100\u793c\u3092\u7d42\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u3088\u3046\u559c\u3005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d6\u308a\u7d44\u307f\u3001\u7f6a\u306a\u304f\u751f\u307e\u308c\u5909\u308f\u3063\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306a\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u3001\u5e0c\u671b\u306b\u6e80\u3061\u305f\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u308b\u4eba\u751f\u306e\u4e00\u9801\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff082\uff0f2\uff09\uff1a\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u306e\u5100\u793c<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u4e09\u65e5\u76ee\u306e\u591c\u660e\u3051\u524d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30e0\u30ba\u30c0\u30ea\u30d5\u30a1\u304b\u3089\u30df\u30ca\u30fc\u3078\u3068\u96c6\u56e3\u79fb\u52d5\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u4e8b\u524d\u306b\u96c6\u3081\u3066\u304a\u3044\u305f\u5c0f\u77f3\u3092\u767d\u3044\u8af8\u67f1\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u653e\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5100\u793c\u306f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u306b\u307e\u3064\u308f\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u67f1\u3078\u3068\u5c0f\u77f3\u3092\u4e03\u500b\u305a\u3064\u6295\u3052\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u60aa\u9b54\u306e\u56c1\u304d\u3092\u632f\u308a\u5207\u3063\u3066\u795e\u306e\u547d\u4ee4\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u606f\u5b50\u3092\u72a0\u7272\u306b\u6367\u3052\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u306e\u7269\u8a9e\u3092\u601d\u3044\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u6295\u77f3\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306b\u3088\u308b\u60aa\u306e\u6255\u62ed\u3092\u8c61\u5fb4\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f1\u5ea6\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u3092\u8c61\u5fb4\u3059\u308b\u6570\u3067\u3042\u308b7\u5ea6\u306b\u6e21\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6295\u77f3\u5f8c\u3001\u5927\u534a\u306e\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30e4\u30ae\u3001\u7f8a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u52d5\u7269\u3092\u5c60\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8089\u306f\u8ca7\u3057\u3044\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u5206\u3051\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u305f\u3061\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u5100\u793c\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306e\u610f\u5fd7\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u606f\u5b50\u3092\u72a0\u7272\u306b\u6367\u3052\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3001\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u306e\u732e\u8eab\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3051\u304c\u3048\u306e\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3092\u5931\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3082\u53ad\u308f\u306a\u3044\u6c7a\u610f\u3092\u8c61\u5fb4\u3057\u3001\u795e\u306e\u610f\u5fd7\u3078\u306e\u670d\u5f93\u304c\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u7cbe\u795e\u3092\u60f3\u8d77\u3055\u305b\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u304c\u6075\u307e\u308c\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u3005\u3078\u3068\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u306a\u7ce7\u3092\u914d\u5206\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u795e\u3078\u306e\u611f\u8b1d\u306e\u6c17\u6301\u3061\u3082\u601d\u3044\u8d77\u3053\u3055\u305b\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u7d42\u4e86\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u30a4\u30d5\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u8131\u3044\u3067\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u8863\u670d\u3092\u7740\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u65e5\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u305f\u3061\u306f\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u72a0\u7272\u3092\u6367\u3052\u3001“\u30a4\u30fc\u30c9\u30eb\uff1d\u30a2\u30c9\u30cf\u30fc”\uff08\u72a0\u7272\u796d\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u796d\u65e5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u559c\u3073\u3092\u5206\u304b\u3061\u5408\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6e05\u6d44\u306a\u72b6\u614b\u304b\u3089\u8131\u3059\u308b\u5370\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7537\u6027\u306f\u5243\u9aea\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u65ad\u9aea\u3057\u3001\u5973\u6027\u306f\u675f\u306d\u305f\u982d\u9aea\u306e\u4e00\u7aef\u306b\u30cf\u30b5\u30df\u3092\u5165\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u8b19\u905c\u306e\u8c61\u5fb4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u592b\u5a66\u9593\u306e\u8089\u4f53\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u7981\u6b62\u4e8b\u9805\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u89e3\u304b\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f9d\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30df\u30ca\u30fc\u306b\u7559\u307e\u308b\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306b\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u3078\u3068\u5411\u304b\u3044\u3001\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8<\/em>\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6b21\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5100\u793c\u3092\u884c\u306a\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a\u305d\u308c\u306f\u7948\u9858\u3057\u3064\u3064\u30ab\u30a2\u30d0\u306e\u5468\u308a\u3092\u4e03\u5ea6\u306b\u6e21\u3063\u3066\u5468\u56de\u3059\u308b\u3001\u30bf\u30ef\u30fc\u30d5<\/em>\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u6027\u3092\u8868\u8c61\u5316\u3059\u308b\u30ab\u30a2\u30d0\u306e\u5468\u56de\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6d3b\u52d5\u306f\u795e\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3053\u3068\u304c\u793a\u5506\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u795e\u3068\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u3082\u8c61\u5fb4\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3078\u306e\u6539\u5b97\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u30fb\u30b8\u30aa\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u30a3\u30c3\u30af\u8a8c\u306e\u5199\u771f\u5bb6\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u30c8\u30fc\u30de\u30b9\u30fb\u30a2\u30d0\u30fc\u30af\u30ed\u30f3\u30d3\u30fc\u306f\u30011970\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8<\/em>\u3092\u884c\u306a\u3044\u3001\u5468\u56de\u306e\u969b\u306b\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u304c\u611f\u3058\u308b\u7d71\u4e00\u611f\u3068\u8abf\u548c\u3092\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8868\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u6211\u3005\u306f\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u306e\u7948\u9858\u3092\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u8056\u6bbf\u3092\u4e03\u5468\u3057\u305f\uff1a‘\u4e3b\u306a\u308b\u795e\u3088\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u9060\u9694\u306e\u5730\u304b\u3089\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3078\u99b3\u305b\u53c2\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u7389\u5ea7\u306e\u4e0b\u306b\u79c1\u3078\u306e\u5e87\u8b77\u3092\u304a\u4e0e\u3048\u4e0b\u3055\u3044\u3002’\u53d9\u60c5\u7684\u306a\u7948\u9858\u306b\u9ad8\u63da\u3055\u308c\u3064\u3064\u6e26\u5dfb\u304f\u7fa4\u8846\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u6211\u3005\u306f\u539f\u5b50\u306e\u6cd5\u5247\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u795e\u306e\u9928\u306e\u8ecc\u9053\u306b\u4e57\u308a\u3001\u8af8\u60d1\u661f\u3068\u8abf\u548c\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5468\u56de\u306e\u969b\u3001\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u9ed2\u77f3\u306b\u30ad\u30b9\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u89e6\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6955\u5186\u5f62\u306e\u77f3\u306f\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u3001\u9280\u306e\u67a0\u306b\u521d\u3081\u3066\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u30cf\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30b9\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u3068\u30a4\u30b7\u30de\u30a8\u30eb\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5efa\u8a2d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5efa\u7269\u5143\u6765\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6b8b\u5b58\u7269\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u7279\u5225\u306a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u5360\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3053\u306e\u77f3\u306b\u30ad\u30b9\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u6700\u5927\u306e\u7406\u7531\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u304c\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u305d\u306e\u77f3\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u4e00\u5ea6\u3082\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3088\u3046\u3001\u5d07\u62dd\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3067\u306f\u6c7a\u3057\u3066\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u306f\u5168\u304f\u5e30\u5c5e\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u306e\u30a6\u30de\u30eb\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30cf\u30c3\u30bf\u30fc\u30d6\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3092\u6a21\u5023\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u3067\u305d\u306e\u77f3\u3092\u30ad\u30b9\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5ba3\u8a00\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3053\u306e\u4ef6\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u79c1\u306f\u3053\u308c\u304c\u76ca\u306e\u306a\u304f\u5bb3\u3082\u306a\u3044\u5358\u306a\u308b\u77f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3082\u3057\u9810\u8a00\u8005<\/strong> - <\/strong>\u795e\u306e\u795d\u798f\u3068\u5e73\u5b89\u3042\u308c<\/strong> - <\/strong>\u304c\u3053\u308c\u306b\u53e3\u3065\u3051\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3092\u79c1\u304c\u76ee\u306b\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u305d\u3046\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002”<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30bf\u30ef\u30fc\u30d5<\/em>\u306e\u7d42\u4e86\u5f8c\u3001\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u304c\u30ab\u30a2\u30d0\u5efa\u8a2d\u6642\u306b\u7acb\u3063\u305f\u5834\u6240\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b‘\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u306e\u7acb\u3061\u51e6’\u5f8c\u65b9\u306b\u3066\u793c\u62dd\u3092\u6367\u3052\u3001\u30b6\u30e0\u30b6\u30e0\u306e\u6c34\u3092\u98f2\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306f\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u306a\u308a\u5f97\u308b\u5100\u793c\u306f\u3001“\u52aa\u529b\u3059\u308b”\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6301\u3064\u30b5<\/em>\u30a2<\/em>\u30a4<\/em>\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001“\u4e0d\u6bdb\u306e\u6e13\u8c37”\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u5834\u6240\u306b\u9023\u308c\u3066\u884c\u304b\u308c\u305f\u30cf\u30ac\u30eb\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e73\u5150\u30a4\u30b7\u30de\u30a8\u30eb\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u884c\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3001\u5fd8\u308c\u96e3\u3044\u9038\u8a71\u306e\u518d\u73fe\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b5<\/em>\u30a2<\/em>\u30a4<\/em>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30b7\u30de\u30a8\u30eb\u306e\u6e07\u304d\u3092\u7652\u305d\u3046\u3068\u6c34\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u30cf\u30ac\u30eb\u306e\u5fc5\u6b7b\u306e\u63a2\u7d22\u304c\u8a18\u5ff5\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u30a2\u30c3\uff1d\u30b5\u30d5\u30a1\u30fc\u3068\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30eb\u30ef\u306e2\u3064\u306e\u4e18\u306e\u9593\u30927\u56de\u306b\u6e21\u3063\u3066\u99c6\u3051\u5de1\u308a\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u30b6\u30e0\u30b6\u30e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u8056\u6c34\u306e\u6cc9\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6c34\u306f\u30a4\u30b7\u30de\u30a8\u30eb\u306e\u5c0f\u3055\u306a\u8db3\u5143\u304b\u3089\u5947\u8de1\u7684\u306b\u6e67\u304d\u51fa\u305f\u6cc9\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u3067\u3082\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u540c\u3058\u5834\u6240\u304b\u3089\u6efe\u3005\u3068\u6e67\u304d\u51fa\u308b\u3053\u306e\u6c34\u3092\u98f2\u3080\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306b\u3001“\u5927\u5de1\u793c”\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8<\/em>\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u306b\u3001“\u5c0f\u5de1\u793c”\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30a6\u30e0\u30e9<\/em>\u3092\u884c\u306a\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8a8d\u53ef\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3082\u884c\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8<\/em>\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308a\u3001\u30a6\u30e0\u30e9<\/em>\u306f\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u306e\u307f\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3001\u307e\u305f\u5e74\u9593\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30d5\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0<\/em>\u3001\u30bf\u30eb\u30d3\u30e4<\/em>\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6e05\u6d44\u306a\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u898f\u5236\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e8b\u67c4\u306f\u30a6\u30e0\u30e9<\/em>\u3067\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3067\u306f\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8<\/em>\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u30bf\u30ef\u30fc\u30d5<\/em>\u3001\u30b5<\/em>\u30a2<\/em>\u30a4<\/em>\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5243\u9aea\uff08\u307e\u305f\u306f\u65ad\u9aea\uff09\u306e\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u5100\u793c\u304c\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u3084\u8a2a\u554f\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u9075\u5b88\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30a6\u30e0\u30e9\u3067<\/em>\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u72ec\u81ea\u3067\u3042\u308b\u8056\u57df\u3078\u306e\u656c\u610f\u304c\u8c61\u5fb4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“13\u4e16\u7d00\u7d4c\u3063\u305f\u4eca\u3067\u3082\u3001\uff08\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\uff09\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u611f\u306f\u5f53\u6642\u3068\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306b\u751f\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f7c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6563\u5728\u3057\u305f\u6751\u843d\u3060\u3063\u305f\u30e4\u30b9\u30ea\u30d6\u306f\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u90fd\u5e02\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u4eca\u65e5\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u307e\u3067\u672a\u3060\u304b\u3064\u3066\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u306e\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u90fd\u5e02\u3082\u611b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u7a0b\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u611b\u3055\u308c\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u6765\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u90fd\u5e02\u306b\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u540d\u524d\u304c\u672a\u3060\u306b\u306a\u304f\u300113\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u6e21\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30de\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30ca\u30c8\u30a5\u30f3\uff1d\u30ca\u30d3\u30fc<\/em>\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a‘\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u753a’\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3066\u6765\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30021,300\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9593\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u591a\u304f\u306e\u611b\u60c5\u304c\u5bc4\u305b\u3089\u308c\u3066\u6765\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306e\u5f62\u3084\u52d5\u304d\u306f\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u306a\u96f0\u56f2\u6c17\u3092\u898b\u305b\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u5916\u89b3\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306f\u5171\u901a\u306e\u97f3\u8272\u3078\u3068\u8abf\u548c\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“<\/strong>\u656c\u8654\u306a\u5de1\u793c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5831\u5968\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5929\u56fd\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u4f55\u3067\u3082\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30a2\u30c3\uff1d\u30c6\u30a3\u30eb\u30df\u30ba\u30a3\u30fc\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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