{"title":"Uri Avnery","author":{"id":3411,"name":"Uri Avnery","slug":"uri_avnery","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-12-07T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-12-07T09:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Uri Avnery"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":2951,"title":"Muhammad\u2019s Sword","slug":"muhammads-sword","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:muhammads-sword","hint":"

\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644:<\/span><\/strong><\/span> \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\r\n

\r\n\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641:<\/span> \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0646\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\r\n
\r\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631:<\/span> \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>","body":"

Muhammad’s Sword<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"
<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (part 1 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Since the days when Roman Emperors threw Christians to the lions, the relations between the emperors and the heads of the church have undergone many changes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Constantine the Great, who became Emperor in the year 306 - exactly 1700 years ago - encouraged the practice of Christianity in the empire, which included Palestine.  Centuries later, the church split into an Eastern (Orthodox) and a Western (Catholic) part.  In the West, the Bishop of Rome, who acquired the title of Pope, demanded that the Emperor accept his superiority.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The struggle between the Emperors and the Popes played a central role in European history and divided the peoples.  It knew ups and downs.  Some Emperors dismissed or expelled a Pope, some Popes dismissed or excommunicated an Emperor.  One of the Emperors, Henry IV, “walked to Canossa”, standing for three days barefoot in the snow in front of the Pope’s castle, until the Pope deigned to annul his excommunication.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

But there were times when Emperors and Popes lived in peace with each other.  We are witnessing such a period today.  Between the present Pope, Benedict XVI, and the present Emperor, George Bush II, there exists a wonderful harmony.  Last week’s speech by the Pope, which aroused a world-wide storm, went well with Bush’s crusade against “Islamofascism”, in the context of the “Clash of Civilizations”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In his lecture at a German university, the 265th Pope described what he sees as a huge difference between Christianity and Islam: while Christianity is based on reason, Islam denies it.  While Christians see the logic of God’s actions, Muslims deny that there is any such logic in the actions of Allah.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As a Jewish atheist, I do not intend to enter the fray of this debate.  It is much beyond my humble abilities to understand the logic of the Pope.  But I cannot overlook one passage, which concerns me too, as an Israeli living near the fault-line of this “war of civilizations”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In order to prove the lack of reason in Islam, the Pope asserts that the prophet Muhammad ordered his followers to spread their religion by the sword.  According to the Pope, that is unreasonable, because faith is born of the soul, not of the body.  How can the sword influence the soul?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

To support his case, the Pope quoted - of all people - a Byzantine Emperor, who belonged, of course, to the competing Eastern Church.  At the end of the 14th century, the Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus told of a debate he had - or so he said (its occurrence is in doubt) - with an unnamed Persian Muslim scholar.  In the heat of the argument, the Emperor (according to himself) flung the following words at his adversary:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Show me just what Mohammed brought that was new, and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

These words give rise to three questions: (a)            Why did the Emperor say them?  (b)        Are they true?  (c)        Why did the present Pope quote them?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

WHEN MANUEL II wrote his treatise, he was the head of a dying empire.  He assumed power in 1391, when only a few provinces of the once illustrious empire remained.  These, too, were already under Turkish threat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

At that point in time, the Ottoman Turks had reached the banks of the Danube.  They had conquered Bulgaria and the north of Greece, and had twice defeated relieving armies sent by Europe to save the Eastern Empire.  On May 29, 1453, only a few years after Manuel’s death, his capital, Constantinople (the present Istanbul) fell to the Turks, putting an end to the Empire that had lasted for more than a thousand years.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

During his reign, Manuel made the rounds of the capitals of Europe in an attempt to drum up support.  He promised to reunite the church.  There is no doubt that he wrote his religious treatise in order to incite the Christian countries against the Turks and convince them to start a new crusade.  The aim was practical, theology was serving politics.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In this sense, the quote serves exactly the requirements of the present Emperor, George Bush II.  He, too, wants to unite the Christian world against the mainly Muslim \u0093Axis of Evil”.  Moreover, the Turks are again knocking on the doors of Europe, this time peacefully.  It is well known that the Pope supports the forces that object to the entry of Turkey into the European Union.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Is there any truth in Manuel’s argument?[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Disclaimer: All views of this author are not held by IslamReligion nor purported by Islam –IslamReligion<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (part 2 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

The pope himself threw in a word of caution.  As a serious and renowned theologian, he could not afford to falsify written texts.  Therefore, he admitted that the Quran specifically forbade the spreading of the faith by force.  He quoted the second Sura, verse 256 (strangely fallible, for a pope, he meant verse 257) which says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“There must be no coercion in matters of faith.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

How can one ignore such an unequivocal statement?  The Pope simply argues that this commandment was laid down by the prophet when he was at the beginning of his career, still weak and powerless, but that later on he ordered the use of the sword in the service of the faith.  Such an order does not exist in the Quran.  True, Muhammad called for the use of the sword in his war against opposing tribes - Christian, Jewish and others - in Arabia, when he was building his state.  But that was a political act, not a religious one; basically a fight for territory, not for the spreading of the faith.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jesus said: “You will recognize them by their fruits.”  The treatment of other religions by Islam must be judged by a simple test: How did the Muslim rulers behave for more than a thousand years, when they had the power to “spread the faith by the sword”?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Well, they just did not.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

For many centuries, the Muslims ruled Greece.  Did the Greeks become Muslims?  Did anyone even try to Islamize them?  On the contrary, Christian Greeks held the highest positions in the Ottoman administration.  The Bulgarians, Serbs, Romanians, Hungarians and other European nations lived at one time or another under Ottoman rule and clung to their Christian faith.  Nobody compelled them to become Muslims and all of them remained devoutly Christian.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

True, the Albanians did convert to Islam, and so did the Bosniaks.  But nobody argues that they did this under duress.  They adopted Islam in order to become favorites of the government and enjoy the fruits.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In 1099, the Crusaders conquered Jerusalem and massacred its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants indiscriminately, in the name of the gentle Jesus.  At that time, 400 years into the occupation of Palestine by the Muslims, Christians were still the majority in the country.  Throughout this long period, no effort was made to impose Islam on them.  Only after the expulsion of the Crusaders from the country, did the majority of the inhabitants start to adopt the Arabic language and the Muslim faith - and they were the forefathers of most of today’s Palestinians.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

There is no evidence whatsoever of any attempt to impose Islam on the Jews.  As is well known, under Muslim rule the Jews of Spain enjoyed a bloom the like of which the Jews did not enjoy anywhere else until almost our time.  Poets like Yehuda Halevy wrote in Arabic, as did the great Maimonides.  In Muslim Spain, Jews were ministers, poets, scientists.  In Muslim Toledo, Christian, Jewish and Muslim scholars worked together and translated the ancient Greek philosophical and scientific texts.  That was, indeed, the Golden Age.  How would this have been possible, had the Prophet decreed the “spreading of the faith by the sword”?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

What happened afterwards is even more telling.  When the Catholics re-conquered Spain from the Muslims, they instituted a reign of religious terror.  The Jews and the Muslims were presented with a cruel choice: to become Christians, to be massacred or to leave.  And where did the hundreds of thousand of Jews, who refused to abandon their faith, escape?  Almost all of them were received with open arms in the Muslim countries.  The Sephardi (“Spanish”) Jews settled all over the Muslim world, from Morocco in the west to Iraq in the east, from Bulgaria (then part of the Ottoman Empire) in the north to Sudan in the south.  Nowhere were they persecuted.  They knew nothing like the tortures of the Inquisition, the flames of the auto-da-fe, the pogroms, the terrible mass-expulsions that took place in almost all Christian countries, up to the Holocaust.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Why?  Because Islam expressly prohibited any persecution of the “peoples of the book”[1]<\/a>.  In Islamic society, a special place was reserved for Jews and Christians.  They did not enjoy completely equal rights, but almost.  They had to pay a special poll-tax, but were exempted from military service - a trade-off that was quite welcome to many Jews.  It has been said that Muslim rulers frowned upon any attempt to convert Jews to Islam even by gentle persuasion - because it entailed the loss of taxes[2]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Every honest Jew who knows the history of his people cannot but feel a deep sense of gratitude to Islam, which has protected the Jews for fifty generations, while the Christian world persecuted the Jews and tried many times “by the sword” to get them to abandon their faith.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The story about “spreading the faith by the sword” is an evil legend, one of the myths that grew up in Europe during the great wars against the Muslims - the reconquista of Spain by the Christians, the Crusades and the repulsion of the Turks, who almost conquered Vienna.  I suspect that the German Pope, too, honestly believes in these fables.  That means that the leader of the Catholic world, who is a Christian theologian in his own right, did not make the effort to study the history of other religions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Why did he utter these words in public?  And why now?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

There is no escape from viewing them against the background of the new Crusade of Bush and his evangelist supporters, with his slogans of “Islamofascism” and the “Global War on Terrorism” - when “terrorism” has become a synonym for Muslims.  For Bush’s handlers, this is a cynical attempt to justify the domination of the world’s oil resources.  Not for the first time in history, a religious robe is spread to cover the nakedness of economic interests; not for the first time, a robbers’ expedition becomes a Crusade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The speech of the Pope blends into this effort.  Who can foretell the dire consequences?[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Not only “Peoples of the Book”, but oppression of all others as well- IslamReligion<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The author is mistaken in this statement, as the tax imposed upon non-Muslims was insubstantial to other means of generating public income. Rather, all Muslims encouraged and will continue to encourage others to enter its fold - IslamReligion<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Disclaimer: All views of this author are not held by IslamReligion nor purported by Islam –IslamReligion<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":25711,"lft":5721,"rght":5736,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-07T20:54:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T09:03:47.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":13,"author_id":3411,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":2,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"Uri Avnery","category_name":"Muhammad (PBUH)","category_slug":"Muhammad-(PBUH)","get_date":"2014-12-07","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx"},{"id":2952,"title":"La espada de Muhammad","slug":"la-espada-de-muhammad","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:la-espada-de-muhammad","hint":"","body":"

La espada de Muhammad<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"
<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Desde aquellos días en que el Imperio Romano arrojaba a los cristianos a los leones, la relación entre los emperadores y los líderes de la iglesia ha cambiado mucho.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Constantino el Grande, quien se convirtió en Emperador en el año 306, exactamente hace 1700 años, difundió el cristianismo en el imperio que incluía Palestina. Siglos después, la Iglesia se dividió en la de Oriente (Ortodoxa) y la de Occidente (Católica). En Occidente, el Obispo de Roma, que adquirió el título de Papa, demandó que el Emperador aceptara su superioridad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La puja entre los emperadores y los papas jugó un rol central en la historia europea y dividió a los pueblos. Tuvo numerosos altibajos. Algunos emperadores destituyeron o expulsaron a un papa, algunos papas destituyeron o excomulgaron a algún emperador. Uno de los emperadores, Enrique VI, “caminó hasta Canossa” por tres días, descalzo en la nieve frente al castillo del Papa, hasta que el Papa se dignó a anular su excomunión.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Pero hubo momentos en que los emperadores y los papas convivieron armoniosamente. Todavía somos testigos de ese período en la actualidad. Entre el Papa actual, Benedicto XVI, y el actual Emperador, George Bush II, existe una maravillosa armonía. El discurso de la última semana dado por el Papa, que levantó una tormenta en diversas partes del mundo, estuvo en concordancia con la cruzada de George Bush contra el “Islamofascismo”, en el contexto del “Choque de Civilizaciones”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En su lectura ante una universidad alemana, el Papa 265 describió lo que él ve como una inmensa diferencia entre el cristianismo y el Islam: mientras el cristianismo está basado en la razón, el Islam la niega; mientras el cristianismo ve la lógica de las acciones de Dios, los musulmanes niegan que haya alguna lógica en las acciones de Dios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como israelí ateo, no pretendo ingresar en este debate. Está mucho más allá de mis humildes habilidades la “lógica” del Papa. Pero no puedo omitir un pasaje que llamó mi atención, como un israelí viviendo cerca de la línea de fuego de esta “guerra de civilizaciones”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Para demostrar la falta de razón en el Islam, el Papa asegura que el Profeta Muhammad ordenó a sus seguidores esparcir su religión a punta de espada. De acuerdo al Papa, esto es irracional, porque la fe nace en el alma, y no en el cuerpo, ¿Cómo puede la espada tener incidencia sobre el alma?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Para apoyar su argumento, el Papa citó (de entre todas las personas) a un emperador bizantino que perteneció, por supuesto, a la Iglesia de Oriente. Al final del siglo catorce, el Emperador Manuel II Paleólogo dijo de un debate que había sostenido, según él (cómo sucedió está en duda), con un erudito musulmán persa anónimo. En el calor de la discusión, el Emperador (según su propio relato) le lanzó las siguientes palabras a su adversario:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Muéstrame simplemente qué trajo Muhammad de nuevo, sino cosas malvadas e inhumanas, tal como su orden de difundir por la espada la fe que él predicaba”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Estas palabras suscitan tres preguntas:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a)     ¿En qué contexto dijo el Emperador estas palabras?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b)     ¿Es cierto lo que dijo?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

c)     ¿Por qué citó el Papa actual estas palabras?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cuando Manuel II escribió su tratado, él era la cabeza de un imperio decadente. Asumió el poder en 1391, cuando sólo quedaban unas pocas provincias en posesión del que había sido un ilustre imperio. Las que le quedaban, estaban también bajo la amenaza de los turcos otomanos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En aquel tiempo, los turcos otomanos habían alcanzado las costas del Danubio. Habían conquistado Bulgaria y el norte de Grecia, y habían derrotado en dos oportunidades a los ejércitos enviados por Europa para salvar el Imperio del Oriente. El 29 de Mayo de 1453, sólo unos pocos años después de la muerte de Manuel, su capital, Constantinopla (actual Estambul), cayó en manos de los turcos, poniendo fin al Imperio Bizantino que había durado más de mil años.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Durante su reinado, Manuel visitó las capitales de Europa en un intento de buscar apoyo. Prometió reunificar la Iglesia. No hay duda de que él escribió su tratado religioso para incitar a los países cristianos contra los turcos y convencerlos de comenzar una nueva Cruzada. Su objetivo fue práctico: aquí la teología no servía más que para fines políticos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En este sentido, la cita sirve perfectamente a los requerimientos del presente Emperador, George Bush II. Él también quiere unir al mundo cristiano contra la amenaza musulmana del “Eje del Mal”. Más aún, los turcos todavía están golpeando las puertas de Europa, esta vez pacíficamente. Es bien sabido que el Papa apoya a las fuerzas que se oponen al ingreso de Turquía en la Unión Europea.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

¿Hay alguna verdad en el argumento de Manuel II?[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Aclaración: No todas las opiniones vertidas por el autor son compartidas por IslamReligion o aceptadas por el Islam. (IslamReligion<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

El mismo Papa se lanzó con precaución. Como un teólogo serio y renombrado, no se podía permitir falsificar textos sagrados. Por lo tanto, admitió que el Corán prohíbe específicamente difundir la fe por la fuerza. Citó el versículo 256 del segundo capítulo (extrañamente falló, para ser un Papa, porque quiso decir 257), que dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“No debe haber coerción en asuntos de fe”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

¿Cómo puede uno ignorar tal afirmación inequívoca? El Papa simplemente argumentó que esta orden fue promulgada por el Profeta en los comienzos de su carrera, todavía demasiado débil y sin influencia, pero que más tarde ordenó el uso de la espada al servicio de la fe. Semejante orden no existe en el Corán. En verdad, Muhammad hizo un llamado a la guerra contra las tribus enemigas (idólatras, judíos y cristianos) cuando estaba construyendo su Estado. Pero este fue un acto político, no religioso; básicamente, una lucha por el territorio, no por la difusión de la fe.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jesús dijo: “Por sus frutos los conoceréis”. El trato que el Islam da a las otras religiones puede ser juzgado de una forma muy simple: ¿Cómo se han comportado los gobernantes musulmanes a lo largo de más de mil años, cuando ellos tuvieron el poder de “difundir la fe por la espada”?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bueno, simplemente no lo hicieron.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Durante muchos siglos los musulmanes gobernaron Grecia. ¿Acaso los griegos se convirtieron en musulmanes? ¿Intentó siquiera alguien islamizarlos? Por el contrario, los cristianos griegos mantenían una alta posición en la administración otomana. Los búlgaros, los serbios, los rumanos, los húngaros y otras naciones europeas vivieron en un tiempo u otro bajo el gobierno otomano, y se aferraron a la fe cristiana. Nadie los forzó a convertirse en musulmanes y todos ellos permanecieron devotamente como cristianos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sin embargo, los albaneses se convirtieron al Islam, y así también los bosnios. Pero nadie argumentaría que lo hicieron bajo coacción o presión. Ellos adoptaron el Islam para obtener los favores del gobierno y disfrutaron sus frutos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En 1099, los cruzados conquistaron Jerusalén y masacraron a los musulmanes, a los judíos, y a muchos cristianos orientales que allí vivían, indiscriminadamente, en el nombre del gentil Jesús. En aquel momento, tras 400 años de presencia musulmana en Palestina, los cristianos todavía eran mayoría en el país. A través de este largo período, no se hizo ningún esfuerzo para imponerles el Islam. Sólo después de la expulsión de los cruzados del país, la mayoría de los habitantes comenzaron a adoptar la lengua árabe y la fe musulmana, y ellos fueron los antepasados de la mayoría de los palestinos actuales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No hay ninguna evidencia de que se hubiese realizado algún intento o esfuerzo por imponer el Islam a los judíos. Como es bien sabido, bajo el gobierno musulmán los judíos de España disfrutaron de un florecimiento sin paralelo en la historia. Poetas como Yehudá Halevy escribieron en árabe, así también lo hizo el gran Maimónides. En la España musulmana, los judíos fueron ministros, poetas y científicos. En la Toledo musulmana, los eruditos cristianos, judíos y musulmanes trabajaron juntos para traducir los textos científicos de los antiguos filósofos griegos. Esa fue ciertamente la Era de Oro. ¿Cómo habría sido esto posible si el Profeta hubiera decretado “difundir la fe islámica a punta de espada”?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Lo que sucedió después es aún más aleccionador. Cuando los reyes católicos reconquistaron España de manos de los musulmanes, establecieron un reinado religioso de terror. A los judíos y a los musulmanes españoles se les obligó a tomar una cruel decisión: o convertirse al catolicismo, exiliarse o morir. ¿Y a dónde escaparon los cientos de miles de judíos que se rehusaron a abandonar su fe? Casi todos ellos fueron recibidos con los brazos abiertos en los países musulmanes. Los judíos sefaradíes (“españoles”) se establecieron en todas partes del mundo musulmán, desde Marruecos en el oeste hasta Irak en el este, desde Bulgaria (entonces parte del Imperio Otomano) en el norte hasta Sudán en el sur. En ninguno de estos lugares fueron perseguidos. Ellos no conocieron nada comparable a las torturas de la Inquisición ni a las llamas de los “autos de fe”, los pogromos, las terribles expulsiones masivas que tuvieron lugar en casi todos los países cristianos, hasta el Holocausto.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

¿Por qué? Porque el Islam prohíbe expresamente cualquier persecución a la “Gente del Libro”[1]<\/a>. En la sociedad islámica, hay un lugar especial reservado a los judíos y cristianos. No disfrutan exactamente de los mismos derechos, pero casi. Deben pagar un impuesto, pero están exentos del servicio militar, un trato que sería bienvenido por muchos judíos. Se ha dicho que los gobernantes musulmanes fruncían el ceño ante cualquier intento de convertir a los judíos aún a través de la gentil persuasión, a causa de que esto implicaba una pérdida de los impuestos[2]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cada judío honesto que conoce la historia de su pueblo no puede sino sentir una profunda gratitud hacia el Islam, que ha protegido a los judíos durante cincuenta generaciones, mientras el mundo cristiano persiguió a los judíos y trató muchas veces de obligarlos a abandonar su fe “por medio de la espada”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La historia de “esparcir la fe a punta de espada” es una leyenda malvada, uno de los mitos que surgieron en Europa durante las grandes guerras contra los musulmanes, la reconquista de España por los cristianos, las Cruzadas, y la repulsión de los turcos, que casi conquistaron Viena. Yo sospecho que el Papa alemán, también, honestamente cree en estas fábulas. Eso significa que el líder del mundo católico, que es un teólogo cristiano por propio derecho, no ha hecho ningún esfuerzo por estudiar la historia de otras religiones.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

¿Por qué pronunció él estas palabras en público? ¿Y por qué justo ahora?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No hay otra forma de entenderlas sino a la luz de la nueva Cruzada de Bush y sus acólitos evangelistas, con sus banderas del “Islamofascismo” y la “Guerra Global contra el Terrorismo”, cuando “terrorismo” se ha vuelto sinónimo de musulmanes. Para las multinacionales que Bush representa, este es un cínico intento de justificar la dominación de los recursos petrolíferos del mundo. No es la primera vez en la historia que se cubre la cruda desnudez y voracidad de los intereses económicos con un manto de religiosidad: no es la primera vez que la expedición de un ladrón se convierte en una Cruzada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El discurso del Papa armoniza con estos esfuerzos. ¿Quién puede predecir sus horribles consecuencias?[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> No solamente a la Gente del Libro, sino a toda la gente en general.  (IslamReligion<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> El autor se equivoca en esta afirmación, ya que el impuesto que se le imponía a los no musulmanes era insustancial comparado con otros medios de generar ingreso público; por el contrario, los musulmanes en el pasado, en el presente y en el futuro siempre verán con buenos ojos invitar a las personas a ingresar al Islam. (IslamReligion<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Aclaración: No todas las opiniones del autor son compartidas por IslamReligion ni representan al Islam. (IslamReligion<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":21631,"lft":5722,"rght":5723,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-07T21:01:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T08:56:35.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":13,"author_id":3411,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":2,"parent_id":2951,"author_name":"Uri Avnery","category_name":"Muhammad (PBUH)","category_slug":"Muhammad-(PBUH)","get_date":"2014-12-07","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx"},{"id":2953,"title":"L\u2019\u00e9p\u00e9e de Mohammed","slug":"lpe-de-mohammed","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/548442cd-a154-4541-89aa-2658b8adb1fd-fr-The Tolerance of the Prophet towards Other Religions.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/548442cd-428c-4ca5-afc6-2658b8adb1fd-fr-The Tolerance of the Prophet towards Other Religions.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:lpe-de-mohammed","hint":"","body":"

L’épée de Mohammed<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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<\/h1>\r\n

(partie 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Depuis l’époque où les empereurs romains jetaient les chrétiens aux lions, les relations entre les empereurs et les responsables de l’Église ont connu de profondes modifications.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Constantin le Grand, proclamé empereur romain en 306, encourageait la pratique du christianisme, au sein de l’empire, qui incluait alors la Palestine.  Des siècles plus tard, l’Église se divisa en deux parties : l’orientale (orthodoxe) et l’occidentale (catholique).  À l’Ouest, l’évêque de Rome, auquel on donna le titre de Pape, exigea que sa supériorité soit reconnue par l’empereur.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La lutte incessante entre les empereurs et les papes joua un rôle central dans l’histoire de l’Europe et divisa les peuples.  Certains empereurs démirent des papes de leurs fonctions et des papes allèrent jusqu’à excommunier des empereurs.  L’empereur Henry IV, en pénitence à Canossa, se tint trois jours durant, pieds nus dans la neige, devant le château du Pape, jusqu’à ce que ce dernier daigne annuler l’excommunication qu’il avait prononcée contre lui.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mais il y eut certaines périodes où les empereurs et les papes vécurent sans animosité.  D’ailleurs, c’est le cas de nos jours.  En effet, entre le pape actuel, Benoît XVI, et celui qui présidait les États-Unis avant l’actuel président, c’est-à-dire George Bush II, il existait une parfaite harmonie.  L’un des discours du pape, qui souleva une tempête au niveau mondial, allait parfaitement de pair avec la croisade de Bush contre « l’islamofascisme », dans le contexte du « choc des civilisations ».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dans ce discours, prononcé dans une université allemande, le 265e<\/sup> pape a décrit ce qu’il considère comme une énorme différence entre le christianisme et l’islam : tandis que, selon lui, le christianisme est basé sur la raison, l’islam la nie.  Tandis que les chrétiens comprennent la logique derrière les actions de Dieu, les musulmans nient toute logique derrière ces actions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En tant que juif athée, je n’avais pas l’intention de me jeter dans la mêlée.  Car comprendre la logique du pape se situe bien au-delà de mes humbles capacités.  Mais il y a un passage de son discours que je ne peux tout simplement pas ignorer, car il me concerne, en tant qu’Israélien vivant près de la faille de cette « guerre des civilisations ».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Pour tenter de démontrer l’absence de raison dans l’islam, le pape a affirmé que le prophète Mohammed aurait ordonné à ses fidèles de propager la religion par l’épée.  Selon le pape, il s’agit là d’une méthode déraisonnable, car la foi vient de l’âme et non du corps.  Alors comment l’épée peut-elle influencer l’âme?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Pour soutenir ses propos, le pape a poursuivi en citant un empereur byzantin qui appartenait, évidemment, à l’Église orientale orthodoxe.  À la fin du 14e<\/sup> siècle, l’empereur Manuel II Paléologue fit référence à un débat qu’il avait eu (ou du moins le prétendait-il, car il s’agit d’un fait qui n’a pas été démontré hors de tout doute) avec un érudit musulman d’origine persane (qu’il ne nomme pas).  En plein cœur du débat, l’empereur (selon ses dires) lança ces paroles à son adversaire :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Montrez-moi ce que Mohammed a apporté de nouveau, et vous ne trouverez que des choses mauvaises et inhumaines, telles que son ordre de propager sa religion par l’épée. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ces paroles soulèvent quelques questions :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(a)  Pourquoi l’empereur les a-t-il prononcées?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(b)  Sont-elles vraies?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(c)  Pourquoi le pape actuel les a-t-il citées?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Lorsque Manuel II rédigea son traité, il était à la tête d’un empire moribond.  Il avait prit le pouvoir en 1391, alors qu’il ne restait que quelques provinces de cet empire autrefois illustre.  Et ces dernières se trouvaient elles aussi sous la menace turque.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

À cette époque, les Turcs ottomans avaient atteint les rives du Danube.  Ils avaient conquis la Bulgarie et le Nord de la Grèce, et avaient défait à deux reprises les armées envoyées par l’Europe pour sauver l’empire oriental.  Le 29 mai 1453, à peine quelques années après la mort de Manuel, sa capitale, Constantinople (aujourd’hui Istanbul) tomba aux mains des Turcs, mettant ainsi un terme à l’Empire qui avait duré plus de mille ans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Au cours de son règne, Manuel avait fait la tournée des capitales d’Europe pour tenter d’obtenir du soutien.  Il promit de réunir l’Église.  Il ne fait aucun doute qu’il écrivit sont traité religieux dans le but de monter les pays chrétiens contre les Turcs et de les convaincre d’entreprendre une nouvelle croisade.  L’objectif était purement pratique : la théologie au service de la politique.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En ce sens, la citation rapportée plus haut servait parfaitement les objectifs de l’empire de George Bush II.  Il voulait, lui aussi, unir le monde chrétien contre le monde musulman, le prétendu « axe du mal ».  De plus, les Turcs frappent à nouveau aux portes de l’Europe, mais cette fois, de façon pacifique.  Il est bien connu que le présent pape soutient totalement ceux qui s’opposent à l’entrée de la Turquie dans l’Union Européenne.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Y aurait-il quelque vérité dans les arguments de Manuel?[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Note : les opinions et points de vue de cet auteur ne sont pas toutes soutenues par Islamreligion, ni par l’islam – IslamReligion<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

(partie 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Le pape lui-même relativisa ses propos.  En tant qu’illustre théologien, il ne pouvait se permettre de falsifier un texte écrit.  Il admit donc que le Coran interdisait spécifiquement la propagation de la religion par la force.  Il cita le verset 256 de la seconde sourate du Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Nulle contrainte en religion. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Comment quelqu’un peut-il ignorer une telle déclaration non-équivoque?  Le pape prétend que ce commandement fut transmis au Prophète lorsque celui-ci était en tout début de mission, encore faible et impuissant, mais que plus tard, il ordonna l’utilisation de l’épée au service de la religion.  Un tel ordre n’existe pas dans le Coran.  Il est vrai que Mohammed a encouragé l’utilisation de l’épée dans sa guerre contre les tribus – chrétiennes et juives, entre autres – en Arabie, à l’époque où il érigeait son État.  Mais il s’agissait d’un acte politique et non religieux, d’abord et avant tout une guerre de territoire et non une mission de propagation de la foi.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jésus a dit : « Vous les reconnaîtrez à leurs actions ».  Le traitement des autres religions, par l’islam, doit être jugé à l’aide d’un simple test : comment les dirigeants musulmans se sont-ils comportés, durant plus d’un millénaire, quand ils avaient le pouvoir et la possibilité de « propager la religion par l’épée »?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ils n’en firent rien.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Durant de nombreux siècles, les musulmans régnèrent sur la Grèce.  Les Grecs devinrent-ils musulmans?  Fit-on des pressions, sur eux, pour qu’ils deviennent musulmans?  Au contraire, les Grecs chrétiens occupaient les positions les plus élevées au sein de l’administration ottomane.  Les Bulgares, les Serbes, les Roumains, les Hongrois, de même que d’autres peuples européens vécurent tous, à un moment ou l’autre, sous le règne ottoman; et pourtant, ils demeurèrent tous chrétiens.  Jamais ils ne furent forcés de devenir musulmans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il est vrai que les peuples albanais et bosniaque devinrent majoritairement musulmans.  Mais il n’y a personne pour affirmer que cela ce soit fait sous la contrainte.  Ils devinrent musulmans, au départ, dans l’espoir d’être les favoris du gouvernement et en tirer profit.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En 1099, les Croisés conquirent Jérusalem et y massacrèrent les musulmans et les juifs indifféremment et ce, au nom de Jésus.  À cette époque, pourtant, malgré le fait que les musulmans occupaient la Palestine depuis déjà quatre siècles, les chrétiens y étaient toujours majoritaires.  Au cours de cette longue période, aucun effort majeur n’avait été fait pour leur imposer l’islam.  Ce n’est qu’après l’expulsion des Croisés que la majorité des habitants adoptèrent petit à petit la langue arabe et la foi musulmane; nous parlons ici des ancêtres de la plupart des Palestiniens d’aujourd’hui.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il n’existe aucune preuve d’une quelconque tentative, de la part des musulmans, d’imposer l’islam aux juifs.  Il est bien connu que sous le règne musulman, en Espagne, les juifs jouirent d’un essor comme ils n’en connurent jamais par la suite, à part, peut-être, de nos jours.  Des poètes comme Yehuda Halevy écrivaient en arabe, tout comme Moïse Maïmonide.  Dans l’Espagne musulmane, il y avait des ministres, des poètes et des scientifiques juifs.  Dans le Toledo musulman, des érudits juifs, chrétiens et musulmans travaillaient ensemble et traduisirent même les textes scientifiques et philosophiques de la Grèce ancienne.  Comment tout cela aurait-il pu être possible si le prophète Mohammed avait réellement décrété la « propagation de la foi par l’épée »?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ce qui se produisit, après cette époque, est révélateur.  Lorsque les catholiques firent la reconquête de l’Espagne, ils instituèrent un règne de terreur religieuse.  Les juifs et les musulmans se retrouvèrent devant un cruel dilemme : devenir chrétiens, être massacrés ou s’exiler.  Et où les centaines de milliers de juifs, qui refusèrent d’abandonner leur foi, s’exilèrent-ils?  La quasi totalité d’entre eux fut reçue à bras ouverts en terre d’islam.  Les juifs sépharades se dispersèrent dans plusieurs pays musulmans, du Maroc, à l’ouest, à l’Irak, à l’est, et de la Bulgarie (qui faisait alors partie de l’empire ottoman), au nord, au Soudan, au sud.  Ils s’y installèrent sans être persécutés.  Ils ne connurent ni les tortures de l’Inquisition ni les flammes de l’auto-da-fé, les pogromes ou les expulsions massives qui eurent lieu dans presque tous les pays chrétiens, jusqu’à l’holocauste.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Pourquoi?  Parce que l’islam interdit explicitement la persécution des « Gens du Livre ».[1]<\/a>  Dans les sociétés islamiques, un statut spécial était réservé aux juifs et aux chrétiens.  Ils ne jouissaient pas toujours de droits égaux, mais presque.  Ils devaient payer une taxe spéciale, mais étaient exemptés du service militaire – ce que les juifs appréciaient particulièrement.  On rapporte que certains dirigeants musulmans désapprouvaient toute tentative de convertir des juifs à l’islam, même par la simple persuasion, car cela entraînait une perte, au niveau des taxes.[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Tout juif honnête qui connaît bien l’histoire de son peuple ne peut que ressentir une grande gratitude envers l’islam, qui a protégé les juifs durant plus de cinquante générations, tandis que le monde chrétien les a persécutés et a tenté, à plusieurs reprises, de leur faire abandonner leur foi « par l’épée ».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’idée, donc, selon laquelle l’islam aurait été propagé par l’épée n’est qu’un mauvais mythe, l’un de ceux qui ont pris naissance en Europe durant les grandes guerres contre les musulmans – la reconquête de l’Espagne par les chrétiens, les Croisades et la répression des Turcs, qui faillirent prendre Vienne.  Je soupçonne le pape allemand de croire, lui aussi, à ces fables.  Ce qui voudrait dire que celui qui se trouve à la tête du monde catholique et qui est un théologien chrétien à part entière n’a fait à peu près aucun effort sincère pour étudier l’histoire des autres religions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Pourquoi a-t-il prononcé ces paroles en public?  Et pourquoi à ce moment en particulier?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il est difficile de ne pas considérer ces paroles dans le contexte de la nouvelle croisade des États-Unis contre l’islam, à notre époque où le mot « terroriste » est devenu synonyme de musulman.  Pour Bush comme pour le présent gouvernement, il s’agit d’une tentative cynique de justifier la domination des ressources pétrolières de la planète.  Et ce n’est certainement pas la première fois, dans l’histoire de l’humanité, que l’argument religieux est servi pour couvrir des intérêts économiques, ni qu’une expédition de voleurs devient une croisade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le discours du Pape vient s’unir à cet effort.  Qui donc peut en prédire les terribles conséquences?[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Non seulement des « Gens du Livre », mais de tous les autres peuples également. –IslamReligion<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> L’auteur fait erreur, ici, car la taxe imposée aux non-musulmans était fort peu substantielle comparativement aux autres moyens dont disposait l’État pour générer des fonds publics.  Les musulmans ont toujours encouragé, et continuent d’encourager les autres à entrer dans l’islam. – IslamReligion<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Note : les opinions et points de vue de cet auteur ne sont pas toutes soutenues par Islamreligion, ni par l’islam – IslamReligion<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":17920,"lft":5724,"rght":5725,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-07T21:01:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T08:17:28.000000Z","language_id":9,"user_id":13,"author_id":3411,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":2,"parent_id":2951,"author_name":"Uri Avnery","category_name":"Muhammad (PBUH)","category_slug":"Muhammad-(PBUH)","get_date":"2014-12-07","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/548442cd-428c-4ca5-afc6-2658b8adb1fd-fr-The Tolerance of the Prophet towards Other Religions.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/548442cd-a154-4541-89aa-2658b8adb1fd-fr-The Tolerance of the Prophet towards Other Religions.docx"},{"id":2954,"title":"Muhammads Schwert","slug":"muhammads-schwert","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:muhammads-schwert","hint":"","body":"

Muhammads Schwert<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

(teil 1 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Seit den Zeiten als die römischen Kaiser die Christen vor die Löwen geworfen haben, haben sich die Beziehungen zwischen den Kaisern und den Oberen der Kirche strak verändert. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Karl der Große, der im Jahr 306 – vor genau 1700 Jahren – Kaiser geworden war, ordnete an, dass das Christentum in seinem Reich praktiziert werden solle, das Palästina miteinschloss.  Jahrhunderte später spaltete sich die Kirche in einen östlichen (Orthodoxen) und einen westlichen (Katholischen) Teil.  Im Westen verlangte der Bischof von Rom, der den Titel des Papstes erwarb, dass der Kaiser seine Überlegenheit akzeptierte. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Das Tauziehen zwischen den Kaisern und den Päpsten spielte in der europäischen Geschichte eine zentrale Rolle und trennte die Völker.  Es gab Höhen und Tiefen.  Mancher Kaiser setzte einen Papst ab oder vertrieb ihn, manche Päpste setzten Kaiser ab oder exkommunizierten sie.  Einer der Kaiser, Heinrich der IV, “ging nach Canossa”, stand drei Tage lang barfuß im Schnee vor der Burg des Papstes, bis sich der Papst herabließ, seine Exkommunizierung aufzuheben.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aber es gab Zeiten, in denen Kaiser und Päpste in Frieden mit einander lebten.  Wir sind heute Zeugen einer solchen Periode.  Zwischen dem gegenwärtigen Papst Benedikt dem XVI und dem gegenwärtigen Kaiser George Bush dem II herrscht eine wunderbare Harmonie.  Die Rede des Papstes letzte Woche, die einen weltweiten Sturm entfachte, passte sehr gut zu Bushs Kreuzzug gegen den “Islamofaschismus” im Zusammenhang mit dem „Zusammenprall der Zivilisationen”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In einem Vortrag an einer deutschen Universität beschrieb der 265. Papst, worin er einen großen Unterschied zwischen dem Christentum und dem Islam sehe: während das Christentum auf Verstand basiere, lehne der Islam diesen ab.  Während die Christen die Logik von Gottes Taten sehen würden, leugnen Muslime, dass es in den Taten Allahs derartige Logik gäbe. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Als jüdischer Atheist beabsichtige ich nicht, mich in den Streit dieser Debatte einzumischen.  Das geht weit über meine einfachen Fähigkeiten, die Logik des Papstes zu verstehen, hinaus.  Aber ich kann über eine Passage nicht hinwegsehen, die mich auch betrifft, als Israeli, der ziemlich nahe der Grenzfront dieses „Krieges der Zivilisationen“ lebt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um den Mangel an Logik im Islam zu beweisen, behauptet der Papst, der Prophet Muhammad habe seinen Anhängern geboten, ihre Religion mit dem Schwert zu verbreiten.  Laut Papst sei dies unvernünftig, denn Glaube sei von der Seele geboren, nicht vom Körper.  Wie könne das Schwert die Seele beeinflussen? <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um seinen Fall zu unterstützen, zitierte der Papst – von allen Leuten – den Byzantinischen Kaiser, der natürlich zu der konkurrierenden Östlichen Kirche gehörte hatte.  Am Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts berichtete uns der Kaiser Manuel der II Palaeologus von einer Dabatte, die er gehabt hatte – mit einem nicht genannten persischen muslimischen Gelehrten.  In der Hitze des Streites schleuderte der Kaiser (wie er selbst berichtete) seinem Widersacher folgende Worte entgegen:  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Zeige mir nur, was Muhammad Neues gebracht hat, und du wirst nur Dinge finden, die böse und unmenschlich sind, wie sein Befehl, den Glauben, den er predigte, mit dem Schwert zu verbreiten.“<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Diese Worte werfen drei Fragen auf:  (a)      Warum sagte der Kaiser dies?   (b)           Sind sie wahr?  (c)       Warum hat der Papst sie zitiert? <\/span><\/p>\r\n

ALS MANUEL DER II diese Abhandlung schrieb, war er das Oberhaupt eines sterbenden Reiches.  Er übernahm 1391 die Macht, als nur noch wenige der Provinzen des einst bedeutsamen Reiches übrig waren.  Und auch diese waren bereits unter türkischer Bedrohung. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatten die ottomanischen Türken die Ufer der Donau erreicht.  Sie hatten Bulgarien erobert und Nordgriechenland, und sie hatten zweimal die von Europa gesandten Armeen, die das Ost-Reich schützen sollten, geschlagen.  Am 29. Mai 1453, nur wenige Jahre nach Manuels Tod, fiel seine Hauptstadt Constantinopel (das heutige Istanbul) an die Türken und setzte dem Reich ein Ende, das mehr als eintausend Jahre Bestand gehabt hatte. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Während seiner Herrschaft reiste Manuel in Europa herum und versuchte Unterstützung zusammenzutrommeln.  Er versprach, die Kirche wieder zu vereinen.  Es besteht kein Zweifel daran, dass er seine religiöse Abhandlung geschrieben hat, um die christlichen Länder gegen die Türken aufzuwiegeln und um sie davon zu überzeugen, einen neuen Kreuzzug zu beginnen.  Das Ziel war praktisch, die Theologie dient der Politik. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

In diesem Sinne dient dieses Zitat exakt den Bedürfnissen des gegenwärtigen Kaisers George Bush dem II.  Auch er will die christliche Welt wieder vereinen gegen die hauptsächlich muslimische „Achse des Bösen“.  Außerdem klopfen die Türken wieder an die Tore Europas, wenn auch dieses Mal friedlich.  Es ist wohlbekannt, dass der Papst die Kräfte unterstützt, die den Eintritt der Türkei in die Europäische Union ablehnen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gibt es in Manuels Argument also irgendeine Wahrheit?[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Disclaimer: Alle Ansichten dieses Verfassers entsprechen weder denen von IslamReligion noch dem Islam – IslamReligion<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (teil 2 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Der Papst selbst warf ein bedachtsames Wort ein.  Als ehrlicher und erneuernder Theologe konnte er es sich nicht leisten, geschriebene Texte zu verfälschen.  Deshalb gab er zu, dass der Qur´an selbst die Verbreitung des Glaubens mit Zwang verbot.  Er zitierte die zweite Sure, Vers 256 (seltsam fehlbar für einen Papst, er meinte Vers 257), der lautet:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>Es gibt keinen Zwang im Glauben.”<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wie kann man so eine unpassende Aussage ignorieren?  Der Papst argumentiert einfach, dieser Befehl sei vom Propheten erlassen worden, als er noch am Anfang seiner Karriere gewesen sei, schwach und machtlos, aber dann später hätte er angeordnet, den Glauben mit dem Schwert zu verbreiten.  Eine derartige Anordnung existiert aber nicht im Qur´an.  Tatsache ist, dass Muhammad den Gebrauch des Schwertes im Kampf gegen gegnerische Stämme in Arabien angeordnet hat – Christen, Juden und andere – als er seinen Staat aufgebaut hat.  Aber das war ein politischer Akt, kein religiöser; hauptsächlich ein Kampf um Territorium und nicht um den Glauben zu verbreiten. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jesus sagte: “Ihr werdet sie an ihren Früchten erkennen.”  Die Behandlung anderer Religionen durch den Islam muss einer einfachen Prüfung unterzogen werden: Wie verhielten sie muslimischen Machthaber vor über tausend Jahren, als sie die Macht hatten, “den Glauben mit dem Schwert zu verbreiten“?  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nun, sie taten es einfach nicht.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Viele Jahrhunderte regierten Muslime Griechenland.  Sind die Griechen Muslime geworden?  Hat irgend jemand auch nur versucht, sie zu islamisieren?  Im Gegenteil, christliche Griechen hatten in der ottomanischen Verwaltung die höchsten Posten inne.  Die Bulgaren, Serben, Rumänen, Ungarn und andere europäische Nationen lebten eine Zeit lang unter Ottomanischer Herrschaft und hielten an ihrem christlichen Glauben fest.  Keiner nötigte sie, Muslime zu werden und alle blieben ergebene Christen.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Albaner wurden Muslime, ebenso wie die Bosniaken.  Aber keiner kann behaupten, sie seien dazu gezwungen worden.  Sie nahmen den Islam an, um Günstlinge der Regierung zu werden und um die Früchte dessen zu genießen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

1099 haben die Kreuzritter Jerusalem erobert und im Namen des sanftmütigen Jesus wahllos die muslimischen und jüdischen Bewohner massakiert.  Zu jener Zeit, 400 Jahre nach der Besetzung Palästinas durch die Muslime, bildeten Christen immer noch die Mehrheit im Land.  Während dieser langen Zeit war kein Versuch unternommen worden, ihnen den Islam aufzuzwingen.  Erst nach der Vertreibung der Kreuzritter aus dem Land begann die Mehrheit der Bewohner, die arabische Sprache und den muslimischen Glauben anzunehmen – und das waren die Vorväter der meisten der heutigen Palästinenser. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Es gibt keinerlei Beweise dafür, dass der Islam Juden aufgezwungen wurde.  Wie wohlbekannt ist, haben die Juden Spaniens unter muslimischer Herrschaft eine Blütezeit erlebt, wie sonst nirgendwo bis zum heutigen Tag.  Dichter wie Yehuda Halevy schrieben auf Arabisch wie die großen Maimoniden.  Im muslimischen Spanien waren Juden Minister, Dichter, Wissenschaftler.  Im muslimischen Toledo arbeiteten christliche, jüdische und muslimische Gelehrte zusammen und übersetzten antike griechische philosophische und wissenschaftliche Texte.  Dies war in der Tat ein goldenes Zeitalter.  Wie hätte dies möglich sein können, wenn der Prophet „die Verbreitung des Glaubens durch das Schwert“ bestimmt hätte? <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Was danach geschah, spricht eher für sich selbst.  Als die Katholiken Spanien von den Muslimen zurück eroberten, richteten sie eine Herrschaft des religiösen Terrors ein.  Die Juden und die Muslime wurden vor eine grausame Wahl gestellt: Christen zu werden, niedergemetzelt zu werden oder das Land zu verlassen.  Und wohin entflohen Hunderttausende von Juden, die ablehnten, ihren Glauben aufzugeben?  Fast alle von ihnen wurden in muslimischen Ländern mit offenen Armen empfangen.  Die Sephardi (“spanischen”) Juden siedelten in der ganzen muslimischen Welt, von Marokko im Westen, von Bulgarien (Teil des osmanischen Reiches) im Norden bis zum Sudan im Süden.  Nirgendwo wurden sie verfolgt.  Sie kannten nichts wie die Inquisition, die Flammen der auto-da-fe, die Pogrome, die furchtbaren Massenvertreibungen, die in fast allen christlichen Ländern stattfanden, bis hin zum Holocaust.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Warum?  Weil der Islam ausdrücklich jegliche Verfolgung der “Leute der Schrift”[1]<\/a> verbietet.  In islamischen Gesellschaften ist für Juden und Christen ein besonderer Platz reserviert.  Sie genießen nicht genau die gleichen Rechte, aber doch nahezu.  Sie müssen eine besondere Steuer entrichten, aber sie sind vom Militärdienst ausgenommen - ein Handel, der bei vielen Juden recht willkommen war.  Es wurde gesagt, dass muslimische Herrscher jeglichen Versuch missbilligten, Juden  zu Islam zu konvertieren, selbst mit sanfter Überzeugung, denn dies würde einen Verlust ihrer Steuern nach sich ziehen.[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jeder ehrliche Jude, der die Geschichte seines Volkes kennt, kann für den Islam, der die Juden fünfzig Generationen hindurch beschützt hat, während die Christen die Juden verfolgt haben und viele Male versucht haben, sie „mit dem Schwert“ zur Aufgabe ihres Glaubens zu bewegen, nur tiefe Dankbarkeit empfinden.   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Geschichte über die „Verbreitung des Glaubens durch das Schwert” ist eine böse Legende, einer der Mythen, die in Europa während der größten Kämpfe gegen die Muslime entstanden ist – der Wiedereroberung Spaniens durch die Christen, der Kreuzzüge und der Vertreibung der Türken, die fast Wien eingenommen hätten.  Ich vermute, dass der deutsche Papst diese Fabeln ehrlich gesagt auch glaubt.  Das bedeutet, dass der Führer der katholischen Welt, der ein christlicher Theologe ist, sich nicht die Mühe gemacht hat, die Geschichte anderer Religionen zu studieren. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Warum hat er diese Worte in der Öffentlichkeit gesagt?  Und warum jetzt?    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Es gibt keinen anderen Ausweg, als sie vor dem Hintergrund des Neuen Kreuzzuges von Bush und seinen evangelistischen Unterstützern zu betrachten, mit seinen Slogans wie “Islamofaschismus” und dem „globalen Krieg gegen den Terrorismus“ – wobei „Terrorismus“ zu einem Synonym für Muslim geworden ist.  Bushs Handlungsweise ist ein zynischer Versuch, die Herrschaft über die Ölquellen der Welt zu rechtfertigen.  Nicht zum ersten Mal in der Geschichte wird eine religiöse Robe ausgebreitet, um die Nacktheit ökonomischer Interessen zu bedecken; nicht zum ersten Mal ist aus einem Raubzug ein Kreuzzug geworden.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Ansprache des Papstes passt zu dieser Bemühung.  Wer kann die schrecklichen Konsequenzen voraussagen?[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Nicht nur “Leute der Schrift” sondern Unterdrückung anderer allgemein. - IslamReligion<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Dem Verfasser unterläuft bei dieser Feststellung ein Fehler, denn die Steuer, die den Nicht-Muslimen auferlegt wurde, war gemessen an anderen Mitteln des öffentlichen Einkommens, gering.  Alle Muslime ermutigen immer andere, ihrem Glauben beizutreten.- IslamReligion<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Disclaimer: Alle Ansichten dieses Verfassers entsprechen weder denen von IslamReligion noch dem Islam – IslamReligion<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":16708,"lft":5726,"rght":5727,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-07T21:01:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T09:11:37.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":13,"author_id":3411,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":2,"parent_id":2951,"author_name":"Uri Avnery","category_name":"Muhammad (PBUH)","category_slug":"Muhammad-(PBUH)","get_date":"2014-12-07","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx"},{"id":2955,"title":"\u041c\u0435\u0447 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430","slug":"-sfgfsdfhfhhhh","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:-sfgfsdfhfhhhh","hint":"","body":"

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\u0411\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u041f\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u041f\u0430\u043f\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430.  \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439 – \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0440\u0438\u0445 IV \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b «\u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0443», \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b \u0431\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0435\u0433\u0443 \u0432 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0430\u043f\u044b.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u041f\u0430\u043f\u044b \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f. \u041d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0414\u0436\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0436 \u0411\u0443\u0448 II \u0438 \u041f\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442 XVI \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0420\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0411\u0443\u0448\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 «\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, 265-\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b, \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430: \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435, \u0430 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e. \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0411\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u043c-\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e. \u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u043f\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044e \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b «\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435, \u041f\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0447\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c \u041f\u0430\u043f\u044b, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e, \u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0447 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0443?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u041f\u0430\u043f\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 14 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0443\u044d\u043b II \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043b \u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f (\u043f\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043e\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b) \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b.  \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0430\u0440 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 (\u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c) \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u0438 \u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0448\u044c \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0447\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430: \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0445? \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438?  \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0443\u044d\u043b II \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043a \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u0443\u043d\u0430\u044f.  \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. 29-\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u044f 1453 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0443\u044d\u043b\u0430, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0443 \u043b\u0435\u0442.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0417\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0443\u044d\u043b \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c. \u0411\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434. \u0427\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0442\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 – \u0414\u0436\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u0411\u0443\u0448\u0430 II.  \u041e\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 «\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0437\u043b\u0430». \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b. \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041f\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 ,\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0443\u044d\u043b\u0430?[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u041d\u0430\u0448 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443 – IslamReligion<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

      (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2 \u0438\u0437 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u0430\u043f\u044b. \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b,  \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0447\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0430\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f: «\u041d\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438…»<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435? \u041f\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041f\u0430\u043f\u044b, \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u044b, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043b \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0447, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0442. \u0414\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432, \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d, \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0430\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b: «\u041f\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0445». \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e  \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0439 «\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u043e\u043c». <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438? \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445? \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438-\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u044b, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0431\u044b, \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0414\u0430, \u0430\u043b\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0439\u0446\u044b. \u041d\u043e \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0434\u0430\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 1099 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0446\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0418\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0432\u043e \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f 400 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0417\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c. \u041b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043e\u0442\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041d\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c. \u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0418\u0435\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041c\u0430\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434. \u0412 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438… \u0412 \u0422\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044b \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0435\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0447\u043e\u043c?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0443\u043a \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d,  \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440: \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c.  \u041a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0438 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432, \u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443? \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0421\u0435\u0444\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b («\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0438») \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435, \u043e\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 (\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u041e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438) \u0434\u043e \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044e\u0433\u0435. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0438\u043d\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0444\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443?  \u041f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 «\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f»[1]<\/a>.  \u0418\u0443\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0418\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b – \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043c. \u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0438\u0431\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438[2]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f «\u043c\u0435\u0447\u043e\u043c» \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u043e\u043c – \u0437\u043b\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430, \u043c\u0438\u0444, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u043a\u0430\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0412\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0438. \u0412 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435? \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0411\u0443\u0448\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043b\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 «\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c» \u0438 «\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c», \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 «\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c» \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c «\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430». \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0446\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0411\u0443\u0448\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044f\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u041d\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0420\u0435\u0447\u044c \u041f\u0430\u043f\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0436\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443. \u041a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f?[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u041d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e «\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f», \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445- IslamReligion<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0443. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443 -IslamReligion<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u041d\u0430\u0448 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443 – IslamReligion<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":11738,"lft":5728,"rght":5729,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-07T21:01:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T06:57:30.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":13,"author_id":3411,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":2,"parent_id":2951,"author_name":"Uri Avnery","category_name":"Muhammad (PBUH)","category_slug":"Muhammad-(PBUH)","get_date":"2014-12-07","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx"},{"id":2956,"title":"A Espada de Muhammad","slug":"a-espada-de-muhammad","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:a-espada-de-muhammad","hint":"","body":"

A Espada de Muhammad<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Desde os dias em que imperadores romanos jogavam cristãos aos leões, as relações entre os imperadores e os chefes da igreja passaram por muitas mudanças.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Constantino, o Grande, que se tornou imperador no ano 306 - exatamente 1.700 anos atrás - encorajou a prática do Cristianismo no império, que incluía a Palestina.  Séculos depois a igreja dividiu-se em oriental (ortodoxa) e ocidental (católica).  No ocidente, o Bispo de Roma, que adquiriu o título de Papa, exigiu que o imperador aceitasse sua superioridade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A disputa entre os imperadores e os papas desempenhou papel central na história europeia e dividiu os povos.  Conheceu altos e baixos.  Alguns imperadores ignoraram ou expulsaram um papa e alguns papas ignoraram ou excomungaram um imperador.  Um dos imperadores, Henrique IV, \"caminhou até Canossa\" ficando descalço por três dias na neve em frente ao castelo do papa, até que o papa concordasse em anular sua excomunhão.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mas houve épocas em que imperadores e papas viveram em paz uns com os outros.  Testemunhamos esse período hoje.  Entre o papa atual, Benedito XVI, e o atual imperador, George Bush II, existe uma harmonia maravilhosa.  O discurso da semana passada do papa, que provocou uma tempestade em todo o mundo, caiu bem com a cruzada de Bush contra o \"Islamofacismo\", no contexto do \"Confronto de Civilizações\".<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Em sua palestra na universidade alemã, o 265º papa descreveu o que vê como uma enorme diferença entre o Cristianismo e o Islã: enquanto o Cristianismo é baseado na razão, o Islã a nega.  Enquanto os cristãos veem a lógica das ações de Deus, os muçulmanos negam que exista qualquer lógica nas ações de Allah.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como um judeu ateu, não pretendo entrar nesse debate.  Está muito além das minhas humildes habilidades compreender a lógica do papa.  Mas não posso deixar passar um trecho, que se refere a mim também, como um israelita que vive próximo da linha de pênalti dessa \"guerra de civilizações.\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Para provar a falta de raciocínio no Islã, o papa afirma que o profeta Muhammad ordenou seus seguidores a propagarem sua religião pela espada.  De acordo com o papa, isso não é razoável, porque a fé nasce da alma, não do corpo.  Como a espada pode influenciar a alma?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Para dar apoio a seu caso, o papa citou - entre todas as pessoas - um imperador bizantino, que pertencia, claro, à igreja oriental rival.  No final do século 14, o imperador Manuel II Paleólogo contou um debate que teve - ou assim disse ele (sua ocorrência é duvidosa) - com um sábio muçulmano persa cujo nome não é mencionado.  No calor da argumentação, o imperador (de acordo com o próprio) lançou as seguintes palavras sobre seu adversário:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"Mostre-me o que Mohammed trouxe de novo, e só encontrará o que é mal e desumano, como a ordem para propagar pela espada a fé que pregou\".<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Essas palavras levantam três perguntas: Por que o imperador as disse?  São verdadeiras?  Por que o papa atual as citou?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

QUANDO MANUEL II escreveu seu tratado, era o chefe de um império moribundo.   Assumiu o poder em 1391, quando somente poucas províncias do antes ilustre império ainda permaneciam.  Essas, também, já estavam sob ameaça turca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Naquela época os turcos otomanos tinham alcançado as margens do Danúbio.  Tinham conquistado a Bulgária e o norte da Grécia e derrotado duas vezes os exércitos de reforços enviados pela Europa para salvar o império oriental.  Em 29 de maio de 1453, somente uns poucos anos após a morte de Manuel, sua capital, Constantinopla (atual Istambul) caiu para os turcos, colocando um fim ao império que tinha existido por mais de mil anos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Durante seu reinado, Manuel fez giros pelas capitais da Europa na tentativa de angariar apoio.  Prometeu unir a igreja novamente.  Não há dúvida de que escreveu seu tratado para incitar os países cristãos contra os turcos e convencê-los a começarem uma nova cruzada.  O objetivo era prática, com a teologia a serviço da política.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nesse sentido, a citação serve exatamente às exigências do atual imperador, George Bush II.  Ele também quer unir o mundo cristão contra o \"Eixo do Mal\" majoritariamente muçulmano.  Além disso, os turcos estão novamente batendo à porta da Europa, dessa vez de forma pacífica.  É bem sabido que o papa apoia as forças que fazem objeção à entrada da Turquia na União Europeia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Há alguma verdade no argumento de Manuel?[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ressalva: As opiniões desse autor não são apoiadas ou compartilhadas pelo Islã. IslamReligion.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

O próprio papa adotou cautela.  Como um teólogo sério e renomado, não podia falsificar textos escritos.  Portanto, admitiu que o Alcorão especificamente proibisse a propagação da fé pela força.  Citou a segunda surata, versículo 256 (estranhamente falível, para um papa, quis dizer versículo 257) que diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"Não deve haver compulsão na fé.\"<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como se pode ignorar uma afirmação clara?   O papa simplesmente argumenta que esse mandamento foi estabelecido pelo profeta quando estava no início de sua carreira, ainda fraco e sem poderes, mas que posteriormente ordenou o uso da espada a serviço da fé.  Essa ordem não existe no Alcorão.  É verdade que Muhammad conclamou ao uso da espada em sua guerra contra tribos opositoras - cristãs, judias e outras - na Arábia, quando estava construindo seu estado.  Mas foi um ato político, não religioso; basicamente uma luta por território, não para propagação da fé.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jesus disse: \"Serão reconhecidos pelos seus frutos.\" O tratamento de outras religiões pelo Islã deve ser julgado através de um teste simples: Como os governantes muçulmanos se comportaram por mais de mil anos, quando tiveram o poder de \"propagar a fé pela espada\"?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Simplesmente não o fizeram.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Por muitos séculos os muçulmanos governaram a Grécia.  Os gregos se tornaram muçulmanos?  Alguém ao menos tentou islamizá-los?  Ao contrário, os cristãos gregos ocupavam as mais altas posições na administração otomana.  Os búlgaros, sérvios, romanos, húngaros e outras nações europeias viveram em um período ou outro sob governo otomano e se apegaram à fé cristã.  Ninguém os compeliu a se tornarem muçulmanos e todos permanecerem devotamente cristãos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

É verdade que os albaneses e os bósnios se converteram ao Islã.  Mas ninguém argumenta que o fizeram sob pressão.  Adotaram o Islão para serem favoritos do governo e colherem os frutos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Em 1099 os cruzados conquistaram Jerusalém e massacraram seus habitantes muçulmanos e judeus indiscriminadamente, em nome do bondoso Jesus.  Na época, 400 anos da ocupação da Palestina pelos muçulmanos, os cristãos ainda eram maioria no país.  Através desse longo período, nenhum esforço foi feito para impor-lhes o Islã.  Somente após a expulsão dos cruzados do país a maioria dos habitantes começou a adotar a língua árabe e a fé muçulmana - e foram os predecessores da maioria dos palestinos de hoje.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Não há nenhuma evidência de qualquer tentativa de impor o Islã aos judeus.  Como é bem sabido, sob governo muçulmano os judeus da Espanha desfrutaram de uma prosperidade que os judeus não tiveram em nenhum outro lugar até quase nossa época atual.  Poetas como Yehuda Halevy escreveram em árabe, como fez o grande Maimônides.  Na Espanha muçulmana, os judeus eram ministros, poetas e cientistas.  Na Toledo muçulmana, estudiosos cristãos, judeus e muçulmanos trabalhavam juntos e traduziram os textos científicos e filosóficos gregos da Antiguidade.  Essa foi, de fato, a Idade Dourada.  Como isso teria sido possível se o profeta tivesse declarado a \"propagação da fé pela espada\"?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O que aconteceu depois é ainda mais revelador.  Quando os católicos reconquistaram a Espanha dos muçulmanos, instituíram um reinado de terror religioso.  Os judeus e muçulmanos receberam uma escolha cruel: tornarem-se cristãos, serem massacrados ou partirem.  E para onde os centenas de milhares de judeus, que se recusaram a abandonar sua fé, escaparam?  Quase todos foram recebidos com braços abertos nos países muçulmanos.  Os judeus sefarditas (\"espanhóis\") estabeleceram-se em todo o mundo muçulmano, do Marrocos no oeste ao Iraque no leste, da Bulgária (então parte do império otomano) no norte ao Sudão, no sul.  Em lugar algum foram perseguidos.  Desconheciam as torturas da Inquisição, as chamas do auto-de-fé, os guetos, as terríveis expulsões em massa que ocorreram em quase todos os países cristãos até o Holocausto.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Por quê?  Por que o Islã proibiu expressamente qualquer perseguição dos \"povos do livro\".[1]<\/a>.  Na sociedade islâmica, havia um lugar especial reservado para judeus e cristãos.  Não tinham direitos completamente iguais, mas quase.  Tinham que pagar um tributo especial, mas estavam isentos do serviço militar - uma troca que era muito bem-vinda para muitos judeus.  Tem-se dito que os governantes muçulmanos refrearam qualquer tentativa de converter judeus ao Islã até mesmo através de persuasão gentil - porque significaria perda de tributos.[2]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Todo judeu honesto que conhece a história de seu povo só pode sentir um profundo senso de gratidão ao Islã, que protegeu os judeus por cinquenta gerações, enquanto o mundo cristão perseguiu os judeus e tentou muitas vezes, \"pela espada\", forçá-los a abandonarem sua fé.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A história sobre \"propagação da fé pela espada\" é uma lenda maléfica, um dos mitos que cresceram na Europa durante as grandes guerras contra os muçulmanos - a reconquista da Espanha pelos cristãos, as Cruzadas e a repulsa aos turcos, que quase conquistaram Viena.  Suspeito que o papa alemão também acredite honestamente nessas fábulas.  Isso significa que o líder do mundo católico, que é um teólogo cristão renomado, não fez esforço para estudar a história de outras religiões.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Por que proferiu essas palavras em público?  E por que agora?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Não há como evitar vê-las com o pano de fundo da nova Cruzada de Bush e seus apoiadores evangelistas, com seus slogans de \"Islamofacismo\" e \"Guerra Global contra o Terrorismo\" - quando \"terrorismo\" se tornou sinônimo para muçulmanos.  Para os assessores de Bush, trata-se de uma tentativa cínica de justificar a dominação dos recursos mundiais de petróleo.  Não é a primeira vez na história que uma vestimenta religiosa é usada para cobrir a nudez de interesses econômicos; não é a primeira vez que uma expedição de ladrões se torna uma Cruzada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O discurso do papa se mistura a esse esforço.  Quem pode prever as terríveis consequências?[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Não apenas dos \"Povos do Livro\", mas a opressão de todos os outros - IslamReligion.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O autor está equivocado nessa declaração, uma vez que o tributo imposto sobre os não muçulmanos não era substancial para outros meios de geração de receita pública. Ao contrário, todos os muçulmanos encorajavam e continuarão a encorajar outros a entrarem em sua religião - IslamReligion.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ressalva: As opiniões desse autor não são apoiadas ou compartilhadas pelo Islã. IslamReligion.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":22013,"lft":5730,"rght":5731,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-07T21:01:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T09:33:54.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":13,"author_id":3411,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":2,"parent_id":2951,"author_name":"Uri Avnery","category_name":"Muhammad (PBUH)","category_slug":"Muhammad-(PBUH)","get_date":"2014-12-07","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx"},{"id":2957,"title":"\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u5b9d\u5251","slug":"sfgffffhhh","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:sfgffffhhh","hint":"","body":"

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“\u770b\u770b\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4f55\u79cd\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4f60\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u53ea\u6709\u90aa\u6076\u4e0e\u975e\u4eba\u6027\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0b\u4ee4\u4ee5\u5200\u5251\u4f20\u5e03\u81ea\u5df1\u5ba3\u4f20\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u66fc\u52aa\u57c3\u5c14\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u53ef\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff1f[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u514d\u8d23\u58f0\u660e\uff1a\u672c\u7f51\u7ad9\u6587\u7ae0\u4ec5\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u672c\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u770b\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff08<\/strong>2\/2<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“<\/strong>\u5bf9<\/strong>\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\uff0c<\/strong>\u7edd\u65e0\u5f3a<\/strong>\u8feb<\/strong>”<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u505a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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1099\u5e74\uff0c\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u5f81\u670d\u8036\u7a23\u6492\u51b7\uff0c\u5c06\u57ce\u5185\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u548c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e00\u5e76\u5c60\u6740——\u4ee5\u4ec1\u6148\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7edf\u6cbb\u5df4\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u5df2\u7ecf400\u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u65f6\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4ecd\u662f\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u6570\u3002\u5728\u5982\u6b64\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u5c06\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5f3a\u52a0\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u88ab\u8d76\u51fa\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u5c45\u6c11\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u8bf4\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u7a46\u65af\u6797——\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4eca\u5929\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5df4\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u4eba\u7684\u7956\u5148\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8bc1\u636e\u8bc1\u660e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u66fe\u88ab\u8feb\u63a5\u53d7\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u3002\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7edf\u6cbb\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7a7a\u524d\u660c\u76db\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u65f6\u81f3\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u8036\u80e1\u8fbe·\u54c8\u5217\u7ef4\u7b49\u72b9\u592a\u8bd7\u4eba\u7528\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u5199\u8bd7\uff0c\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fc8\u8499\u5c3c\u5fb7\uff08\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ca\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6——\u8bd1\u8005\uff09\u4ea6\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5728\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e3a\u5927\u81e3\u3001\u8bd7\u4eba\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u5728\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u6258\u83b1\u591a\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u548c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5b66\u8005\u5408\u4f5c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u3002\u90a3\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684“\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3”\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5148\u77e5\u4e0b\u4ee4“\u7528\u5200\u5251\u4f20\u64ad\u4fe1\u4ef0”\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u600e\u4e48\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e4b\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u66f4\u80fd\u8bf4\u660e\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u4ece\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u624b\u4e2d“\u518d\u5f81\u670d”\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u540e\uff0c\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u6050\u6016\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u548c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u88ab\u8feb\u505a\u51fa\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u8981\u4e48\u6210\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u88ab\u5c60\u6740\u6216\u6d41\u653e\u3002\u800c\u6570\u5341\u4e07\u62d2\u7edd\u653e\u5f03\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u9003\u5f80\u5230\u54ea\u91cc\u4e86\u5462\uff1f\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u9003\u96be\u5230\u4e86\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u70ed\u60c5\u6b22\u8fce\u3002“\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u72b9\u592a\u4eba”\u904d\u5e03\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u897f\u5230\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5\uff0c\u4e1c\u5230\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\uff0c\u5317\u5230\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u4e3a\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff09\uff0c\u5357\u5230\u82cf\u4e39\u3002\u4e0d\u8bba\u4f55\u5730\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u906d\u5230\u8feb\u5bb3\u3002\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5b97\u6559\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u7684\u8650\u5f85\uff0c\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u548c\u5f02\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u706b\u5211\uff0c\u6c99\u7687\u4fc4\u56fd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5927\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5728\u6240\u6709\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u9a71\u9010\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u53ef\u6015\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u767b\u5cf0\u9020\u6781\u7684\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u660e\u786e\u7981\u6b62\u8feb\u5bb3“\u6709\u7ecf\u4eba”[1]<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5f97\u5230\u7279\u6b8a\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6743\u5229\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7f34\u7eb3\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u522b\u7684\u4eba\u5934\u7a0e\uff0c\u4ea4\u6362\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u4e0d\u7528\u670d\u5175\u5f79——\u8bb8\u591a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u975e\u5e38\u559c\u6b22\u8fd9\u7b14\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u7528\u5584\u8a00\u529d\u8bf4\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8ba9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5f52\u4fe1\u4f0a\u65af\u5170——\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7a0e\u6536\u51cf\u5c11\u3002[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6bcf\u4f4d\u719f\u6089\u672c\u6c11\u65cf\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8bda\u5b9e\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u81ea\u5185\u5fc3\u5730\u5bf9\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u6df1\u6000\u611f\u6fc0\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e16\u754c\u8feb\u5bb3\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u591a\u6b21\u4f01\u56fe“\u7528\u5200\u5251”\u5f3a\u8feb\u4ed6\u4eec\u653e\u5f03\u81ea\u5df1\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u91cc\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b97\u6559\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e86\u6574\u657450\u4ee3\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u7528\u5200\u5251\u4f20\u64ad\u4fe1\u4ef0”\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e2a\u90aa\u6076\u4f20\u8bf4\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5728\u548c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6253\u4ed7\u65f6\u7f16\u9020\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8c0e\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6218\u4e89\u5305\u62ec\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5bf9\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u518d\u5f81\u670d\uff0c\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u4e1c\u4fb5\u548c\u6392\u65a5\u51e0\u4e4e\u653b\u5360\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u7684\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u6765\u81ea\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u7687\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8654\u8bda\u5730\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f20\u8bf4\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9886\u8896\u3001\u4e00\u4f4d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u8d39\u5de5\u592b\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4f55\u8981\u516c\u5f00\u53d1\u8868\u8fd9\u756a\u8bdd\uff1f\u4e3a\u4f55\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u5e03\u4ec0\u7684“\u65b0\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u4e1c\u4fb5”\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u756a\u8bdd\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u5f81\u8ba8\u5f97\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u798f\u97f3\u4f20\u9053\u8005\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u7528\u4ed6\u6240\u8c13\u7684“\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49”\u4e0e“\u5168\u7403\u53cd\u6050\u6218\u4e89”\u7684\u53e3\u53f7——\u800c“\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49”\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\u3002\u8c62\u517b\u5e03\u4ec0\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\u6253\u7740\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u865a\u5047\u65d7\u53f7\uff0c\u4f01\u56fe\u63a7\u5236\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5916\u8863\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u906e\u76d6\u8d64\u88f8\u88f8\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\uff1b\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5f3a\u76d7\u7684\u4e1c\u4fb5\u5316\u540d\u4e3a\u795e\u5723\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6559\u7687\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f81\u8ba8\u914d\u5408\u9ed8\u5951\u3002\u8c01\u80fd\u6599\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u5f15\u53d1\u4f55\u79cd\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff1f[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9“\u6709\u7ecf\u4eba”\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u7981\u6b62\u8feb\u5bb3——IslamReligion<\/em>\u7f51\u7ad9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> \u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d9\u8ff0\u6709\u6240\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7a0e\u6536\u4e0d\u662f\u5f3a\u52a0\u7684——\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e0d\u4ee5\u6b64\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ea7\u751f\u516c\u5171\u6536\u5165\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u90fd\u66fe\u9f13\u52b1\u5e76\u4ecd\u65e7\u9f13\u52b1\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u4f17\u52a0\u5165\u8be5\u4fe1\u4ef0——IslamReligion<\/em>\u7f51\u7ad9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> \u514d\u8d23\u58f0\u660e\uff1a\u672c\u7f51\u7ad9\u6587\u7ae0\u4ec5\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u672c\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u770b\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":13392,"lft":5732,"rght":5733,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-07T21:01:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T04:59:41.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":13,"author_id":3411,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":2,"parent_id":2951,"author_name":"Uri Avnery","category_name":"Muhammad (PBUH)","category_slug":"Muhammad-(PBUH)","get_date":"2014-12-07","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx"},{"id":2958,"title":"\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306e\u5263","slug":"sdgsffgggggg","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:sdgsffgggggg","hint":"","body":"

\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306e\u5263<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u524d\u534a\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u30ed\u30fc\u30de\u306e\u8af8\u7687\u5e1d\u304c\u3001\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92\u305f\u3061\u3092\u30e9\u30a4\u30aa\u30f3\u306b\u98df\u308f\u305b\u3066\u51e6\u5211\u3057\u305f\u65e5\u3005\u4ee5\u6765\u3001\u8af8\u7687\u5e1d\u3068\u6559\u4f1a\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u9042\u3052\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3061\u3087\u3046\u3069\uff11\uff17\uff10\uff10\u5e74\u524d\u3001\u897f\u66a6\uff13\uff10\uff16\u5e74\u306b\u5e1d\u738b\u306e\u5ea7\u306b\u5c31\u3044\u305f\u30b3\u30f3\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30cc\u30b9\u5927\u5e1d\u306f\u3001\u5f53\u6642\u30d1\u30ec\u30b9\u30c1\u30ca\u3092\u64c1\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u5e1d\u56fd\u5185\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u3092\u516c\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u3092\u4fc3\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u6570\u4e16\u7d00\u5f8c\u3001\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u4f1a\u306f\u6771\u65b9\uff08\u6b63\u6559\u4f1a\uff09\u3068\u897f\u65b9\uff08\u30ab\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u6559\u4f1a\uff09\u306b\u5206\u88c2\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6559\u7687\u306e\u79f0\u53f7\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u30ed\u30fc\u30de\u53f8\u6559\u304c\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u512a\u8d8a\u6027\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u3088\u3046\u7687\u5e1d\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8af8\u7687\u5e1d\u3068\u8af8\u6559\u7687\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5bfe\u7acb\u306f\u3001\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u62c5\u3044\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u5206\u88c2\u3055\u305b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3042\u308b\u7687\u5e1d\u306f\u6559\u7687\u3092\u89e3\u4efb\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8ffd\u653e\u3057\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3042\u308b\u6559\u7687\u306f\u7687\u5e1d\u3092\u89e3\u4efb\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u7834\u9580\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7687\u5e1d\u30cf\u30a4\u30f3\u30ea\u30d2\u56db\u4e16\u304c\u30ab\u30ce\u30c3\u30b5\u57ce\u306e\u524d\u3001\u96ea\u306e\u4e2d\u3092\u88f8\u8db3\u3067\u4e09\u65e5\u9593\u7acb\u3061\u5c3d\u304f\u3057\u3001\u6559\u7687\u304b\u3089\u7834\u9580\u306e\u89e3\u9664\u3092\u9858\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u308b\u300c\u30ab\u30ce\u30c3\u30b5\u306e\u5c48\u8fb1\u300d\u306f\u6709\u540d\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u7687\u5e1d\u3068\u6559\u7687\u304c\u5e73\u548c\u88e1\u306b\u5171\u5b58\u3057\u305f\u6642\u4ee3\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u4eca\u65e5\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u898b\u3066\u53d6\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3059\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6559\u7687\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30d9\u30cd\u30c7\u30a3\u30af\u30c8\uff11\uff16\u4e16\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u7687\u5e1d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30b8\u30fb\u30d6\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u4e8c\u4e16\u306f\u3001\u7d20\u6674\u3089\u3057\u304d\u8abf\u548c\u3092\u898b\u305b\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u5dfb\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u305f\u3001\u6559\u7687\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5148\u9031\u306e\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30c1\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6587\u660e\u306e\u885d\u7a81\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u3001\u30d6\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u306e\u300c\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u30d5\u30a1\u30b7\u30ba\u30e0\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8056\u6226\u306b\u898b\u4e8b\u306b\u30de\u30c3\u30c1\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u306e\u5927\u5b66\u3067\u306e\u8b1b\u7fa9\u3067\u3001\u7b2c\uff12\uff16\uff15\u4ee3\u76ee\u6559\u7687\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306e\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u3068\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u9593\u306e\u5927\u304d\u306a\u9055\u3044\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u304c\u7406\u6027\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92\u304c\u795e\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u898b\u51fa\u3059\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306f\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u79c1\u306f\u30e6\u30c0\u30e4\u4eba\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u8f2a\u306b\u52a0\u308f\u308b\u3064\u3082\u308a\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u6559\u7687\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u79c1\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u300c\u6587\u660e\u6226\u4e89\u300d\u306e\u65ad\u5c64\u7dda\u8fd1\u304f\u306b\u5c45\u4f4f\u3059\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30a8\u30eb\u4eba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306e\u304f\u3060\u308a\u3092\u898b\u904e\u3054\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u6559\u7687\u306f\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u652f\u3048\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308d\u3046\u306b\u5bfe\u6297\u52e2\u529b\u3060\u3063\u305f\u6771\u65b9\u6b63\u6559\u4f1a\u306e\u30d3\u30b6\u30f3\u30c1\u30f3\u7687\u5e1d\u3092\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\uff11\uff14\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u3001\u7687\u5e1d\u30de\u30cc\u30a8\u30eb\uff12\u4e16\u30d1\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b4\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u30da\u30eb\u30b7\u30e3\u4eba\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5b66\u8005\u3068\u6301\u3063\u305f\u8b70\u8ad6\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff08\u305d\u308c\u304c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u7591\u308f\u3057\u3044\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff09\u3002\u767d\u71b1\u3057\u305f\u8b70\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7687\u5e1d\u306f\u5f7c\u306e\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6b21\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u653e\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306b\u3001\u4f55\u304b\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u306a\u3089\u305d\u308c\u3092\u793a\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u305f\u3060\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u304c\u8aac\u3044\u305f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3092\u5263\u3067\u5e83\u3081\u3088\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u4ee4\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3001\u90aa\u60aa\u3067\u975e\u4eba\u9053\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3092\u898b\u51fa\u3059\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306f\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u554f\u3044\u304b\u3051\u3092\u559a\u8d77\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff1a\uff08\uff11\uff09\u306a\u305c\u7687\u5e1d\u306f\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u767a\u8a00\u3092\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3002\uff08\uff12\uff09\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3002\uff08\uff13\uff09\u306a\u305c\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6559\u7687\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30de\u30cc\u30a8\u30eb\uff12\u4e16\u304c\u3053\u306e\u66f8\u7c21\u3092\u3057\u305f\u305f\u3081\u305f\u5f53\u6642\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u5e1d\u56fd\u306f\u65e2\u306b\u6b7b\u306b\u4f53\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\uff11\uff13\uff19\uff11\u5e74\u306b\u6a29\u529b\u3092\u63e1\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u8f1d\u304b\u3057\u304b\u3063\u305f\u5e1d\u56fd\u306e\u5c5e\u5dde\u306e\u6570\u3005\u306f\u3001\u3082\u306f\u3084\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u3092\u6b8b\u3059\u306e\u307f\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3055\u3048\u3082\u3001\u65e2\u306b\u30c8\u30eb\u30b3\u306e\u8105\u5a01\u306b\u6652\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u5f7c\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u671f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30de\u30cc\u30a8\u30eb\u306f\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e\u5404\u9996\u90fd\u3092\u5468\u308a\u3001\u3088\u308a\u591a\u304f\u306e\u652f\u6301\u3092\u5f97\u3088\u3046\u3068\u8a66\u307f\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u6559\u4f1a\u306e\u518d\u7d71\u4e00\u3092\u7d04\u675f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u304c\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u66f8\u7c21\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u30c8\u30eb\u30b3\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u8af8\u56fd\u3092\u9f13\u821e\u3057\u3001\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u8056\u6226\u958b\u59cb\u3092\u8aac\u5f97\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u4f55\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u76ee\u6a19\u306f\u5b9f\u8df5\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u795e\u5b66\u304c\u653f\u6cbb\u306b\u5949\u4ed5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u610f\u8b58\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4f8b\u306e\u5f15\u7528\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u7687\u5e1d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30b8\u30fb\u30d6\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u4e8c\u4e16\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5168\u304f\u540c\u3058\u5949\u4ed5\u3092\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u4e3b\u306b\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u8af8\u56fd\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u60aa\u306e\u67a2\u8ef8\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u306e\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u7d71\u4e00\u3092\u671b\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u4eca\u56de\u306f\u5e73\u548c\u7684\u306b\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u30c8\u30eb\u30b3\u306f\u518d\u3073\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e\u6249\u3092\u30ce\u30c3\u30af\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u6559\u7687\u304c\u30c8\u30eb\u30b3\u306e\u6b27\u5dde\u9023\u5408\u306e\u52a0\u76df\u306b\u53cd\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u52e2\u529b\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5468\u77e5\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30de\u30cc\u30a8\u30eb\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4f55\u3089\u304b\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f1<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

1<\/a>\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u3053\u306e\u8457\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u610f\u898b\u30fb\u898b\u89e3\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5168\u3066\u304cIslamReligion\u3068\u540c\u3058\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u306f\u9650\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u5f8c\u534a\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6559\u7687\u81ea\u8eab\u3082\u8b66\u544a\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u767a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u53b3\u7c9b\u304b\u3064\u8457\u540d\u306a\u795e\u5b66\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u660e\u6587\u3092\u6539\u3056\u3093\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3086\u3048\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u5f37\u5236\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3092\u5e83\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u7981\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u7b2c\uff12\u7ae0\uff12\uff15\uff16\u7bc0\uff08\u6559\u7687\u306f\u9593\u9055\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\uff12\uff15\uff17\u7bc0\uff09\u3092\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306b\u5f37\u5236\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300d<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u300c\u5263\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3092\u5e83\u3081\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a71\u306f\u60aa\u8cea\u306a\u4f1d\u8aac\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30b9\u30da\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u30ec\u30b3\u30f3\u30ad\u30b9\u30bf\u3001\u5341\u5b57\u8ecd\u9060\u5f81\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30a6\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u5236\u8987\u3057\u305d\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u30c8\u30eb\u30b3\u4eba\u3078\u306e\u5acc\u60aa\u611f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6226\u4e89\u6642\u306b\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u3067\u5e83\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3067\u3063\u3061\u3042\u3052\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u4eba\u6559\u7687\u3082\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5bd3\u8a71\u3092\u5fc3\u304b\u3089\u4fe1\u3058\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u898b\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u8005\u3067\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u30ab\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\u304c\u3001\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3092\u5b66\u3076\u52aa\u529b\u3092\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u306a\u305c\u5f7c\u306f\u516c\u306e\u5834\u6240\u3067\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u653e\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u306a\u305c\u4eca\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u30d5\u30a1\u30b7\u30ba\u30e0\u300d\u3084\u300c\u5bfe\u30c6\u30ed\u6226\u4e89\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u30b9\u30ed\u30fc\u30ac\u30f3\u3092\u63b2\u3052\u308b\u30d6\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u3068\u305d\u306e\u8907\u97f3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306e\u652f\u63f4\u8005\u3089\u3092\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u5341\u5b57\u8ecd\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u907f\u3051\u96e3\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300c\u30c6\u30ed\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u300d\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u306b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30d6\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u306e\u982d\u76ee\u3089\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u77f3\u6cb9\u8cc7\u6e90\u306e\u652f\u914d\u3092\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3072\u306d\u304f\u308c\u305f\u8a66\u307f\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u5229\u6a29\u306e\u9732\u51fa\u3092\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5916\u5957\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5305\u307f\u96a0\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u4e0a\u521d\u3081\u3066\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u5f37\u596a\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9060\u5f81\u304c\u5341\u5b57\u8ecd\u306e\u305d\u308c\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u521d\u3081\u3066\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6559\u7687\u306e\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30c1\u306f\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u52aa\u529b\u306b\u8abf\u548c\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u60b2\u60e8\u306a\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8ab0\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f3<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

1<\/a>           \u300c\u5553\u5178\u306e\u6c11\u300d\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6291\u5727\u3082\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u2015IslamReligion<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2<\/a>           \u30ce\u30f3\u30fb\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8ab2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7a0e\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u516c\u7684\u6240\u5f97\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u308b\u3068\u5fae\u3005\u305f\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u8457\u8005\u306f\u3053\u3053\u3067\u9593\u9055\u3063\u305f\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u305f\u3061\u306f\u4ed6\u8005\u304c\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5968\u52b1\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3089\u3082\u305d\u3046\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u2015IslamReligion<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3<\/a>\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u3053\u306e\u8457\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u610f\u898b\u30fb\u898b\u89e3\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5168\u3066\u304cIslamReligion\u3068\u540c\u3058\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u306f\u9650\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":17490,"lft":5734,"rght":5735,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-07T21:01:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T09:04:39.000000Z","language_id":16,"user_id":13,"author_id":3411,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":2,"parent_id":2951,"author_name":"Uri Avnery","category_name":"Muhammad (PBUH)","category_slug":"Muhammad-(PBUH)","get_date":"2014-12-07","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Muhammad\u2019s Sword.docx"}],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?articles_page=1","from":1,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?articles_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?articles_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":8,"total":8},"fatawas":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?fatawas_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?fatawas_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411?fatawas_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/est\/api\/authors\/3411","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"books_total":0,"videos_total":0,"audios_total":0,"fatawas_total":0,"articles_total":8,"q":"","count":8}