{"title":"Zohor Shanan Idrisi","author":{"id":2141,"name":"Zohor Shanan Idrisi","slug":"zohor_shanan_idrisi","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-08-03T08:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-08-03T08:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Zohor Shanan Idrisi"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"&laquo; Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next &raquo;","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"&laquo; Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next &raquo;","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"&laquo; Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next &raquo;","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":538,"title":"A Brief Look At Islam\u2019s Contribution to Mathematics","slug":"a-brief-look-at-islams-contribution-to-mathematics","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-A Brief Look At Islam\u2019s Contribution to Mathematics.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-A Brief Look At Islam\u2019s Contribution to Mathematics.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:a-brief-look-at-islams-contribution-to-mathematics","hint":"","body":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>A Brief Look At Islam&rsquo;s Contribution to Mathematics<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<h1><img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/images\/A_Brief_Look_At_Islam_s_Contribution_to_Mathematics._001.jpg\" alt=\"ABriefLook....-Mathematics.jpg\" \/><\/h1>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Following the collapse of the Roman Empire at the beginning of the 5th century man&rsquo;s concern was primarily focused upon security and stability, whilst art and science were neglected.&nbsp; For two hundred years all progress stagnated in the wake of barbarian invasions and the resulting lack of maintenance of public works, such as dams, aqueducts and bridges.&nbsp; With the advent of Islam in the 7th century a new type of society emerged, which quickly established its supremacy and its constructive identity in large sections of the known world.&nbsp; The citizen, whether Muslim or not, soon became confident in the future stability of his environment, so that trade not only reached its previous levels but also began to expand.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">In an empire that stretched from the Pyrenees to India, security of communications was vital.&nbsp; The resultant priority given to safety of travel provided a stimulus to trade.&nbsp; There followed a rapid expansion of commerce in which the economic strengths of the Sassanid<a title=\" Dynasty that ruled in Persia a.d. 226&ndash;651\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22699\">[1]<\/a>, Byzantine, Syrian and western Mediterranean areas were united.&nbsp; The establishment of an efficient fiscal system meant that the state could now invest in large public works projects: mosques, schools (<em>madrasas<\/em>), public baths, palaces, markets and hospitals.&nbsp; Princes and merchants became patrons of intellectual and scientific development.&nbsp; Trusts (<em>waqf<\/em>) were created to provide better education.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">This sponsorship engendered a creative enthusiasm and a flowering of scientific works and scholarly research.&nbsp; The world in effect became greater as mathematicians, geographers, astronomers and philosophers all contributed to a gradual but definite extension of the horizons of man&rsquo;s existence.&nbsp; &nbsp;The dividend of all this expenditure on learning made an immense contribution to the sum of the increase in man&rsquo;s scientific knowledge that occurred between the 9th and the 16th centuries.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Foremost in the achievements of Muslim scholars was the treatment of numbers.&nbsp; It is impossible to conceive how science could have advanced without a sensible logical numeric system to replace the clumsy numerals of the Roman Empire. Fortunately, by the 9th century the Muslim world was using the Arabic system of numerals with the essential addition of the zero.&nbsp; Without the latter, it was impossible to know what power of ten accompanied each digit.&nbsp; Hence 2 3 might mean 23, 230 or 203.&nbsp; The introduction of this numeric system with its zero was thus the &lsquo;sesame&rsquo; of scientific advancement.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">The new numeric system did not only affect science.&nbsp; Its value was manifest in many aspects of daily life, from the calculation of customs dues, taxes, almsgiving (<em>zakat<\/em>) and transport charges, to the complexity of divisions of inheritance.&nbsp; A further useful innovation was the mine of separation in fractions, which eliminated many frustrating confusions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Islamic civilization produced from roughly 750 CE to 1450 CE a succession of scientists, astronomers, geographers and mathematicians from the inventor of Algebra to the discoverer of the solution of quadratic equations<a title=\" J.L.Berggren 1986\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22700\">[2]<\/a>.&nbsp;&nbsp; The list is far reaching, some are well known whilst others remain anonymous.&nbsp; One of the major advances was contained in the work of Al-Khawarizmi<a title=\" Abu Ja&rsquo;far Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was born in Khwarizm, in present-day Uzbekistan. He thrived in Baghdad under the patronage of the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mamun, between 813 and 833.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22701\">[3]<\/a>, who wrote a mathematical work called &ldquo;Al-Jabr wa Al-Muqabala&rdquo; (820 CE)<a title=\" Several of his books were translated into Latin in the early 12th century. In fact, his book on arithmetic, &ldquo;Kitab al-Jam&rsquo;a wal- Tafreeq bil Hisab al-Hindi&rdquo;, was lost in Arabic but survived in a Latin translation. His book on algebra, &ldquo;Al-Maqala fi Hisab\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22702\">[4]<\/a>, from whose title is derived the name &ldquo;algebra&rdquo;, this book may be considered the first book written on the topic of algebra.&nbsp; Amongst the achievements that Al Khawarizmi left to posterity were: (1) Solutions to first and second-degree equations with a single unknown, using both algebraic and geometric methods. (2) A method of algebraic multiplication and division.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Al Khawarizmi<a title=\" A celebrated mathematician in his own time, as well as many centuries later, Al-Khwarizmi is best known for introducing the concept of algebra into mathematics. The title of his most famous book, Kitab Al-Jabr wa al-Muqabilah (&ldquo;The Book of Integration an\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22703\">[5]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;defined three kinds of quantities: (1) Simple numbers, such as 5, 17 and 131. &nbsp;(2) The root which is the unknown quantity &lsquo;<em>shay&rsquo;<\/em>&nbsp;in Arabic meaning &ldquo;a thing&rdquo; However, in translations made in Toledo, (the centre for translation of Arabic books), the absence of a &ldquo;sh&rdquo; sound in the Spanish language meant that a suitable letter had to be chosen.&nbsp; The choice fell upon &ldquo;x&rdquo;, which may well explain why Don Quixote is often pronounced as &ldquo;Don Quishote&rdquo;.&nbsp; (3) &ldquo;Wealth&rdquo; (<em>mal<\/em>) the square of the root (x&sup2;).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">The algebraic equation expressing the Golden Ratio could therefore be written as: &ldquo;x:y = (x + y)\/x&rdquo;.&nbsp; Another virtuoso of algebra was Abu Kamil, a 10th century mathematician nicknamed the &ldquo;Egyptian calculator&rdquo;.&nbsp; He was capable of rationalizing denominators in expressions that involved dealing with powers of x (the unknown) as high as the eighth and solving quadratic equations with irrational numbers as coefficients.&nbsp; Al Biruni (9th\/10th centuries) mathematician and physicist, worked out that the earth rotates on its own axis and succeeded in calculating its circumference.&nbsp; Abu Bakr Al Karaji (10th century) is known for his arithmetization of algebra<a title=\" Roshdie Rashed\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22704\">[6]<\/a>.&nbsp; He also drew the attention of the Muslim world to the intriguing properties of triangular arrays of numbers (Berggren 1983).&nbsp; Al Nasawi (10th century) and Kushyar Ibn Labban worked on problems of the multiplication of two decimals.&nbsp; Subsequently Kushyar explained the arithmetic of decimal addition, subtraction and multiplication and also how to calculate square roots.&nbsp; Abu Al Hassan al Uqlidisi (Damascus 10th century) invented decimal fractions, which proved useful for judges (<em>qadis<\/em>) in inheritance decisions.&nbsp; Al Karkhi (d.1019) found rational solutions to certain equations of a degree higher than two.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Mohamed Al Battani<a title=\" Born 858 near Harran, near Urfa, Syria. Died 929. He is otherwise known as &ldquo;Albategnius&rdquo;, and was a Muslim astronomer and mathematician. He made important accurate measurements of the stars, moon and planets. His measurements and methods were used by lat\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22705\">[7]<\/a>&nbsp;(Baghdad 10th century), mathematician and astronomer, computed sine, tangent and cotangent tables from 0&deg; to 90&deg; with great accuracy.&nbsp; One of his works: Astronomical Treatise and Tables (<em>Al-Zij<\/em>), corrected Ptolemy&rsquo;s observations on the motion of the planets.&nbsp; Al Samaw&rsquo;al Ben Yahya al Maghribi (1171) drew up charts of computations of long division of polynomials; one of the best contributions to the history of mathematics.&nbsp; Ibn Shatir Al Muwaqqit (Damascus 1375 CE) was an astronomer and the timekeeper of the Damascus mosque.&nbsp; His treatise on making astronomical devices and their usage and his book on celestial motions bear great resemblance to the works of Copernicus (1473-1543 CE).&nbsp; Ghiyat al Din al Kashi (1427 CE) raised computational mathematics to new heights with the extraction of fifth roots.&nbsp; He also showed how to express the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its radius as 6.2831853071795865, identical to the modern formula 2pr.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\r\n<hr size=\"2\" \/>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22699\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;Dynasty that ruled in Persia a.d. 226&ndash;651<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22700\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;J.L.Berggren 1986<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22701\">[3]<\/a>&nbsp;Abu Ja&rsquo;far Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was born in Khwarizm, in present-day Uzbekistan. He thrived in Baghdad under the patronage of the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mamun, between 813 and 833.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22702\">[4]<\/a>&nbsp;Several of his books were translated into Latin in the early 12th century. In fact, his book on arithmetic, &ldquo;Kitab al-Jam&rsquo;a wal- Tafreeq bil Hisab al-Hindi&rdquo;, was lost in Arabic but survived in a Latin translation. His book on algebra, &ldquo;Al-Maqala fi Hisab-al Jabr wa-al- Muqabilah&rdquo;, was also translated into Latin in the 12th century, and it was this translation which introduced this new science to the West &ldquo;completely unknown till then&rdquo;.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22703\">[5]<\/a>&nbsp;A celebrated mathematician in his own time, as well as many centuries later, Al-Khwarizmi is best known for introducing the concept of algebra into mathematics. The title of his most famous book, Kitab Al-Jabr wa al-Muqabilah (&ldquo;The Book of Integration and Equation&rdquo;) in fact provides the origin of the word, algebra. Over the course of his work in mathematics, Al-Khwarizmi introduced the use of Indo-Arabic numerals, which became known as algorithms, a Latin derivative of his name. He also began using the zero as a place-holder, paving the way for the development of the decimal system.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22704\">[6]<\/a>&nbsp;Roshdie Rashed<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22705\">[7]<\/a>&nbsp;Born 858 near Harran, near Urfa, Syria. Died 929. He is otherwise known as &ldquo;Albategnius&rdquo;, and was a Muslim astronomer and mathematician. He made important accurate measurements of the stars, moon and planets. His measurements and methods were used by later astronomers. He showed that the position of the Sun&rsquo;s apogee, or farthest point from the Earth, is variable and that annular (central but incomplete) eclipses of the Sun are possible. He improved Ptolemy&rsquo;s astronomical calculations by replacing geometrical methods with trigonometry. From 877 he carried out many years of remarkably accurate observations at ar-Raqqah in Syria. His principal written work, a compendium of astronomical tables, was translated into Latin in about 1116 and into Spanish in the 13th century. A printed edition, under the title&nbsp;<em>De motu stellarum&nbsp;<\/em>(&ldquo;On Stellar Motion&rdquo;), was published in 1537.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":15201,"lft":847,"rght":850,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T21:35:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-06T20:20:17.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":2141,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"Zohor Shanan Idrisi","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-A Brief Look At Islam\u2019s Contribution to Mathematics.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-A Brief Look At Islam\u2019s Contribution to Mathematics.docx"},{"id":539,"title":"Um breve olhar sobre a contribui\u00e7\u00e3o do Isl\u00e3 para a matem\u00e1tica","slug":"um-breve-olhar-sobre-a-contribuio-do-isl-para-a-matemtica","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-A Brief Look At Islam\u2019s Contribution to Mathematics.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-A Brief Look At Islam\u2019s Contribution to Mathematics.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:um-breve-olhar-sobre-a-contribuio-do-isl-para-a-matemtica","hint":"","body":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Um breve olhar sobre a contribui&ccedil;&atilde;o do Isl&atilde; para a matem&aacute;tica<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/images\/A_Brief_Look_At_Islam_s_Contribution_to_Mathematics._001.jpg\" alt=\"ABriefLook....-Mathematics.jpg\" \/><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h1>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Depois do colapso do Imp&eacute;rio Romano no in&iacute;cio do s&eacute;culo 5 a preocupa&ccedil;&atilde;o do homem estava focada principalmente em seguran&ccedil;a e estabilidade, enquanto que a arte e a ci&ecirc;ncia foram negligenciadas.&nbsp; Por duzentos anos todo o progresso estagnou na sequ&ecirc;ncia de invas&otilde;es b&aacute;rbaras e que resultou na falta de manuten&ccedil;&atilde;o de obras p&uacute;blicas, como represas, aquedutos e pontes.&nbsp; Com o advento do Isl&atilde; no s&eacute;culo 7 emergiu um novo tipo de sociedade, que rapidamente estabeleceu sua supremacia e sua identidade construtiva em grandes partes do mundo conhecido.&nbsp; O cidad&atilde;o, mu&ccedil;ulmano ou n&atilde;o, logo se tornou confiante na estabilidade futura de seu ambiente e, assim, o com&eacute;rcio n&atilde;o s&oacute; alcan&ccedil;ou seus n&iacute;veis anteriores, mas tamb&eacute;m come&ccedil;ou a expandir.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Em um imp&eacute;rio que se estendia dos Pirineus a &Iacute;ndia, a seguran&ccedil;a das comunica&ccedil;&otilde;es era vital.&nbsp; A prioridade dada &agrave; seguran&ccedil;a de viagem forneceu um est&iacute;mulo ao com&eacute;rcio.&nbsp; A partir dali se seguiu uma expans&atilde;o r&aacute;pida do com&eacute;rcio, na qual as for&ccedil;as econ&ocirc;micas dos sass&acirc;nidas<a title=\"Dinastia que governou na P&eacute;rsia em 226-651 a.d.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22714\">[1]<\/a>, bizantinos, s&iacute;rios e das &aacute;reas ocidentais do Mediterr&acirc;neo estavam unidas.&nbsp; O estabelecimento de um sistema fiscal eficiente significava que o estado n&atilde;o podia investir agora em grandes projetos de obras p&uacute;blicas: mesquitas, escolas (madrassas), banhos p&uacute;blicos, pal&aacute;cios, mercados e hospitais.&nbsp; Os pr&iacute;ncipes e mercadores se tornaram patronos de desenvolvimento intelectual e cient&iacute;fico.&nbsp; Fundos (<em>waqf<\/em>) foram criados para fornecer uma educa&ccedil;&atilde;o melhor.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Esse patroc&iacute;nio desenvolveu um entusiasmo criativo e um florescimento de trabalhos cient&iacute;ficos e pesquisa acad&ecirc;mica.&nbsp; O mundo se tornou maior, j&aacute; que matem&aacute;ticos, ge&oacute;grafos, astr&ocirc;nomos e fil&oacute;sofos contribu&iacute;am para uma extens&atilde;o gradual, mas definitiva dos horizontes da exist&ecirc;ncia do homem.&nbsp;&nbsp; O dividendo de toda essa despesa com a aquisi&ccedil;&atilde;o de conhecimentos contribuiu imensamente para o aumento do conhecimento cient&iacute;fico que ocorreu entre os s&eacute;culos 9 e 16.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">A principal realiza&ccedil;&atilde;o dos s&aacute;bios mu&ccedil;ulmanos foi no tratamento dos n&uacute;meros.&nbsp; &Eacute; imposs&iacute;vel conceber como a ci&ecirc;ncia poderia ter avan&ccedil;ado sem um sistema num&eacute;rico l&oacute;gico e sens&iacute;vel para substituir os n&uacute;meros desajeitados do Imp&eacute;rio Romano. Felizmente, por volta do s&eacute;culo 9 o mundo mu&ccedil;ulmano estava usando o sistema num&eacute;rico &aacute;rabe com a adi&ccedil;&atilde;o essencial do zero.&nbsp; Sem ele era imposs&iacute;vel saber a pot&ecirc;ncia de dez que acompanhava cada d&iacute;gito.&nbsp; Assim, 2 3 podia ser 23, 230 ou 203.&nbsp; A introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o desse sistema num&eacute;rico com seu zero era, assim, o &ldquo;s&eacute;samo&rdquo; do avan&ccedil;o cient&iacute;fico.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">O novo sistema num&eacute;rico n&atilde;o afetou apenas a ci&ecirc;ncia.&nbsp; Seu valor se manifestou em muitos aspectos da vida cotidiana, do c&aacute;lculo das tarifas alfandeg&aacute;rias, tributos, caridade (<em>zakat<\/em>) e encargos de transporte, &agrave; complexidade das divis&otilde;es de heran&ccedil;a.&nbsp; Uma inova&ccedil;&atilde;o posterior &uacute;til foi a mina de separa&ccedil;&atilde;o em fra&ccedil;&otilde;es, que eliminou muitas confus&otilde;es frustrantes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">A civiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o isl&acirc;mica produziu de aproximadamente 750 EC a 1450 EC uma sucess&atilde;o de cientistas, astr&ocirc;nomos, ge&oacute;grafos e matem&aacute;ticos desde o inventor da &aacute;lgebra ao descobridor da solu&ccedil;&atilde;o das equa&ccedil;&otilde;es quadradas<a title=\" J.L.Berggren 1986\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22715\">[2]<\/a>.&nbsp;&nbsp; A lista &eacute; muito grande, alguns s&atilde;o bem conhecidos enquanto outros continuam an&ocirc;nimos.&nbsp; Um dos maiores avan&ccedil;os estava contido no trabalho de Al-Khawarizmi<a title=\" Abu Ja&rsquo;far Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi nasceu em Khwarizm, hoje Uzbequist&atilde;o. Fez sucesso em Bagd&aacute; sob o patroc&iacute;nio do califa ab&aacute;ssida, Al-Mamun, entre 813 e 833.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22716\">[3]<\/a>, que escreveu um trabalho matem&aacute;tico chamado &ldquo;Al-Jabr wa Al-Muqabala&rdquo; (820 EC)<a title=\"V&aacute;rios de seus livros foram traduzidos para o latim no in&iacute;cio do s&eacute;culo 12. De fato, seu livro sobre aritm&eacute;tica &ldquo;Kitab al-Jam&rsquo;a wal- Tafreeq bil Hisab al-Hindi&rdquo; em &aacute;rabe perdeu-se, mas sobreviveu em uma tradu&ccedil;&atilde;o para o latim. Seu livro sobre &aacute;lgebra, &ldquo;Al-\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22717\">[4]<\/a>, de cujo t&iacute;tulo se derivou o nome &aacute;lgebra. Esse livro pode ser considerado o primeiro escrito sobre o assunto.&nbsp; Entre as realiza&ccedil;&otilde;es que Al Khawarizmi deixou para a posteridade estavam: (1) Solu&ccedil;&otilde;es para equa&ccedil;&otilde;es de primeiro e segundo graus com uma &uacute;nica inc&oacute;gnita, usando tanto m&eacute;todos alg&eacute;bricos quanto geom&eacute;tricos. (2) Um m&eacute;todo de multiplica&ccedil;&atilde;o e divis&atilde;o alg&eacute;brica.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Al Khawarizmi<a title=\"Um matem&aacute;tico celebrado em seu tempo e tamb&eacute;m por muitos s&eacute;culos depois, Al-Khwarizmi &eacute; mais conhecido pela introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o do conceito de &aacute;lgebra na matem&aacute;tica. O t&iacute;tulo de seu livro mais famoso, Kitab Al-Jabr wa al-Muqabilah (O livro de integra&ccedil;&atilde;o e equa&ccedil;&atilde;o)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22718\">[5]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;definiu tr&ecirc;s tipos de quantidades: (1) N&uacute;meros simples, como 5, 17 e 131.&nbsp; (2) A raiz que &eacute; a quantidade desconhecida, &ldquo;shay&rdquo; em &aacute;rabe, significando &ldquo;uma coisa&rdquo;. Entretanto, em tradu&ccedil;&otilde;es feitas em Toledo (o centro para tradu&ccedil;&atilde;o de livros &aacute;rabes) a aus&ecirc;ncia de um som &ldquo;sh&rdquo; na l&iacute;ngua espanhola fez com que uma letra adequada tivesse que ser escolhida.&nbsp; A escolha recaiu sobre &ldquo;x&rdquo;, que pode bem explicar por que Dom Quixote &eacute; frequentemente pronunciado como &ldquo;Dom Quishote&rdquo;.&nbsp; (3) (<em>mal<\/em>) o quadrado da raiz (x&sup2;).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">A equa&ccedil;&atilde;o alg&eacute;brica que expressa a propor&ccedil;&atilde;o &aacute;urea pode, portanto, ser escrita como: &ldquo;x:y = (x + y)\/x&rdquo;.&nbsp; Outro virtuoso da &aacute;lgebra foi Abu Kamil, um matem&aacute;tico do s&eacute;culo 10 apelidado de &ldquo;calculador eg&iacute;pcio&rdquo;.&nbsp; Era capaz de racionalizar denominadores em express&otilde;es que envolviam lidar com pot&ecirc;ncias de x (a inc&oacute;gnita) t&atilde;o altas como a oitava e resolver equa&ccedil;&otilde;es quadradas com n&uacute;meros irracionais como coeficientes.&nbsp; Al Biruni (s&eacute;culos 9\/10), matem&aacute;tico e f&iacute;sico, desenvolveu que a terra gira em seu pr&oacute;prio eixo e teve sucesso no c&aacute;lculo de sua circunfer&ecirc;ncia.&nbsp; Abu Bakr Al Karaji (s&eacute;culo 10) &eacute; conhecido por sua aritmetiza&ccedil;&atilde;o da &aacute;lgebra<a title=\" Roshdie Rashed\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22719\">[6]<\/a>.&nbsp; Tamb&eacute;m chamou a aten&ccedil;&atilde;o do mundo mu&ccedil;ulmano para as propriedades intrigantes de n&uacute;meros triangulares (Berggren 1983).&nbsp; Al Nasawi (s&eacute;culo 10) e Kushyar Ibn Labban trabalharam em problemas de multiplica&ccedil;&atilde;o de dois decimais.&nbsp; Subsequentemente Kushyar explicou a aritm&eacute;tica da adi&ccedil;&atilde;o, subtra&ccedil;&atilde;o e multiplica&ccedil;&atilde;o decimais e tamb&eacute;m como calcular ra&iacute;zes quadradas.&nbsp; Abu Al Hassan al Uqlidisi (Damasco, s&eacute;culo 10) inventou as fra&ccedil;&otilde;es decimais, que foram &uacute;teis para ju&iacute;zes (<em>qadis<\/em>) nas decis&otilde;es sobre heran&ccedil;as.&nbsp; Al Karkhi (d.1019) encontrou solu&ccedil;&otilde;es racionais para certas equa&ccedil;&otilde;es de um n&iacute;vel superior a dois.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"w-body-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Mohamed Al Battani<a title=\"Nasceu em 858 pr&oacute;ximo de Harran, pr&oacute;ximo de Urfa, S&iacute;ria. Morreu em 929. Tamb&eacute;m &eacute; conhecido como &ldquo;Albategnius&rdquo; e foi um astr&ocirc;nomo e matem&aacute;tico mu&ccedil;ulmano. Fez medi&ccedil;&otilde;es precisas importantes das estrelas, da lua e dos planetas. Suas medi&ccedil;&otilde;es e m&eacute;todos foram u\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftn22720\">[7]<\/a>&nbsp;(Bagd&aacute;, s&eacute;culo 10), matem&aacute;tico e astr&ocirc;nomo, computou tabelas de seno, tangente e cotangente de 0&deg; a 90&deg; com grande precis&atilde;o.&nbsp; Um de seus trabalhos: Tratado de tabelas astron&ocirc;micas (<em>Al-Zij<\/em>), corrigiu as observa&ccedil;&otilde;es de Ptolomeu sobre o movimento dos planetas.&nbsp; Al Samaw&rsquo;al Ben Yahya al Maghribi (1171) tra&ccedil;ou gr&aacute;ficos de computa&ccedil;&otilde;es de longas divis&otilde;es de polin&ocirc;mios; uma das melhores contribui&ccedil;&otilde;es para a hist&oacute;ria da matem&aacute;tica.&nbsp; Ibn Shatir Al Muwaqqit (Damasco, 1375 EC) foi um astr&ocirc;nomo e o cronometrista da mesquita de Damasco.&nbsp; Seu tratado sobre fabrica&ccedil;&atilde;o e uso de dispositivos astron&ocirc;micos e seu livro sobre movimentos celestiais t&ecirc;m grande semelhan&ccedil;a com os trabalhos de Cop&eacute;rnico (1473-1543 EC).&nbsp; Ghiyat al Din al Kashi (1427 EC) levou a matem&aacute;tica computacional a novos n&iacute;veis com a extra&ccedil;&atilde;o de ra&iacute;zes qu&iacute;ntuplas.&nbsp; Tamb&eacute;m mostrou como expressar a propor&ccedil;&atilde;o da circunfer&ecirc;ncia de um c&iacute;rculo e seu raio como 6,2831853071795865, id&ecirc;ntica &agrave; f&oacute;rmula moderna 2pr.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\r\n<hr size=\"2\" noshade=\"noshade\" \/>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>Notas de rodap&eacute;:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22714\">[1]<\/a>Dinastia que governou na P&eacute;rsia em 226-651 a.d.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22715\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;J.L.Berggren&nbsp;1986<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22716\">[3]<\/a>&nbsp;Abu&nbsp;Ja&rsquo;far&nbsp;Muhammad&nbsp;Ibn&nbsp;Musa&nbsp;al-Khwarizmi&nbsp;nasceu&nbsp;em&nbsp;Khwarizm, hoje&nbsp;Uzbequist&atilde;o. Fez sucesso em Bagd&aacute; sob o patroc&iacute;nio do califa ab&aacute;ssida, Al-Mamun, entre 813 e 833.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22717\">[4]<\/a>V&aacute;rios de seus livros foram traduzidos para o latim no in&iacute;cio do s&eacute;culo 12. De fato, seu livro sobre aritm&eacute;tica &ldquo;Kitab al-Jam&rsquo;a wal- Tafreeq bil Hisab al-Hindi&rdquo; em &aacute;rabe perdeu-se, mas sobreviveu em uma tradu&ccedil;&atilde;o para o latim. Seu livro sobre &aacute;lgebra, &ldquo;Al-Maqala fi Hisab-al Jabr wa-al- Muqabilah&rdquo;, tamb&eacute;m foi traduzido para o latim no s&eacute;culo 12 e foi essa tradu&ccedil;&atilde;o que introduziu essa ci&ecirc;ncia nova para o Ocidente &ldquo;completamente desconhecida at&eacute; ent&atilde;o&rdquo;.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22718\">[5]<\/a>Um matem&aacute;tico celebrado em seu tempo e tamb&eacute;m por muitos s&eacute;culos depois, Al-Khwarizmi &eacute; mais conhecido pela introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o do conceito de &aacute;lgebra na matem&aacute;tica. O t&iacute;tulo de seu livro mais famoso, Kitab Al-Jabr wa al-Muqabilah (<em>O livro de integra&ccedil;&atilde;o e equa&ccedil;&atilde;o<\/em>) de fato fornece a origem da palavra &aacute;lgebra. Ao longo de seu trabalho em matem&aacute;tica,&nbsp;Al-Khwarizmi introduziu o uso de n&uacute;meros indo-ar&aacute;bicos, que se tornaram conhecidos como algoritmos, um derivado latino de seu nome. Tamb&eacute;m come&ccedil;ou a usar o zero como um demarcador, tra&ccedil;ando o caminho para o desenvolvimento do sistema decimal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22719\">[6]<\/a>&nbsp;Roshdie Rashed<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><a title=\"Back to the refrence of this footnote\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/pt\/articles\/4761\/#_ftnref22720\">[7]<\/a>Nasceu em 858 pr&oacute;ximo de Harran, pr&oacute;ximo de Urfa, S&iacute;ria. Morreu em 929. Tamb&eacute;m &eacute; conhecido como &ldquo;Albategnius&rdquo; e foi um astr&ocirc;nomo e matem&aacute;tico mu&ccedil;ulmano. Fez medi&ccedil;&otilde;es precisas importantes das estrelas, da lua e dos planetas. Suas medi&ccedil;&otilde;es e m&eacute;todos foram usados por astr&ocirc;nomos posteriores. Mostrou que a posi&ccedil;&atilde;o do apogeu do Sol ou ponto mais distante da Terra, &eacute; vari&aacute;vel e que eclipses anulares (centrais, mas incompletos) do Sol s&atilde;o poss&iacute;veis. Aperfei&ccedil;oou os c&aacute;lculos astron&ocirc;micos de Ptolomeu substituindo m&eacute;todos geom&eacute;tricos por trigonometria. A partir de 877 empreendeu muitos anos de observa&ccedil;&otilde;es notavelmente precisas em ar-Raqqah, em S&iacute;ria. Seu principal trabalho escrito, um comp&ecirc;ndio das tabelas astron&ocirc;micas, foi traduzido para o latim em aproximadamente 1116 e espanhol no s&eacute;culo 13. Uma edi&ccedil;&atilde;o impressa, sob o t&iacute;tulo&nbsp;<em>De motu stellarum (&ldquo;Sobre o movimento estrelar&rdquo;),<\/em>&nbsp;foi publicada em 1537.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":8070,"lft":848,"rght":849,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-03T21:35:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-07T02:06:28.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":7,"author_id":2141,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":538,"author_name":"Zohor Shanan Idrisi","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-03","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-A Brief Look At Islam\u2019s Contribution to Mathematics.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-A Brief Look At Islam\u2019s Contribution to Mathematics.docx"}],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?articles_page=1","from":1,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?articles_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"&laquo; Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?articles_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next &raquo;","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":2,"total":2},"fatawas":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?fatawas_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?fatawas_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"&laquo; Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141?fatawas_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next &raquo;","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/may\/api\/authors\/2141","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"books_total":0,"videos_total":0,"audios_total":0,"fatawas_total":0,"articles_total":2,"q":"","count":2}