{"title":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","author":{"id":9,"name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","slug":"abd_ar_rahman_murad","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Translator","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2013-12-03T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2013-12-03T09:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"title":"Islamic Perspective on Sex","slug":"islamic-perspective-on-sex-1432798897","image":"\/uploads\/books\/Islamic Perspective on Sex.jpg","read_counter":47257,"is_volume":0,"created_at":"2013-12-03T09:00:00.000000Z","category_id":3,"volume_id":null,"id":10,"volume_count":null,"volume_title":null,"category":{"id":3,"title":"Women in Islam","created_at":"2017-08-17T19:18:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-02-12T22:28:18.000000Z","slug":"Women-in-Islam","i18ns":[],"get_title":"Women in Islam"},"authors":[{"id":2,"name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","slug":"ash_sheha","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":null,"promote":1,"status":1,"created_at":"2013-12-02T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-10T08:42:34.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"pivot":{"book_id":10,"author_id":2},"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha"}],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/books\/Islamic Perspective on Sex.jpg","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","author_id":"","author_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","book_title":"Islamic Perspective on Sex","category_slug":"Women-in-Islam","category_name":"Women in Islam"},{"title":"Human Rights in Islam and Common Misconceptions","slug":"human-rights-in-islam-and-common-misconceptions-1432798897","image":"\/uploads\/books\/Human Rights in Islam and Common Misconceptions.jpg","read_counter":65130,"is_volume":0,"created_at":"2013-12-04T21:28:36.000000Z","category_id":4,"volume_id":null,"id":13,"volume_count":null,"volume_title":null,"category":{"id":4,"title":"Misconceptions","created_at":"2017-08-17T19:18:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-02-12T22:05:49.000000Z","slug":"Misconceptions","i18ns":[],"get_title":"Misconceptions"},"authors":[{"id":2,"name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","slug":"ash_sheha","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":null,"promote":1,"status":1,"created_at":"2013-12-02T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-10T08:42:34.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"pivot":{"book_id":13,"author_id":2},"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha"}],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/books\/Human Rights in Islam and Common Misconceptions.jpg","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","author_id":"","author_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","book_title":"Human Rights in Islam and Common Misconceptions","category_slug":"Misconceptions","category_name":"Misconceptions"},{"title":"Jesus (Peace be upon him) in the Quran","slug":"jesus-peace-be-upon-him-in-the-qur-an-1432798897","image":"\/uploads\/books\/Jesus in the Quran.jpg","read_counter":46932,"is_volume":0,"created_at":"2013-12-05T01:49:12.000000Z","category_id":6,"volume_id":null,"id":17,"volume_count":null,"volume_title":null,"category":{"id":6,"title":"Jesus (PBUH) in Islam","created_at":"2017-08-17T19:18:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-02-12T22:26:39.000000Z","slug":"Jesus-(PBUH)-in-Islam","i18ns":[],"get_title":"Jesus (PBUH) in Islam"},"authors":[{"id":2,"name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","slug":"ash_sheha","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":null,"promote":1,"status":1,"created_at":"2013-12-02T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-10T08:42:34.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"pivot":{"book_id":17,"author_id":2},"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha"}],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/books\/Jesus in the Quran.jpg","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","author_id":"","author_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","book_title":"Jesus (Peace be upon him) in the Quran","category_slug":"Jesus-(PBUH)-in-Islam","category_name":"Jesus (PBUH) in Islam"},{"title":"The Key to Understanding Islam","slug":"the-key-to-understanding-islam-1432798897","image":"\/uploads\/books\/images\/2025\/1\/brown-blue-dark-gradient-simple-al-isra-wal-miraj-countdown-instagram-story-instagram-story-1.png","read_counter":119170,"is_volume":0,"created_at":"2013-12-04T15:42:10.000000Z","category_id":1,"volume_id":null,"id":18,"volume_count":null,"volume_title":null,"category":{"id":1,"title":"Introducing Islam","created_at":"2017-08-17T19:18:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-02-12T22:06:51.000000Z","slug":"Introducing-islam","i18ns":[],"get_title":"Introducing Islam"},"authors":[{"id":2,"name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","slug":"ash_sheha","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":null,"promote":1,"status":1,"created_at":"2013-12-02T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-10T08:42:34.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"pivot":{"book_id":18,"author_id":2},"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha"}],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/books\/images\/2025\/1\/brown-blue-dark-gradient-simple-al-isra-wal-miraj-countdown-instagram-story-instagram-story-1.png","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","author_id":"","author_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","book_title":"The Key to Understanding Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","category_name":"Introducing Islam"},{"title":"Women in Islam and Refutation of some Common Misconceptions","slug":"women-in-islam-refutation-of-some-common-misconceptions-1432798897","image":"\/uploads\/books\/images\/2025\/1\/black-and-silver-minimalist-fantasy-romance-book-cover.png","read_counter":92683,"is_volume":0,"created_at":"2013-12-04T08:28:44.000000Z","category_id":3,"volume_id":null,"id":19,"volume_count":null,"volume_title":null,"category":{"id":3,"title":"Women in Islam","created_at":"2017-08-17T19:18:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-02-12T22:28:18.000000Z","slug":"Women-in-Islam","i18ns":[],"get_title":"Women in Islam"},"authors":[{"id":2,"name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","slug":"ash_sheha","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":null,"promote":1,"status":1,"created_at":"2013-12-02T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-10T08:42:34.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"pivot":{"book_id":19,"author_id":2},"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha"}],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/books\/images\/2025\/1\/black-and-silver-minimalist-fantasy-romance-book-cover.png","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","author_id":"","author_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","book_title":"Women in Islam and Refutation of some Common Misconceptions","category_slug":"Women-in-Islam","category_name":"Women in Islam"},{"title":"Islamic Viewpoint on Racism (Bilal the Abyssinian \u2013 One Light, Many Colors)","slug":"islamic-viewpoint-on-racism-bilal-the-abyssinian-one-light-many-colours-1432798897","image":"\/uploads\/books\/Islamic Viewpoint on Racism (Bilal the Abyssinian \u2013 One Light, Many Colours).jpg","read_counter":46349,"is_volume":0,"created_at":"2013-12-04T09:00:00.000000Z","category_id":1,"volume_id":null,"id":20,"volume_count":null,"volume_title":null,"category":{"id":1,"title":"Introducing Islam","created_at":"2017-08-17T19:18:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-02-12T22:06:51.000000Z","slug":"Introducing-islam","i18ns":[],"get_title":"Introducing Islam"},"authors":[{"id":2,"name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","slug":"ash_sheha","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":null,"promote":1,"status":1,"created_at":"2013-12-02T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-10T08:42:34.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"pivot":{"book_id":20,"author_id":2},"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha"}],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/books\/Islamic Viewpoint on Racism (Bilal the Abyssinian \u2013 One Light, Many Colours).jpg","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","author_id":"","author_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","book_title":"Islamic Viewpoint on Racism (Bilal the Abyssinian \u2013 One Light, Many Colors)","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","category_name":"Introducing Islam"},{"title":"Muhammad (pbuh) the Messenger of Allah","slug":"muhammad-pbuh-the-messenger-of-allah-1432798897","image":"\/uploads\/books\/images\/2025\/1\/yellow-gold-simple-and-vintage-book-cover-document-wattpad-book-cover-1.png","read_counter":103955,"is_volume":0,"created_at":"2013-12-04T09:05:00.000000Z","category_id":2,"volume_id":null,"id":21,"volume_count":null,"volume_title":null,"category":{"id":2,"title":"Muhammad (PBUH)","created_at":"2017-08-17T19:18:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-02-12T22:28:43.000000Z","slug":"Muhammad-(PBUH)","i18ns":[],"get_title":"Muhammad (PBUH)"},"authors":[{"id":2,"name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","slug":"ash_sheha","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":null,"promote":1,"status":1,"created_at":"2013-12-02T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-10T08:42:34.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"pivot":{"book_id":21,"author_id":2},"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha"}],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/books\/images\/2025\/1\/yellow-gold-simple-and-vintage-book-cover-document-wattpad-book-cover-1.png","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","author_id":"","author_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","book_title":"Muhammad (pbuh) the Messenger of Allah","category_slug":"Muhammad-(PBUH)","category_name":"Muhammad (PBUH)"},{"title":"The Message of Islam","slug":"the-message-of-islam-1432798897","image":"\/uploads\/books\/images\/2025\/1\/black-textured-business-book-cover-1.png","read_counter":48597,"is_volume":0,"created_at":"2013-12-05T05:58:07.000000Z","category_id":1,"volume_id":null,"id":22,"volume_count":null,"volume_title":null,"category":{"id":1,"title":"Introducing Islam","created_at":"2017-08-17T19:18:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-02-12T22:06:51.000000Z","slug":"Introducing-islam","i18ns":[],"get_title":"Introducing Islam"},"authors":[{"id":2,"name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","slug":"ash_sheha","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":null,"promote":1,"status":1,"created_at":"2013-12-02T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-10T08:42:34.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"pivot":{"book_id":22,"author_id":2},"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha"}],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/books\/images\/2025\/1\/black-textured-business-book-cover-1.png","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","author_id":"","author_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","book_title":"The Message of Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","category_name":"Introducing Islam"},{"title":"Rules of Purification and Prayers","slug":"rules-of-purification-and-prayers-1432798899","image":"\/uploads\/books\/\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629.jpg","read_counter":15093,"is_volume":0,"created_at":"2014-01-26T09:00:00.000000Z","category_id":12,"volume_id":null,"id":869,"volume_count":null,"volume_title":null,"category":{"id":12,"title":"For New Muslim","created_at":"2017-08-17T19:18:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-02-12T22:24:35.000000Z","slug":"For-New-Muslim","i18ns":[],"get_title":"For New Muslim"},"authors":[{"id":9,"name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","slug":"abd_ar_rahman_murad","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Translator","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2013-12-03T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2013-12-03T09:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"pivot":{"book_id":869,"author_id":9},"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad"}],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/books\/\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629.jpg","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","author_id":"","author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","book_title":"Rules of Purification and Prayers","category_slug":"For-New-Muslim","category_name":"For New Muslim"},{"title":"ISN\u2019T IT THE TIME FOR YOU TO BECOME A MUSLIM?","slug":"isn-t-it-the-time-for-you-to-become-a-muslim-1432798906","image":"\/uploads\/books\/images\/2025\/1\/blue-modern-fiction-book-cover-1.png","read_counter":32327,"is_volume":0,"created_at":"2014-03-14T07:34:59.000000Z","category_id":1,"volume_id":null,"id":3862,"volume_count":null,"volume_title":null,"category":{"id":1,"title":"Introducing Islam","created_at":"2017-08-17T19:18:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-02-12T22:06:51.000000Z","slug":"Introducing-islam","i18ns":[],"get_title":"Introducing Islam"},"authors":[{"id":2,"name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","slug":"ash_sheha","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":null,"promote":1,"status":1,"created_at":"2013-12-02T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-10T08:42:34.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"pivot":{"book_id":3862,"author_id":2},"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha"}],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/books\/images\/2025\/1\/blue-modern-fiction-book-cover-1.png","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","author_id":"","author_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","book_title":"ISN\u2019T IT THE TIME FOR YOU TO BECOME A MUSLIM?","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","category_name":"Introducing Islam"},{"title":"Love in Islam","slug":"Love-in-islam-1432798930","image":"\/uploads\/books\/images\/2025\/1\/dark-purple-floral-photo-simple-prayer-book-cover.png","read_counter":34846,"is_volume":0,"created_at":"2014-12-03T19:54:36.000000Z","category_id":3,"volume_id":null,"id":12417,"volume_count":null,"volume_title":null,"category":{"id":3,"title":"Women in Islam","created_at":"2017-08-17T19:18:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-02-12T22:28:18.000000Z","slug":"Women-in-Islam","i18ns":[],"get_title":"Women in Islam"},"authors":[{"id":2,"name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","slug":"ash_sheha","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":null,"promote":1,"status":1,"created_at":"2013-12-02T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-11-10T08:42:34.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"pivot":{"book_id":12417,"author_id":2},"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha"}],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/books\/images\/2025\/1\/dark-purple-floral-photo-simple-prayer-book-cover.png","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","author_id":"","author_name":"Dr. Abd Ar-Rahman bin Abd Al-Karim Ash-Sheha","book_title":"Love in Islam","category_slug":"Women-in-Islam","category_name":"Women in Islam"}],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?books_page=1","from":1,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":11,"total":11},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":2429,"title":"Sufismus","slug":"sufismus","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/de_Sufismus.doc","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/de_Sufismus.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:sufismus","hint":"","body":"

Sufismus<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

 (Teil 1 von 2)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Beschreibung: Ein kurzer Einblick darüber, wie sich der Sufismus vom Islam unterscheidet und wie er den Lehren des Islam widerspricht. Dieser erste Teil definiert den Sufismus, erwähnt seine Ursprünge und wie er sich in der Vorstellung des Glaubens an Gott, des Glaubens an den Propheten Muhammad (Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm) und dem Glauben an Paradies und Hölle vom Islam unterscheidet.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Einleitung<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Ob von einem Dokumentarfilm oder von einer wunderschön aufgemachten Website, die meisten haben schon einmal von ´Sufis´ und dem ´Sufismus´ gehört; Fernsehprogramme werden ausgestrahlt, Gäste in Talkshows machen von sich Reden und Politiker scheinen an dieser Gruppe ein großes Interesse zu haben... man braucht nur das Wort ´Sufi´ in irgendeine Suchmaschine einzugeben und schon wird man von allen möglichen Videos und Bildern überschüttet, die verfügbar sind. Im Cyberspace kann man Bilder und Videos von Sufimystikern und Älteren sehen, die rhythmisch zu vibrierenden Melodien im Hintergrund tanzen. Verwirrende Bilder von älteren Sufimystikern, die mit Messern in ihre Köpfe stechen oder sich anderen unterschiedlichen Folterungen unterziehen, sind ebenfalls allgegenwärtig zu finden. Jemand, der sich für den Islam interessiert, könnte eine falsche Vorstellung vom Islam und den Muslimen bekommen, denn im Abendland ist ´Sufi´ und ´Sufismus´ nur ein Synonym für Muslim und Islam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Die Frage, die sich stellt, ist die: sind sie wirklich Muslime und praktizieren sie tatsächlich den Islam? Zugegeben, es gibt zahlreiche Sites, Artikel und Bücher, die geschrieben und zusammengestellt worden sind, aber die meisten sprechen auf eine emotionale Weise über den Sufismus, die einen denken lässt, sie seien voreingenommen. In dieser einfachen Abhandlung versuche ich, auf rein informative Weise über den ´Sufismus´ zu schreiben, weit von jeglichen Neigungen entfernt.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Obwohl sie nur eine kleine Minderheit darstellen, kann man Sufis in vielen Ländern antreffen, egal ob muslimisch oder nicht-muslimisch. Aber im Gegensatz zu dem Glauben, dass Sufismus eine ´Gruppe´ wäre, ist der Sufismus in ´Bruderschaften´ (oder auch Orden genannt, Anm. Islamhouse.com) geteilt; jede unterscheidet sich in Glaubensdingen und Praktiken von den anderen. Einige Gruppen sind größer als andere und andere sind im Lauf der Zeit mit einander verschmolzen. Unter den überlebenden Gruppen sind die Tijaani- Bruderschaft, die Naqschabandi- Bruderschaft, die Qadiri- Bruderschaft und die Schadthili- Bruderschaft.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Der Ursprung des Sufismus<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

In seiner frühesten Form betonten die Lehren des Sufismus, dass der Einzelne mehr Nachdruck auf die spirituellen Aspekte des Islam legen sollte, ein Ergebnis der Vielen, die dieses hohe Ziel des Islam aus den Augen verloren haben. Nach einer Zeit haben unehrenhafte Ältere fremde Praktiken in den Islam eingeführt, die von ihren Anhängern begrüßt wurden. Zu diesen eingeführten Praktiken gehörten Tanzen, Musik spielen und sogar das Konsumieren von Haschisch.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Der Gelehrte Ibn al-Jawzi schrieb in seinem Buch ´Talbis Iblis´ über den Ursprung des Namens, den diese Gruppe verwendete, indem er sagte:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\"Sie werden bei diesem Namen genannt, in Verbindung mit der ersten Person, die ihr Leben dafür weihte, bei der Ka´bah Gott zu dienen, deren Name war Sufah.\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Hiernach nannten sich jene, die ihm nacheifern wollten, selbst ´Sufis´.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Ibn al-Jawzi nennt auch noch einen anderen Grund, er sagte: \"sie trugen wollene Kleidung.\" Wolle heißt auf arabisch ´suuf´ und wollene Kleidung war in jenen Zeiten ein Zeichen für einen Asketen, denn Wolle war die billigste Kleidung und sie war sehr rauh auf der Haut; kurz gesagt, sie war ein Zeichen der Askese. Jedenfalls gab es das Wort ´Sufi´zur Zeit des Propheten und seiner Gefährten noch nicht, sondern es tauchte erst ungefähr im 2. Jahrhundert der Hijrah auf (200 Jahre nach der Auswanderung des Propheten nach Medina).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Der wohlbekannte Gelehrte, Ibn Taymiyyah, erwähnte auch, dass der Sufismus zuerst in Basrah im Irak, aufgetreten ist, wo manche Menschen im Gottesdienst und im Meiden des weltlichen Lebens zu solchen Extremen gingen, wie man es in anderen Ländern nie gesehen hatte.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Was also ist Sufismus?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Sufismus besteht aus einer Reihe von Konzepten und Praktiken, die von Armut, Zurückgezogenheit, Täuschung, Verzicht, bis hin zum Singen und Tanzen reichen, und er basiert auf der Vermischung vieler verschiedener Religionen und Philosophien, wie der griechischen Philosophie, dem Zoroastismus, dem Buddhismus, dem Hinduismus ebenso wie dem Islam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Sufis bezeichnen sich oft selbst als \"Islamische Mystiker\" oder sie werden von den Orientalisten als solche bezeichnet, um den Eindruck zu erwecken, dass der Islam gänzlich oder teilweise eine dogmatische Religion mit zahlreichen bedeutungslosen Ritualen sei. Gerade diese Natur des Sufismus (oder Tasawwuf ) widerspricht dem, woran die Muslime glauben sollen, das erkläre ich später noch, wenn ich auf den Glauben der Sufis allgemein zu sprechen komme.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Die Züge eines Muslim<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Ein Muslim bezieht sich in religiösen Angelegenheiten immer auf den Qur´an und die Überlieferungen des Propheten Muhammad, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, die Sunnah genannt werden. Gott sagt uns im Qur´an:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

“Und es ziemt sich nicht für einen gläubigen Mann oder eine gläubige Frau, dass sie – wenn Gott und Sein Gesandter eine Angelegenheit beschlossen haben – eine andere Wahl in ihrer Angelegenheit zu treffen. Und der, der Gott und Seinem Gesandten nicht gehorcht, geht wahrlich in offenkundiger Weise irre.”<\/em><\/strong> (Quran 33:36)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Der Prophet Muhammad betonte die Wichtigkeit, dem Qur´ an und der Sunnah zu folgen und welche Gefahr davon ausgeht, wenn irgendwelche Erneuerungen in den Islam eingeführt werden. Es ist wohlbekannt, dass der Prophet gesagt hat:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\"Wer eine Tat verrichtet, die nicht im Einklang mit meinen Befehlen steht, die soll zurückgewiesen werden.\"<\/em><\/strong> (Sahih Muslim)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Ibn Mas’uud (ein Gefährte des Propheten), möge Gott mit ihm zufrieden sein, sagte:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

“Der Gesandte Gottes, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, machte mit seiner Hand eine gerade Linie auf dem Boden, dann sprach er: \"Dies ist der gerade Weg Gottes.\" Dann zog er auf jeder Seite der geraden Linie eine (kurze) Linie; dann sagte er: \"Diese (kurzen) Linien - jede einzelne hat einen Teufel, der die Menschen zu ihr einlädt.\" Dann rezitierte er die Verse (aus dem Qur´an):<\/em><\/strong> “Und dies ist Mein gerader Weg.  So folgt ihm; und folgt nicht den (verschiedenen) Wegen, damit sie euch nicht weitab von Seinem Weg führen.<\/em><\/strong>”<\/em><\/strong> (Quran 6:153) Sahih: Überliefert von Ahmed und an-Nasaai´i.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Von einem Muslim wird also verlangt, Gott und Seinem Gesandten zu gehorchen. Dies ist die größte Autorität im Islam. Man braucht nicht blind religiösen Führern zu folgen; von uns Menschen wird vielmehr verlangt, dass wir unsere Fähigkeiten nutzen, die Gott uns verliehen hat: zu denken und vernünftig zu urteilen. Der Sufismus andererseits besitzt eine verbindliche Ordnung, die den Menschen seines freien Denkens und seiner persönlichen Diskretion beraubt, und ihn der Gnade des Scheikhs dieser Ordnung unterwirft... wie von einigen Sufi-Ältesten gesagt wurde: ´man muss mit seinem Scheikh sein, wie ein Toter, der gewaschen wird´; d.h. man sollte nicht diskutieren oder der Ansicht des Scheikhs widersprechen, sondern absoluten Gehorsam und Unterwerfung ihm gegenüber zum Ausdruck bringen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Wahre Muslime sind mit dem Namen \"Muslim\" zufrieden, den Gott, der Allmächtige, ihnen gegeben hat:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

“Er hat euch erwählt und hat euch nichts auferlegt, was euch in der Religion bedrücken könnte, der Religion eures Vaters Abraham. Er (Gott) ist es, Der euch (in den früheren Schriften) vordem schon Muslime nannte und (nun) in diesem (Buch).”<\/em><\/strong> (Quran 22.78)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Sufis mögen darauf bestehen, dass sie Muslime sind, aber zur gleichen Zeit bestehen manche darauf, sich eher als Sufis zu bezeichnen denn als Muslime.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Islamische Glaubensgrundlagen auf einen Blick: Glaube an Gott<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Kurz gesagt, ein Muslim glaubt an die Einzigartigkeit Gottes. Er hat keinen Partner, niemand ist wie Er. Gott, der Allmächtige, sagt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

“Es gibt nichts Seinesgleichen;[2]<\/strong><\/a> und Er ist der Allhörende, der Allsehende.”<\/em><\/strong> (Quran 42:11)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Gott ist von Seiner Schöpfung getrennt und kein Teil von ihr. Er ist der Schöpfer und alles andere ist Seine Schöpfung.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Sufis haben abweichende Ansichten über Gott, den Allmächtigen, darunter sind folgende:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

a)         Al-Huluul<\/strong>: Diese Ansicht besagt, Gott, der Allmächtige, weile in Seiner Schöpfung.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b)        Al-It’tihaad<\/strong>: Diese Ansicht besagt, Gott, der Allmächtige, und die Schöpfung seien eins, eine vereinigte Erscheinung.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

c)         Wahdatul-Wujuud<\/strong>: Diese Ansicht besagt, man solle nicht zwischen dem Schöpfer und der Schöpfung unterscheiden, denn Schöpfer und Schöpfung seien eine Einheit.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Mansuur al-Hallaaj, eine hoch geschätzte Persönlichkeit bei den Sufis, behauptete: \"Ich bin Der, Den ich liebe,\" dann rief er aus, \"Der, Den ich liebe, bin ich; Wir sind zwei Seelen, die in einem Körper leben. Wenn ihr mich seht, seht ihr Ihn und wenn ihr Ihn seht, seht ihr mich.”[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Muhiyddin Ibn Arabi, eine andere geschätzte Persönlichkeit im Sufismus, war berüchtigt für seine Aussage: \"Was unter meinem Kleid ist, ist nichts als Gott.\" Und \"Der Diener ist der Herr und der Herr ist ein Diener.\"[4]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Diese oben genannten Ansichten widersprechen dem muslimischen Glauben an die Einheit Gottes völlig, denn der Islam ist ein strikter Monotheismus. Diese Hauptdoktrinen der Sufis sind nicht weit von einigen der christlichen oder der hinduistischen Doktrinen der Reinkarnation entfernt. S. R. Sharda sagte in seinem Buch ‘Sufi Thought’(Sufigedanken):<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\"Die Sufiliteratur der Periode nach Timur zeigt eine bedeutende Veränderung der Denkinhalte. Es ist pantheistisch. Nach dem Machtverlust der orthodoxen Muslime in Zentralindien vor fast einem Jahrhundert aufgrund der Invasion der Timur, war der Sufismus von der Kontrolle durch die muslimischen Orthodoxen befreit und verband sich mit hinduistischen Heiligen, die ihn auf erstaunliche Weise beeinflussten. Die Sufis übernahmen den Monismus und die weibliche Ergebung von der Vaishnava Vedantischen Schule und Bhakti und Yogi- Praktiken der Vaishnava Vedantischen Schule. Zu jener Zeit hatte die Popularität des vedantischen Pantheismus unter den Sufis ihren Höhepunkt erreicht.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Glaube an den Propheten Gottes<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Ein Muslim glaubt, dass der Prophet Muhammad der letzte Prophet und Gesandte Gottes war. Er war weder göttlich, noch wird er angebetet; aber ihm ist zu gehorchen und man kann Gott nicht anbeten, außer auf die Art und Weise, die der Prophet Muhammad, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, gutgeheißen hat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Die sufistische Ordnung hält eine breite Vielfalt an Ansichten in Verbindung mit dem Propheten, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, bereit. Unter ihnen gibt es solche, die glauben, er hätte nicht das Wissen besessen, das die Sufi-Ältesten besitzen. Al-Bustami, ein Sufi-Schaikh, sagte: \"Wir haben ein Meer des Wissens betreten, an der Küste, an der die Propheten und Gesandten gestanden haben.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Andere Sufis schreiben dem Propheten, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, eine gewisse Art der Göttlichkeit zu, indem sie sagen, dass die gesamte Schöpfung von dem ´Licht´des Propheten Muhammad erschaffen wurde. Einige glauben sogar, er sei das erste Geschöpf gewesen, und er würde auf Gottes Thron ruhen; dies ist der Glaube von Ibn Arabi und anderen Sufis, die ihm nachfolgten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Glaube an Himmel und Hölle<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Kurz gesagt, Muslime glauben, dass sowohl der Himmel als auch die Hölle bereits jetzt existieren, und sie sind beide wirkliche Aufenthaltsorte. In der Hölle wird die sündige Person bestraft, und im Himmel wird die fromme Person belohnt.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Sufis glauben allgemein, dass man Gott nicht bitten muß, einem das Paradies zu gewähren; sie behaupten sogar, dass der Wali (Hüter) nicht darum bitten sollte, denn es sei ein Zeichen für mangelnde Intelligenz. Für sie hat das ´Paradies´ eine übertragene Bedeutung, und zwar, die Kenntnisse von der Verborgenheit von Gott zu erhalten und sich in Ihn zu verlieben.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Was die Hölle angeht, glaubt ein Sufi, dass man nicht versuchen sollte, davor zu fliehen. Nach ihnen sollte ein wahrer Sufi keine Angst vor dem Feuer haben. Manche glauben sogar, wenn ein Sufi-Älterer auf das Feuer spuckte, würde es ausgehen, wie Abu Yazid al-Bustami behauptet hat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Quelle: Islamreligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n


\r\n
\r\n
\r\n

[1]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a> Al-Fataawaa (11\/6)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n

[2]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a> Es gibt keinerlei Ähnlichkeit zwischen dem Schöpfer und Seiner Schöpfung im wesentlichen, in Seinen Eigenschaften oder Taten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n

[3]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a> <\/strong>At-Tawaasien by Al-Hallaj<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n

[4]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a> Al-Fatoohaatul-Makkiyyah & Al-Fatoohaat<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":23511,"lft":4638,"rght":4639,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-10-14T22:55:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T15:39:52.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":5,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":18,"parent_id":2428,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2014-10-14","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de_Sufismus.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de_Sufismus.doc"},{"id":3357,"title":"Sufism--","slug":"sufism--","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/5495d084-fadc-4a91-9e49-5b12b8adb1fd-en-Sufism.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/5495d084-a448-4dd9-973e-5b12b8adb1fd-en-Sufism.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:sufism--","hint":"

\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644:<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\r\n

\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641:<\/span> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631:<\/span> \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","body":"

Sufism<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

(part 1 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Whether it’s from a documentary on TV or a beautifully designed website, the majority have heard something about ‘Sufis’ and ‘Sufism’; programs on TV have aired, talk show hosts have made mention of them and politicians are taking a keen interest in this group… one has only to type the word ‘Sufi’ on any search engine to be overwhelmed with the videos and pictures that are available.  In cyberspace one can view images and videos of Sufi mystics and elders dancing in rhythmic forms to the background of vibrant melodies.  Disturbing images of mystic Sufi elders jabbing their heads with knives or submitting themselves to various means of torture are all too common as well.  One interested in Islam may get a wrong idea about Islam and Muslims, for to the occident ‘Sufis’ and ‘Sufism’ is just a synonym of Islam and Muslim.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The question that arises, are they really Muslims, and are they practicing Islam? Before jumping the gun, I have to make mention that there are many sites, articles and books that have been written and put together, but most talk about Sufism in an emotional manner, which will lead one to think that they are impartial.  In this humble endeavor, I attempt to write about ‘Sufism’ in an informative manner, far from any biases.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Though only a tiny minority, Sufis can be found in many countries, Muslim and non-Muslim.  But contrary to the belief that Sufism is one ‘group’, Sufism is divided into ‘orders’; each differs from the other in terms of belief and practice.  Some groups are larger than others, and others have gone to rest with the passage of time.  Among the surviving groups today, there is the Tijaani order, the Naqshabandi order, the Qadiri order and the Shadthili order.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Origin of Sufism<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

In its earliest form, Sufi teachings stressed that an individual should give more emphasis to the spiritual aspects of Islam, a result of many losing sight of this lofty goal of Islam.  After a period of time, however, infamous Sufi elders introduced practices foreign to Islam which were welcomed by its followers.  Practices introduced included dancing, playing music, and even consuming hashish.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Scholar Ibn al-Jawzi, wrote in his book ‘Talbis Iblis’ about the origin of the name used by this group, saying: ‘They are called by this name in relation to the first person who dedicated his life to worship around the Ka’bah, whose name was Sufah.’<\/span><\/p>\r\n

According to this, those who wanted to emulate him called themselves ‘Sufis’.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ibn al-Jawzi also mentions another reason, he said: ‘they would wear woolen clothes.’ Wool in Arabic is called ‘soof’ and woolen clothes were the sign of an ascetic during those times, since wool was the cheapest form of clothing and was very rough on the skin; in short it was a symbol of a asceticism.  In any case, the word Sufi was not present at the time of Prophet Muhammad and his companions instead first appeared at about 200 Hijrah (200 years after the migration of the Prophet from Makkah to Madinah).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The well known scholar, Ibn Taymiyyah, mentions that the first appearance of Sufism was in Basrah, Iraq, where some people went to extremes in worship and in avoiding the worldly life, such as not seen in other lands.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

So what is Sufism?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Sufism is a series of concepts and practices that range from poverty, seclusion, deception, depriving the soul, singing and dancing; and is based on a mix of many different religions and philosophies such as Greek philosophies, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, as well as Islam.  It is often referred to by Sufis themselves or by Orientalists as “Islamic mysticism”, in order to give the impression that Islam is either wholly or partly an dogmatic religion with a set of meaningless rituals.  The very nature of Sufism (or Tasawwuf<\/em>) opposes what a Muslim is to believe in, this will be explained further when I make mention of Sufi beliefs in general.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Traits of a Muslim<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

A Muslim always refers back to the Quran and narrations of Prophet Muhammad, may the blessing and mercy of God be upon him, called the Sunnah, in matters of religion.  God tells us in the Quran:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“It is not for a believing man or a believing woman, when God and His Messenger have decided a matter, they should [thereafter] have any choice about their affair.  And whoever disobeys God and His Messenger has certainly strayed into clear error.” (Quran 33:36)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Prophet Muhammad stressed the importance of following the Quran and Sunnah and the danger of introducing any innovations into Islam.  It is known that the Prophet said: “Whoever does a deed which is not in accordance to my commands (i.e. the Islamic Law), it shall be rejected.” (Saheeh Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ibn Mas’ood (a companion of the prophet), may God be pleased with him, said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“The Messenger of God, may the blessing and mercy of God be upon him, made a straight line on the ground with his hand, then he said, “This is the straight path of God.”<\/strong>  Then he made a (short) line on each side of the straight line; then he said, ‘These (short) lines, each one has a <\/strong>devil<\/strong><\/tt> <\/strong>inviting people to it.”<\/strong> Then he recited the verse (of the Quran):<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“And this is My path straight.  So follow it, and do not follow (other) ways, lest they lead you away from My path.” (Quran 6:153)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Saheeh: Reported by Ahmad and an-Nasaae’e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Muslim therefore is required to obey God and His Messenger.  This is the highest authority in Islam.  One is not to blindly follow religious leaders; rather, we as humans are required to use the faculties given to us by God, to think and reason.  Sufism, on the other hand, is a binding order that strips one of free thought and personal discretion and puts him at the mercy of the Sheikh of the order… as it has been said by some Sufi elders, ‘one must be with their Sheikh as a dead person is while being washed’, i.e. one should not argue, or oppose the opinion of the Sheikh and must display total obedience and submission to him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

True Muslims are content with the name “Muslim” given to them by Almighty God, as He says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“He has chosen you (to conform to His religion) and has imposed no difficulty upon you in religion, the religion of your father Abraham.  He named you ‘Muslims’ both before (in the preceding Divine Scriptures) and in this Book.” (Quran 22.78)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sufis may insist that they are Muslims, but at the same time some insist on identifying themselves as Sufis rather than Muslims.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islamic Beliefs at a Glance: Belief in God<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

In short a Muslim believes in the Uniqueness of God.  He has no partner; no one is like unto Him.  God, Almighty, says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“There is nothing like unto Him[2]<\/a>  and He is the all-Hearing and the all-Seeing.” (Quran 42:11)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God is separate from His creation and not a part of it. He is the Creator, and all else is His creation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sufis hold a number of beliefs in relation to God, Almighty; of these beliefs are the following:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a)     Al-Hulool<\/em><\/strong>: This belief denotes that God, Almighty, dwells in His creation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b)     Al-It’tihaad<\/em><\/strong>: This belief denotes that God, Almighty, and the creation are one, united presence.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

c)     Wahdatul-Wujood<\/em><\/strong>: This belief denotes that one should not differentiate between the Creator and the creation, for both the creation and the Creator are one entity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mansoor al-Hallaaj, a figure much revered by Sufis, said: “I am He Whom I love,” he exclaimed, “He Whom I love is I; we are two souls co-inhabiting one body.  If you see me you see Him and if you see Him you see me.”[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhiyddin Ibn Arabi, another revered figure in Sufism, was infamous for his statements: “What is under my dress is none but God,” “The slave is the Lord and the Lord is a slave.”[4]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

These above beliefs strongly contradict the Muslim belief in the Oneness of God, for Islam is a strict monotheism.  These cardinal Sufi doctrines are not far from some of the Christian beliefs or the Hindu belief of reincarnation. S. R. Sharda in his book, ‘Sufi Thought’ said: “Sufi literature of the post-Timur period shows a significant change in thought content.  It is pantheistic.  After the fall of Muslim orthodoxy from power at the centre of India for about a century, due to the invasion of Timur, Sufism became free from the control of the Muslim orthodoxy and consorted with Hindu saints, who influenced them to an amazing extent.  The Sufi adopted Monism and wifely devotion from the Vaishnava Vedantic school and Bhakti and Yogic practices from the Vaishnava Vedantic school.  By that time, the popularity of the Vedantic pantheism among the Sufis had reached its zenith.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Belief in the Prophet of God<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

A Muslim believes that Prophet Muhammad was the Final Prophet and Messenger of God.  He was not divine, nor is he to be worshipped; but he is to be obeyed and one cannot worship God except in a manner that has been sanctioned by Prophet Muhammad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sufi orders hold a wide variety of beliefs in relation to Prophet Muhammad.  Of them are those who believe that he was ignorant of the knowledge the Sufi Elders possess.  Al-Bustami, a Sufi Sheikh said: “We have entered a sea of knowledge at the shore of which the Prophets and Messengers stood.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Other Sufis ascribe some type of divinity to the Prophet saying that all of creation was created from the ‘light’ of Prophet Muhammad.  Some even believe that he was the first of creation and that he is resting upon the throne of God, which is the belief of Ibn Arabi and other Sufis who came after him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Belief in Heaven and Hell<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

In short, Muslims believe that both Hell and Heaven are existent now, and are two actual abodes.  Hell is where a sinful person will be punished and Heaven is where a pious person will be rewarded.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sufis in general believe that one should not ask God to grant them Paradise; they even claim that the Wali<\/em> (guardian) should not seek it, for it is a sign of one’s lack of intellect.  To them ‘Paradise’ holds an immaterial meaning, which is to receive the knowledge of the unseen from God and to fall in love with Him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As for Hell, a Sufi believes that one should not try to escape from it.  According to them, a true Sufi is not to be fearful of the Fire.  Some even believe that if a Sufi elder were to spit on the Fire, it would be put out, as Abu Yazid al-Bustami claimed.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Al-Fataawaa<\/em> (11\/6)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> There is no similarity whatsoever between the Creator and His creation in essence, in attributes or in deed.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> At-Tawaaseen<\/em> by Al-Hallaj<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> Al-Fatoohaatul-Makkiyyah & Al-Fatoohaat<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 2 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Principles of Sufism<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘Willful and total submission to the Sheikh’, is probably the motto of Sufism.  From a glance, it is clear that a special and complete bond is formed between the head of the Sufi order (the ‘Sheikh’) and the Mureed<\/em> (follower); understanding the principles of Sufism lies in understanding its basic structure.  So what is it all about?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Basically, the follower gives a pledge of allegiance, whereby he pledges to obey the Sheikh, and in turn the Sheikh promises to deliver the follower from every problem or calamity that may befall him.  The Sheikh also offers the sincere follower lucrative fringe benefits.  Once a follower agrees, he is blessed and assigned a set of Dhikr<\/em> (chants).  The follower is also to carry on with his life in a manner that is laid out by the Sufi order.  If a conflict arises between his duties within the order and outside duties, the follower is to act upon the instructions of the Sheikh.  In this manner the Sheikh’s hold over the follower becomes absolute.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

All in all, the follower is separated from the outside world and is exploited in many ways.  As Muslims we believe that no human has a special power or ability to deliver us from the calamities of the grave or the Hereafter.  Each of us will stand before God and will be judged individually.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

God tells us:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“And every soul earns not [blame] except against itself, and no bearer of burdens will bear the burden of another.” (Quran 7:164)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

We also believe that as Muslims we are not to submit and surrender ourselves to anyone but God, Almighty.  Besides the Creator, all else is apt to make error.  The Prophet, may the blessing and mercy of God be upon him, said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Every son of Adam makes mistakes and the best of them are those who repent.” (Tirmidthi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Sheikh<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

He is the ‘supreme authority’, the head of ‘job’ distribution within the Order and gives each of the followers their necessary Dhikr.<\/em>  It is to this individual whom the follower pledges full and total obedience; thereafter, the two universal laws of the Sheikh-follower bondage will come into effect:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a.     The follower must never argue with the Sheikh, nor ask him for a proof in relation to the actions he does.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.    Whoever opposes the Sheikh, will have broken the ‘covenant’ and is thus debarred from all fringe benefits offered by the Sheikh, even if he stays a close friend to him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As Muslims we believe that all acts of worship are ‘Tawqeefiyah<\/em>’, i.e. not subject to opinion; thus must be substantiated with textual evidences that are both authentic and decisive.  God, Almighty, tells us:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Say (to them), ‘produce your proof if you are truthful.’” (Quran 2:111)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

We believe that there is no middle-man between God and His slaves.  We are to call unto Him directly.  God tells us:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“And your Lord says, ‘Call upon Me; I will respond to you.’ Indeed, those who disdain My worship will enter Hell [rendered] contemptible.” (Quran 40:60)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

In Sufism, the Sheikh is thought to be ‘the inspired man to whose eyes the mysteries of the hidden are unveiled, for the Sheikhs see with the light of God and know what thoughts and confusions are in man’s hearts.  Nothing can be concealed from them.’[1]<\/a>  Ibn Arabi, claimed that he used to receive direct revelation from God, similar to the way that Prophet Muhammad did, and was quoted as saying: “Some works I wrote at the command of God sent to me in sleep, or through mystical revelations.”  M. Ibn Arabi, “The Bezels of Wisdom,” pp.3<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

We believe that the knowledge of the unseen is restricted to God alone.  Anyone who claims the knowledge of the unseen has indeed told a lie.  God tells us:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“And who is more disbelieving than he who forges a lie against God, or says, ‘It has been revealed to me,’ when nothing has been revealed to him?”(Quran 6.93)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0093Do not forge lies against me, because he who does so enters the Fire.” (Saheeh Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Covenant<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

This is an interesting ceremony, which by far, is the most important principle of Sufism as it is common among all Sufi Orders.  Here the Sheikh and the follower hold hands and close their eyes in solemn meditation.  The follower willfully and wholeheartedly pledges to respect the Sheikh as his leader and guide to the path of God.  He also pledges to adhere to the rites of the Order throughout his life and promises never to walk away, along with this the follower pledges complete and unconditional allegiance, obedience and loyalty to the Sheikh. After this the Sheikh recites:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Verily, those who take the allegiance to you take it to Allah.” (Quran 48:10)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The follower is then given his specific Dhikr<\/em>.  The Sheikh asks the follower: “Have you accepted me as your Sheikh and spiritual guide before God, Almighty?” In reply, the follower is to say: “I have accepted,” and the Sheikh responds saying: “And we have accepted.”  Both of them recite the Testimony of Faith and the ceremony is ended by the follower kissing the Sheik’s hand.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

This entire ceremony was unknown during the Prophet’s life and the best three generations that preceded him.  The Prophet said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Whoever lives after me shall see many differences (i.e. religious innovations); so adhere to my Sunnah<\/em> and the Sunnah<\/em> of my Rightly Guided Caliphs.” (Abu Dawood<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet also said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Verily, the best of speech is the Book of God, and the best of guidance is the guidance of (Prophet) Muhammad and the evil of all religious matters are the innovations.  Every innovation (in religion) is a bid’ah and every bid’ah is misguidance, and every misguidance will lead to the Fire.” (Saheeh Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Imam Malik, may Allah grant him His Mercy, said: “He who introduces aninnovation<\/tt> in the religion of Islam and deems it a good thing in effect claims by that Muhammad betrayed (the trust of conveying) the Divine Message.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Dhikr<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

It is also known as the ‘Wird<\/em>’ and in Sufism it is the practice of repeating the name of God, and the repetition of a set number of invocations.  These invocations may include beseeching the dead or seeking help from other than God for needs that only God Almighty can grant.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ahmad at-Tijani, a Sufi Elder, claimed that the wird<\/em> was withheld by Prophet Muhammad; he did not teach it to any of his Companions.  At-Tijani claimed that the Prophet knew that a time would come when the wird<\/em><\/tt> would be made public but the person who would do that was not yet in existence.  As a result, Sufis believe that there is an ongoing chain of transmission between Prophet Muhammad and their current Sheikh.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dhikr <\/em>is categorized by the Sufi elders into three categories:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A.    Dhikr <\/em>of the commoners, in which they are to repeat ‘La ilaaha ill-Allah Muhammad-ur-Rasoolullah’ (i.e. there is no God worthy of being worshipped but Allah and Muhammad is the slave of God.)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

B.    Dhikr<\/em> of the high class, which is to repeat the name of God, ‘Allah’.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

C.    Dhikr<\/em> of the elite, which is to repeat the Divine pronoun ‘Hu’, (i.e. He).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

At times, the Dhikr<\/em> is chanted in melodic hymns with eyes closed, rich music may be played (to some this is essential); moreover, some will dance before the Sheikh while saying the Dhikr<\/em>.  Many a time the Dhikr<\/em> includes open polytheism (the greatest sin in Islam).  God tells us:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“And it has been revealed to you and to those before you: If you attribute partners to God, your deed shall surely be in vain and you shall certainly be among the losers.” (Quran 39:65)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Interpretation of the Quran<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

In Sufism, studying the exegesis of the Quran or pondering the meanings of its verses is discouraged, and at times, even forbidden.  Sufis claim that every verse of the Quran has an outward meaning and an inward meaning.  The inward meaning is understood solely by the Sufi elders.  On account of this, Sufis have introduced concepts and words that are totally foreign to the teachings of Islam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In the Quran God, Almighty encourages us to properly understand His words.  God tells us:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“(This is) a Scripture that We have revealed unto you, full of blessing, that they may ponder its revelations, and that men of understanding may reflect.” (Quran 38:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The exegesis of the Quran is accomplished by studying the Quran along with the Sunnah; these two sources of Islamic law must be taken hand in hand as one integral unit.  We are to understand and interpret the Quran and the Sunnah the way they were understood by the first generations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

As can be seen from the above, Sufism varies quite drastically from the true spirit of Islam.  Sufism inculcates in the follower the will to stop using the basic faculties given to him by God, the Creator of the world and to submit himself to a form of slavery.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam, on the other hand, is very simple; there is no need for intermediaries or any saints between man and God, and one is only to submit and surrender themselves to God, Almighty.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Saif an-Nasr, Seera of Hamidiyyeh<\/em>, 1956<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":17590,"lft":6561,"rght":6562,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-21T04:35:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T10:08:05.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":13,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":18,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2014-12-21","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/5495d084-a448-4dd9-973e-5b12b8adb1fd-en-Sufism.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/5495d084-fadc-4a91-9e49-5b12b8adb1fd-en-Sufism.docx"},{"id":3358,"title":"Sufismo--","slug":"sufismo--","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Sufism.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Sufism.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:sufismo--","hint":"","body":"

Sufismo<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Introducción<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Ya sea a través de un documental en televisión o de un hermosamente diseñadowebsite<\/em>, la mayoría ha oído algo acerca de los “sufis” y el “Sufismo”; programas de televisión han sido emitidos, los anfitriones de los talk shows<\/em> los han mencionado y los políticos están tomando un entusiasta interés en este grupo… uno sólo tiene que escribir la palabra “Sufi” en cualquier buscador de internet para abrumarse con los videos y las imágenes que están disponibles. En el ciberespacio uno puede ver imágenes y videos de místicos y ancianos sufis bailando en formas rítmicas con melodías vibrantes de fondo. Perturbadoras imágenes de ancianos místicos sufis pinchándose sus cabezas con cuchillos o sometiéndose a sí mismos a varios medios de tortura, son muy comunes también. Alguien interesado en el Islam puede obtener información incorrecta acerca del Islam y los musulmanes, para Occidente los “sufis” y el “Sufismo” son simplemente sinónimos del Islam y musulmán.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La pregunta que surge es, ¿son ellos realmente musulmanes y están practicando el Islam? Antes de apresurarnos, debo hacer mención de que hay muchos sitios, artículos y libros que han sido escritos y estructurados, pero la mayoría hablan acerca del Sufismo de una manera emocional, lo cual nos conduce a pensar que son imparciales. En esta humilde tarea, intento escribir acerca del Sufismo de una manera informativa, alejado de cualquier prejuicio.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A pesar de ser sólo una pequeña minoría, los sufis pueden ser encontrados en muchos países, musulmanes y no musulmanes. Pero contrariamente a la creencia de que el Sufismo es un “grupo”, el Sufismo está dividido en “órdenes”, cada una difiere de las otras en términos de creencia y práctica. Algunos grupos son más grandes que otros, y otros se han retirado a descansar con el paso del tiempo.  Entre los grupos sobrevivientes hoy en día, está la orden Tiyaaní, la orden Naqshabandí, la orden Qadirí y la orden Shadhilí.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Origen del Sufismo<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

En su forma más primitiva, las enseñanzas sufis hacían énfasis en que un individuo debería dar más importancia a los aspectos espirituales del Islam, ya que muchos habían olvidado esta elevada meta del Islam. Luego de un periodo de tiempo, sin embargo, infames sufis  introdujeron prácticas foráneas al Islam, las cuales fueron bienvenidas por sus seguidores. Las prácticas introducidas incluían danza, interpretación de música e incluso el consumo de hachís (marihuana).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El erudito  Ibn Al-Yawzi, escribió en su libro Talbis Iblis<\/em> acerca del origen del nombre usado por este grupo, diciendo: “Ellos son llamados por este nombre en relación a la primera persona que dedicó su vida a adorar alrededor de la Ka’bah, cuyo nombre era Sufah”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De acuerdo con esto, aquellos que querían emularlo se autodenominaron “sufis”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ibn Al-Yawzi también menciona otra razón, él dijo: “Ellos solían vestir ropas de lana”. La lana en árabe es llamada “suf” y las ropas de lana eran signo de un asceta en esos tiempos, dado que la lana era la forma más barata de vestido y que era muy áspera sobre la piel; para resumir, era un símbolo de ascetismo. En cualquier caso, la palabra Sufi no estaba presente en el tiempo del Profeta Muhammad y sus compañeros, sino que su primera aparición fue alrededor del año 200 de la Hégira (200 años después de la emigración del Profeta de La Meca a Medina).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El bien conocido erudito, Ibn Taimiah, menciona que la primera aparición del Sufismo fue en Basora, Irak, donde algunas personas se fanatizaron en la adoración y en evitar la vida mundana, de manera nunca antes vistas en otras tierras.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Entonces, ¿qué es el Sufismo?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El Sufismo es una serie de conceptos y prácticas que van desde la pobreza auto impuesta , al aislamiento, el engaño, privación del alma, cantar y bailar, etc.; y está basado en una mezcla de muchas y diferentes religiones y filosofías, tales como la griega, el zoroastrismo, el budismo, el hinduismo, así como el Islam. Es con frecuencia referido por los mismos sufis o por los orientalistas como “misticismo islámico”, con el fin de dar la impresión de que el Islam es total o parcialmente una religión dogmática con un conjunto de rituales sin significado. La misma esencia del Sufismo (o Tasawwuf<\/em>) se opone a lo que el musulmán debe creer, esto será explicado más a fondo cuando haga mención a las creencias Sufis en general.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Rasgos del musulmán<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El musulmán siempre se remite al Corán y a las narraciones del Profeta Muhammad, que la paz y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él, llamadas “Sunnah”, en materia de religión. Dios nos dice en el Corán:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Un verdadero creyente o a una verdadera creyente no deben, cuando Dios y Su Mensajero hayan dictaminado un asunto, actuar en forma contraria; y sabed que quien desobedezca a Dios y a Su Mensajero se habrá desviado evidentemente”. (Corán 33:36)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Profeta Muhammad hizo énfasis en la importancia de seguir el Corán y la Sunnah, y el peligro de introducir cualquier innovación al Islam. Es sabido que el Profeta dijo: “Quien sea que haga una acción que no esté de acuerdo con mis mandamientos (es decir, la ley Islámica), le será rechazada”. (Sahih Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ibn Mas’ud (un compañero del Profeta), que Dios esté complacido con él, dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“El Mensajero de Dios, que la paz y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él, hizo una línea recta en el suelo con su mano, luego dijo: ‘Este es el camino recto de Dios’.<\/strong>  Luego hizo un línea (corta) a cada lado de la línea recta, y dijo: ‘Estas líneas (cortas), cada una tiene un diablo invitando a la gente a seguirla’.<\/strong>Luego él recitó el verso (del Corán) que dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Y éste es mi sendero recto, seguidlo pues. Y no sigáis otros caminos, porque si lo hacéis, estos os dividirán y desviarán de Su camino. Esto es lo que os ha ordenado para que Le temáis”. (Corán 6:153)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sahih: Reportado por Ahmad y An-Nasa’i.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El musulmán, por lo tanto, debe obedecer a Dios y a Su Mensajero. Esta es la más alta autoridad en el Islam. Uno no debe seguir ciegamente a los líderes religiosos; sino que, como seres humanos, debemos utilizar nuestras facultades otorgadas por Dios, pensar y razonar. El Sufismo, por otra parte, es una orden obligatoria que despoja a la persona del libre pensamiento y la discreción personal y la pone a merced de la misericordia de Sheij de la orden… como ha sido dicho por algunos ancianos sufis: “Uno debe portarse con su Sheij como la persona muerta en manos de quien lo baña”, es decir, la persona no debe discutir u oponerse a la opinión del Sheij, y debe mostrar total obediencia y sumisión a él.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los verdaderos musulmanes están contentos con el nombre \u0093musulmán” (o sea, sometido) dado a ellos por  Dios Todopoderoso, cuando dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Esfuércense por la causa de Dios como es debido. Él los eligió [para que sigan Su religión] y no les prescribió nada que no puedan cumplir. Esta es la religión monoteísta de vuestro padre Abraham, él los llamó musulmanes anteriormente y también fueron llamados así en esta revelación, para que el Mensajero fuera testigo [de sus obras] y ustedes sean testigos ante la humanidad [de la llegada de los Profetas anteriores]. Cumplan con la oración prescrita, paguen el Zakat y aférrense a Dios, pues Él es vuestro Protector. ¡Qué excelente Protector y qué excelente Defensor!” (Corán 22.78)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los sufis pueden insistir en que ellos son musulmanes, pero al mismo tiempo insisten en identificarse a sí mismos como sufis en lugar de como musulmanes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las creencias islámicas de un vistazo: la creencia en Dios<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

En resumen, el musulmán cree en la Unicidad de Dios. Él no tiene socio; nadie es igual a Él. Dios, Todopoderoso, dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Es el Originador de los cielos y la Tierra; creó esposas de entre vosotros [para que encontréis en ellas sosiego], y a vuestros rebaños también los creó en parejas, y así es como os multiplicáis. No hay nada ni nadie semejante a Allah, y Él todo lo oye, todo lo ve”. (Corán 42:11)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios está separado de Su creación y no es una parte de ella. Él es el Creador, y todo lo demás es Su creación.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los sufis mantienen un número de creencias en relación a Dios, Todopoderoso, estas creencias son las siguientes:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a)     Al-Hulul<\/em><\/strong>: Esta creencia denota que Dios, Todopoderoso, vive en Su  creación.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b)     Al-It’tihad<\/em><\/strong>: Esta creencia denota que Dios, Todopoderoso, y la creación son uno, una presencia unida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

c)     Wahdatul-Wuyud<\/em><\/strong>: Esta creencia denota que uno no debe diferenciar entre el Creador y la creación, pues tanto la creación como el Creador son una sola entidad (Monismo).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mansur Al-Hallaay, una figura muy reverenciada por los sufis, dijo: “Yo soy Él, a Quien yo amo”; y exclamó: “Él, a Quien yo amo, soy yo; somos dos almas cohabitando en un cuerpo. Si me ves lo ves a Él y si lo ves a Él me ves a mí”.[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhiyddin Ibn Arabi, otra reverenciada figura en el Sufismo, fue infame por sus declaraciones: “Lo que hay bajo mi vestido no es nada sino Dios”. “El esclavo es el Señor y el Señor es el esclavo”.[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Estas creencias contradicen fuertemente la creencia musulmana en la Unicidad de Dios, pues el Islam es un estricto monoteísmo. Estas doctrinas sufis no están lejos de algunas creencias cristianas o de la creencia hindú de la reencarnación. S. R. Sharda en su libro Pensamiento Sufi,<\/em> dijo: “La literatura sufi del periodo post-Timur muestra un cambio significativo en contenido de pensamiento. Este es panteístico. Luego de la caída de la ortodoxia musulmana del poder en el centro de la India por casi un siglo, debido a la invasión de Timur, el Sufismo se vio libre del control de la ortodoxia musulmana y se asoció con los santos hindúes, que los influyeron hasta un punto asombroso. Los sufis adoptaron el Monismo y una ciega devoción de las escuelas Vedántica Vaishnava y Bhakti, y las prácticas yogas de la escuela Vedántica Vaishnava. Por ese tiempo, la popularidad del panteísmo vedántico entre los sufis había alcanzado su cenit”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La creencia en el Profeta de Dios<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El musulmán cree que el Profeta Muhammad fue el último Profeta y Mensajero de Dios. Él no fue divino ni debe ser adorado; pero debe ser obedecido y no se puede adorar a Dios excepto en la manera en que fue enseñada por el Profeta Muhammad, que la paz y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las órdenes sufis sostienen una amplia variedad de creencias en relación con el Profeta Muhammad, que la paz y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él. Entre ellas están aquellas que creen que él fue ignorante del conocimiento que los mayores Shaijs Sufis poseen. Al-Bustami, un  Sheij sufi dijo: “Nosotros hemos entrado a un mar de conocimiento en cuyas orillas se pararon los Profetas y los Mensajeros”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Otros sufis atribuyen al Profeta, que la paz y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él, algún tipo de divinidad diciendo que toda la creación fue creada de la “luz” del Profeta Muhammad. Algunos incluso creen que él fue el primero de la creación y que está descansando sobre el Trono de Dios, esta es la creencia de Ibn Arabi y otros sufis que vinieron después de él.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La creencia en el Paraíso y el Infierno<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

En resumen, los musulmanes creen que tanto el Infierno y el Paraíso existen ahora, y que son dos moradas reales. El Infierno es donde una persona pecadora será castigada y el Paraíso es donde una persona piadosa será recompensada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los sufis, en general, creen que uno no debe pedirle a Dios que le conceda el Paraíso; ellos incluso afirman que el Wali<\/em> (guardián, santo) no debe buscarlo, pues es un signo de la carencia de intelecto. Para ellos el “Paraíso” contiene un significado inmaterial, lo cual es recibir la sabiduría de lo oculto de parte de Dios y enamorarse de Él.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En lo que tiene que ver con el Infierno, un sufi cree que uno no debe tratar de escapar de él. De acuerdo con ellos, un verdadero sufi no debe ser temeroso del Fuego. Algunos incluso creen que si un anciano sufi escupiera en el Fuego, este se apagaría, como afirmó Abu Yazid Al-Bustami.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Al-Fatawa<\/em> (11\/6)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> At-Tawasin<\/em> por Al-Hallaj<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Al-Futuhatul-Makkiyyah <\/em>y <\/em>Al-Fatuhat<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Principios del Sufismo<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“Voluntaria y total sumisión al Sheij”, es probablemente la consigna del Sufismo. Dando un vistazo, es claro que un vínculo especial y completo se forma entre la cabeza de la orden sufi (el “Sheij”) y el Murid<\/em> (seguidor); entender los principios del Sufismo yace en entender su estructura básica. Entonces, ¿de qué se trata todo esto?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Básicamente, el seguidor hace un juramento de lealtad, en el que se compromete a obedecer al Sheij y, a su vez, el Sheij promete librar al seguidor de todo problema o calamidad que pueda caer sobre él. El Sheij también ofrece al sincero seguidor lucrativos beneficios adicionales. Una vez el seguidor accede, él es bendecido y le es asignado un conjunto de Dhikr<\/em> (canticos, alabanzas). El seguidor también debe llevar su vida de la manera estipulada por la orden sufi. Si un conflicto surge entre sus deberes dentro de la orden y sus deberes externos, el seguidor debe actuar de acuerdo a las instrucciones del Sheij. De esta manera, el control del Sheij sobre el seguidor se vuelve absoluto.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 En general, el seguidor es separado del mundo exterior y es explotado en muchas formas. Como musulmanes creemos que ningún humano tiene poder o habilidad especial para librarnos de las calamidades de la tumba o el Más Allá.  Cada uno de nosotros se presentará delante de Dios y será juzgado individualmente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios nos dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0093Quien siga la guía será en beneficio propio, y quien se descarríe sólo se perjudicará a sí mismo. Nadie cargará con los pecados ajenos”. (Corán 17:15)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nosotros también creemos como musulmanes que no debemos someternos o rendirnos ante nadie sino solamente a Dios, Todopoderoso. Excepto del Creador, todo lo demás es propenso a cometer errores. El Profeta, que la paz y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él, dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Todos los hijos de Adán cometen errores, y los mejores de ellos son los que se arrepienten”. (Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Sheij<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Él es la “autoridad suprema”, la cabeza de la distribución del “trabajo” dentro de la orden y da a cada uno de los seguidores su Dhikr <\/em>necesario.<\/em> Es a este individuo a quien el seguidor promete completa y total obediencia; de allí en adelante, las dos leyes universales del vínculo seguidor-Sheij entrarán en efecto:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a.     El seguidor nunca debe discutir con el Sheij ni pedirle una prueba en relación con las acciones que él hace.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.    Quien sea que se oponga al Sheij habrá roto el “pacto” y queda excluido de todos los beneficios adicionales ofrecidos por el Sheij, incluso si se mantiene como un amigo cercano a él.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como musulmanes creemos que todos los actos de adoración son Tawqifiyah<\/em>, es decir, no son sujetos a opinión, sino que deben ser sostenidos con evidencias textuales que sean tanto auténticas como decisivas. Dios, el Todopoderoso, nos dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Y dicen [la Gente del Libro]: Sólo entrará al Paraíso quien sea judío o cristiano. Esos son sus deseos. Diles: Traed vuestro fundamento si es que decís la verdad”. (Corán 2:111)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nosotros creemos que no hay hombre intermediario entre Dios y Sus siervos. Debemos invocarlo a Él directamente. Dios nos dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>Vuestro Señor dice: Invocadme, que responderé [vuestras súplicas]. Por cierto que quienes actuando con soberbia se niegan a adorarme, ingresarán al Infierno humillados”. (Corán 40:60)<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

En el Sufismo, el Sheij es considerado “el hombre inspirado ante cuyos ojos los misterios de lo oculto son develados, pues los Sheijs ven con la luz de Dios y conocen qué pensamientos y confusiones hay en los corazones de los hombres. Nada puede ser escondido de ellos”.[1]<\/a> Ibn Arabi afirmaba que él solía recibir revelación directa de Dios, similar a la forma en que lo hacía el Profeta Muhammad, y fue citado diciendo: “Algunos trabajos  yo los escribí por mandamiento de Dios, enviado a mí en mi sueño o a través de revelaciones místicas”.  (M. Ibn Arabi. <\/em>The Bezels of Wisdom.<\/em> pp.3)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nosotros creemos que el conocimiento de lo oculto está restringido sólo a Dios. Cualquiera que diga que tiene conocimiento de lo oculto ha dicho una mentira. Dios nos dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“No hay nadie más injusto que quien inventa mentiras acerca de Dios y dice: ‘He recibido una revelación’, cuando en realidad no se le ha revelado nada; o dice: ‘Revelaré algo similar a lo que Dios ha revelado’”. (Corán 6:93)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Profeta, que la paz y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él, dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“No forjen mentiras sobre mí, porque aquel que así lo hace entra al Fuego”. (Sahih Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Pacto<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Esta es una interesante ceremonia, que por mucho es el principio más importante del Sufismo dado que es común entre todas las órdenes sufis. Aquí, el Sheij y el seguidor se toman de las manos y cierran sus ojos en solemne meditación. El seguidor, voluntariamente y de todo corazón, se compromete a respetar al Sheij como su líder y guía en el camino hacia Dios. También se compromete a adherirse a los ritos de la orden a lo largo de su vida y promete nunca abandonarla; al mismo tiempo, el seguidor se compromete a la completa e incondicional fidelidad, obediencia y lealtad al Sheij. Luego de esto, el Sheij recita:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“En verdad quienes te juran fidelidad están jurando fidelidad a Dios, pues la mano de Dios está sobre sus manos. Quien no cumpla con el juramento sólo se perjudicará a sí mismo; en cambio, quien respete lo pactado con Dios recibirá una recompensa grandiosa”. (Corán 48:10)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Luego se le da al seguidor su Dhikr <\/em>específico. El Sheij le pregunta al seguidor: “¿Me has aceptado como tu Sheij y guía espiritual ante Dios, Todopoderoso?” En respuesta, el seguidor debe decir: “Yo he aceptado”, y el Sheij responde diciendo: “Y nosotros hemos aceptado”. Ambos recitan el Testimonio de Fe y la ceremonia se termina con el seguidor besando la mano del Sheij.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Esta ceremonia entera no se conocía durante la vida del Profeta y las mejores tres generaciones que le siguieron. El Profeta, que la paz y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él, dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Quien sea que viva después de mí verá muchas diferencias (es decir, innovaciones religiosas); entonces, adhiéranse a mi Sunnah<\/em> y la Sunnah<\/em> de los califas rectamente guiados”. (Abu Dawud<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El  Profeta, que la paz y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él, también dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“De verdad, la mejor palabra es el  Libro de Dios, y la mejor guía es la guía del (Profeta) Muhammad y la peor obra son las innovaciones. Toda innovación (en temas de religión) es una bid’ah y toda bid’ah es mala guía, y la mala guía llevará al Fuego”. (Sahih Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Imam Malik, que Allah tenga misericordia de él, dijo: “Aquel que introduce una innovación en la religión del Islam y la considera una cosa buena, de hecho afirma con ello que Muhammad traicionó (la confianza de hacer llegar completo) el Mensaje Divino”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Dhikr<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Es también conocido como el Wird<\/em> y en el Sufismo es la práctica de repetir el nombre de Dios, y la repetición de un número fijo de invocaciones. Estas invocaciones pueden incluir suplicarle a los muertos o buscar ayuda en otro aparte de Dios por necesidades que sólo Dios, el Todopoderoso, puede satisfacer.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ahmad At-Tiyani, una personalidad sufi, afirmó que el wird<\/em> fue retenido por el Profeta Muhammad; él no lo enseñó a ninguno de sus Compañeros. At-Tiyani alegó que el Profeta conocía que llegaría un tiempo en el que el wird<\/em><\/tt> sería hecho público, pero la persona que lo haría no existía aún. Como resultado, los sufis creen que hay una cadena de transmisión en curso entre el Profeta Muhammad y su actual Sheij.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El <\/em>Dhikr <\/em>está clasificado por los sufis en tres categorías:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A.    El Dhikr <\/em>de los comunes, en el cual ellos deben repetir “La ilaaha illa Allah Muhammad-ur-Rasulullah” (es decir, no hay dios digno de ser adorado sino Allah, y Muhammad es el siervo de Dios).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

B.    El Dhikr<\/em> de la clase alta, que es repetir el nombre de Dios “Allah”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

C.    El Dhikr<\/em> de la élite, el cual es repetir el pronombre Divino “Hu” (Él).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A veces, el Dhikr<\/em> es cantado en himnos melódicos con los ojos cerrados, se puede tocar música (para algunos, esto es esencial); más aún, algunos bailan ante el Sheij mientras dicen el Dhikr<\/em>. Muchas veces el Dhikr<\/em> incluye politeísmo abierto (el mayor pecado en el Islam). Dios nos dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Por cierto que se te ha revelado [¡Oh, Muhammad!], y también a los [Profetas] que te precedieron, que si atribuyes copartícipes [en la adoración] a Dios tus obras se malograrán y te contarás entre los perdedores”. (Corán 39:65)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Interpretación del Corán<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

En el Sufismo, estudiar la exegesis del Corán o ponderar los significados de sus versos es desalentado, y a veces incluso prohibido. Los sufis alegan que cada verso del Corán tiene un significado externo (aparente) y un significado interno. El significado interno es entendido solamente por los sufis. Con base en esto, los sufis han introducido conceptos y palabras que son totalmente extrañas a las enseñanzas del Islam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En el Corán, Dios, el Todopoderoso, nos alienta a entender apropiadamente Sus palabras.  Dios nos dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Éste es el Libro bendito [el Sagrado Corán] que te revelamos [¡Oh, Muhammad!] para que mediten sobre sus preceptos y recapaciten los dotados de intelecto”. (Corán 38:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La exegesis del Corán es lograda al estudiar el Corán junto con la Sunnah; estas dos fuentes de la Ley Islámica deben ser tomadas mano a mano como una unidad integral. Nosotros debemos entender e interpretar el Corán y la Sunnah en la forma en la que ambos fueron entendidos por las primeras generaciones.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Conclusión<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Como puede verse, el Sufismo varía drásticamente del verdadero espíritu del Islam. El Sufismo inculca en el seguidor el deseo de dejar de usar las facultades básicas dadas por Dios, el Creador del mundo, y a someterse a sí mismo a una forma de esclavitud.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Islam, por otra parte, es muy simple; no hay necesidad de intermediarios o santos entre el hombre y Dios, y uno sólo debe someterse y rendirse a Dios, el Todopoderoso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Saif An-Nasr. Sira de Hamidiyyeh<\/em>. 1956<\/span><\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":19376,"lft":4640,"rght":4641,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-21T04:43:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T15:30:14.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":13,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":18,"parent_id":2428,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2014-12-21","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Sufism.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Sufism.docx"},{"id":3359,"title":"Le soufisme","slug":"le-soufisme","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/Le soufisme .docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/Le soufisme .pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:le-soufisme","hint":"","body":"

Le soufisme<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (partie 1 de 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

La plupart des gens ont déjà entendu parler des soufis et du soufisme, que ce soit dans un documentaire télévisé ou sur un site web que l’on a rendu le plus attrayant possible.  On en parle lors d’émissions télévisées, des invités de talk shows en font mention et des politiciens s’intéressent à ce groupe.  On n’a qu’à entrer le mot « soufi » dans n’importe quel moteur de recherche pour se retrouver devant des centaines de liens menant à des sites, vidéos et images de toutes sortes montrant des mystiques soufis dansant et tournant sur eux-mêmes au rythme de mélodies envoûtantes.  Des images troublantes de vieillards soufis se plantant des couteaux dans la tête ou se soumettant à diverses tortures sont malheureusement trop répandues.  Des gens cherchant à en connaître davantage sur l’islam peuvent ainsi se faire une idée totalement erronée de l’islam et des musulmans, car bien souvent, pour l’Occident, le soufisme et les soufis sont des synonymes d’islam et de musulmans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Une des premières questions qui vient à l’esprit est : sont-ils vraiment musulmans et peut-on vraiment dire qu’ils appliquent l’islam?  Avant de me prononcer, j’aimerais mentionner qu’il existe de nombreux sites web, articles et livres qui ont été créés et rédigés sur ce sujet, mais la plupart en parlent de façon hautement émotionnelle, ce qui nous fait douter de leur impartialité.  Je fais donc ici une humble tentative d’écrire sur le soufisme un article se voulant strictement informatif, en mettant de côté toute idée préconçue.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bien qu’ils ne constituent qu’une faible minorité, les soufis sont présents dans plusieurs pays, musulmans ou non.  Ils ne constituent pas un seul groupe, mais sont divisés en divers ordres, dont les croyances et les pratiques diffèrent.  Certains ordres sont plus importants que d’autres, et certains ont disparu au fil des ans.  Parmi les ordres qui existent toujours, aujourd’hui, on peut nommer les Tijaani, les Naqshabandi, les Qadiri et les Shadthili, entre autres.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les origines du soufisme<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Au tout début, les enseignements soufis insistaient pour que chaque individu accorde une plus grande importance au côté spirituel de l’islam, car nombreux étaient ceux qui avaient perdu de vue cette noble ambition.  Mais après un certain temps, de tristement célèbres soufis initièrent des pratiques qui, bien qu’étrangères à l’islam, furent accueillies favorablement par leurs disciples.  Ces pratiques incluaient la danse, la musique, et même la consommation de hachisch.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le grand érudit Ibn al-Jawzi a écrit, dans son ouvrage Talbis Iblis, sur l’origine du mot « soufi ».  Il dit : « Ils se sont ainsi appelés en mémoire de la première personne ayant consacré toute sa vie à l’adoration de Dieu autour de la Ka’abah, dont le nom était Soufah. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ceux, donc, qui cherchaient à suivre son exemple décidèrent de s’appeler « soufis ».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ibn al-Jawzi mentionne une autre raison pour laquelle ils auraient choisi ce nom.  Il écrit : « Ils portaient des vêtements de laine. »  La laine, en arabe, est appelée « souf »; et à cette époque, les vêtements de laine rêche étaient à la fois les moins dispendieux et les plus rugueux sur la peau.  Bref, c’était le symbole de l’ascétisme.  Tout cela pour dire que le mot « soufi » n’existait pas à l’époque du prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) et de ses compagnons, et n’est apparu que vers l’an 200 de l’hégire (i.e. 200 ans après la migration du Prophète de la Mecque vers Médine). <\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’illustre érudit Ibn Taymiyyah mentionne que le soufisme est d’abord apparu à Basrah, en Irak, où des gens sont allés aux extrêmes dans leur adoration et dans leur renoncement aux choses matérielles de ce monde, comme cela ne s’était jamais vu nulle part ailleurs.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Qu’est-ce que le soufisme?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le soufisme est constitué d’une série de concepts et de pratiques qui vont de la pauvreté volontaire à l’isolement, la tromperie et les privations, en passant par le chant et la danse.  Il se fonde sur un amalgame de différentes religions et philosophies comme les philosophies grecques, le zoroastrisme, le bouddhisme, le christianisme, l’hindouisme et l’islam.  Les orientalistes et les soufis eux-mêmes y font référence en tant que « mysticisme islamique », afin de donner l’impression que l’islam est, en tout ou en partie, une religion dogmatique constituée uniquement de rituels insignifiants.  La vraie nature du soufisme (ou tassawouf) s’oppose aux croyances auxquelles doit souscrire un musulman, ce que j’expliquerai plus loin lorsque je mentionnerai les croyances soufies en général.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les caractéristiques du musulman<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

En matière de religion, le musulman se réfère toujours au Coran et aux narrations du prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui), lesquelles forment ce qu’on appelle la sounnah.  Dieu nous dit, dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Il n’appartient pas à un croyant ou à une croyante, une fois que Dieu et Son messager ont décidé d’une chose (pour eux), d’avoir encore le choix dans leur façon d’agir.  Et quiconque désobéit à Dieu et à Son messager s’égare, de toute évidence. »<\/strong> <\/strong>(Coran 33:36)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Prophète a insisté sur l’importance de suivre le Coran et la sounnah, et mis en garde contre le danger d’apporter des innovations au sein de la religion.  Il a d’ailleurs dit : « Quiconque fait une chose qui n’est pas conforme à ce que j’ai commandé (i.e. à la loi islamique) la verra rejetée. »  (Sahih Mouslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ibn Mas’oud (un des compagnons du Prophète) a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Une fois, le Messager de Dieu (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a tracé une ligne droite sur le sol, puis il a dit : « Voici le droit chemin de Dieu ».<\/strong>  Puis, il a tracé de courtes lignes traversant de gauche à droite cette ligne centrale et a ajouté : « À l’intersection de chacune de ces lignes se tient un diable invitant les gens à emprunter cette voie transversale. »<\/strong>  Puis il récita le verset coranique suivant, où Dieu dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Voilà Mon chemin dans toute sa rectitude; suivez-le donc.  Et ne suivez pas les autres sentiers, de crainte qu’ils ne vous écartent du (droit) chemin. »  (Coran 6:153)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ce hadith a été rapporté par Ahmad et an-Nasaï.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le musulman doit donc obéir à Dieu et à Son messager, qui constituent les plus hautes autorités, en islam.  Il ne doit jamais suivre aveuglément des chefs religieux car en tant qu’être humain, il se doit de faire usage des facultés que Dieu lui a données et penser et réfléchir par lui-même.  Le soufisme est un mouvement contraignant qui empêche ses fidèles de penser librement et d’avoir des opinions personnelles, tout en les soumettant à la volonté du « cheikh ».  Comme l’ont affirmé certains soufis, « devant son cheikh, le fidèle doit se tenir comme le mort lorsqu’on le lave », i.e. qu’il ne doit jamais argumenter ni s’opposer à son jugement, tout en lui vouant une obéissance et une soumission totales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les véritables musulmans sont contents et satisfaits du nom « musulmans » que leur a donné Dieu.  Dans le Coran, Il dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Il vous a élus et ne vous a imposé aucune difficulté dans la religion, celle de votre père Abraham.  Il vous a nommés « musulmans » dans ce (Livre), et même avant sa révélation... » (Coran 22.78)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Certains soufis insistent pour dire qu’ils sont musulmans, alors que d’autres s’identifient comme soufis et évitent de se dire musulmans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Regard sur les croyances islamiques : la croyance en Dieu<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le musulman croit en l’unicité de Dieu; Celui-ci n’a aucun associé et nul n’est égal à Lui.  Dieu dit, dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Rien ne Lui ressemble.[2]<\/a>  Il entend tout et voit tout. »(Coran 42:11)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dieu est distinct de Sa création et n’en fait pas partie.  Il est le Créateur, et tout le reste est Sa création.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

On trouve chez les soufis un certain nombre de croyances erronées par rapport à Dieu, dont celles-ci :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a)     Al<\/em><\/strong>-Houloul<\/em><\/strong> : selon cette croyance, Dieu, le Très-Haut, résiderait au sein de Sa création.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b)<\/em><\/strong>     Al<\/em><\/strong>-It’tihaad:  <\/em><\/strong>selon cette croyance, Dieu, le Très-Haut, ne ferait qu’un avec Sa création.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

c)     Wahdatoul<\/em><\/strong>-Woujoud<\/em><\/strong> :  selon cette croyance, on ne devrait pas établir de distinction entre le Créateur et Sa création, car les deux ne formeraient qu’une seule et même entité.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mansour al-Hallaj, un personnage très vénéré par les soufis, a dit : « Je suis Celui que j’aime et Celui que j’aime est moi; nous sommes deux âmes cohabitant dans le même corps.  Si vous me voyez, c’est Lui que vous voyez; et si vous Le voyez, c’est moi que vous voyez. »[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mouhiyddin Ibn Arabi, un autre personnage vénéré au sein du soufisme, est tristement célèbre pour ses déclarations suivantes : « Ce qui se trouve sous mes habits n’est nul autre que Dieu » et « Le serviteur est le Seigneur et le Seigneur est le serviteur. »[4]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ces croyances contredisent totalement le principe d’unicité de Dieu tel qu’établi par l’islam, lequel est strictement monothéiste.  Ces doctrines soufies s’apparentent à certaines croyances chrétiennes, de même qu’à la croyance hindoue en la réincarnation.  S.R. Sharda, dans son ouvrage intitulé « Sufi Thought » (Pensée soufie), écrit : « Dans la littérature soufie de la période post-timouride, on observe un important changement dans le contenu de la pensée, qui devient panthéiste.  Après la perte de pouvoir, durant près d’un siècle, de l’orthodoxie islamique, en Inde (suite à l’invasion de Timour), le soufisme a eu le champ libre et ses fidèles se sont mis à frayer avec les « saints » hindous, qui exercèrent sur eux une très grande influence.  De l’école védantique Vaishnava, les soufis adoptèrent le monisme et le dévouement extrême, de même que le bhakti yoga.  À cette époque, la popularité du panthéisme védantique atteignit son zénith, chez les soufis. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Croyance au prophète de Dieu<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le musulman croit que le prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) était le dernier des prophètes et messagers de Dieu.  Il ne partageait pas les attributs divins et on ne doit donc jamais faire de lui un objet d’adoration; mais il doit être obéi et nul ne peut adorer Dieu autrement que comme lui nous l’a appris.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les ordres soufis ont une grande variété de croyances relatives au prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui).  Par exemple, certains soufis croient qu’il ne possédait pas le savoir que possèdent (prétendument) les aînés des ordres soufis.  Al-Boustami, un cheikh soufi, a dit : « Nous avons pénétré dans une mer de savoir, sur le rivage de laquelle se sont tenus les prophètes et les messagers. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

D’autres soufis attribuent une sorte de divinité au Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui), affirmant que toute la création fut créée à partir de la « lumière » du prophète Mohammed.  Certains croient même qu’il fut la toute première création et qu’il est assis sur le Trône de Dieu; c’est ce que croyait Ibn Arabi et d’autres soufis qui vinrent après lui.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Croyance au Paradis et à l’Enfer<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Les musulmans croient que le Paradis et l’Enfer existent déjà et sont deux séjours bien réels.  L’Enfer est l’endroit où les mécréants seront châtiés, tandis que le Paradis est l’endroit où les pieux seront rétribués.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En général, les soufis croient que nous ne devrions pas demander à Dieu de nous accorder le Paradis.  Ils prétendent même que le wali (tuteur, protecteur) ne devrait jamais le demander, car c’est là le signe d’un manque d’intelligence.  Pour eux, le Paradis est une chose abstraite servant à recevoir des nouvelles de l’invisible de la part de Dieu et à amener le fidèle à tomber en amour avec Lui.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quant à l’Enfer, les soufis croient que nul ne doit tenter d’y échapper.  Selon eux, un vrai soufi ne craint pas le Feu.  Certains croient même que si un de leurs chefs soufis crachait dans le Feu, ce dernier s’éteindrait (comme l’a prétendu Abou Yazid al-Boustami).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Al-Fataawaa<\/em> (11\/6)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> There is no similarity whatsoever between the Creator and His creation in essence, in attributes or in deed.    Il n’existe aucune similarité entre le Créateur et Sa création, ni dans leur essence, ni dans leurs attributs, ni dans leurs actions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> At-Tawaaseen<\/em>, par Al-Hallaj<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> Al-Fatoohaatul-Makkiyyah & Al-Fatoohaat<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

(partie 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Quelques principes du soufisme<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

« La soumission volontaire et totale au cheikh », telle est la devise du soufisme.  Du premier coup d’œil, il est clair qu’un lien particulier et très fort unit le chef de l’ordre soufi (i.e. le « cheikh ») au mourid<\/em> (disciple).  Pour comprendre les principes du soufisme, il faut comprendre sa structure de base.  Alors qu’en est-il, au juste?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Essentiellement, le disciple fait un serment d’allégeance dans lequel il promet obéissance au cheikh, lequel, en retour, promet au disciple de détourner de lui tout problème ou toute calamité qui pourraient croiser son chemin.  Le cheikh offre également au disciple qu’il juge sincère de lucratifs avantages.  Une fois que le disciple a prêté serment, il reçoit la bénédiction du cheikh et on lui confie une série de dhikr (invocations) à psalmodier.  Le disciple doit également, à partir de ce moment, vivre son quotidien de la façon établie par l’ordre soufi qu’il vient d’intégrer.  Si un conflit survient entre ses devoirs au sein de l’ordre et ses devoirs extérieurs, le disciple doit suivre à la lettre les recommandations du cheikh.  C’est ainsi que l’emprise du cheikh, sur le disciple, devient absolue.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Au bout du compte, le disciple finit par être complètement séparé du monde extérieur et exploité de diverses façons.  En tant que musulmans, nous croyons qu’aucun être humain ne possède de pouvoirs spéciaux ni la capacité de nous sauver des calamités de ce monde, de la tombe ou de l’au-delà.  Chacun d’entre nous se retrouvera devant Dieu, un jour, et nous serons tous jugés individuellement.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dieu dit, dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Chaque âme n’acquiert le mal qu’à son propre détriment, et personne ne portera le fardeau d’autrui. » (Coran 6:164)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nous croyons également qu’en tant que musulmans, nous ne devons nous soumettre à nul autre que Dieu, le Très-Haut.  En dehors du Créateur, tout être est sujet à l’erreur.  Le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Tous les fils d’Adam commettent des erreurs; et les meilleurs d’entre eux sont ceux qui se repentent. » (at-Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le cheikh<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le cheikh représente « l’autorité suprême », celui qui distribue les tâches au sein de l’ordre et qui confie à chaque disciple les dhikr qu’il doit psalmodier.  C’est à lui que les disciples prêtent serment d’allégeance et promettent une totale obéissance.  Par la suite, les deux lois universelles d’asservissement liant le disciple au cheikh prennent effet :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a.     Le disciple ne doit jamais argumenter avec le cheikh ni jamais lui demander de preuves démontrant l’authenticité de ce qu’il avance ou de justification pour ses actions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.    uiconque s’oppose au cheikh rompt le « pacte » et est exclu de tous les avantages, pécuniaires ou autres, offerts par le cheikh, même s’il demeure au sein de l’ordre et maintient de bons rapports avec le cheikh.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Comme musulmans, nous croyons que tous les actes d’adoration sont « tawqifiyah », c’est-à-dire qu’ils ne peuvent être sujets à aucune opinion personnelle et doivent être soutenus par des preuves textuelles qui sont à la fois authentiques et concluantes.  Dieu dit, dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Dis-leur : « Apportez vos  preuves, si vous êtes véridiques. » (Coran 2:111)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nous croyons qu’il n’existe aucun intercesseur entre Dieu et Ses serviteurs.  Nous devons donc nous adresser à Lui directement.  Dieu dit, dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Et votre Seigneur dit : « Invoquez-Moi, Je vous répondrai.  Ceux qui, par orgueil, se refusent à M’adorer entreront bientôt dans l’Enfer, humiliés. » (Coran 40:60)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dans le soufisme, on considère le cheikh comme « celui pour les yeux de qui sont dévoilés les mystères du monde invisible, car les cheikhs voient avec la lumière de Dieu et savent quelles pensées et quelle confusion se cachent dans le cœur de l’homme.  Rien ne leur est caché. » [1]<\/a> Ibn Arabi prétendait recevoir des révélations directement de Dieu, de la même façon que le prophète Mohammed.  Il a dit : « J’ai rédigé certains ouvrages sous l’ordre de Dieu, qui m’était envoyé durant mon sommeil ou par révélation mystique. »  (M. Ibn Arabi, “The Bezels of Wisdom,” pp.3<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En tant que musulmans, nous croyons que la connaissance de l’invisible n’appartient qu’à Dieu et que quiconque prétend la posséder ment.  Dieu dit, dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Et quel pire injuste que celui qui forge un mensonge qu’il impute à Dieu ou qui dit : « J’ai reçu une révélation », alors que rien ne lui a été révélé. » (Coran 6.93)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Ne forgez pas de mensonges à mon sujet, car celui qui s’en rend coupable entrera dans le Feu. » (Sahih Mouslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le pacte<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Cette cérémonie, commune à tous les ordres soufis, constitue, et de loin, le principe le plus important du soufisme.  Lors de son déroulement, le cheikh et son disciple se tiennent les mains et ferment les yeux, plongés dans une méditation solennelle.  Le disciple fait le serment volontaire et conscient de respecter le cheikh et de le prendre comme leader, afin qu’il le guide sur la voie de Dieu.  Il fait également le serment d’adhérer aux rites de l’ordre pour le restant de ses jours et promet de ne jamais le quitter.  Enfin, il fait un serment d’allégeance totale et inconditionnelle, d’obéissance et de fidélité au cheikh.  Après quoi le cheikh récite :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Certes, ceux qui te prêtent serment d’allégeance ne font que prêter serment à Dieu. » (Coran 48:10)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

On donne ensuite au disciple son dhikr<\/em> particulier.  Puis le cheikh lui demande : « M’as-tu accepté comme ton cheikh et guide spirituel devant Dieu, le Très-Haut? », ce à quoi il répond : « Oui, je t’ai accepté », puis le cheikh répond à son tour : « Et nous avons accepté. »  Ils récitent alors tous deux la profession de foi et le disciple embrasse la main de son cheikh, ce qui marque la fin de la cérémonie.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Voilà un rite qui était tout à fait inexistant à l’époque du prophète Mohammed et des trois générations qui l’ont suivi.  Le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Ceux qui vivront après moi seront témoins de nombreuses différences (i.e. innovations religieuses).  Adhérez à ma sounnah et à celle des califes bien guidés. »  (Abou Daoud<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Prophète a également dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« En vérité, le meilleur discours est celui du Livre de Dieu, le meilleur exemple à suivre est celui du prophète Mohammed, et les pires choses, dans les affaires religieuses, sont les innovations.  Chaque innovation (en matière de religion) mène à l’égarement, et l’égarement mène au feu de l’Enfer. » (Sahih Mouslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’imam Malik a dit : « Celui qui introduit une innovation dans l’islam et considère qu’il s’agit d’une bonne chose, prétend par là même que Mohammed n’aurait pas transmis correctement le message divin. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le dhikr<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Également connu sous le terme de « wird », il s’agit, dans le soufisme, de la pratique consistant à répéter le nom de Dieu ou à répéter un nombre précis d’invocations.  Celles-ci incluent le fait d’implorer les morts, de chercher secours auprès d’autres que Dieu ou de demander à d’autres que Dieu de combler des besoins que seul Dieu peut combler.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ahmad at-Tijani, un soufi connu, a déjà prétendu que le wird<\/em>, tel que pratiqué dans le soufisme, était connu du prophète Mohammed, mais que celui-ci avait choisi de ne pas l’enseigner à ses compagnons.  Selon at-Tijani, le Prophète savait qu’un jour viendrait où le wird<\/em> serait rendu public, mais que la personne qui s’en chargerait n’était pas encore née.  Par conséquent, les soufis croient qu’il existe une chaîne de transmission ininterrompue entre le prophète Mohammed et leurs cheikhs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les soufis divisent le dhikr en trois catégories :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A.    es dhikr des gens du peuple, où ceux-ci doivent répéter « la ilaaha ill-Allah, Mohammed Rasouloullah » (i.e. nul ne mérite d’être adoré à part Allah et Mohammed est Son serviteur et messager).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

B.    es dhikr de la haute classe, où il faut répéter le nom de Dieu, « Allah ».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

C.    es dhikr de l’élite, où il faut répéter le pronom divin « Hou » (i.e. « Il »).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Parfois, les dhikr sont psalmodiés, les yeux clos, au son d’une musique entraînante (pour certains, c’est une condition essentielle).  De plus, certains dansent devant le cheikh en répétant leur dhikr.  Souvent, le dhikr inclut des paroles ouvertement polythéistes (ce qui constitue le plus grave de tous les péchés, en islam).  Dieu dit, dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« En effet, il t’a été révélé, ainsi qu’à ceux qui t’ont précédé : « Si tu prêtes un (ou des) associés à Dieu, toute tes œuvres auront alors été faites en vain; et tu seras certainement du nombre des perdants. » (Coran 39:65)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Interprétation du Coran<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Dans le soufisme, étudier l’exégèse du Coran ou méditer sur la signification de ses versets est découragé, parfois même interdit.  Les soufis prétendent que chaque verset du Coran possède un sens apparent et un sens caché, ce dernier ne pouvant être compris que par les chefs soufis.  C’est sur cette base que les soufis ont inventé des concepts et des énoncés qui sont tout à fait étrangers aux enseignements de l’islam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dans le Coran, Dieu, le Très-Haut, nous encourage à chercher à comprendre correctement Ses paroles.  Il dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« (Ceci) est une Écriture bénie que Nous t’avons révélée, afin qu’ils méditent sur ses versets et que les doués d’intelligence réfléchissent. » (Coran 38:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’exégèse du Coran se fait en étudiant à la fois le Coran et la sounnah; ces deux sources de loi islamique doivent être considérées comme une seule entité.  Nous devons comprendre et interpréter le Coran et la sounnah de la même façon qu’ils l’ont été par les premières générations de musulmans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Tel qu’il a été démontré, le soufisme est très éloigné du véritable esprit de l’islam.  Le soufisme pousse ses disciples à cesser d’utiliser les facultés dont Dieu, le Créateur de l’univers, les a pourvus, et à se soumettre à une forme certaine d’esclavage.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’islam, quant à lui, est très simple : il n’est nul besoin d’intermédiaires ou de saints entre l’homme et Dieu, et chaque individu ne doit se soumettre et s’abandonner qu’à Dieu, le Très-Haut.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Saif an-Nasr, Seera of Hamidiyyeh<\/em>, 1956<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":25648,"lft":4642,"rght":4643,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-22T18:25:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T15:40:53.000000Z","language_id":9,"user_id":13,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":18,"parent_id":2428,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2014-12-22","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/Le soufisme .pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/Le soufisme .docx"},{"id":3360,"title":"----Sufismo----","slug":"----sufismo----","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Le soufisme .docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Le soufisme .pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:----sufismo----","hint":"","body":"

Sufismo<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Introdução<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Através de um documentário na TV ou um site belamente projetado, a maioria das pessoas já ouviu algo sobre “sufis” e “Sufismo”; programas na TV têm divulgado, anfitriões de programas de entrevista fazem menção a eles e políticos passaram a ter um forte interesse nesse grupo... basta apenas digitar a palavra “sufi” em qualquer programa de busca para ser soterrado com vídeos e fotos disponíveis.  No espaço cibernético podem-se ver imagens e vídeos de místicos e anciões sufis dançando em formas rítmicas ao som de melodias vibrantes.  Imagens perturbadoras de anciões místicos sufis furando suas cabeças com facas ou se submetendo a várias formas de tortura são muito comuns também.  Uma pessoa interessada no Islã pode ter uma idéia errada sobre o Islã e os muçulmanos, porque para o ocidente “sufis” e “Sufismo” é apenas um sinônimo de Islã e muçulmano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A pergunta que surge é se eles são realmente muçulmanos e se estão praticando o Islã. Antes de continuar tenho que mencionar que existem muitos sites, artigos e livros que foram escritos e compilados, mas a maioria fala sobre Sufismo de forma emotiva, dando a impressão que são imparciais.  Nessa humilde empreitada tento escrever sobre “Sufismo” de maneira informativa, longe de qualquer preconceito.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Embora sejam somente uma pequena minoria, sufis podem ser encontrados em muitos países, islâmicos e não-islâmicos.  Mas contrário à crença de que o Sufismo é um “grupo”, o sufismo é dividido em “ordens”; cada um difere da outra em termos de crença e prática.  Alguns grupos são maiores que outros e alguns grupos acabaram com a passagem do tempo.  Entre os grupos sobreviventes hoje existe a ordem Tijani, a ordem Naqshabandi, a ordem Cadirita e a ordem Chatili.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Origem do Sufismo<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Em sua forma inicial os ensinamentos do Sufismo salientavam que um indivíduo deve dar mais ênfase aos aspectos espirituais do Islã, como resultado de muitos perderem de vista esse grande objetivo do Islã.  Depois de um período de tempo, entretanto, anciões infames sufis introduziram práticas estranhas ao Islã que foram bem recebidas por seus seguidores.  Práticas introduzidas incluíam dançar, tocar música e até consumir haxixe.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O sábio Ibn al-Jawzi escreveu em seu livro ‘Talbis Iblis’ sobre a origem do nome usado por esse grupo, dizendo: “São chamados por esse nome em referência a primeira pessoa que dedicou sua vida à adoração ao redor da Caaba, cujo nome era Sufah.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De acordo com isso, aqueles que queriam imitá-lo se chamavam “sufis”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ibn al-Jawzi também menciona outra razão: “usavam roupas feitas de lã.” Lã em árabe é chamado “soof” e roupas de lã eram o sinal de um asceta naquela época, uma vez que a lã era a forma mais barata de vestimenta e era muito áspera sobre a pele; em resumo, era um símbolo de ascetismo.  Em qualquer caso, a palavra sufi não estava presente na época do Profeta Muhammad e seus companheiros e apareceu pela primeira vez por volta do ano 200 da Hégira (200 anos depois da migração do Profeta de Meca para Medina).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ibn Taymiyyah, o sábio bem conhecido, menciona que o primeiro surgimento do Sufismo foi em Basrah, no Iraque, onde algumas pessoas foram a extremos na adoração e no afastamento da vida mundana, como não era visto em outras terras.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Então, o que é Sufismo?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

O Sufismo é uma série de conceitos e práticas que passam pela pobreza, reclusão, ilusão, privação da alma, cantar e dançar; e é baseado em uma mistura de muitas religiões e filosofias diferentes, como a filosofia grega, Zoroastrismo, Budismo, Hinduísmo e também no Islã.  Frequentemente os próprios sufis ou os orientalistas se referem ao Sufismo como o “misticismo islâmico”, para dar a impressão de que o Islã é no todo ou em parte uma religião dogmática com um conjunto de rituais sem sentido.  A própria natureza do Sufismo (ou Tasawwuf<\/em>) se opõe ao que um muçulmano deve acreditar, o que será explicado mais adiante quando eu fizer menção às crenças sufis em geral.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Características de um Muçulmano<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Um muçulmano sempre recorre ao Alcorão e às narrações do Profeta Muhammad, que as bênçãos e misericórdia de Deus estejam sobre ele, chamada Sunnah, em questões de religião.  Deus nos diz no Alcorão:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Não é dado ao crente, nem à crente, agir conforme seu arbítrio, quando Deus e Seu Mensageiro é que decidem o assunto. Sabei que quem desobedecer a Deus e ao Seu Mensageiro desviar-se á evidentemente.” (Alcorão 33:36)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Profeta Muhammad enfatizou a importância de seguir o Alcorão e a Sunnah e o perigo de introduzir quaisquer inovações no Islã.  É sabido que o Profeta disse:“Aquele que fizer um ato que não está de acordo com meus comandos (ou seja, a Lei Islâmica), deve ser rejeitado.” (Saheeh Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ibn Mas’ood (um companheiro do profeta), que Deus esteja satisfeito com ele, disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O Mensageiro de Deus, que as bênçãos e misericórdia de Deus estejam sobre ele, fez uma linha reta no chão com sua mão e então disse: “Este é a senda reta de Deus.”<\/strong> Depois ele fez uma linha curta de cada lado da linha reta e então disse: “Em cada uma dessas linhas curtas existe um demônio convidando as pessoas para elas.”<\/strong> Então ele recitou o versículo do Alcorão:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Esta é a Minha senda reta. Segui-a e não sigais as demais, para que estas não vos desviem da Minha senda.”<\/strong> <\/strong>(Alcorão 6:153)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Saheeh: relatado por Ahmad e an-Nasaae’e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um muçulmano, portanto, deve obedecer a Deus e Seu Mensageiro.  Esta é a autoridade mais alta no Islã.  Não se deve seguir cegamente líderes religiosos; ao contrário, como humanos devemos usar as faculdades que nos foi dada por Deus, para pensar e raciocinar.  O Sufismo, por outro lado, é uma ordem que retira da pessoa o livre pensar e o critério pessoal e a coloca a mercê do sheik da ordem... como foi dito por alguns anciões sufis, “deve-se comportar com seu sheik como uma pessoa morta se comporta ao ser lavada”, ou seja, não deve argumentar nem se opor à opinião do sheik, e deve demonstrar obediência e submissão totais a ele.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Verdadeiros muçulmanos estão satisfeitos com o nome “muçulmano” dado a eles por Deus Todo-Poderoso, como Ele diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“E não vos impôs dificuldade alguma na religião, porque é o credo de vosso pai, Abraão. Ele vos denominou muçulmanos, antes (nas escrituras sagradas anteriores) e neste livro (Alcorão)...” (Alcorão 22:78)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os sufis podem insistir que são muçulmanos, mas ao mesmo tempo alguns insistem em se identificarem como sufis ao invés de como muçulmanos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Crenças Islâmicas em um Relance: Crença em Deus<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Resumidamente, um muçulmano acredita na unicidade de Deus.  Ele não tem parceiros e nada e ninguém é semelhante a Ele.  Deus, Todo-Poderoso, diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Nada é igual a Ele[2]<\/a>, e Ele é Ouniouvinte, Onividente.” (Alcorão 42:11)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Deus é separado de Sua criação e não uma parte dela. Ele é o Criador e tudo o mais é Sua criação.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os sufis têm uma variedade de crenças em relação a Deus, Todo-Poderoso; entre essas crenças estão as seguintes:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a)     Al-Hulool<\/em><\/strong>: Essa crença denota que Deus, Todo-Poderoso, habita em Sua criação.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b)     Al-It’tihaad<\/em><\/strong>: Essa crença denota que Deus, Todo-Poderoso, e a criação são uma presença única, unida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

c)     Wahdatul-Wujood<\/em><\/strong>: Essa crença denota que não se deve diferenciar entre o Criador e a criação, porque ambos, Criador e criação, são uma entidade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mansur al-Hallaaj, uma figura muito reverenciada pelos sufis, disse: “Sou Aquele a Quem amo”, exclamou, “Aquele a Quem amo sou eu; somos duas almas que coabitam um corpo. Se você vir a mim, O verá e se O ver verá a mim.”[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhiyddin Ibn Arabi, outra figura reverenciadas no Sufismo, foi infame por suas declarações: “O que está sob minha vestimenta não é nada, exceto Deus,” “O servo é o Senhor e o Senhor é um servo.”[4]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Essas crenças acima contradizem fortemente a crença islâmica na unicidade de Deus, porque o Islã é um estrito monoteísmo.  Essas doutrinas cardinais sufis não estão distantes de algumas das crenças cristãs ou da crença hindu de reencarnação. S.R. Sharda em seu livro “Sufi Thought” (Pensamento Sufi<\/em>) disse: “A literatura sufi do período pós-Tamerlão mostra uma mudança significativa na essência de pensamento.  É panteísta.  Depois da queda do poder da ortodoxia muçulmana no centro da Índia por aproximadamente um século, devido à invasão de Tamerlão, o Sufismo ficou livre do controle da ortodoxia muçulmana e se associou com santos hindus, que os influenciaram a uma extensão surpreendente.  Os sufis adotaram o monismo, a devoção extremada e práticas Bhakti e iogues da escola vedântica Vaishnava.  Naquela época a popularidade do panteísmo vedântico entre os sufis alcançou seu apogeu.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Crença no Profeta de Deus<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Um muçulmano acredita que o Profeta Muhammad foi o profeta final e mensageiro de Deus.  Não era divino e não é para ser adorado, mas é para ser obedecido. Não se pode adorar Deus exceto da forma que foi sancionada pelo Profeta Muhammad, que as bênçãos e misericórdia de Deus estejam sobre ele.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As ordens sufis adotam uma ampla variedade de crenças em relação ao Profeta Muhammad, que as bênçãos e misericórdia de Deus estejam sobre ele.  Entre eles existem os que crêem que ele ignorava o conhecimento que os anciões sufis possuem.  Al-Bustami, um sheik sufi, disse: “Entramos em um mar de conhecimento na margem em que os profetas e mensageiros pararam.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Outros sufis atribuem algum tipo de divindade ao Profeta, que as bênçãos e misericórdia de Deus estejam sobre ele, dizendo que toda a criação foi criada da “luz” do Profeta Muhammad.   Alguns até acreditam que ele foi a primeira criação e que está descansando sobre o trono de Deus, que é a crença de Ibn Arabi e outros sufis que vieram depois dele.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Crença no Paraíso e Inferno<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

De forma resumida, os muçulmanos acreditam que o Inferno e Paraíso existem agora e são duas moradas reais.  O Inferno é onde uma pessoa pecadora será punida e o Paraíso é onde uma pessoa piedosa será recompensada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os sufis em geral acreditam que ninguém deve pedir a Deus que lhes garanta o Paraíso; até alegam que o Wali<\/em> (guardião) não deve buscar o Paraíso, porque é um sinal de falta de intelecto.  Para eles “Paraíso” tem um significado imaterial, que é o de receber o conhecimento do oculto de Deus e se apaixonar por Ele.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quanto ao Inferno, os sufis acreditam que ninguém deve tentar escapar dele.  De acordo com eles, um verdadeiro sufi não deve temer o Fogo.  Alguns até acreditam que se um ancião sufi cuspir sobre o Fogo ele será apagado, como Abu Yazid al-Bustami alegou.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Al-Fataawaa<\/em> (11\/6)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Não existe qualquer semelhança entre o Criador e Sua criação em essência, em atributos ou ações.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> At-Tawaaseen<\/em> de Al-Hallaj<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> Al-Fatoohaatul-Makkiyyah & Al-Fatoohaat<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Princípios do Sufismo<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“Submissão total e voluntária ao sheik” é provavelmente o lema do Sufismo.  Em um relance, é claro que um laço especial e completo é formado entre o líder da ordem sufi (o “sheik”) e o murid (seguidor); o entendimento dos princípios do Sufismo reside no entendimento de sua estrutura básica.  Sobre o que ele é?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Basicamente o seguidor faz um voto de aliança no qual se compromete a obedecer ao sheik e, por sua vez, o sheik promete livrar o seguidor de todo problema ou calamidade que recair sobre ele.  O sheik também oferece ao seguidor sincero benefícios adicionais lucrativos.  Uma vez que o seguidor concorde, ele é abençoado e lhe é designado um conjunto de Dhikr<\/em> (cânticos).  O seguidor também deve viver sua vida de uma maneira especificada pela ordem sufi.  Se surgir um conflito entre seus deveres com a ordem e seus deveres externos, o seguidor deve agir de acordo com as instruções do sheik.  Dessa forma, o controle do sheik sobre o seguidor se torna absoluto.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De todas as maneiras o seguidor é separado do mundo exterior e é explorado de várias formas.  Como muçulmanos acreditamos que nenhum humano tem um poder ou habilidade especial para nos livrar das calamidades do túmulo ou da Vida Eterna.  Cada um de nós se apresentará perante Deus e será julgado individualmente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Deus nos diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Nenhuma alma receberá outra recompensa que não for a merecida, e nenhuma pecador arcará cm culpas alheias.” (Alcorão 6:164)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Também acreditamos que como muçulmanos não devemos nos submeter ou entregar a ninguém além de Deus, Todo-Poderoso.  Além do Criador, tudo o mais está sujeito a cometer erros.  O Profeta, que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele, afirmou:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Todo filho de Adão comete erros e o melhor deles é aquele que se arrepende.” (Tirmidthi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Sheik<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Ele é a “autoridade suprema”, o líder de distribuição de “tarefas” dentro da ordem e dá a cada um dos seguidores seu Dhikhr<\/em> necessário.  É a esse indivíduo que o seguidor promete obediência total e plena; consequentemente, as duas leis universais do elo sheik-seguidor entrarão em efeito:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a.     O seguidor não deve nunca argumentar com o sheik, nem pedir a ele uma prova em relação aos atos que ele faz.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.    Quem quer que se oponha ao sheik terá quebrado a “aliança” e fica assim privado de todos os benefícios adicionais oferecidos pelo sheik, mesmo se for um amigo próximo dele.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como muçulmanos acreditamos que todos os atos de adoração são “Tawqeefiyah<\/em>”, ou seja, não é sujeito a opinião; então devem ser substanciados com evidências textuais que são autênticas e decisivas.  Deus, Todo-Poderoso, nos diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Mostrai vossa prova se estiverdes certos.” (Alcorão 2:111)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Acreditamos que não existe intermediário entre Deus e Seus servos.  Dirigimos-nos a Ele diretamente.  Deus nos diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>E o vosso Senhor disse: Invocai-Me, que vos atenderei! Em verdade, aqueles que se ensoberbecerem, ao Me invocarem, entrarão, humilhados, no inferno.” (Alcorão 40:60)<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

No Sufismo considera-se o sheik como “o homem inspirado para cujos olhos os mistérios do oculto foram desvelados, porque os sheiks vêem com a luz de Deus e sabem quais pensamentos e confusões estão nos corações dos homens. Nada lhes pode ser ocultado.” [1]<\/a> Ibn Arabi alegou que costumava receber revelação direta de Deus, semelhante à forma como o Profeta fazia, e suas palavras foram citadas: “Alguns trabalhos que escrevi no comando de Deus me foram enviados durante o sono ou através de revelações místicas.” M. Ibn Arabi, “The Bezels of Wisdom,” pp.3<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Acreditamos que o conhecimento do oculto é restrito somente a Deus.  Quem quer que reivindique o conhecimento do oculto, mente.  Deus nos diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Haverá alguém mais iníquo do que quem forja mentiras acerca de Deus, ou do que quem diz: Sou inspirado!, quando nada lhe foi inspirado?” (Alcorão 6:93)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Profeta, que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele, afirmou:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Não forjem mentiras contra mim, porque aquele que o faz entra no Inferno.” (Saheeh Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Aliança<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Essa é uma cerimônia interessante que, de longe, é o princípio mais importante do Sufismo já que é comum entre todas as ordens sufis.  Aqui o sheik e o seguidor dão as mãos e fecham seus olhos em meditação solene.  O seguidor espontaneamente e de todo coração promete respeitar o sheik como seu líder e guia para o caminho de Deus.  Ele também promete aderir aos rituais da ordem ao longo de sua vida e nunca se afastar dela. Junto com isso o seguidor promete fidelidade completa e incondicional, obediência e lealdade ao sheik. Depois disso o sheik recita:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Em verdade, aqueles que te juram fidelidade, juram fidelidade a Deus.” (Alcorão 48:10)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Então é dado ao seguidor seu Dhikr<\/em> específico.  O sheik pergunta ao seguidor: “Aceitou-me como seu sheik e guia espiritual perante Deus, Todo Poderoso?” Em resposta, o seguidor deve dizer “aceitei” e o sheik responde dizendo “nós aceitamos.” Ambos recitam o Testemunho de Fé e a cerimônia termina com o seguidor beijando a mão do sheik.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A cerimônia inteira era desconhecida durante a vida do Profeta e as três melhores gerações que o sucederam.  O Profeta, que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele, afirmou:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Quem quer que viva depois de mim verá muitas diferenças (ou seja, inovações religiosas); então se apeguem a minha Sunnah<\/em> e à Sunnah <\/em>dos meus Califas Bem Guiados.” (Abu Dawood<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Profeta, que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele, também afirmou:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Em verdade, o melhor dos discursos é o Livro de Deus e a melhor das orientações é a orientação do Profeta Muhammad e o mal de todos os assuntos religiosos são as inovações. Toda inovação (em religião) é uma bidah e cada bidah é desorientação, e toda desorientação levará ao Inferno.” (Saheeh Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

O imame Malik, que Allah lhe conceda Sua Misericórdia, disse: “Aquele que introduz uma inovação<\/strong> na religião do Islã e a considera uma coisa boa de fato alega que Muhammad traiu (a confiança de transmitir) a Mensagem Divina.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Dhikr<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Também é conhecido como o “Wird”<\/em> e no Sufismo é a prática de repetir o nome de Deus e a repetição de um número estabelecido de invocações.  Essas invocações podem incluir suplicar aos mortos ou buscar a ajuda de outros além de Deus para necessidades que somente Deus Todo-Poderoso pode conceder.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ahmad at-Tijani, um ancião sufi, alegou que o wird<\/em> era realizado pelo Profeta Muhammad, mas que ele não o ensinou a nenhum de seus Companheiros.  At-Tijani alegou que o Profeta sabia que chegaria uma época em que o wird<\/em> seria tornado público, mas a pessoa que faria isso ainda não existia.  Como consequência, os sufis acreditam que existe uma cadeia de transmissão em andamento entre o Profeta Muhammad e seu sheik atual.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O <\/em>Dhikr <\/em>é categorizado pelos anciões sufis em três categorias:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A.    Dhikr <\/em>do homem comum, em que repetem ‘La ilaaha ill-Allah Muhammad-ur-Rasoolullah’ (ou seja, não existe outra divindade merecedora de adoração exceto Allah e Muhammad é o servo de Deus.)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

B.    Dhikr <\/em>da alta classe, que é repetir o nome de Deus, “Allah”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

C.    Dhikr <\/em>da elite, que é repetir o pronome divino “Hu” (ou seja, Ele).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Às vezes o Dhikr<\/em> é cantado em hinos melódicos com os olhos fechados, música rica pode ser tocada (para alguns isso é essencial); além disso alguns dançam perante o sheik enquanto recitam o Dhikr<\/em>.  Muitas vezes o Dhikr inclui politeísmo notório (o maior pecado no Islã).  Deus nos diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Já te foi revelado, assim como aos teus antepassados: Se idolatrares, certamente tornar-se-á sem efeito a tua obra, e te contarás entre os desventurados.” (Alcorão 39:65)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Interpretação do Alcorão<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

No Sufismo estudar a exegese do Alcorão ou ponderar sobre os significados de seus versículos é desencorajado e, às vezes, até proibido.  Os sufis alegam que todo versículo do Alcorão tem um significado manifesto e um significado interior.  O significado interior é conhecido somente pelos anciões sufis.  Com base nisso os sufis introduziram conceitos e palavras que são totalmente estranhos aos ensinamentos do Islã.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No Alcorão, Deus Todo-Poderoso nos encoraja a entender corretamente Suas palavras.  Deus nos diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“(Eis) um Livro Bendito, que te revelamos, para que os sensatos recordem os seus versículos e neles meditem.” (Alcorão 38:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

A exegese do Alcorão é realizada pelo estudo do Alcorão junto com a Sunnah; essas duas fontes da lei islâmica devem ser consideradas uma unidade integral.  Compreendemos e interpretamos o Alcorão e a Sunnah da forma que foram compreendidos pelas primeiras gerações.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Conclusão<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Como pode ser visto do que foi mencionado acima, o Sufismo difere de forma muito drástica do verdadeiro espírito do Islã.  O Sufismo inculca no seguidor a vontade de parar de usar as faculdades básicas dadas a ele por Deus, o Criador do mundo, e a se submeter a uma forma de escravidão.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Islã, por outro lado, é muito simples; não há necessidade de intermediários ou quaisquer santos entre o homem e Deus e só se deve submeter e entregar a Deus, Todo-Poderoso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Saif an-Nasr, Seera of Hamidiyyeh<\/em>, 1956<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":19348,"lft":4644,"rght":4645,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-22T18:25:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T15:43:55.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":13,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":18,"parent_id":2428,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2014-12-22","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Le soufisme .pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Le soufisme .docx"},{"id":3361,"title":"\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49","slug":"wgsrgergh","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Le soufisme .docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Le soufisme .pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:wgsrgergh","hint":"","body":"

\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\uff081\/2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u5bfc\u8bba<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4ece\u4e00\u4e9b\u7535\u89c6\u7eaa\u5f55\u7247\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7cbe\u7f8e\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e“\u82cf\u83f2\u6d3e”\u548c“\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49”\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u62a5\u9053\uff1b\u7535\u89c6\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u64ad\u653e\u8fc7\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8282\u76ee\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u8bbf\u8c08\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u91c7\u8bbf……\u901a\u8fc7\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u641c\u7d22\u5f15\u64ce\u76f4\u63a5\u8f93\u5165“\u82cf\u83f2”\u4e00\u8bcd\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5f88\u591a\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u89c6\u9891\u548c\u56fe\u7247\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u7a7a\u95f4\u67e5\u770b\u6709\u5173\u82cf\u83f2\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u8282\u594f\u7684\u6b4c\u821e\u3002\u7528\u5200\u5728\u5934\u4e0a\u523a\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u82cf\u83f2\u957f\u8001\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u753b\u9762\u6216\u4ee3\u8868\u5404\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u9177\u5211\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\u3002\u5f62\u5f62\u8272\u8272\u3001\u4e94\u82b1\u516b\u95e8\u7684\u82cf\u83f2\u5370\u8c61\u4f7f\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5bf9\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6216\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\uff0c“\u82cf\u83f2\u6d3e”\u548c“\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49”\u5f80\u5f80\u5c31\u662f\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u548c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8bcd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u800c\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u8bf2\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1f\u867d\u7136\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u7f51\u7ad9\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u548c\u4e66\u7c4d\u5bf9\u6b64\u6709\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u90fd\u662f\u5e26\u60c5\u7eea\u8c08\u8bba\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4eba\u4ea7\u751f\u8bef\u89e3\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u6559\u80b2\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5199\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e“\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49”\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5e26\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u504f\u89c1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u82cf\u83f2\u6d3e\u4eba\u6570\u867d\u7136\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5206\u5e03\u6781\u5e7f\uff0c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd8\u662f\u975e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u82cf\u83f2\u6d3e\u867d\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a“\u56e2\u4f53”\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u5206\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684“\u6559\u56e2”\uff0c\u5404\u4e2a\u6559\u56e2\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u5185\u5bb9\u53ca\u7528\u8bed\u53c8\u90fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u56e2\u4f53\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u4e9b\u5f88\u5c0f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u4e9b\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u800c\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u5e78\u5b58\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982“\u63d0\u52a0\u5c3c”\u6559\u56e2\uff08Tijaani\uff09\u3001“\u7eb3\u683c\u4ec0\u73ed\u8fea\u8036”\u6559\u56e2\uff08Naqshabandi\uff09\u3001“\u5361\u8fea\u91cc“\u6559\u56e2\uff08Qadiri\uff09\u548c“\u6c99\u5179\u91cc”\u6559\u56e2\uff08Shadthili\uff09\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7531\u6765<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u6700\u521d\uff0c\u82cf\u83f2\u6559\u4e49\u53ea\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4f53\u5e94\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6ce8\u91cd\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5185\u5728\u4fee\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6700\u7ec8\u81f4\u4f7f\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u6de1\u6cca\u751a\u81f3\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u82cf\u83f2\u957f\u8001\u4eec\u53c8\u5c06\u5916\u6765\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u529f\u4fee\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u79ef\u6781\u5ba3\u4f20\uff0c\u5e7f\u62db\u95e8\u5f92\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5305\u62ec\u8df3\u821e\u3001\u4f34\u4e50\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5438\u98df\u5927\u9ebb\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4f0a\u672c·\u8d3e\u6c83\u9f50\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u6076\u9b54\u7684\u65b0\u88c5\u300b\uff08Talbis Iblis\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u56e2\u4f53\u540d\u79f0\u53ca\u8d77\u6e90\u65f6\u8bf4\uff1a“\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u547c\u8fd9\u4e00\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6700\u5148\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u514b\u5c14\u767d\u5468\u56f4\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u5949\u732e\u7ed9\u4e86\u5d07\u62dc\u5b89\u62c9\uff0c\u5176\u540d\u5b57\u5c31\u53eb\u82cf\u83f2\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u51e1\u662f\u60f3\u8981\u4eff\u6548\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a“\u82cf\u83f2”\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u672c·\u8d3e\u6c83\u9f50\u8fd8\u63d0\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a“\u4ed6\u4eec\u7a7f\u7740\u7c97\u7f8a\u6bdb\u7ec7\u8863\u3002”\u5728\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8a\u6bdb\u88ab\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a“\u82cf\u592b”\uff08soof\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u8eab\u7740\u7c97\u7f8a\u6bdb\u7ec7\u8863\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e00\u65f6\u4ee3\u82e6\u884c\u7981\u6b32\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7c97\u7f8a\u6bdb\u7ec7\u8863\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u6700\u4fbf\u5b9c\u7684\u8863\u670d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u505a\u5de5\u975e\u5e38\u7c97\u7cd9\uff0c\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u7981\u6b32\u82e6\u884c\u8005\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u82cf\u83f2\u4e00\u8bcd\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u53ca\u5176\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u5927\u7ea6\u662f\u5728\u4f0a\u5386200\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff08\u5373\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u4ece\u9ea6\u52a0\u8fc1\u79fb\u81f3\u9ea6\u5730\u90a3\u7684200\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5927\u5b66\u8005\u4f0a\u672c·\u6cf0\u7c73\u53f6\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u82cf\u83f2\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u5df4\u58eb\u62c9\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba“\u4fee\u9053\u58eb”\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u82e6\u884c\u7981\u6b32\uff0c\u8654\u8bda\u793c\u62dc\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e16\u9694\u7edd\u3002[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u82cf\u83f2\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u82cf\u83f2\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6e05\u8d2b\u3001\u9690\u5c45\u3001\u8ff7\u60d1\u3001\u65e0\u6211\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5531\u6b4c\u548c\u8df3\u821e\u5e76\u884c\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5982\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u3001\u4f5b\u6559\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6df7\u5408\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5b83\u5e38\u88ab\u82cf\u83f2\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a“\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49”\uff0c\u7ed9\u4eba\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u662f\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5b8c\u5168\u6216\u8005\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7531\u8bb8\u591a\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u6559\u6761\u5b97\u6559\u3002\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Tasawwuf\uff09\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u4e0e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u8fdd\u4e4b\u5904\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u53d9\u8ff0\u82cf\u83f2\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u65f6\u6211\u5c06\u4f1a\u4f5c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u7279\u6027<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u603b\u662f\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u56de\u5f52\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u548c\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\uff08\u613f\u4e3b\u798f\u5b89\u4e4b\uff09\u4f20\u6559\u3001\u7acb\u6559\u7684\u8a00\u884c\u8bb0\u5f55——“\u5723\u8bad”\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4“\u900a\u5948”\uff08Sunnah\uff09\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u5728\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5f53\u771f\u4e3b\u53ca\u5176\u4f7f\u8005\u5224\u51b3\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7684<\/strong>\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4fe1\u9053\u7684\u7537\u5973\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9c\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u8c01\u8fdd\u6297\u771f\u4e3b\u53ca\u5176\u4f7f\u8005\uff0c\u8c01\u5df2\u9677\u5165\u663e\u8457\u7684\u8ff7\u8bef\u4e86\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>33:36<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u786e\u4e5f\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u8ddf\u968f\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u548c“\u5723\u8bad”\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u5728\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u529f\u4fee\u65b9\u9762\u7684“\u521b\u65b0”\u5e26\u5165\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u5371\u9669\u6027\u3002\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u8bf4\uff1a“<\/strong>\u8c01\u4f9d\u7167\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u8c01\u5c31\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4ef6\u5584\u4e8b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5723<\/strong>\u8bad\u5b9e\u5f55\u300b<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u672c·\u9ea6\u65af\u6b27\u5fb7\uff08\u5723\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\uff0c\u613f\u5b89\u62c9\u559c\u60a6\u4e4b\uff09\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\uff08\u613f\u4e3b\u798f\u5b89\u4e4b\uff09\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u624b\u5728\u5730\u4e0a\u5212\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u76f4<\/strong>\u7ebf\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8bf4\uff1a<\/strong>‘<\/strong>\u8fd9<\/strong>\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u6b63\u8def\u3002’\u7136\u540e\u4ed6\u5728\u5176<\/strong>\u4e24<\/strong>\u4fa7<\/strong>\u5404<\/strong>\u5212<\/strong>\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\uff08<\/strong>\u65ad<\/strong>\u7684\uff09<\/strong>\u7ebf<\/strong>\uff0c<\/strong>\u8bf4<\/strong>\uff1a‘<\/strong>\u8fd9<\/strong>\u4e9b\uff08<\/strong>\u65ad<\/strong>\u7ebf<\/strong>\uff09\u6bcf\u4e00<\/strong>\u4e2a<\/strong>\u8def\u53e3\u90fd\u6709<\/strong>\u8bf1<\/strong>\u4eba\u8d70\u5411\u8ff7<\/strong>\u8bef<\/strong>\u7684<\/strong>\u6076<\/strong>\u9b54\u8e72\u5b88\u3002’”\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6<\/strong>\u8bf5\u8bfb<\/strong>\u4e86\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf<\/strong>\u300b\u6587\uff1a<\/strong> <\/strong>“<\/strong>\u8fd9\u786e\u662f\u6211\u7684\u6b63\u8def\uff0c\u6545\u4f60\u4eec\u5f53\u9075\u5faa\u5b83\uff1b\u4f60\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u9075\u5faa\u90aa\u8def\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u90a3\u4e9b\u90aa\u8def\u4f7f\u4f60\u4eec\u79bb\u5f00\u771f\u4e3b\u7684\u5927\u9053\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>6:153<\/strong>\uff09\uff08\u827e\u54c8<\/strong>\u8fc8\u5fb7\u548c\u5948\u8428\u4eea\u8f91\u5f55<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u670d\u4ece\u5b89\u62c9\u53ca\u5176\u4f7f\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f2\u4ece\u5176\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4e16\u4eba\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528\u5b89\u62c9\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53bb\u601d\u8003\u5e76\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u53d7\u5230\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u88c1\u91cf\u6743\u5df2\u4ea4\u4ed8\u4e8e\u8be5\u6559\u56e2\u957f\u8001……\u6b63\u5982\u67d0\u4e9b\u82cf\u83f2\u957f\u8001\u6240\u8a00\uff1a“\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5373\u5c06\u6d17\u793c\u7684\u6b7b\u4eba\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8c22\u8d6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002”\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u4e89\u8fa9\u6216\u53cd\u5bf9\u5176\u957f\u8001\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u5fc5\u987b\u5b8c\u5168\u5730\u670d\u4ece\u548c\u8ddf\u968f\u4ed6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5e94\u4ee5\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5b89\u62c9\u8d4b\u4e88\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u540d\u5b57“\u7a46\u65af\u6797”\u800c\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5b89\u62c9\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4ed6<\/strong>\u62e3\u9009\u4f60\u4eec\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c<\/strong> <\/strong>\u4ed6\u672a\u66fe\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55<\/strong>\u70e6\u96be\u4e3a\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u9075\u5faa\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u7956\u5148\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff0c<\/strong> <\/strong>\u4ee5\u524d\u771f\u4e3b\u79f0\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u4e3a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u7ecf\u5178\u91cc\u4ed6\u4e5f\u79f0\u4f60\u4eec\u4e3a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4f7f\u8005\u4e3a\u4f60\u4eec\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff0c<\/strong> <\/strong>\u800c\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e16\u4eba\u4f5c\u8bc1\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>22:78<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u82cf\u83f2\u6216\u8bb8\u575a\u6301\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5374\u575a\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u82cf\u83f2\u80dc\u8fc7\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e00\u77a5\uff1a\u4fe1\u5b89\u62c9<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b89\u62c9\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u5076\u3002\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4f19\u4f34\uff0c\u4e07\u7269\u4e0d\u4f3c\u8c61\u4ed6\u3002\u6e05\u9ad8\u7684\u5b89\u62c9\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4efb\u4f55\u7269\u4e0d\u4f3c\u8c61\u4ed6<\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/a>\u3002\u4ed6\u786e\u662f\u5168<\/strong>\u806a<\/strong>\u7684\uff0c\u786e\u662f\u5168\u660e\u7684\u3002”\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf<\/strong>\u300b<\/strong>42:11<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b89\u62c9\u4ece\u4ed6\u7684\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u4e0a\u505a\u4e86\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u521b\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u521b\u9020\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u82cf\u83f2\u575a\u6301\u4e0e\u5168\u80fd\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1\uff09\u4e07\u7269\u5f52\u4e00\u8bba\uff08Al-Hulool<\/em>\uff09\uff1a\u6b64\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8868\u793a\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u5b89\u62c9\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2\uff09\u4eba\u4e3b\u5408\u4e00\u8bba\uff08Al-It’tihaad<\/em>\uff09\uff1a\u6b64\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8868\u793a\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u5b89\u62c9\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u521b\u9020\u7269\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3\uff09\u4e07\u6709\u5355\u4e00\u8bba\uff08Wahdatul-Wujood<\/em>\uff09\uff1a\u6b64\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u548c\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u548c\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u500d\u53d7\u82cf\u83f2\u6d3e\u5d07\u656c\u7684\u8457\u540d\u4ee3\u8868\u66fc\u82cf\u5c14·\u54c8\u62c9\u667a\u8bf4\uff1a“\u6211\u5373\u6211\u6240\u7231\uff0c”\u4ed6\u89e3\u91ca\u9053\uff1a“\u6240\u7231\u5c31\u662f\u6211\uff1b\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u5f7c\u6b64\uff0c\u540c\u5bd3\u4e00\u8eaf\u58f3\u3002\u89c1\u6211\u4fbf\u89c1\u4ed6\uff0c\u89c1\u4ed6\u4fbf\u89c1\u6211\u3002”[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u500d\u53d7\u5d07\u656c\u7684\u82cf\u83f2\u6d3e\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u7a46\u54c8\u4f0a\u4e01·\u4f0a\u672c·\u963f\u62c9\u6bd4\u66fe\u5982\u6b64\u72c2\u8a00\uff1a“\u6211\u5927\u8863\u4e0b\u9762\u9664\u4e86\u5b89\u62c9\u518d\u65e0\u4ed6\u7269”\uff0c“\u4ec6\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e3b\u5c31\u662f\u4ec6\u3002”[4]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u8ba4\u4e3b\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e25\u91cd\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u4e00\u795e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u82cf\u83f2\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u6559\u4e49\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6216\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u8f6e\u56de\u8f6c\u4e16\u4fe1\u4ef0\u975e\u5e38\u63a5\u8fd1\u3002S. R. \u6c99\u5c14\u8fbe\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u82cf\u83f2\u601d\u60f3\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a“\u540e\u5e16\u6728\u513f\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u82cf\u83f2\u6587\u5b66\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u5185\u5bb9\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6cdb\u795e\u8bba\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5e16\u6728\u513f\u519b\u961f\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6b63\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u9677\u843d\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6b63\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u5f00\u59cb\u81ea\u7531\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u7684\u5723\u5f92\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5e76\u53d7\u5230\u5176\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u82cf\u83f2\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u6e90\u4e8e\u5916\u6c0f\u90a3\u74e6\u7684\u5420\u9640\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u8654\u8bda\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5df4\u514b\u63d0\u3001\u745c\u4f3d\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u65f6\uff0c\u5420\u9640\u7684\u6cdb\u795e\u8bba\u5728\u82cf\u83f2\u6d3e\u4e2d\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u9876\u5cf0\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4fe1\u4f7f\u8005<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u6d3e\u9063\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u5148\u77e5\u548c\u4f7f\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u795e\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u53d7\u5d07\u62dc\uff1b\u4f46\u8981\u670d\u4ece\u4ed6\uff0c\u8c01\u4e0d\u670d\u4ece\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u8c01\u5c31\u4e0d\u5d07\u62dc\u5b89\u62c9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u82cf\u83f2\u6559\u56e2\u4fdd\u6301\u6709\u5173\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u53c8\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u82cf\u83f2\u957f\u8001\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u3002\u5927\u82cf\u83f2\u5e03\u65af\u5854\u7c73\u8bf4\uff1a“\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4f17\u5148\u77e5\u548c\u4f17\u4f7f\u8005\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u82cf\u83f2\u5c06\u4e00\u4e9b\u795e\u6027\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u5148\u77e5\u7684\u8a00\u8f9e\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u521b\u9020\u7269\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684“\u5149”\u4e0a\u9020\u5316\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fd8\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u9020\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u5347\u4e0a\u4e86\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u5b9d\u5ea7\uff0c\u8fd9\u5373\u662f\u4f0a\u672c·\u963f\u62c9\u6bd4\u548c\u4ed6\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u82cf\u83f2\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4fe1\u4e50\u56ed\u548c\u706b\u72f1<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e50\u56ed\u548c\u706b\u72f1\u90fd\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u90fd\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u706b\u72f1\u662f\u60e9\u7f5a\u72af\u7f6a\u8005\u7684\u5c45\u6240\uff0c\u800c\u4e50\u56ed\u662f\u62a5\u916c\u656c\u754f\u8005\u7684\u4f4f\u5904\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u82cf\u83f2\u6d3e\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u7948\u6c42\u5b89\u62c9\u8d50\u4e88\u4ed6\u4eec\u5929\u5802\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u5367\u91cc\uff08Wali\uff0c\u5723\u5f92\u3001\u771f\u4e3b\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff09\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5bfb\u6c42\u5b83\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7406\u667a\u8005\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5929\u5802\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\uff0c\u800c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u6536\u5230\u6765\u81ea\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u672a\u89c1\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7231\u4e3b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u81f3\u4e8e\u706b\u72f1\uff0c\u82cf\u83f2\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u8bd5\u56fe\u9003\u907f\u5b83\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u82cf\u83f2\u4e0d\u662f\u5bb3\u6015\u706b\u72f1\u7684\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5373\u6839\u636e\u827e\u5e03·\u4e9a\u9f50\u5fb7·\u6bd4\u65af\u5854\u7c73\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4f4d\u82cf\u83f2\u957f\u8001\u5c06\u8981\u6295\u5165\u706b\u72f1\uff0c\u70c8\u706b\u5c31\u4f1a\u5411\u5916\u55b7\u5c04\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u300a\u6559\u6cd5\u5224\u4f8b\u300b\uff08Al-Fataawaa<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u5377\uff0c\u7b2c6\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> \u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u4e0e\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u3001\u5c5e\u6027\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> \u54c8\u62c9\u667a\uff1a\u300a\u5854\u8f9b\u300b\uff08At-Tawaaseen<\/em>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> \u4f0a\u672c·\u963f\u62c9\u6bd4\uff1a\u300a\u9ea6\u52a0\u7684\u542f\u793a\u300b\uff08Al-Fatoohaatul-Makkiyyah<\/em>\uff09\u548c\u300a\u542f\u793a\u300b\uff08Al-Fatoohaat\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff082\/2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u539f\u7406<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“\u6709\u610f\u5730\u548c\u5b8c\u5168\u5730\u670d\u4ece\u8c22\u8d6b\uff08Sheikh\uff0c\u957f\u8001\uff09”\u6216\u8bb8\u5c31\u662f\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5ea7\u53f3\u94ed\u3002\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u3001\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u503a\u5238\u5728\u82cf\u83f2\u6559\u56e2\u7684\u957f\u8001\uff08“\u8c22\u8d6b”\uff09\u548c“\u7a46\u91cc\u5fb7”\uff08Mureed\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u3001\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u3001\u5bfb\u9053\u8005\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\uff1b\u7406\u89e3\u82cf\u83f2\u7684\u539f\u7406\u5728\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u539f\u56e0\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5176\u4fe1\u5f92\u5ba3\u8a93\u6548\u5fe0\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8bfa\u670d\u4ece\u8c22\u8d6b\uff0c\u63a5\u7740\u8c22\u8d6b\u5141\u8bfa\u628a\u4fe1\u5f92\u4ece\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u6216\u707e\u96be\u4e2d\u89e3\u8131\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u8c22\u8d6b\u540c\u6837\u63d0\u4f9b\u771f\u8bda\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u4e30\u539a\u7684\u798f\u5229\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5176\u4fe1\u5f92\u5c31\u662f\u53d7\u4fdd\u4f51\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u6388\u4e88\u4e00\u5957“\u8fea\u514b\u513f”\uff08Dhikr\uff0c\u8d5e\u8bcd\uff09\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u7167\u8fd9\u4f4d\u82cf\u83f2\u957f\u8001\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u6559\u56e2\u957f\u8001\u804c\u8d23\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u8fd8\u662f\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4fe1\u5f92\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u7167\u8c22\u8d6b\u7684\u6307\u793a\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u8c22\u8d6b\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u7edd\u5bf9\u6027\u5730\u638c\u63a7\u4fe1\u5f92\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u603b\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5176\u4fe1\u5f92\u4e0e\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u4e14\u53d7\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5265\u524a\u3002\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u4f1a\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u529b\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u575f\u5893\u6216\u540e\u4e16\u7684\u707e\u96be\u4e2d\u89e3\u6551\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5c06\u7ad9\u7acb\u5728\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u9762\u524d\u53d7\u5230\u5ba1\u5224\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b89\u62c9\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5404\u4eba\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1<\/strong>\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u7f6a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u8d1f\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u7f6a\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>6:164<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6211\u4eec\u540c\u65f6\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e0d\u80fd\u987a\u4ece\u548c\u5c48\u670d\u4e8e\u9664\u5b89\u62c9\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u3002\u9664\u5bf9\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6beb\u65e0\u4e3b\u89c1\u5730\u4fef\u9996\u5e16\u8033\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u4f7f\u8005\uff08\u613f\u4e3b\u798f\u5b89\u4e4b\uff09\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u963f\u4e39\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50<\/strong>\u5b59\u90fd\u4f1a\u72af\u9519\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u72af\u7f6a\u540e\u5373\u5fcf\u6094\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u63d0<\/strong>\u5c14\u5bc6<\/strong>\u6d4e\u5723\u8bad\u96c6\u300b<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8c22\u8d6b\uff08\u82cf\u83f2\u56e2\u4f53\u957f\u8001\u3001\u6743\u5a01\uff09<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u4ed6\u662f“\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6743\u5a01”\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u56e2\u5185\u5411\u4fe1\u5f92\u5206\u914d\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u4fe1\u5f92\u5fc5\u5b9a\u7684“\u8fea\u514b\u513f”\u3002\u4fe1\u5f92\u8981\u5b8c\u5168\u5730\u6548\u5fe0\u548c\u670d\u4ece\uff0c\u968f\u4e4b\u8c22\u8d6b\u4e0e\u4fe1\u5f92\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea7\u751f\u4e24\u79cd\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1.      \u4fe1\u5f92\u575a\u51b3\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u8c22\u8d6b\u53d1\u751f\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u80fd\u5411\u8c22\u8d6b\u8be2\u95ee\u6709\u5173\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.      \u8c01\u82e5\u53cd\u5bf9\u8c22\u8d6b\uff0c\u5c31\u7834\u574f\u4e86“\u76df\u7ea6”\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u6765\u81ea\u8c22\u8d6b\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u798f\u5229\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u963b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u80fd\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4fdd\u6301\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e00\u5207\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5373\u5b97\u6559\u529f\u4fee\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e“\u5929\u542f\u5236\u5b9a”\uff08Tawqeefiyah\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u8ba4\u4e3a\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6240\u6709\u5c5e\u4e8e\u529f\u4fee\u8303\u7574\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5d07\u62dc\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u7167\u771f\u5b9e\u800c\u6709\u529b\u7684\u5929\u542f\u660e\u6587\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u5b89\u62c9\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4f60<\/strong>\u8bf4\uff1a<\/strong>‘<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u662f\u8bda\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u672b\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u62ff\u51fa\u8bc1\u636e\u6765\u5427\uff01<\/strong>’”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>2:111<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5728\u5b89\u62c9\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u4ec6\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e2d\u95f4\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u5411\u4ed6\u7948\u7977\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u8bf4\uff1a<\/strong>‘<\/strong>\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u8981\u7948\u7977\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u5e94\u7b54\u4f60\u4eec\uff1b\u4e0d\u80af\u5d07\u62dc\u6211\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u5351\u8d31\u5730\u5165\u706b\u72f1\u3002<\/strong>’”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>40:60<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u800c\u5728\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u91cc\uff0c\u8c22\u8d6b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f“\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u770b\u5230\u9690\u85cf\u7740\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u7075\u6027\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8c22\u8d6b\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u770b\u5230\u5b89\u62c9\u4e4b\u5149\u5e76\u4e14\u77e5\u9053\u4eba\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ef\u9690\u79d8\u7684\u4e86\u3002”[1]<\/a> \u4f0a\u672c·\u963f\u62c9\u6bd4\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fc7\u53bb\u7ecf\u5e38\u6536\u5230\u6765\u81ea\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u66fe\u7ecf\u63a5\u53d7\u542f\u793a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u5f15\u8ff0\u8bf4\uff1a“\u6211\u6240\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u901a\u8fc7\u68a6\u5883\u6216\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u542f\u793a\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u6211\u7684\u3002”[\u4f0a\u672c·\u963f\u62c9\u6bd4\uff1a\u300a\u667a\u6167\u7684\u73e0\u5b9d\u300b\uff08The Bezels of Wisdom\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c3\u9875]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u672a\u89c1\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u53ea\u6709\u5b89\u62c9\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u58f0\u79f0\u77e5\u9053\u672a\u89c1\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\u786e\u662f\u5728\u8bf4\u8c0e\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5047\u501f\u771f\u4e3b\u7684\u540d<\/strong>\u4e49\u800c\u9020\u8c23\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u79f0\u5949\u5230\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5949\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u542f\u793a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u5984\u8a00\u8981\u50cf\u771f\u4e3b\u90a3\u6837\u964d\u793a\u5929\u7ecf\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u7b49\u4eba\u8c01\u6bd4\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u4e0d\u4e49\u5462\uff1f<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>6:93<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f7f\u8005\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5047\u501f\u6211\u7684\u540d<\/strong>\u4e49\u800c\u9020\u8c23\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165\u706b\u72f1\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5723<\/strong>\u8bad\u5b9e\u5f55\u300b<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u76df\u7ea6<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u6240\u6709\u82cf\u83f2\u56e2\u4f53\u4e2d\u6700\u666e\u53ca\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u8c22\u8d6b\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u63e1\u4f4f\u624b\uff0c\u95ed\u4e0a\u773c\u775b\u51a5\u601d\u3002\u5176\u4fe1\u5f92\u84c4\u610f\u5730\u5168\u8eab\u5fc3\u5730\u5ba3\u8a93\u6548\u5fe0\u4e8e\u8c22\u8d6b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u5bfc\u4ed6\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e3b\u9053\u3002\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u5ba3\u8a93\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u90fd\u8981\u575a\u6301\u6559\u56e2\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8bfa\u7edd\u4e0d\u53db\u79bb\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u76df\u7ea6\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u5ba3\u8a93\u5b8c\u5168\u5e76\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u6548\u5fe0\u548c\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u8c22\u8d6b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e4b\u540e\u8c22\u8d6b\u80cc\u8bf5\u9053\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4e0e\u4f60<\/strong>\u8ba2\u7ea6\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e0e\u771f\u4e3b\u8ba2\u7ea6\uff1b<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>48:10<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4fe1\u5f92\u7136\u540e\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u7279\u5b9a\u7684“\u8fea\u514b\u513f”\u3002\u8c22\u8d6b\u95ee\u4fe1\u5f92\uff1a“\u4f60\u63a5\u53d7\u6211\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f60\u7684\u8c22\u8d6b\u548c\u5b89\u62c9\u9762\u524d\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5bfc\u5e08\u5417\uff1f”\u4fe1\u5f92\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\uff1a“\u6211\u5df2\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c”\u8c22\u8d6b\u56de\u5e94\u9053\uff1a“\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u3002”\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u8bf5\u5ff5\u4f5c\u8bc1\u8bcd\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u4eb2\u543b\u8c22\u8d6b\u7684\u624b\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u5168\u7f8e“\u5165\u6559”\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5176\u6574\u4e2a\u4eea\u5f0f\u5728\u4f7f\u8005\u53ca\u5176\u524d\u4e09\u8f88\u65f6\u4ee3\u90fd\u672a\u66fe\u6709\u3002\u4f7f\u8005\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u51e1\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6211\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4eba\u5c06\u770b\u5230<\/strong>\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\uff08\u5373\u6559\u95e8\u4e0a\u7684\u65b0\u751f\u5f02\u7aef\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u8981\u9075\u4ece\u6211\u7684<\/strong>“<\/strong>\u900a\u5948<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>Sunnah<\/strong>\uff0c\u5723\u884c\uff09\u53ca\u6211\u7684\u6b63<\/strong>\u7edf\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong> <\/strong>\u300a\u827e\u5e03<\/strong>·<\/strong>\u8fbe<\/strong>\u4e4c\u5fb7\u5723\u8bad\u96c6\u300b<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f7f\u8005\u53c8\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8a00\u8f9e\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u7684<\/strong>\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6307\u5357\u662f\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u5f15\u9886\uff0c\u6700\u6076\u52a3\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u5185\u6807\u65b0\u7acb\u5f02\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u90fd\u662f\u8ff7\u8bef\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8ff7\u8bef\u90fd\u5c06\u8fdb\u706b\u72f1\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5723\u884c<\/strong>\u5b9e\u5f55\u300b<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u739b\u76ee\u9a6c\u7acb\u514b\uff08\u613f\u4e3b\u559c\u60a6\u4e4b\uff09\u8bf4\uff1a“\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\u6807\u65b0\u7acb\u5f02\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5584\u4e8b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5047\u501f\u4f7f\u8005\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u800c\u9020\u8c23\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fea\u514b\u513f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“\u8fea\u514b\u513f”\u53c8\u540d“\u6c83\u4e50\u5fb7”\uff08Wird\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u5b83\u662f\u8868\u793a\u8bb0\u5ff5\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u5957\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u8bb0\u4e3b\u8bcd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d5e\u8bcd\u5305\u62ec\u6073\u6c42\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6216\u5bfb\u6c42\u9664\u5b89\u62c9\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u8bf7\u6c42\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u82cf\u83f2\u957f\u8001\u827e\u54c8\u8fc8\u5fb7·\u63d0\u52a0\u5c3c\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c“\u6c83\u4e50\u5fb7”\u66fe\u53d7\u5230\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u6559\u6388\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u3002\u63d0\u52a0\u5c3c\u8bf4\uff0c\u5148\u77e5\u77e5\u9053\u6c83\u4e50\u5fb7\u88ab\u5927\u4f17\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u5c06\u4f1a\u6765\u4e34\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u7684\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u82cf\u83f2\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5728\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u8c22\u8d6b\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u6301\u7eed\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u94fe\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fea\u514b\u513f\u88ab\u82cf\u83f2\u957f\u8001\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e00\u3001\u5e73\u6c11\u7684\u8fea\u514b\u513f\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u59cb\u7ec8\u91cd\u590d“\u5006\u4e00\u4fe9\u6d77\uff0c\u5370\u5170\u62c9\u547c\uff0c\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u70ed\u82cf\u4f26\u62c9\u563f”\uff08La ilaaha ill-Allah Muhammad-ur-Rasoolullah\uff0c\u9664\u5b89\u62c9\u4e4b\u5916\u7edd\u65e0\u5e94\u53d7\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\uff0c\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u8fea\u514b\u513f\uff1a\u59cb\u7ec8\u91cd\u590d\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u5c0a\u540d“\u5b89\u62c9\u4e4e”\uff08Allah\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e09\u3001\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u8fea\u514b\u513f\uff1a\u59cb\u7ec8\u91cd\u590d\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4ee3\u8bcd“\u4e4e”\uff08Hu\uff0c\u5373\u4ed6\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u8fea\u514b\u513f\u8fd8\u4f34\u4ee5\u6709\u97f3\u4e50\u65cb\u5f8b\u7684\u8bd7\u6b4c\uff0c\u95ed\u4e0a\u773c\u775b\u5531\u5ff5\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u82cf\u83f2\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\uff1b\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u82cf\u83f2\u5728\u8c22\u8d6b\u5ff5\u8d5e\u8bcd\u4e4b\u524d\u8fd8\u8981\u8df3\u821e\u3002\u8fea\u514b\u513f\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u6709\u591a\u795e\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff08\u8fd9\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u770b\u6765\u662f\u7f6a\u5927\u6076\u6781\u7684\uff09\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4f60\u548c\u4f60\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u5949\u5230\u542f\u793a<\/strong>\u8bf4\uff1a<\/strong>“<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4ee5\u7269\u914d\u4e3b\uff0c<\/strong>\u5219\u4f60\u7684\u5584\u529f\uff0c\u5fc5\u5b9a\u65e0\u6548\uff0c\u800c\u4f60\u5fc5\u5b9a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e8f\u6298\u8005\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>39:65<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5bf9\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u6ce8\u89e3<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u5728\u82cf\u83f2\u91cc\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u6ce8\u91ca\u548c\u601d\u8003\u5176\u7ecf\u6587\u7684\u8868\u9762\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u4e0d\u63d0\u5021\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u3002\u82cf\u83f2\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u6bb5\u7ecf\u6587\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u5916\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u5185\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5185\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u53ea\u6709\u82cf\u83f2\u957f\u8001\u624d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u82cf\u83f2\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u4e49\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b89\u62c9\u5728\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u9f13\u52b1\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u7684\u8a00\u8f9e\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u6240\u964d\u793a\u4f60\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u5409\u7965\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4ed6\u4eec\u6c89\u601d\u7ecf\u4e2d\u7684\u8282\u6587\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6709\u7406\u667a\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u89c9\u609f\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>38:29<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5b66\u4e60\u7814\u7a76\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u548c“\u5723\u8bad”\u624d\u80fd\u77e5\u6653\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u548c“\u5723\u8bad”\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u5723\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7ed3\u8bba<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8bba\u8ff0\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u975e\u5e38\u4e25\u91cd\u5730\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u771f\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u82cf\u83f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u5bfc\u5176\u4fe1\u5f92\u7981\u6b62\u4f7f\u7528\u5b89\u62c9——\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u529f\u4fee\uff0c\u800c\u53bb\u505a\u5974\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u5728\u4ec6\u4eba\u4e0e\u517b\u4e3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u6216\u5723\u5f92\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u670d\u4ece\u548c\u987a\u4ece\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u5b89\u62c9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u8d5b\u4e49\u592b·\u7eb3\u8d5b\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u54c8\u7c73\u8fea\u4e9a\u4f20\u300b\uff08Seera of Hamidiyyeh\uff09\uff0c1956\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":22117,"lft":4646,"rght":4647,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-22T18:25:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T15:56:29.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":13,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":18,"parent_id":2428,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2014-12-22","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Le soufisme .pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Le soufisme .docx"},{"id":3362,"title":"\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0","slug":"aegagfwegfwegwer","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Le soufisme .docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Le soufisme .pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:aegagfwegfwegwer","hint":"","body":"

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\uff08\u524d\u534a\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u5e8f\u8aac<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30c6\u30ec\u30d3\u306e\u30c9\u30ad\u30e5\u30e1\u30f3\u30bf\u30ea\u30fc\u756a\u7d44\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u300c\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u300d\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u898b\u805e\u304d\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002\u30c6\u30ec\u30d3\u756a\u7d44\u3067\u653e\u9001\u3055\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3001\u30c8\u30fc\u30af\u756a\u7d44\u3067\u8a00\u53ca\u3055\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3001\u6709\u540d\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u304c\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u6559\u56e3\u306b\u8208\u5473\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3068\u3001\u3044\u307e\u3067\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u691c\u7d22\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u3067\u3082\u300c\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u300d\u3068\u6253\u3061\u8fbc\u3080\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3001\u6ea2\u308c\u3093\u3070\u304b\u308a\u306e\u52d5\u753b\u3084\u5199\u771f\u306e\u6570\u3005\u3092\u898b\u3064\u3051\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30b5\u30a4\u30d0\u30fc\u30b9\u30da\u30fc\u30b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3084\u8001\u5e2b\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3001\u97ff\u304d\u6e21\u308b\u30e1\u30ed\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u3092\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u8e0a\u308b\u5199\u771f\u3084\u52d5\u753b\u3092\u898b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u8001\u5e2b\u304c\u30ca\u30a4\u30d5\u3067\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u982d\u3092\u6fc0\u3057\u304f\u7a81\u4ed8\u3044\u305f\u308a\u3001\u62f7\u554f\u7684\u306a\u82e6\u884c\u3092\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u4e0d\u5feb\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3082\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u8208\u5473\u306e\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3092\u898b\u305f\u3089\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3068\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8aa4\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u3082\u897f\u6d0b\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3067\u306e\u300c\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u300d\u3084\u300c\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u300d\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3084\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7591\u554f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6d6e\u304b\u3073\u4e0a\u304c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u304c\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3067\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u5b9f\u8df5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u5165\u624b\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u3001\u8a18\u4e8b\u3001\u672c\u306a\u3069\u306f\u591a\u304f\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u65e9\u307e\u3063\u305f\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u51fa\u3059\u524d\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u3067\u306f\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u611f\u60c5\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u3057\u304b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4eba\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306b\u306f\u504f\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7591\u3044\u3092\u62b1\u304b\u305b\u308b\u306b\u9055\u3044\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u8003\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u3060\u3051\u5553\u767a\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u504f\u898b\u3084\u5148\u5165\u89b3\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3089\u308f\u308c\u306a\u3044\u6587\u7ae0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3001\u8a66\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u305f\u3061\u306f\u5c11\u6570\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3080\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u56fd\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u56fd\u3005\u306b\u5c45\u4f4f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304f\u3064\u3082\u306e\u6559\u56e3\uff08\u30bf\u30ea\u30fc\u30ab\uff09\u306b\u5206\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5404\u3005\u306f\u4fe1\u6761\u3068\u5b9f\u8df5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u7570\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6559\u56e3\u306b\u306f\u5927\u304d\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3082\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u6642\u9593\u306e\u7d4c\u904e\u3068\u5171\u306b\u6d88\u3048\u53bb\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u73fe\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u6559\u56e3\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30cb\u30fc\u6559\u56e3\u3001\u30ca\u30af\u30b7\u30e5\u30d0\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u6559\u56e3\u3001\u30ab\u30fc\u30c7\u30a3\u30ea\u30fc\u6559\u56e3\u3001\u30b7\u30e3\u30fc\u30ba\u30a3\u30ea\u30fc\u6559\u56e3\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u8d77\u6e90<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u306e\u6559\u3048\u306f\u305d\u306e\u6700\u521d\u671f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u306a\u5074\u9762\u306b\u3001\u3088\u308a\u91cd\u70b9\u3092\u7f6e\u304f\u3079\u304d\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u6642\u9593\u306e\u7d4c\u904e\u3068\u5171\u306b\u3001\u60aa\u8a55\u9ad8\u3044\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u6559\u56e3\u306e\u8001\u5e2b\u305f\u3061\u304c\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3068\u306f\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u5b9f\u8df5\u6cd5\u3092\u5e83\u3081\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5b9f\u8df5\u6cd5\u306b\u306f\u30c0\u30f3\u30b9\u3001\u97f3\u697d\u306e\u6f14\u594f\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u306f\u30cf\u30b7\u30fc\u30b7\uff08\u30de\u30ea\u30d5\u30a1\u30ca\uff09\u306e\u5438\u5f15\u3059\u3089\u3082\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b66\u8005\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30b8\u30e3\u30a6\u30ba\u30a3\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8457\u66f8\u300c\u30bf\u30eb\u30d3\u30fc\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30d6\u30ea\u30fc\u30b9\u300d\u3067\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u540d\u79f0\u306e\u8d77\u6e90\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u5f7c\u3089\u304c\u3053\u306e\u540d\u3067\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u30ab\u30a2\u30d0\u306e\u307e\u308f\u308a\u3067\u306e\u5d07\u62dd\u884c\u70ba\u306b\u4eba\u751f\u3092\u6367\u3052\u305f\u30b9\u30d5\u30a1\u30fc\u3068\u3044\u3046\u540d\u306e\u4eba\u7269\u306b\u3061\u306a\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u6a21\u5023\u3092\u671b\u3093\u3060\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u3092\u3001\u300c\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u300d\u3068\u540d\u4e57\u308a\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30b8\u30e3\u30a6\u30ba\u30a3\u30fc\u306f\u5225\u306e\u7406\u7531\u306b\u3082\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u7f8a\u6bdb\u306e\u8863\u670d\u3092\u8eab\u306b\u4ed8\u3051\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300d\u7f8a\u6bdb\u306f\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u3067\u300c\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u7f8a\u6bdb\u306f\u7981\u6b32\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u306e\u5370\u3067\u3001\u8863\u670d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6700\u3082\u5b89\u4e0a\u304c\u308a\u306a\u305f\u3081\u3001\u3056\u3089\u3056\u3089\u3057\u305f\u808c\u89e6\u308a\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3086\u3048\u7981\u6b32\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u306e\u30b7\u30f3\u30dc\u30eb\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306b\u305b\u3088\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u8449\u306f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u306f\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30d2\u30b8\u30e5\u30e9\u66a6200\u5e74\uff08\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u304b\u3089\u30de\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30ca\u3078\u306e\u79fb\u4f4f\u306e\u5e74\u304b\u3089200\u5e74\u5f8c\uff09\u4ee5\u964d\u306b\u6700\u521d\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u8a00\u8449\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8457\u540d\u306a\u5b66\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30bf\u30a4\u30df\u30fc\u30e4\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u767a\u7965\u306f\u30a4\u30e9\u30af\u306e\u30d0\u30b9\u30e9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u5d07\u62dd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u904e\u6fc0\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306b\u9665\u308a\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u5730\u57df\u3067\u3082\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u4fd7\u4e16\u3092\u96e2\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u30021<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u3068\u306f\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8ca7\u7aae\u3001\u96a0\u9041\u3001\u5999\u6280\u3001\u9b42\u306e\u6291\u5236\u3001\u5531\u6b4c\u3001\u8e0a\u308a\u306a\u3069\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3064\u3001\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u5b9f\u8df5\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30ae\u30ea\u30b7\u30e3\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u30be\u30ed\u30a2\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u6559\u3001\u4ecf\u6559\u3001\u30d2\u30f3\u30ba\u30fc\u6559\u3001\u307e\u305f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u542b\u3080\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u5b97\u6559\u304a\u3088\u3073\u54f2\u5b66\u304c\u6df7\u5408\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u305f\u3061\u81ea\u8eab\u3084\u6771\u6d0b\u5b66\u8005\u3089\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u3068\u5f62\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u5168\u4f53\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u304c\u3001\u7121\u610f\u5473\u306a\u5100\u5f0f\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3064\u6559\u7fa9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u306a\u5b97\u6559\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8aa4\u89e3\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\uff08\u30bf\u30b5\u30c3\u30a6\u30d5\uff09\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u306f\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u304c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3082\u306e\u306b\u76f8\u53cd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u306e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u4fe1\u6761\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5f8c\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u7279\u8cea<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\uff08\u795e\u306e\u6148\u60b2\u3068\u795d\u798f\u3042\u308c\uff09\u306b\u307e\u3064\u308f\u308b\u4f1d\u7d71\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>“<\/strong>\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3059\u308b\u7537\u3082\u5973\u3082\u3001\u795e\u3068\u305d\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u304c\u3001\u4f55\u304b\u3092\u6c7a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6642\u3001\u52dd\u624b\u306b\u9078\u629e\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u795e\u3068\u305d\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u306b\u80cc\u304f\u8005\u306f\u3001\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u8ff7\u3063\u3066\uff08\u6a2a\u9053\u306b\uff09\u9038\u308c\u305f\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>33<\/strong>\u7ae0<\/strong>36<\/strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306f\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306b\u5f93\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u65b0\u5947\u306a\u5d07\u62dd\u65b9\u6cd5\u306e\u5c0e\u5165\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8b66\u544a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u8ab0\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3001\u79c1\u306e\u6307\u793a\uff08\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\uff09\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u305f\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u3057\u306a\u3044\u8005\u306f\u3001\u62d2\u7d76\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300d\uff08\u30b5\u30d2\u30fc\u30d5\u30fb\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\uff09<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30de\u30b9\u30a6\u30fc\u30c9\uff08\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u6559\u53cb\u306e\u4e00\u4eba \u2015 \u5f7c\u306b\u795e\u306e\u3054\u6e80\u60a6\u3042\u308c\uff09\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92 \u2015\u795e\u306e\u6148\u60b2\u3068\u795d\u798f\u3042\u308c\u2015 \u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u624b\u3067\u5730\u9762\u306b\u76f4\u7dda\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u3001\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u3053\u308c\u306f\u795e\u3078\u306e\u771f\u3063\u76f4\u3050\u306a\u9053\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u7dda\u306e\u4e21\u5074\u306b\uff08\u77ed\u304f\u5206\u5c90\u3059\u308b\uff09\u7dda\u3092\u5f15\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7dda\u306e\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u62db\u304d\u5bc4\u305b\u308b\u60aa\u9b54\u304c\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002\u300d\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\uff09\u6717\u8aa6\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>“\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u3053\u308c\u306f\u308f\u308c\u306e\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u9053\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\uff08\u5916\u306e\uff09\u9053\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u304b\u308c\u306e\u9053\u304b\u3089\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u3092\u96e2\u308c\u53bb\u3089\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>6\u7ae0153\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30d5\u30de\u30c9\u3068\u30ca\u30b5\u30fc\u30a4\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4f1d\u627f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001\u30b5\u30d2\u30fc\u30d5\uff08\u771f\u6b63\u306a\u4f1d\u627f\u7d4c\u8def\uff09\u306e\u30cf\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30b9\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u305d\u308c\u3086\u3048\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306f\u795e\u3068\u305d\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u306b\u5f93\u308f\u306a\u304f\u3066\u306f\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6700\u3082\u9ad8\u3044\u6a29\u5a01\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4eba\u306f\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\u306b\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u306a\u8ffd\u5f93\u3092\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u795e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6388\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u99c6\u4f7f\u3057\u3001\u601d\u8003\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u305f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u306a\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u3057\u306a\u304f\u3066\u306f\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u88c1\u91cf\u3068\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u963b\u3080\u3001\u6559\u56e3\u306e\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u3078\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u8ffd\u5f93\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u6559\u56e3\u306e\u8001\u5e2b\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u6b7b\u4eba\u304c\u305d\u306e\u6b7b\u4f53\u3092\u6d17\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6642\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u4eba\u306f\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u3068\u5171\u306b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300d\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306e\u610f\u898b\u306b\u6297\u8b70\u307e\u305f\u306f\u53cd\u8ad6\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8a31\u3055\u308c\u305a\u3001\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u8ffd\u5f93\u30fb\u670d\u5f93\u304c\u7fa9\u52d9\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u771f\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u5168\u80fd\u306a\u308b\u795e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u300c\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u540d\u306b\u6e80\u8db3\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u4ef0\u305b\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>“<\/strong>\u304b\u308c\u306f\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u3092\uff08\u304b\u308c\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u306b\u9806\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\uff09\u9078\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u306f\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306b\u82e6\u696d\u3092\u62bc\u3057\u3064\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306e\u7956\u5148\u3001\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u306e\u6559\u3048\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u304b\u308c\uff08\u795e\uff09\u306f\u4ee5\u524d\uff08\u306e\u5553\u5178\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff09\u3082\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3053\u306e\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u3092\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u540d\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>22<\/strong>\u7ae0<\/strong>78<\/strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u305f\u3061\u81ea\u8eab\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u305f\u3061\u3092\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u540c\u6642\u306b\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a8d\u8b58\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u597d\u3080\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u898b\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff1a\u795e\u3078\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u4e00\u8a00\u3067\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306f\u795e\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u6027\u3092\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u304b\u308c\u306b\u540c\u4f4d\u8005\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u304b\u308c\u306f\u4f55\u306b\u4f3c\u901a\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u5168\u80fd\u306a\u308b\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8ff0\u3079\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>“<\/strong>\u304b\u308c\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u5f97\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u4f55\u3082\u306a\u3044<\/strong>2<\/strong><\/a>\u3002\u304b\u308c\u306f\u5168\u8074\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u3092\u304a\u898b\u901a\u3057\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/strong>\u5fa1\u65b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>42<\/strong>\u7ae0<\/strong>11<\/strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u795e\u306f\u5275\u9020\u7269\u3068\u306f\u304b\u3051\u96e2\u308c\u305f\u5b58\u5728\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u5f97\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u304b\u308c\u3053\u305d\u304c\u5275\u9020\u4e3b\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u304b\u308c\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u304b\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5275\u9020\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u306f\u5168\u80fd\u306a\u308b\u795e\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u72ec\u81ea\u306a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3092\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306b\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1\uff0e\u30a2\u30eb=\u30d5\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\uff1a<\/strong>\u5168\u80fd\u306a\u308b\u795e\u304c\u305d\u306e\u5275\u9020\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u5bbf\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2\uff0e\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30a4\u30c3\u30c6\u30a3\u30cf\u30fc\u30c9\uff1a<\/strong>\u5168\u80fd\u306a\u308b\u795e\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5275\u9020\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u7d50\u3070\u308c\u305f\u5b58\u5728\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3\uff0e\u30ef\u30cf\u30c0\u30c8\u30eb\uff1d\u30a6\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30c9\uff1a<\/strong>\u5275\u9020\u4e3b\u3068\u5275\u9020\u7269\u306f\u540c\u4e00\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u533a\u5225\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5d07\u656c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30de\u30f3\u30b9\u30fc\u30eb\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30cf\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u30b8\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u79c1\u306e\u611b\u3059\u308b\u304b\u308c\uff08\u795e\uff09\u3053\u305d\u3001\u79c1\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3053\u3046\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u79c1\u306e\u611b\u3059\u308b\u304b\u308c\u306f\u3001\u79c1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u308f\u308c\u308f\u308c\u306f\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u8eab\u4f53\u306b\u5171\u751f\u3059\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u9b42\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u79c1\u3092\u898b\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u304b\u308c\u3092\u898b\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u304b\u308c\u3092\u898b\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u79c1\u3092\u898b\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d3<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u305f\u3061\u306e\u5d07\u656c\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u5225\u306e\u4eba\u7269\u3001\u30e0\u30d2\u30fc\u30e6\u30c3\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u5947\u602a\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3067\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u79c1\u306e\u8863\u670d\u306e\u4e0b\u306b\u3044\u308b\u5fa1\u65b9\u3053\u305d\u306f\u3001\u795e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d\u300c\u3057\u3082\u3079\u3068\u306f\u4e3b\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e3b\u3068\u306f\u3057\u3082\u3079\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d4<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u4fe1\u6761\u306f\u3001\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u4e00\u795e\u8ad6\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3092\u304b\u304b\u3052\u308b\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e\u4fe1\u6761\u3068\u306f\u771f\u3063\u5411\u304b\u3089\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u306f\u3001\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u3084\u30d2\u30f3\u30ba\u30fc\u6559\u306e\u8f2a\u5efb\u4fe1\u6761\u3068\u305d\u3046\u304b\u3051\u96e2\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305d\u306e\u8457\u66f8\u300c\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u601d\u60f3\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001S.R.\u30b7\u30e3\u30eb\u30c0\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u30c6\u30a3\u30e0\u30fc\u30eb\u671d\u4ee5\u5f8c\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u6587\u5b66\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5909\u5316\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u307e\u3055\u306b\u3001\u6c4e\u795e\u8ad6\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u4e2d\u67a2\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u652f\u914d\u304c\u7d42\u308f\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30c6\u30a3\u30e0\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4fb5\u653b\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d71\u7387\u304b\u3089\u5916\u308c\u3001\u30d2\u30f3\u30ba\u30fc\u6559\u306e\u8056\u4eba\u306b\u3088\u308b\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5e83\u7bc4\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u306f\u3058\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u306f\u30f4\u30a3\u30b7\u30e5\u30cc\u30fb\u30d9\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc\u30f3\u30bf\u5b66\u6d3e\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u3001\u59bb\u7684\u732e\u8eab\u3001\u307e\u305f\u30d0\u30af\u30c6\u30a3\u3084\u30e8\u30ac\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u306a\u3069\u3092\u63a1\u629e\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5f53\u6642\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u305f\u3061\u306e\u9593\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30d9\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc\u30f3\u30bf\u7684\u6c4e\u795e\u8ad6\u306e\u4eba\u6c17\u306f\u9802\u70b9\u306b\u9054\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u795e\u306e\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3078\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u304c\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u306b\u795e\u6027\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5d07\u62dd\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u5f93\u308f\u308c\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u795e\u306e\u5d07\u62dd\u306f\u5f7c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8a8d\u53ef\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65b9\u6cd5\u306e\u307f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u884c\u308f\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8af8\u3005\u306e\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u6559\u56e3\u306b\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u305f\u591a\u7a2e\u591a\u69d8\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u304c\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u8001\u5e2b\u306e\u6301\u3064\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u7121\u77e5\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4e3b\u5f35\u306a\u3069\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u306e\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d6\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u30df\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u767a\u8a00\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u6211\u3005\u306f\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u6d77\u306b\u6d78\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u8af8\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30fb\u8af8\u4f7f\u5f92\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5cb8\u306b\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u7a2e\u306e\u795e\u6027\u3092\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u5bc4\u4e0e\u3055\u305b\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306e\u300c\u5149\u300d\u304b\u3089\u5275\u9020\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u3067\u306f\u5f7c\u3053\u305d\u304c\u6700\u521d\u306e\u5275\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u4eca\u3001\u795e\u306e\u7389\u5ea7\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u3089\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30fc\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5f7c\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u305f\u3061\u306e\u4fe1\u6761\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5929\u56fd\u3068\u5730\u7344\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u8981\u7d04\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306f\u5929\u56fd\u3068\u5730\u7344\u304c\u305f\u3063\u305f\u4eca\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u53cc\u65b9\u306f\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u4f4f\u51e6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5730\u7344\u306f\u7f6a\u6df1\u3044\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u61f2\u7f70\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u5834\u6240\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5929\u56fd\u306f\u656c\u8654\u306a\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u5831\u5968\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u5834\u6240\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306b\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306b\u5929\u56fd\u3092\u304a\u9858\u3044\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u306f\u30ef\u30ea\u30fc\uff08\u5b88\u8b77\u8005\uff09\u3082\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u306a\u305c\u306a\u3089\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4eba\u306e\u77e5\u6027\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u5929\u56fd\u306f\u975e\u73fe\u5b9f\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u5408\u3044\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306f\u795e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e0d\u53ef\u8996\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u6388\u304b\u308a\u3001\u795e\u3068\u306e\u6df1\u3044\u611b\u60c5\u306b\u6d78\u308b\u5834\u6240\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5730\u7344\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u306e\u4fe1\u6761\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u9003\u3052\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u771f\u306e\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u306f\u708e\u3092\u6016\u308c\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u3067\u306f\u30a2\u30d6\u30fc\u30fb\u30e4\u30ba\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d6\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u30df\u30fc\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u8001\u5e2b\u304c\u708e\u306b\u553e\u3092\u5410\u304f\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u305f\u3061\u307e\u3061\u6d88\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3055\u3048\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

1<\/a> \u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d5\u30a1\u30bf\u30fc\u30ef\u30fc\uff08\uff11\uff11\/\uff16\uff09<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2<\/a> \u5275\u9020\u4e3b\u3068\u5275\u9020\u7269\u306e\u9593\u306b\u306f\u3001\u672c\u8cea\u30fb\u6027\u8cea\u30fb\u5b9f\u8cea\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u5168\u304f\u306e\u985e\u4f3c\u6027\u3082\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3<\/a> \u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30cf\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u30b8\u8457\u3001\u30a2\u30c3\uff1d\u30bf\u30ef\u30fc\u30b9\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

4<\/a> \u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d5\u30a1\u30c8\u30a5\u30fc\u30cf\u30fc\u30c8\u30a5\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u30e4\uff06\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d5\u30a1\u30c8\u30a5\u30fc\u30cf\u30fc\u30c8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u5f8c\u534a\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300c\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u81ea\u767a\u7684\u3067\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u308b\u670d\u5f93\u300d\u304c\u3001\u6050\u3089\u304f\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u30e2\u30c3\u30c8\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u6559\u56e3\u306e\u9577\uff08\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\uff09\u3068\u30e0\u30ea\u30fc\u30c9\uff08\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\uff09\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u3001\u7279\u5225\u3067\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5e2b\u5f1f\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u7bc9\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4e00\u76ee\u77ad\u7136\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306a\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u306b\u5c3d\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3067\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4e00\u4f53\u4f55\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306b\u3001\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306f\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u3078\u306e\u8ffd\u5f93\u3092\u8a93\u3046\u300c\u5fe0\u8aa0\u306e\u8a93\u3044\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u884c\u3044\u3001\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306f\u305d\u306e\u898b\u8fd4\u308a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306e\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u554f\u984c\u3084\u82e6\u96e3\u304b\u3089\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u3092\u6551\u3044\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7d04\u675f\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306f\u3001\u771f\u646f\u306a\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6709\u5229\u3068\u306a\u308b\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\u306a\u5831\u916c\u3082\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5408\u610f\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306f\u795d\u798f\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30ba\u30a3\u30af\u30eb\uff08\u5531\u5ff5\u306e\u6587\u53e5\uff09\u306e\u4e00\u5f0f\u304c\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u6559\u56e3\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u793c\u5100\u4f5c\u6cd5\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u305f\u4eba\u751f\u3092\u6b69\u3080\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6559\u56e3\u306e\u5185\u5916\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u78ba\u57f7\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306f\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u306b\u5f93\u308f\u306d\u3070\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306e\u6a29\u5a01\u306f\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306f\u5916\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u304b\u3089\u5207\u308a\u96e2\u3055\u308c\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5834\u9762\u3067\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u6271\u3044\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u591a\u3005\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u4eba\u7269\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u4eba\u304b\u3089\u82e6\u96e3\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u3044\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u307e\u3059\u3002\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u5404\u4eba\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306e\u5fa1\u524d\u306b\u7acb\u3061\u3001\u4e00\u4eba\u305a\u3064\u5be9\u5224\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306b\u544a\u3052\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “\u5404\u4eba\u306f\u305d\u306e\u884c\u3044\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u4ee5\u5916\u306b\u3001\u5831\u916c\u306f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u91cd\u8377\u3092\u8ca0\u3046\u8005\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u8005\u306e\u91cd\u8377\u3092\u8ca0\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>7\u7ae0164\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5168\u80fd\u306a\u308b\u795e\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u4f55\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3082\u670d\u5f93\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5275\u9020\u4e3b\u4ee5\u5916\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8ab0\u3067\u3042\u308c\u904e\u3061\u3092\u72af\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u9810\u8a00\u8005\uff08\u795e\u306e\u6148\u60b2\u3068\u795d\u798f\u3042\u308c\uff09\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “\u30a2\u30c0\u30e0\u306e\u5b50\u306f\u7686\u3001\u904e\u3061\u3092\u72af\u3059\u304c\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3082\u6700\u826f\u306e\u8005\u306f\u6094\u609f\u3059\u308b\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08\u30c6\u30a3\u30eb\u30df\u30ba\u30a3\u30fc\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u5f7c\u306f\u300c\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u6a29\u5a01\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6559\u56e3\u5185\u306e\u8af8\u8cac\u52d9\u3092\u7ba1\u8f44\u3059\u308b\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u4e00\u4eba\u4e00\u4eba\u306b\u30ba\u30a3\u30af\u30eb\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u307e\u3059\u3002\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u5f7c\u306b\u5fe0\u8aa0\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u670d\u5f93\u3092\u8a93\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306b\u5f93\u3046\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u6cd5\u5247\u304c\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff11\uff0e\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306f\u6c7a\u3057\u3066\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u3068\u53e3\u8ad6\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u805e\u3044\u305f\u308a\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff12\uff0e\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u3068\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u8005\u306f\u8ab0\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3001\u76df\u7d04\u306b\u80cc\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\u306a\u5229\u76ca\u306e\u4eab\u53d7\u5bfe\u8c61\u304b\u3089\u9664\u5916\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u5f7c\u304c\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306b\u8fd1\u3044\u53cb\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u5d07\u62dd\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u300c\u30bf\u30a6\u30ad\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30e4\u300d\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u4eba\u306e\u898b\u89e3\u3092\u62e0\u308a\u6240\u3068\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4fe1\u3058\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u539f\u5178\u304b\u3089\u306e\u3001\u771f\u6b63\u304b\u3064\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u5143\u306b\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8ff0\u3079\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>“<\/strong>\uff08\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\uff09\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3084\u308b\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3002\u300c\u3082\u3057\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u304c\u771f\u5b9f\u306a\u3089\u3001\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u898b\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u300d<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>2<\/strong>\u7ae0<\/strong>111<\/strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u795e\u3068\u305d\u306e\u3057\u3082\u3079\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u4ef2\u4ecb\u8005\u3082\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4fe1\u3058\u307e\u3059\u3002\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306a\u3057\u306b\u3001\u795e\u3078\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u547c\u3073\u304b\u3051\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8ff0\u3079\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>“<\/strong>\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306e\u4e3b\u306f\u3001\u4ef0\u305b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u300c\u308f\u308c\u306b\u7948\u308c\u3002\u308f\u308c\u306f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u308b\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3060\u304c\u308f\u308c\u306b\u4ed5\u3048\u308b\u306e\u306b\u9ad8\u6162\u306a\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u5fc5\u305a\u9762\u76ee\u6f70\u308c\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u5730\u7344\u306b\u9665\u308b\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u300d<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>40<\/strong>\u7ae0<\/strong>60<\/strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u305f\u3061\u306f\u300c\u795e\u306e\u5149\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u958b\u773c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u970a\u611f\u306b\u512a\u308c\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u5fc3\u3084\u601d\u8003\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u53d6\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u76ee\u306b\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8996\u754c\u306e\u795e\u79d8\u304c\u7d10\u89e3\u304b\u308c\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u306a\u306b\u3082\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u30591<\/a>\u3002\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u3068\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5f62\u3067\u3001\u795e\u304b\u3089\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u5553\u793a\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3082\u767a\u8a00\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u79c1\u306e\u8457\u66f8\u306e\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306f\u3001\u79c1\u306e\u7761\u7720\u4e2d\u3084\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u5553\u793a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u795e\u304b\u3089\u4e0b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u547d\u4ee4\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d\uff08M. Ibn Arabi, “The Bezels of Wisdom,” pp.3<\/em>\uff09<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u8996\u754c\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306f\u795e\u3060\u3051\u304c\u77e5\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u8996\u754c\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u8005\u306f\u8ab0\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3001\u865a\u507d\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>“<\/strong>\u795e\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u865a\u507d\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3001\u4e0d\u7fa9\u3092\u884c\u3046\u8005\u304c\u3042\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u4f55\u3082\u5553\u793a\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306b\u300c\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306b\u3001\u5553\u793a\u304c\u4e0b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u8005\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>6<\/strong>\u7ae0<\/strong>93<\/strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>“<\/strong>\u79c1\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u5618\u3092\u634f\u9020<\/strong>\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/strong>\u3002\u306a\u305c\u306a\u3089\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3059\u308b\u8005\u306f\u5730\u7344\u306b\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30b5\u30d2\u30fc\u30d5\u30fb\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u76df\u7d04<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u6559\u56e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5171\u901a\u3059\u308b\u3001\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u539f\u7406\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3068\u3066\u3082\u8208\u5473\u6df1\u3044\u5100\u5f0f\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u3068\u305d\u306e\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u624b\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u5408\u3044\u3001\u53b3\u7c9b\u306a\u7791\u60f3\u5100\u5f0f\u306e\u4e2d\u3001\u76ee\u3092\u9589\u3058\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306f\u81ea\u767a\u7684\u306b\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5fc3\u304b\u3089\u3001\u795e\u306e\u9053\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u3078\u306e\u5fe0\u8aa0\u3092\u8a93\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u751f\u6daf\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6559\u56e3\u306e\u639f\u306b\u306f\u6c7a\u3057\u3066\u80cc\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u3078\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u304b\u3064\u7121\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u5fe0\u8aa0\u5fc3\u3068\u732e\u8eab\u3092\u8a93\u3046\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u7bc0\u3092\u6717\u8aa6\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>“<\/strong>\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306b\u5fe0\u8aa0\u3092\u8a93\u3046\u8005\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306b\u5fe0\u8aa0\u3092\u8a93\u3046\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>48<\/strong>\u7ae0<\/strong>10<\/strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u3046\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306b\u306f\u3042\u3064\u3089\u3048\u5411\u304d\u306e\u30ba\u30a3\u30af\u30eb\u304c\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306f\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306b\u5c0b\u306d\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u5168\u80fd\u306a\u308b\u795e\u306e\u5fa1\u524d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u79c1\u3092\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f\u300d\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306f\u3053\u3046\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300d\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3046\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300c\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300d\u6700\u5f8c\u306b\u4e8c\u4eba\u306f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8a3c\u8a00\u3092\u3057\u3001\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306f\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306e\u624b\u306b\u53e3\u3065\u3051\u3092\u3057\u3066\u5100\u5f0f\u304c\u7d42\u4e86\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u5100\u5f0f\u306f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u751f\u6daf\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3044\u305f\u4e09\u4e16\u4ee3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u5168\u304f\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “\u79c1\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u5618\u3092\u4ed8\u304f\u8005\u306f\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u76f8\u9055\uff08\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u306a\u6539\u5909\uff09\u3092\u76ee\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u79c1\u306e\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u7d71\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u305f\u3061\u306e\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306b\u5f93\u3046\u306e\u3060\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08\u30a2\u30d6\u30fc\u30fb\u30c0\u30fc\u30a6\u30fc\u30c9\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u3053\u3046\u3082\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>“<\/strong>\u5b9f\u306b\u3001\u6700\u826f\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3068\u306f\u795e\u306e\u66f8\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6700\u826f\u306e\u5c0e\u304d\u3068\u306f\uff08\u9810\u8a00\u8005\uff09\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u60aa\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6539\u5909\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\uff08\u5b97\u6559\u7684<\/strong>\uff09\u6539\u5909\u3068\u306f\u30d3\u30c9\u30a2\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u30d3\u30c9\u30a2\u306f\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306f\u5730\u7344\u3078\u3068\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30b5\u30d2\u30fc\u30d5\u30fb\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a4\u30de\u30fc\u30e0\u30fb\u30de\u30fc\u30ea\u30af\uff08\u795e\u306e\u6148\u60b2\u3042\u308c\uff09\u306f\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002“\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6539\u5909\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u5165\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u306b\u826f\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3059\u8005\u306f\u3001\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u304c\u795e\u306e\u6559\u3048\uff08\u3092\u4f1d\u9054\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fe1\u8a17\uff09\u306b\u80cc\u3044\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3082\u540c\u7136\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30ba\u30a3\u30af\u30eb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u3067\u306f\u300c\u30a6\u30a3\u30eb\u30c9\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3001\u795e\u306e\u5fa1\u540d\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6570\u306e\u5531\u5ff5\u3092\u5fa9\u5531\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u8df5\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5531\u5ff5\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6545\u4eba\u3078\u306e\u5606\u9858\u3001\u3082\u3057\u304f\u306f\u5168\u80fd\u306a\u308b\u795e\u3060\u3051\u304c\u6388\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3057\u304b\u51fa\u6765\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3001\u795e\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u4f55\u8005\u304b\u306b\u983c\u3080\u3053\u3068\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u306e\u8001\u5e2b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a2\u30d5\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30a2\u30c3\uff1d\u30c6\u30a3\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30cb\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u30a6\u30a3\u30eb\u30c9\u304c\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5dee\u3057\u63a7\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u6559\u53cb\u306e\u8ab0\u306b\u3082\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6559\u3048\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30a2\u30c3\uff1d\u30c6\u30a3\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30cb\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30a6\u30a3\u30eb\u30c9\u304c\u516c\u306b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6642\u304c\u6765\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u4eba\u7269\u306f\u307e\u3060\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u300d\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7d4c\u7def\u3067\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u304b\u3089\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306b\u307e\u3067\u8fbf\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u4f1d\u9054\u7d4c\u8def\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30ba\u30a3\u30af\u30eb\u306f\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u8001\u5e2b\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff11\uff0e\u51e1\u4eba\u306e\u30ba\u30a3\u30af\u30eb\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u306f\u300c\u30e9\u30fc\u30fb\u30a4\u30e9\u30fc\u30cf\u30fb\u30a4\u30c3\u30e9\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u3001\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30c3\uff1d\u30e9\u30b9\u30fc\u30eb\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\uff08\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u4ee5\u5916\u306b\u5d07\u62dd\u306b\u5024\u3059\u308b\u795e\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306f\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u306e\u3057\u3082\u3079\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u300d\u304c\u5fa9\u5531\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff12\uff0e\u719f\u7df4\u8005\u306e\u30ba\u30a3\u30af\u30eb\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u306f\u795e\u306e\u540d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u300d\u304c\u5fa9\u5531\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff13\uff0e\u9054\u4eba\u306e\u30ba\u30a3\u30af\u30eb\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u30d5\uff08\u304b\u308c\uff09\u300d\u304c\u5fa9\u5531\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30ba\u30a3\u30af\u30eb\u306f\u3068\u304d\u306b\u3001\u30e1\u30ed\u30c7\u30a3\u30c3\u30af\u306a\u8cdb\u7f8e\u6b4c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u76ee\u3092\u9589\u3058\u3066\u5408\u5531\u3055\u308c\u3001\uff08\u4e00\u90e8\u3067\u306f\u305d\u308c\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3060\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff09\u91cd\u539a\u306a\u97f3\u697d\u304c\u4f34\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u3067\u306f\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30d5\u306e\u524d\u3067\u30ba\u30a3\u30af\u30eb\u3092\u5531\u3048\u306a\u304c\u3089\u306e\u8e0a\u308a\u304c\u7e70\u308a\u5e83\u3052\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u30ba\u30a3\u30af\u30eb\u3067\u306f\u3042\u304b\u3089\u3055\u307e\u306a\u30b7\u30eb\u30af\uff08\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u3044\u7f6a\uff09\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>“<\/strong>\u308f\u308c\u306f\u65e2\u306b\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306b\u5553\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u4ee5\u524d\u306e\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b\uff08\u5553\u793a\uff09\u3057\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3002\u3082\u3057\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\uff08\u308f\u308c\u306b\u540c\u4f4d\u8005\u3092\uff09\u914d\u3057\u305f\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\uff08\u73fe\u4e16\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\uff09\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u884c\u3044\u306f\u865a\u3057\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5fc5\u305a\u5931\u6557\u8005\u3068\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>39<\/strong>\u7ae0<\/strong>65<\/strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u89e3\u91c8<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u5b66\u3092\u5b66\u3076\u3053\u3068\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u7bc0\u3005\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u719f\u8003\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5fcc\u907f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u3068\u304d\u306b\u306f\u7981\u6b62\u3059\u3089\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u5168\u3066\u306e\u7bc0\u306b\u306f\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3068\u5185\u9762\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5185\u9762\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u306e\u8001\u5e2b\u305f\u3061\u306e\u307f\u306b\u3057\u304b\u5206\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6559\u3048\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u53cd\u3057\u305f\u6982\u5ff5\u3084\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5168\u80fd\u306a\u308b\u795e\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u304b\u308c\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u9069\u5207\u306a\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u4fc3\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8ff0\u3079\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>“<\/strong>\u308f\u308c\u304c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306b\u4e0b\u3057\u305f\u5553\u5178\u306f\u3001\u795d\u798f\u306b\u6e80\u3061\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5370\u3092\u6c88\u601d\u9ed9\u8003\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u601d\u616e\u3042\u308b\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3078\u306e\u8a13\u6212\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>38<\/strong>\u7ae0<\/strong>29<\/strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306f\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u5171\u306b\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u9042\u884c\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u6e90\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u5bc6\u63a5\u306a\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u6b62\u3081\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u6700\u521d\u671f\u306e\u5148\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u3068\u540c\u3058\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u3079\u304d\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7d50\u8ad6<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u4e0a\u8a18\u304b\u3089\u3082\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306a\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u304b\u3089\u304b\u306a\u308a\u306e\u5909\u8cea\u3092\u9042\u3052\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30b9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u305d\u306e\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u304c\u3001\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u5275\u9020\u4e3b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u795e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u57fa\u672c\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u653e\u68c4\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u6559\u3048\u8fbc\u307f\u3001\u5974\u96b7\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u670d\u5f93\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u30b7\u30f3\u30d7\u30eb\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4eba\u3068\u795e\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u4ef2\u4ecb\u8005\u3084\u8056\u4eba\u3055\u3048\u3082\u5165\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u4f59\u5730\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u305f\u3060\u5168\u80fd\u306a\u308b\u795e\u306e\u307f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8eab\u3092\u59d4\u306d\u3001\u670d\u5f93\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

1<\/a> Saif an-Nasr, Seera of Hamidiyyeh<\/em>, 1956<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":18404,"lft":4648,"rght":4649,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-22T18:25:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T13:01:11.000000Z","language_id":16,"user_id":13,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":18,"parent_id":2428,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2014-12-22","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Le soufisme .pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Le soufisme .docx"},{"id":3363,"title":"Ahmadiyyah","slug":"ahmadiyyah","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Ahmadiyyah.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Ahmadiyyah.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:ahmadiyyah","hint":"

\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644:<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/strong><\/span>\r\n

\r\n \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641:<\/span> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f <\/span><\/strong><\/span>\r\n
\r\n \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631:<\/span> \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>","body":"

Ahmadiyyah<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n


<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (part 1 of 3): Origin and History<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, said: ‘I asked God for three things, He gave me two and didn’t give me one.  I asked God to save my nation from being destroyed by natural calamities and He gave it to me.  I asked God to protect my nation from defeat at the hands of a foreign enemy and He gave it to me.  I asked God to save my nation from being destroyed from within, and He did not give it to me.’ (Ibn Khuzaimah<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘Dominion over palm and pine’; that’s how the British Empire was described by the historians.  By the late 17th<\/sup> century it had colonized many parts of the world, including vast regions of the Muslim world.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Colonization was not only about exploiting natural resources; but also to indoctrinate the conquered peoples to uphold British ideology and faith.  Missionaries worked feverishly in different areas of the British Empire to spread the message of Christianity.  Schools were set up and different tactics were employed to reach their goals.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As the Muslims began to realize the danger of what they were facing, they united, mobilized and launched ‘freedom’ assaults to free their lands from the clutches of the ruthless Empire.  Hand to hand combat and armed confrontations were nothing new to the British, but as the Muslim attacks grew relentless and deadlier, they adopted a new tactic, ‘divide and dominate’<\/strong>.  Instead of squaring off with the Muslims face to face, they incited individuals among the Muslims to form their own groups and to split away from Mainstream Sunni Islam.  Ideological warfare was launched against the Muslims, as were the instructions of Louis IX, the so called “Lieutenant of God on Earth” who failed miserably in his Crusader attempts. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

One of the groups that formed during that time were the Qadiyani group, also known as Ahmadis, which came into existence in the year 1889.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Fable Steps to Fame<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Of course, not just anyone can come up and announce himself to be a ‘Prophet’ of God.  Mirza Ghulam Ahmed understood this and took his mission one step at a time.  Initially he claimed to be a Revivalist of Islam.  He said: “We are Muslims.  We believe in the One God without a partner and in the Testimony of Faith.  We believe in the Book of God, the Quran, in His Messenger Muhammad.  We believe in angels, the resurrection, Hell and Paradise.  We observe the prescribed prayers and the fast.  We turn to the Qibla for prayers and forbid ourselves what is forbidden by God and His Prophet and permit ourselves what is permitted.  We add not a thing to the Islamic Law, nor subtract any thing from it.  Islamic law is above change.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

With claims such as this and possessing powerful articulate skills, he was able to gain considerable ground with many Muslims.  In the year 1891 he claimed to be the ‘Promised Messiah’ and the Mahdi.  Finally, in the year 1901 he took the plunge and announced that he was a Prophet of God.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The 31 flavors of Qadiyanism…<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

In order for Mirza to gain favor with all people, he incorporated into his faith elements of every religion that was present in his area; thus, his doctrine incorporated Indian, Sufi, Islamic, and Western elements.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza Ghluam Ahmed had claimed so many things that it is difficult to chronologically arrange them.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a.     He claimed to be God and the Creator of the Heavens and the Earth.  He has written, “I saw in my dreams that I AM ALLAH\/God and I believed, no doubt I am The One Who created the Heavens.”  <\/strong>[Aaina-e-Kamaalaat]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.    He claimed to be nine prophets.  He said, “I am Adam.  I am Noah.  I am Abraham.  I am Ishmael.  I am Moses.  I am Jesus and I am Muhammad.”  [Roohaani Khazaaim]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

c.     He claimed to be the mother of Prophet Jesus and then he claimed to be Prophet Jesus <\/em>himself.  He said the ‘first God’ converted him into Mary.  After two years, God made him pregnant for ten months, after which God converted him into Jesus.  [Roohaani Khazaain]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

d.    He claimed that he was Muhammad, the Messenger of God.  “Muhammad is the Messenger of God and those with him are hard against the disbelievers and merciful amongst themselves.”<\/em>(Quran 48:29) <\/em>  He claimed that in this divine revelation, he himself was named Muhammad and also the Messenger.  [Roohaani Khazaain, vol. 18, page 207]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

e.     He claimed to be the Mahdi and the Promised Messiah, though he did not fulfill any of the conditions laid by Prophet Muhammad <\/em>regarding the Mahdi and the Promised Messiah.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

f.     In a lecture given in Sialkot in 1904, he declared that God had informed him that Krishna who had appeared among the Aryas thousands of years ago was indeed a prophet of God upon whom the Holy Spirit descended from God, but that later his teachings were corrupted and he began to be worshipped.  Here he claimed that he was the avatar whom the Hindus were awaiting in the latter days, and that he had appeared in the likeness of Krishna invested with the same qualities.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Breakout<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The Ahmadiyah group split into two individual groups.  This occurred after the death of Hakim Noor-ud-Din, the first successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmed.  The first group is known as ‘Ahmadiyya Muslim Community’<\/strong> and the second, the smaller one, is known as ‘Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam’<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The differences between the two can be summarized in two points.  The first point is their belief regarding the prophethood of Mirza Ghulam Ahmed.  The Lahore Ahmadiyya group considers Mirza Ghulam Ahmad a Prophet in the metaphorical sense of the word; whereas, the Ahmadiyyah Muslim Community holds that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a Prophet, holding all necessary qualities a Prophet should have.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The second difference is how they view mainstream Sunni Muslims.  The Lahore Ahmadiyya group believes that any person who professes the Testimony of Faith to be a Muslim, and cannot be called a non-Muslim.[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community believes that any Muslim who has not accepted Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's claim is a non-Muslim, even if the person has not even heard the name of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in his life.[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_claims_of_Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/aaiil.info\/misconceptions\/muslim\/whois.htm<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> http:\/\/www.ahmadiyya.org\/qadis\/takfir2.htm<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 2 of 3): Blasphemous Qadiyani Beliefs<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Finality of the Message of God<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed claimed to be a true ‘Muslim’ in some of his works and speeches; but, at the same instance, many of his blasphemous statements can be found ‘scattered’ in his books.  He said, while openly degrading Islam: “We believe that a religion which does not have the continuity of Prophethood<\/strong>(as in Islam) <\/strong>is a dead religion.  We call the religions of the Jews, the Christians and the Hindus dead only because now there are no prophets in them.  If this were the position in Islam too, we would be no more than mere storytellers! Why do we regard it superior to other religions?” <\/strong>(Malfoozat-e-Mirza, Vol. 10, page 127)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

He also said: “How absurd and false it is to believe that after the Holy Prophet (Muhammad) the door of the divine revelation has been closed forever and that there is no hope of it in the future till the Day of Resurrection! Can a religion having no direct trace of Almighty God be called a religion?   say, by Almighty God, that in this age there is no one more fed up than myself with such a religion!  I name such a religion as ‘Satanic’ religion and not a divine one.  I believe that such a religion guides towards Hell and keeps one blind in life.”<\/strong> (Zamima Braheen-e-Qadianism, Part V, Roohani Khazain, Vol.21, p354)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

From these quotes it is quite clear that Mirza Ghulam Ahmed despises the religion of Islam and claims it to be a ‘dead’ religion because the ‘chain’ of prophethood has ended.  Conveniently enough, he was chosen to be a Prophet of God to ‘complete’ Islam and keep it alive!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As Muslims, we believe that the Message of Islam was completed before the death of Prophet Muhammad.  God says: “This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion.” (Quran 5:3)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

We believe that no Prophet will come after Prophet Muhammad.  He is the final Prophet of God to mankind.  God says: “Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of God and the last of the Prophets.” <\/strong>(Quran 33:40)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet prophesized that a number of ‘quacks’ would emerge, each claiming to be a Prophet.  He said: “Indeed, there will be in my nation thirty liars; each claiming to be a prophet.  I am the last of the Prophets; no prophet will come after me.” (Tirmidthi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet said: “The tribe of Israel was guided by prophets.  When a prophet passed away, another prophet succeeded him.  But no prophet will come after me; only caliphs will succeed me.” (Saheeh Al-Bukhari<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet foretold that every one hundred years, God would send a person who would revive the religion of Islam.  He said: “Indeed God will send a revivalist at the head of every one hundred years to revive the religion of Islam.”<\/strong> (Abu Dawood<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

These revivalists have no ‘divine’ connections.  They carry the traits of a true, believing Muslim.  They would work strenuously to bring people back to the texts of the Quran and Prophet Way.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quran<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed said: “Quran is God’s Book and words of my mouth.”(Advertisement dated 15th March 1897, Roohani Khazain vol.22 p.87)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

After this blasphemous claim, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed began to interpret the Quran as he liked and felt necessary.  Each time a verse of the Quran seemed to pose a ‘threat’ to his claim, he simply reinterpreted the meaning to suit his whims.  Prior to his claim of being a Prophet, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed strictly adhered to the proper understanding of textual proofs.  He even viewed the verse of the Quran which stated that Prophet Muhammad was the last of the Prophets to be exactly that, clear evidence that Prophet Muhammad was the last Prophet to mankind.  After his claim of Prophethood, he revisited this text and reinterpreted it to mean that Prophet Muhammad was not the final Prophet to mankind; but, that his prophethood signified a ‘seal of approval’, i.e. that he was the beauty of the Prophets and Messengers and their best, but not the last!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza claimed that a number of the verses of the Quran were revealed to him to signify his grandeur.  He claimed that the following verses were among many that were revealed to him again.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a.<\/strong>      “Say,<\/em> if you really love Allah, then follow me.”<\/strong> (Quran 3:31)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.<\/strong>      “And We have not sent you but as a Mercy for All the Worlds.” (Quran 21:107)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

c.<\/strong>      “He is the one who has sent His Messenger with guidance.”<\/strong> (Quran 9:33)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

In this manner, his followers became ‘companions’, his family became ‘Ahlul-Bait’ (i.e. the members of the respected family) and his wife became ‘Mother of the Believers.’<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In order to protect himself, he said: “Yes, in support (of our claims) we also present those Prophet Traditions which are according to Quran and do not contradict my ‘divine revelation’.  As for the rest of the Prophetic Traditions, I toss them aside like wastepaper.”<\/strong> (Roohani Khazain vol.19 p.140)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muslims believe that the Quran are the words of God, they were revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the Arch-Angel Gabriel, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him.  God says: “Indeed, it is We who sent down the Quran and indeed, We will be its guardian.” (Quran 15:9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Interpreting the Quran is not left up to just anyone; there are levels of the interpretation of the Quran, the highest of which is interpreting the Quran with the Quran.  The second level is interpreting the Quran with authentic prophetic narrations.  The third level, is interpreting the Quran with the Companions’ statements.  The fourth level, which is a weaker level, is to interpret the Quran through language (like a translation of the meanings of the Quran).  One cannot interpret any verse the way they fancy!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Prophet Muhammad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The followers of Mirza claim that Mirza was superior to Prophet Muhammad.  They claim: “The mental development of the Promised Messiah (i.e. the Mirza Qadiani) was higher than that of the Holy Prophet Muhammad.  And this is only a part of the superiority which the Promised Messiah has over the Holy Prophet.  The mental faculties of the Holy Prophet could not manifest fully owing to the deficiency of civilization; although the ability existed.  They have now manifested themselves fully through the Promised Messiah by virtue of the advancement of civilization.”<\/strong> (Review of Religions, May 1929, Qadiani Mazhab, p.266, 9th Ed. Lahore)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza further degraded Prophet Muhammad stating that part of his revelation was false, and that he misunderstood parts of the revelation given to him by God! (Roohani Khazain vol.3 pp.166-167)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

He even ridiculed God Almighty and the Prophet, saying: “And God chose such a despicable place to bury the Holy Prophet which is extremely smelly, dark and cramped!”<\/strong> (Roohani Khazain vol.17 p.205)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As Muslims we love and respect Prophet Muhammad.  We do not ascribe to him divine attributes.  God says: “Say <\/strong>(O Muhammad), “I am only a man like you, to whom has been revealed that your god is one God.”<\/strong> (Quran 18:110)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jihad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

One of the fundamentals that we are taught in Islam is self-defense.  When someone harms us, we don’t simply ‘turn our cheek’.  We defend ourselves.  Defending yourself and protecting yourself from a foreign invader is something that no human being will dispute.  One cannot simply cancel out Jihad by some ill perceived notion that he is receiving a ‘command from God’!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed was truly the ideal British Agent! He openly said: “For the sake of British Government, I have published and distributed 50,000 leaflets in this country (i.e. India) and other Islamic countries, the result of which was that hundreds of thousands of people have given up their ‘filthy’ ideas about Jihad.”<\/strong> (Roohani Khazain vol. 15 p.114)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

He also said: “From my early age till now when I am 65 years of age, I have been engaged, with my pen and tongue, in an important task to turn the hearts of Muslims towards the true love and goodwill and sympathy for the British Government, and to obliterate the idea of Jihad from the hearts of stupid Muslims.”<\/strong> (Kitab-ul-Bariyah, Roohani Khazain vol. 13 p.350)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza supposedly, and quite conveniently, ‘received’ divine revelation from God that ‘Jihad’ was abrogated and no longer a part of Islam! He said: “From today human Jihad which is done by sword, is being abrogated by the order of God.  From now on, anyone who lifts a sword on a Kafir\/non-Muslim and calls himself a Ghazi\/fighter for the sake of God, is disobeying that Messenger <\/strong>(i.e. Muhammad).  After my arrival, there is no Jihad with the sword.  We have raised the flag of Peace and Friendliness.”<\/strong> (Collection of Advertisement p.295, vol.3)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> (http:\/\/www.islamicparty.com\/commonsense\/18qadi.htm)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 3 of 3): In the Scale<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Fallacies of a ‘so-called’ Prophet<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Every Messenger and Prophet sent by God was aided with a number of miracles.  Knowing this, Mirza had to settle for ‘prophecies’ which he said would materialize in his life; this was done as a bid to cement his call to Prophethood.  Now the tricky part with making a prophecy, on the part of a quack, is that you have to convince people.  Mirza wrote: “God revealed to me that frequent rains will come down.  Due to their frequency villages will be destroyed.  After them, severe earthquakes will follow.<\/strong>”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Some of his followers were ecstatic, their leader had spoken!  In fact, this does not qualify as a ‘prophecy’ He didn’t say where and when this torrential rainfall would occur… of course, logically speaking; this is bound to happen just about anywhere on the face of earth!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

With prophecies like these, he wasn’t able to bring ‘on-board’ the followers he was looking for.  So he had to ‘upgrade’ the prophecies he was supposedly receiving from God, so on February 20, 1886 he declared that indeed God revealed to him that he would marry blessed women and would have numerous children from these new wives.  At the time of this prophecy he was 46 years old, he did not marry anyone despite his desperate bid to marry ‘Muhammadi Begum’.   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhammadi Begum was the daughter of Ahmad Beg, who was one of his followers.  Mirza Ghulam Ahmed asked her father to marry her to himself which he refused.  Out of desperation, Mirza proclaimed that he would marry her because this was the decree of God.  He offered bribes and great amounts of wealth to Ahmad Beg, but it didn’t work.  He thereafter begged him to marry his daughter, but when this failed, threats were issued against him.  Ahmad Beg did not budge from his position and married his daughter to an ordinary soldier.  At this, Mirza proclaimed that the husband of Muhammadi would die soon afterwards and that he would marry her.  He fixed a period of three years for this to materialize…Twenty two years later Ghulam Ahmad died but the soldier lived for another forty years and she lived even longer!  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

An example of another failed prophecy was with the Christian, Abdullah Atham.  A debate ensued between this individual and Mirza in the year 1893.  Neither of the two succeeded in this debate, but Mirza was very insulted.  On June 5, 1883 he announced that he had been informed by God that Abdullah Atham would die within fifteen months, i.e. by September 5, 1894.  The deadline came and went and Abdullah Atham lived for a long time after.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dr. Abdul-Hakim, a Sunni Muslim, entered into a discussion with Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and then challenged him to an open debate, in which he called him a liar.  Mirza didn’t take this too well, so he prophesized that Abdul-Hakim would die during his life.  On May 4th<\/sup>, 1907 Dr. Abdul Hakim responded with his own prediction that Ghulam Ahmad would die before him.  Ghulam Ahmad died within a year on May 26th<\/sup>, 1908, at the age of 68 and Dr. Abdul Hakim lived for many years after him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

After two disappointments and proving himself to be a false prophet, he announced again that God had given him the news, “Verily, We give you tidings of a meek boy.”<\/strong> He announced the date of the birth of the boy to be September 16th<\/sup>, 1907 which was never fulfilled.  On October 1907 he pronounced yet another revelation from God, “I shall soon bestow upon you a righteous boy”<\/strong>and his name was announced to be Yahya.  This son never came, proving beyond doubt that he was never a Prophet!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muslims Position Towards the Qadiyanis<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The Qadiyanis also known as Ahmadis and Mirzais, have been declared as non-Muslims by thousands of Muslim scholars.  The following statement was issued by the Islamic Fiqh Council:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The claim that Mirza Ghulam Ahmed was a Prophet and that he received revelation makes him and anyone who agrees with him an apostate, who has left the folds of Islam.  As for the Lahoris, (Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam<\/strong>) they are like the mainstream Qadiyanis.  The same ruling of apostasy applies to them as well, in spite of their claim that Mirza was a ‘shadow and manifestation of Prophet Muhammad’.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

This was also mentioned in the World Muslim League Conference, held in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, from the 14th<\/sup> to the 18th<\/sup> of Rabi al-Awwal 1394H (April 1974) wherein the members unanimously reached the conclusion that the Ahmadi\/Qadiyanis are not Muslims.[2]<\/a>  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

In the end, it can be concluded, without a shed of doubt, that Mirza was a liar who wanted sudden fame.  At times, it seems, that he wasn’t ‘all there’.  He said in poetry written by him: “I am an earthworm!  Not a human being, I am the obscene part of man and the shameful place of humans.”<\/strong> (Braheen-e-Qadianism V, Roohani Khazain vol.21 p.127)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God says: “And who can be more unjust than he who invents a lie against God, or says: “I have received inspiration,” whereas he is not inspired in anything; and who says, “I will reveal the like of what God has revealed.”  And if you could but see when the wrong-doers are in the agonies of death, while the angels are stretching forth their hands (saying): “Deliver your soul!  This day you shall be recompensed with the torment of degradation because of what you used to utter against God other than the truth.  And you used to reject His signs (revelations) with disrespect!” (Quran 6:93)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Majma’ al-Fiqh al-Islami, p. 13<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/alhafeez.org\/rashid\/rabita.html<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":20326,"lft":6563,"rght":6576,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-22T22:55:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T12:57:29.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":13,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":18,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2014-12-22","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Ahmadiyyah.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Ahmadiyyah.docx"},{"id":3364,"title":"Ahmadiyah","slug":"ahmadiyah","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Ahmadiyyah.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Ahmadiyyah.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:ahmadiyah","hint":"

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","body":"

Ahmadiyah<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 3): Origen e historia<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

El Profeta, que la misericordia y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él, dijo: “Le pedí a Dios tres cosas, Él me dio dos y aún no me ha dado una. Le pedí a Dios que salvara a mi nación de ser destruida por desastres naturales y Él me lo concedió. Le pedí a Dios que protegiera a mi nación de ser derrotada a manos de un enemigo extranjero y Él me lo concedió. Le pedí a Dios que salvara a mi nación de ser destruida desde su interior, y aún no me lo ha concedido”. (Ibn Juzaimah<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Introducción<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“El dominio sobre la palma y el pino”, así es como fue descrito el Imperio Británico por los historiadores. Para finales del siglo XVII, había colonizado muchas partes del mundo, incluyendo regiones extensas del mundo musulmán.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La colonización no solo se ocupó de explotar recursos naturales, sino también de adoctrinar a los pueblos conquistados para que defendieran la ideología y la fe británicas. Los misioneros trabajaron fervientemente en diferentes áreas del Imperio Británico para difundir el mensaje del cristianismo. Se levantaron escuelas y se emplearon diferentes tácticas para alcanzar sus objetivos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cuando los musulmanes comenzaron a darse cuenta del peligro que enfrentaban, se unieron, se movilizaron y lanzaron asaltos “libertadores” para liberar sus tierras de los poderes del Imperio despiadado. El combate mano a mano y las confrontaciones no eran nuevos para el Imperio, pero a medida que los ataques musulmanes crecieron en hostilidad y mortalidad, adoptaron una táctica distinta, “divide y domina”.<\/strong> En lugar de combatir a los musulmanes cara a cara, incitaron a individuos entre los musulmanes a formar sus propios grupos y a dividirse de la corriente principal del Islam sunita. La guerra ideológica fue lanzada contra los musulmanes, como hiciera Luis IX, el denominado “Teniente de Dios en la Tierra”, que falló miserablemente en sus Cruzadas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Uno de los grupos que se formaron durante ese tiempo fue el grupo Qadiyani<\/em>, conocido también como Ahmadis<\/em>, que apareció en el año 1889.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Pasos de fábula hacia la fama<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Por supuesto, nadie puede simplemente levantarse y autoproclamarse “Profeta” de Dios. Mirza Ghulam Ahmed entendió esto y emprendió su misión paso a paso. Inicialmente afirmó ser un reavivador del Islam. Dijo: “Somos musulmanes. Creemos en el Único Dios sin asociado y en el Testimonio de Fe. Creemos en el Libro de Dios, el Corán, en Su Mensajero Muhammad. Creemos en los ángeles, la resurrección, el Infierno y el Paraíso. Observamos las oraciones prescritas y el ayuno. Nos orientamos hacia la Qibla para orar, nos prohibimos lo que está prohibido por Dios y Su Profeta, y nos permitimos lo que está permitido. No añadimos nada a la Ley Islámica ni quitamos nada de ella. La Ley Islámica está más allá del cambio”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Con declaraciones como esta y con sus grandes habilidades como orador, fue capaz de ganar un terreno considerable con muchos musulmanes. En el año 1891 declaró ser el ‘Mesías Prometido’ y el Mahdi. Finalmente en 1901, se aventuró a anunciar que era un Profeta de Dios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los 31 sabores del qadianismo…<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Para ganarse el favor de la gente, Mirza incorporó a su fe elementos de todas las religiones que estaban presentes en su área. Así, su doctrina incorporó elementos hindúes, sufís, islámicos y occidentales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed afirmó tantas cosas, que es difícil organizarlas cronológicamente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a.     Declaró ser Dios y el Creador de los cielos y de la Tierra. Escribió: “He visto en mis sueños que YO SOY ALLAH\/Dios, y lo creo, no dudo que soy Aquel Quien creó los Cielos”. <\/strong>[Aaina-e-Kamaalaat]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.    Declaró ser nueve profetas. Dijo: “Soy Adán. Soy Noé. Soy Abraham. Soy Ismael. Soy Moisés. Soy Jesús y soy Muhammad”. [Roohaani Khazaaim]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

c.     Declaró ser la madre del Profeta Jesús y luego afirmó ser el propio Profeta Jesús. Dijo que el “primer Dios” lo convirtió en María. Después de dos años, Dios lo hizo embarazar por diez meses, tras los cuales Dios lo convirtió en Jesús. [Roohaani Khazaain]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

d.    Declaró que fue Muhammad, el Mensajero de Dios. “Muhammad es el Mensajero de Dios. [Los creyentes] que están con él son severos con los que se niegan a creer, pero misericordiosos entre ellos” <\/em>(Corán 48:29). Él afirmó que en esta revelación divina, él mismo fue llamado Muhammad y también el Mensajero. [Roohaani Khazaain, vol. 18, página 207]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

e.     Declaró ser el Mahdi y el Mesías prometido, aunque no cumplió con ninguna de las condiciones dadas por el Profeta Muhammad respecto al Mahdi y al Mesías prometido.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

f.     En una conferencia dada en Sialkot en 1904, declaró que Dios le había informado que Krishna, quien había aparecido entre los Aryas miles de años antes, fue de hecho un Profeta de Dios sobre quien descendió el Espíritu Santo de Dios, pero que luego sus enseñanzas fueron tergiversadas y se le comenzó a adorar. Aquí declaró que él fue el avatar al que los hindúes estaban aguardando en los últimos tiempos, y que él había aparecido a semejanza de Krishna investido con las mismas cualidades[1]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cisma<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

La secta Ahmadiyah se dividió en dos grupos distintos. Esto ocurrió después de la muerte de Hakim Nur-ud-Din, el primer sucesor de Mirza Ghulam Ahmed. El primer grupo es conocido como “Comunidad Musulmana Ahmadiya”<\/strong> y el segundo, el menor, es conocido como “Movimiento Ahmadiya de Lahore para la Propagación del Islam”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las diferencias entre ambos pueden resumirse en dos puntos. El primero es su creencia respecto a la profecía de Mirza Ghulam Ahmed. El grupo Ahmadiya de Lahore considera a Mirza Ghulam Ahmad un profeta en sentido metafórico; mientras que la Comunidad Musulmana Ahmadiyah sostiene que Mirza Ghulam Ahmad fue un profeta con todas las características necesarias que debe tener un profeta.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La segunda diferencia es cómo ven a los musulmanes sunitas. El grupo Ahmadiya de Lahore cree que toda persona que profese el Testimonio de Fe es musulmán y que no puede ser llamado no musulmán[2]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Comunidad Musulmana Ahmadiya cree que cualquier musulmán que no acepte las afirmaciones de Mirza Ghulam Ahmad no es un musulmán, aun si esa persona jamás ha escuchado el nombre de Mirza Ghulam Ahmad en su vida[3]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_claims_of_Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/aaiil.info\/misconceptions\/muslim\/whois.htm<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> http:\/\/www.ahmadiyya.org\/qadis\/takfir2.htm<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 3): Blasfemias<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

La finalidad del mensaje de Dios<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed afirmó ser un verdadero “musulmán” en algunos de sus escritos y discursos, pero al mismo tiempo, muchas de sus declaraciones blasfemas pueden hallarse “esparcidas” en sus libros. Dijo, degradando abiertamente al Islam: “Creemos que una religión que no tiene la continuidad de la Profecía<\/strong> <\/strong>(como el Islam) <\/strong>es una religión muerta. Llamamos muertas a las religiones de los judíos, los cristianos y los hindúes solo porque no hay profetas ahora en ellas. Si esta también fuera la posición en el Islam, ¡no seríamos más que narradores de cuentos! ¿Por qué seríamos superiores a otras religiones?”<\/strong> <\/strong>(Malfoozat-e-Mirza<\/em>, Vol. 10, página 127)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

También dijo: “¡Cuán absurdo y falso es creer que después del Sagrado Profeta (Muhammad) la puerta de la revelación divina ha sido cerrada para siempre y que no hay esperanza de ella en el futuro hasta el Día de la Resurrección! ¿Puede una religión que no tiene rastro directo de Dios Todopoderoso llamarse una religión? ¡Díganme, por Dios Todopoderoso, que soy el único harto de tales religiones! Yo digo que una religión así es ‘satánica’, no divina. Creo que tal religión lleva hacia el Infierno y lo mantiene a uno ciego durante su vida”.<\/strong> (Zamima Braheen-e-Qadianism, Part V, Roohani Khazain,<\/em> <\/em>Vol. 21, página 354)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

A partir de estas citas queda claro que Mirza Ghulam Ahmed despreció la religión del Islam y la llamó una religión “muerta” debido a que la “cadena” de profecía había terminado. Y muy convenientemente, ¡él fue elegido para ser un profeta de Dios, para “completar” el Islam y mantenerlo vivo!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como musulmanes, creemos que el mensaje del Islam fue completado antes de la muerte del Profeta Muhammad. Dios dice: “<\/strong>Hoy les he perfeccionado su forma de adoración, he completado Mi gracia sobre ustedes y he dispuesto que el Islam sea su religión”. (Corán 5:3)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Creemos que ningún profeta vendrá después del Profeta Muhammad. Él es el Profeta final de Dios para la humanidad. Dios dice: “Muhammad no es el padre de ninguno de sus hombres, sino que es el Mensajero de Dios y el sello de los Profetas”.<\/strong> <\/strong>(Corán 33:40)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Profeta predijo que cierta cantidad de fraudes aparecerían, cada uno proclamando ser un profeta. Dijo: “De hecho, habrá en mi nación treinta mentirosos, cada uno afirmando ser un profeta. Yo soy el último de los Profetas, ningún profeta vendrá después de mí”. (Tirmidi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El profeta dijo: “La tribu de Israel fue guiada por Profetas. Cuando un Profeta moría, otro Profeta lo sucedía. Pero ningún Profeta vendrá después de mí, solo califas me sucederán”. (Sahih Al Bujari<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Profeta predijo que cada cien años Dios enviaría a una persona que reviviría la religión del Islam. Dijo: “Dios enviará un reavivador cada cien años para vivificar la religión del Islam”.<\/strong> (Abu Dawud<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Estos reavivadores no tienen “conexiones divinas”, tienen los rasgos de un verdadero musulmán creyente. Trabajarán enérgicamente para regresar a la gente a los textos del Corán y a la vía profética.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Corán<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed dijo: “El Corán es el Libro de Dios y palabras de mi boca”. (Anuncio fechado el 15 de marzo de 1897, Roohani Khazain,<\/em> vol. 22, p. 87)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Después de esta declaración blasfema, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed comenzó a interpretar el Corán como quiso y como sentía necesario. Cada vez que un versículo del Corán parecía oponerse a su declaración, simplemente reinterpretaba su significado para adaptarlo a sus caprichos. Antes de declararse profeta, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed se adhería estrictamente al entendimiento apropiado de las pruebas textuales, incluso veía el versículo del Corán que declara que el Profeta Muhammad fue el último de los Profetas exactamente como eso, evidencia clara de que el Profeta Muhammad fue el último Profeta para la humanidad. Después de proclamar su profecía, reconsideró este texto y lo reinterpretó diciendo que el Profeta Muhammad no había sido el último Profeta para la humanidad, sino que su profecía significaba un “sello de aprobación”, es decir, que él fue la belleza de los Profetas y Mensajeros y el mejor de ellos, ¡pero no el último!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza declaró que algunos de los versículos del Corán le fueron revelados a él para realzar su grandeza. Afirmó que los siguientes versículos estaban entre los que le fueron revelados nuevamente a él.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a.<\/strong>      “Di: Si verdaderamente aman a Dios, ¡síganme!”<\/strong> (Corán 3:31)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.<\/strong>      “No te he enviado sino como misericordia para todos los seres”. (Corán 21:107)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

c.<\/strong>      “Él es Quien envió a Su Mensajero con la guía y la religión verdadera”.<\/strong> (Corán 9:33)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

De este modo, sus seguidores se convirtieron en “compañeros”, su familia se convirtió en “Ahlul Bait<\/em>” (es decir, miembros de la familia respetada) y su esposa se convirtió en “Madre de los Creyentes”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Para protegerse a sí mismo, dijo: “Sí, en apoyo (de nuestras declaraciones) presentamos también aquellas tradiciones proféticas que están de acuerdo con el Corán y no contradicen mi ‘revelación divina’. En cuanto a las demás tradiciones proféticas, las dejamos de lado como papel usado”.<\/strong> (Roohani Khazain<\/em>, vol. 19 p. 140)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los musulmanes creen que el Corán son las palabras de Dios, que fueron reveladas al Profeta Muhammad a través del ángel Gabriel, que la misericordia y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él. Dios dice: “Yo he revelado el Corán y Yo soy su custodio”. (Corán 15:9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Interpretar el Corán no es algo que se le deje a una sola persona; hay niveles de interpretación del Corán, de los cuales el mayor es interpretar el Corán con el propio Corán. El segundo nivel es interpretar el Corán con las narraciones proféticas auténticas. El tercer nivel es interpretar el Corán con las declaraciones de los compañeros. El cuarto nivel, que es el más débil, es interpretar el Corán a través del idioma (como una traducción de los significados del Corán). ¡Uno no puede interpretar ningún versículo según le parezca!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Profeta Muhammad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Los seguidores de Mirza afirman que él fue superior al Profeta Muhammad. Declaran: “El desarrollo mental del Mesías Prometido (es decir, el Mirza Qadianí) fue más elevado que el del Sagrado Profeta Muhammad. Y esto solo es parte de la superioridad que tuvo el Mesías Prometido sobre el Sagrado Profeta. Las facultades mentales del Sagrado Profeta no pudieron manifestarse completamente debido a la deficiencia de la civilización, aun cuando existía la habilidad. Ahora se manifiestan por completo a través del Mesías Prometido por virtud del avance de la civilización”.<\/strong> (Evaluación de Religiones<\/em>, mayo de 1929, Qadiani Mazhab<\/em>, p.266, 9a Ed. Lahore)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza también degradó al Profeta Muhammad al declarar que parte de su revelación era falsa y que había malinterpretado partes de la revelación dada a él por Dios. (Roohani Khazain<\/em> vol. 3 pp. 166-167)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Incluso ridiculizó a Dios y al Profeta diciendo: “¡Y Dios eligió un lugar tan despreciable para enterrar al Sagrado Profeta, en extremo hediondo, oscuro y estrecho!”<\/strong> (Roohani Khazain<\/em>, vol. 17 p. 205)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como musulmanes, amamos y respetamos al Profeta Muhammad. No le atribuimos cualidades divinas. Dios dice: “Diles [oh, Muhammad]: “Yo no soy más que un hombre a quien se le ha revelado que solo deben adorar a Dios, su única divinidad”.<\/strong> (Corán 18:110)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las declaraciones de Mirza no necesitan respuesta, pero vale la pena mencionar cómo murió. Mirza murió de forma vergonzosa, en un baño público en Lahore atacado por el cólera[1]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Yihad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Uno de los fundamentos que se nos enseña en el Islam es la autodefensa. Cuando alguien nos daña, no ponemos simplemente “la otra mejilla”. Nos defendemos. Defenderte y protegerte de un invasor extranjero es algo que ningún ser humano puede refutar. Uno simplemente no puede cancelar la Yihad<\/em> por alguna noción enfermiza de que se está recibiendo una “orden directa de Dios”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed fue en realidad el agente británico ideal. Dijo abiertamente: “Por el bien del gobierno británico, he publicado y distribuido 50.000 folletos en este país (es decir, la India) y en otros países islámicos, cuyo resultado ha sido que cientos de miles de personas han abandonado sus ideas ‘obscenas’ sobre la Yihad”.<\/strong> (Roohani Khazain,<\/em> <\/em>vol. 15 p.114)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

También dijo: “Desde mi infancia hasta ahora que tengo 65 años de edad, he estado comprometido, con mi pluma y mi lengua, en una labor importante de volver los corazones de los musulmanes hacia el amor verdadero, la buena voluntad y la simpatía hacia el gobierno británico, y desterrar la idea de la<\/strong> <\/strong>Yihad<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>de los corazones de los musulmanes estúpidos”.<\/strong>(Kitab-ul-Bariyah, Roohani Khazain,<\/em> vol. 13 p. 350)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza supuesta y convenientemente, “recibió” revelación divina de Dios, de que la Yihad<\/em> era abrogada y que ya no era parte del Islam. Dijo: “Desde hoy, laYihad<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>humana que se hace por la espada queda abrogada por orden de Dios. De ahora en adelante, quien levante una espada sobre un<\/strong> <\/strong>Kafir<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>(no musulmán) y se llame a sí mismo un<\/strong> <\/strong>Ghazi<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>(combatiente por la causa de Dios), está desobedeciendo al Mensajero<\/strong> <\/strong>(es decir, Muhammad). Después de mi llegada, no hay<\/strong> <\/strong>Yihad<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>con la espada. Hemos levantado la bandera de la paz y la simpatía”.<\/strong> (Colección de Anuncios Públicos<\/em>, p. 295, vol. 3)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> http:\/\/www.islamicparty.com\/commonsense\/18qadi.htm<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 3 de 3): En la balanza<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Falacias de un autodenominado “profeta”<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Todo mensajero y profeta enviado por Dios fue ayudado con una cierta cantidad de milagros. Sabiendo esto, Mirza tuvo que conformarse con las “profecías” que, según decía, se materializarían durante su vida; esto lo hizo como un intento de consolidar su autoproclamación como profeta. Ahora, la parte difícil de hacer una profecía, cuando es parte de un fraude, es que tienes que convencer a la gente. Mirza escribió: “Dios me ha revelado que vendrán lluvias frecuentes. Debido a su frecuencia, serán destruidas villas enteras. Después de eso, seguirán fuertes terremotos”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Algunos de sus seguidores estaban atónitos, ¡su líder había hablado! De hecho, esto no califica como “profecía”. Él no dijo dónde ni cuándo caerían estas lluvias torrenciales… por supuesto, de manera lógica, esto podría ocurrir en cualquier lugar del planeta.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Con profecías como esta, no era capaz de atraer “a bordo” a los seguidores que buscaba. De modo que tuvo que “mejorar” las profecías que supuestamente había recibido de Dios, y el 20 de febrero de 1886, declaró que Dios mismo le había revelado que él se casaría con mujeres benditas y tendría numerosos hijos con estas nuevas esposas. En la época de esta profecía, tenía 46 años de edad y no se había casado con nadie a pesar de sus intentos desesperados por casarse con Muhammadi Begum.   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhammadi Begum era la hija de Ahmad Beg, quien fue uno de sus seguidores. Mirza Ghulam Ahmed le pidió a su padre que la casara con él, a lo que él se negó. Desesperado, Mirza proclamó que se casaría con ella porque ese era el decreto de Dios. Ofreció sobornos y grandes cantidades de dinero a Ahmad Beg, pero eso no funcionó. Luego le suplicó que casara a su hija con él, pero cuando esto fracasó, comenzaron las amenazas en su contra. Ahmad Beg no cedió y casó a su hija con un soldado corriente. Entonces, Mirza proclamó que el esposo de Muhammadi moriría pronto y que ella se casaría con él. Fijó un período de tres años para que esto se materializara… 22 años después, Ghulam Ahmad murió, pero el soldado vivió aún otros 40 años y ella vivió incluso más tiempo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un ejemplo de otra profecía fallida fue con el cristiano Abdullah Atham. Se llevó a cabo un debate entre este individuo y Mirza en el año 1893. Ninguno tuvo éxito en este debate, pero Mirza estaba muy ofendido. El 5 de junio de 1883, anunció que había sido informado por Dios que Abdullah Atham moriría en 15 meses, es decir, el 5 de septiembre de 1894. El momento llegó y pasó, y Abdullah Atham vivió por mucho más tiempo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Dr. Abdul Hakim, un musulmán sunni, entró en una discusión con Mirza Ghulam Ahmad y luego lo retó a un debate abierto, en el que lo llamó mentiroso. Mirza no tomó esto muy bien, así que profetizó que Abdul Hakim moriría durante su vida. El 4 de mayo de 1907, el Dr. Abdul Hakim respondió con su propia predicción de que Ghulam Ahmad moriría antes que él. Ghulam Ahmad murió en menos de un año, el 26 de mayo de 1908, a la edad de 68 años, y el Dr. Abdul Hakim vivó muchos años después que él.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Después de dos desilusiones y probando él mismo que era un falso profeta, anunció una vez más que Dios le había dado noticias: “Te doy la buena noticia de un niño dócil”.<\/strong> Anunció que la fecha del nacimiento del niño sería el 16 de septiembre de 1907, cosa que nunca se cumplió. En octubre de 1907 pronunció otra revelación proveniente de Dios: “Te otorgaré pronto un hijo recto”<\/strong>, y anunció que su nombre sería Yahya. Este hijo nunca llegó, probando sin duda alguna que él nunca fue un profeta.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Posición de los musulmanes hacia los qadiyanis<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Los qadiyanis, también conocidos como ahmadis o mirzais, han sido declarados no musulmanes por miles de eruditos musulmanes. La siguiente declaración fue publicada por el Concilio Islámico de Fiqh<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La afirmación de que Mirza Ghulam Ahmed fue un profeta y que recibió revelación, hace que él y cualquiera que esté de acuerdo con él sean apóstatas, lo que los deja fuera del Islam. En cuanto a los lahoris, (Movimiento Ahmadiya de Lahore para la Propagación del Islam<\/strong>) ellos son como los qadiyanis convencionales. La misma regla de apostasía se aplica para ellos, a pesar de su reclamo de que Mirza fue una “sombra y manifestación del Profeta Muhammad”[1]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Esto también fue mencionado en la Conferencia de la Liga Islámica Mundial, realizada en La Meca, Arabia Saudita, del 14 al 18 de Rabi Al Awal de 1394 H. (abril de 1974), donde los miembros llegaron unánimemente a la conclusión de que los ahmadi\/qadiyanis no son musulmanes[2]<\/a>.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Conclusión<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Al final, podemos concluir sin lugar a dudas, que Mirza fue un mentiroso que solo buscaba fama. A veces, parece que no estuviera cuerdo. Dijo en un poema que escribió: “¡Soy una lombriz de tierra! No soy un ser humano, soy la parte obscena del hombre y el lugar vergonzoso de los humanos”.<\/strong> (Braheen-e-Qadianism V, Roohani Khazain, <\/em>vol. 21, p. 127)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios dice: “No hay nadie más injusto que quien inventa mentiras acerca de Dios o dice: ‘He recibido una revelación’, cuando en realidad no se le ha revelado nada, o dice: ‘Revelaré algo similar a lo que Dios ha revelado’, Si pudieras ver [lo terrible que será] cuando los injustos estén en la agonía de su muerte y los ángeles extiendan las manos [para atormentarlos, y les digan]: ‘Entreguen sus almas. Hoy se les retribuirá con un castigo denigrante por haber inventado mentiras acerca de Dios y por despreciar con arrogancia Su mensaje’”. (Corán 6:93)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> <\/em>Majma’ Al Fiqh Al Islami<\/em>, p. 13.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/alhafeez.org\/rashid\/rabita.html<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":19802,"lft":6564,"rght":6565,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-22T22:55:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T15:41:43.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":13,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":18,"parent_id":3363,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2014-12-22","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Ahmadiyyah.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Ahmadiyyah.docx"},{"id":3365,"title":"Les Ahmadiyyah","slug":"les-ahmadiyyah","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Ahmadiyyah.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Ahmadiyyah.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:les-ahmadiyyah","hint":"","body":"

Les Ahmadiyyah<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

(partie 1 de 3): Origine et histoire<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a dit : « J’ai demandé trois choses à Dieu; Il m’en a accordé deux, mais pas la troisième.  Je Lui ai demandé de faire en sorte que ma nation ne soit pas détruite par un désastre naturel et Il me l’a accordé.  Je Lui ai aussi demandé de protéger ma nation contre la défaite aux mains d’ennemis étrangers et Il me l’a accordé.  Puis, j’ai demandé à Dieu de faire en sorte que ma nation ne se détruise pas d’elle-même, mais Il ne me l’a pas accordé. » (Ibn Khuzaimah<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

 « Domination sur les palmiers et les pins » : ainsi fut décrit l’empire britannique par les historiens.  À la fin du 17e<\/sup> siècle, il avait colonisé plusieurs parties du monde, incluant de vastes régions du monde musulman.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La colonisation ne servait pas qu’à exploiter les ressources naturelles; elle servait également à endoctriner les peuples conquis afin qu’ils professent une foi chrétienne et une idéologie britannique.  Des missionnaires travaillaient sans relâche, dans diverses régions de l’empire, pour propager le message du christianisme.  Des écoles furent établies et ils utilisèrent diverses tactiques pour parvenir à leurs fins.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Certains musulmans réalisèrent le danger qui les guettait, eux et leurs coreligionnaires; ils décidèrent donc de s’unir, de se mobiliser et de lancer divers assauts pour libérer leurs territoires des griffes de cet empire sans pitié.  Les combats à mains nues et les confrontations armées n’étaient rien de nouveau pour les Britanniques; mais comme les attaques des musulmans se faisaient de plus en plus régulières et intenses, ils adoptèrent une nouvelle tactique : diviser pour mieux dominer.  Plutôt que d’affronter les musulmans sur le terrain, ils incitèrent des individus, parmi les musulmans, à former leurs propres groupes et à s’éloigner du courant islamique principal, i.e. du sunnisme.  Une guerre idéologique fut ainsi lancée contre les musulmans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’un des groupes qui se formèrent durant cette période fut les Qadiyani, aussi connu sous le nom d’Ahmadi, qui fit son apparition en l’an 1889.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quelques pas vers la gloire<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Évidemment, tout le monde ne peut pas se déclarer « prophète de Dieu » du jour au lendemain.  Mirza Ghulam Ahmed le savait fort bien et amorça sa mission petit à petit, sans rien brusquer.  Il commença par affirmer qu’il ne cherchait qu’à revivifier l’islam.  Il dit, entre autres : « Nous sommes musulmans.  Nous croyons en un Dieu unique, qui n’a point d’associés, et en l’attestation de foi.  Nous croyons au Livre de Dieu, le Coran, et en Son messager, Mohammed.  Nous croyons aux anges, à la résurrection, à l’Enfer et au Paradis.  Nous accomplissons les prières rituelles et nous jeûnons.  Nous nous tournons vers la Qibla pour prier et nous nous interdisons à nous-mêmes ce que Dieu et Son prophète nous interdisent et nous nous permettons à nous-mêmes ce qu’ils permettent.  Nous n’ajoutons rien et ne soustrayons rien à la loi islamique; la loi islamique se situe au-delà de tout amendement. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Avec un tel discours et possédant des qualités oratoires hors du commun, il arriva à gagner la confiance d’un bon nombre de musulmans.  En l’an 1891, il prétendit, pour la première fois, être le « messie attendu » et le Mahdi.  Puis, en l’an 1901, il fit le grand saut et annonça qu’il était le prophète de Dieu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les 31 saveurs du qadiyanisme…<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Pour s’attirer le plus d’appuis possible, Mirza intégra dans son courant spirituel des éléments appartenant à chaque religion présente dans la région qu’il habitait.  C’est ainsi que sa doctrine fut composée d’éléments empruntés à l’hindouisme, au soufisme, à l’islam et aux croyances occidentales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed prétendit à tellement de choses qu’il est difficile de présenter ces choses en ordre chronologique.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a.     Il prétendit être Dieu et le Créateur des cieux et de la terre.  Il écrivit, entre autres : « J’ai vu, dans mes rêves, que j’étais Allah et je crois, sans l’ombre d’un doute, que je suis celui qui a créé les cieux. » [Aaina-e-Kamaalaat]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.    Il prétendit être l’incarnation de pas moins de sept prophètes.  Il dit : « Je suis Adam, Noé, Abraham, Ismaël, Moïse, Jésus et Mohammed. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

c.    Il prétendit être la mère du prophète Jésus, puis affirma être Jésus lui-même.  Il prétendit avoir été incarné en Marie par le « premier Dieu ».  Deux ans plus tard, Dieu le fit tomber « enceinte » pour dix mois, après lesquels il l’incarna à nouveau en Jésus. [Roohaani Khazaain]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

d.    Il prétendit être Mohammed, le messager de Dieu.  « Mohammed est le messager de Dieu.  Ceux qui sont avec lui sont durs envers les mécréants, miséricordieux entre eux.<\/em> » (Coran 48:29) <\/em> Il prétendit être le « Mohammed » de ce verset. [Roohaani Khazaain, vol. 18, page 207]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

e.    Il prétendit être le Mahdi et les Messie attendu, même s’il ne correspondait à aucun des critères établis par le Prophète pour reconnaître le Mahdi et le Messie tant attendu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

f.    Lors d’un sermon prononcé à Sialkot, en 1904, il déclara que Dieu lui avait dit que Krishna, qui était apparu parmi les Aryas des milliers d’années auparavant, était en fait un prophète de Dieu, sur lequel Il avait fait descendre le Saint-Esprit, mais que plus tard, ses enseignements avaient été corrompus et les gens s’étaient mis à l’adorer.  Puis, il affirma qu’il était l’avatar que les hindous attendaient et qu’il s’était incarné en Krishna, investi des mêmes qualités.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Division<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le groupe Ahmadiyya se divisa en deux groupes distincts après la mort de Hakim Noor-oud-Din, le premier successeur de Mirza Ghulam Ahmed.  Le premier groupe adopta le nom de Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (la communauté musulmane Ahmadiyya), tandis que le second, comprenant un nombre restreint de fidèles, prit le nom de Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam (le mouvement Ahmadiyya de Lahore pour la propagation de l’islam).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les différences entre les deux groupes se résument en deux points.  Le premier concerne leur croyance relativement à la soi-disant mission prophétique de Mirza Ghulam Ahmed.  Le groupe de Lahore considère que Mirza était un prophète au sens métaphorique, tandis que l’Ahmadiyyah Muslim Community croit que Mirza était bel et bien un prophète.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le deuxième point de divergence a trait à la façon dont ils considèrent les musulmans sunnites.  Le groupe de Lahore croit que quiconque prononce la profession de foi est musulman et ne peut être considéré comme un mécréant.[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quant à l’Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, ils croient que tout musulman n’ayant pas accepté la parole de Mirza Ghulam Ahmed ne peut être considéré comme musulman, même si la personne n’a jamais entendu parler de Mirza de toute sa vie.[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Note de bas de page:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_claims_of_Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/aaiil.info\/misconceptions\/muslim\/whois.htm<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> http:\/\/www.ahmadiyya.org\/qadis\/takfir2.htm<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(partie 2 de 3): Des croyances qadiyanies blasphématoires<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Irrévocabilité du message de Dieu<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Dans certains de ses ouvrages et sermons, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed prétendait être un vrai « musulman ».  Il n’en demeure pas moins que l’on retrouve, dans ses livres, de nombreuses déclarations blasphématoires.  L’une d’elles va comme suit : « Nous croyons qu’une religion dont la chaîne de prophètes est arrivée à sa fin (comme l’islam) est une religion morte.  Si nous appelons mortes les religions des juifs, des chrétiens et des hindous, c’est parce qu’elles n’ont produit aucun prophète contemporain.  Si telle était la position de l’islam, nous ne serions rien d’autres que des conteurs d’histoires!  Pourquoi donc considérons-nous l’islam comme supérieur aux autres religions? <\/strong>» (Malfoozat-e-Mirza, Vol. 10, page 127)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il a également écrit : « Comme il est absurde et faux de croire qu’après le prophète Mohammed, les portes de la révélation divine se sont fermées à jamais et qu’il n’y a plus aucun espoir de la recevoir à nouveau jusqu’au Jour de la Résurrection!  Une religion qui n’a pas de lien direct à Dieu peut-elle être appelée une religion?  Par Dieu Tout-Puissant, nul n’est plus lassé que moi d’une telle religion!  Une telle religion est une religion satanique et non divine.  Et elle guide vers l’Enfer et maintient ses fidèles dans l’aveuglement.<\/strong> » (Zamima Braheen-e-Qadianism, Part V, Roohani Khazain, Vol.21, p354)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Lorsque l’on lit ces extraits de ses ouvrages, il apparaît évident que Mirza Ghulam Ahmed méprise l’islam, qu’il considère comme une religion « morte » simplement parce que la chaîne de prophétie s’est terminée.  Comme par hasard, c’est lui qui aurait soi-disant été choisi comme prophète pour « compléter » l’islam et le maintenir en vie!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En tant que musulmans, nous croyons que le message de l’islam fut complété avant la mort du prophète Mohammed.  Dieu dit : « Aujourd’hui, J’ai parfait votre religion pour vous et J’ai accompli Mon bienfait sur vous.  Et J’ai choisi l’islam comme religion pour vous. » (Coran 5:3)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nous croyons qu’aucun prophète ne viendra après Mohammed.  Il fut le dernier des prophètes envoyés par Dieu à l’humanité.  Dieu dit : « Mohammed n’est le père d’aucun de vos hommes; mais il est le messager de Dieu et le Sceau des prophètes. » (Coran 33:40)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mohammed a prophétisé qu’un certain nombre d’imposteurs ferait son apparition et que chacun prétendrait être un prophète.  Il dit : « Il y aura trente menteurs au sein de ma nation et chacun prétendra être prophète.  Je suis le dernier de tous les prophètes et aucun autre prophète ne viendra après moi. » (Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

      Il a également dit : « La tribu d’Israël fut guidée par des prophètes.  Lorsqu’un prophète mourait, un autre lui succédait.  Mais aucun prophète ne viendra après moi et seuls des califes me succèderont. » (Sahih al-Boukhari<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Prophète a prédit qu’à chaque cent ans, Dieu enverrait une personne par laquelle Il raviverait l’islam.  Il a dit : « Dieu enverra quelqu’un, à chaque cent ans, pour raviver l’islam. » (Abou Daoud<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ces gens n’ont, évidemment, aucune « connexion divine ».  Mais ils possèdent les caractéristiques du véritable musulman et déploient beaucoup d’efforts pour ramener les gens vers le Coran et la sounnah.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Coran<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed a dit : « Le Coran est le Livre de Dieu et les paroles sorties de ma bouche. » (Publicité datée du 15 mars 1897, Roohani Khazain vol.22 p.87)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Après cette affirmation blasphématoire, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed se mit à interpréter le Coran selon ses propres désirs et lorsque cela devenait nécessaire pour soutenir sa cause.  Chaque fois qu’un verset du Coran lui semblait constituer une « menace » à ses affirmations, il le réinterprétait à sa manière.  Avant de prétendre à la prophétie, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed adhérait strictement à l’interprétation reconnue des textes sacrés.  Il considérait même le verset affirmant que Mohammed était le dernier des prophètes comme véridique et sans équivoque.  Mais lorsqu’il se mit à prétendre être prophète, il réinterpréta ce verset; selon lui, ce verset signifiait que Mohammed n’avait pas été le dernier des prophètes envoyés à l’humanité, mais que sa prophétie prenait le sens d’un « sceau d’approbation »; que Mohammed avait été le meilleur des prophètes et messagers, mais pas le dernier!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza prétendait qu’un certain nombre de versets du Coran lui avaient été révélés pour honorer sa magnificence.  Il prétend que les versets suivants font partie de ceux qui lui auraient été révélés à nouveau.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

a.   « Dis : « Si vous aimez Dieu, suivez-moi. » (Coran 3:31)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.  « Et Nous ne t’avons envoyé qu’en miséricorde à l’univers. » (Coran 21:107)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

c.   « C’est Lui qui a envoyé Son messager avec la bonne voie (à suivre) et la religion de vérité » (Coran 9:33)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dans la même logique, il se mit à appeler ses fidèles ses « compagnons », les membres de sa famille devinrent « ahloul-Baït » (i.e. les membres de la famille respectée) et sa femme devint la « Mère des croyants ».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Pour se protéger, il affirma : « Pour soutenir mes affirmations se trouvent les hadiths du Prophète fondés sur les paroles du Coran et qui ne contredisent pas ma « révélation divine ».  Quant aux autres hadiths, je les jette comme on jette de vieux papiers.<\/strong> » (Roohani Khazain vol.19 p.140)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les musulmans croient que le Coran est la parole de Dieu révélée à Mohammed par l’intermédiaire de l’archange Gabriel.  Dieu dit : « En vérité, c’est Nous qui t’avons révélé le Rappel et c’est Nous qui le préserverons, certes, (contre toute altération). » (Coran 15:9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Interpréter le Coran n’est pas à la portée du premier venu.  Il existe par ailleurs différents niveaux d’interprétation du Coran, le plus élevé étant l’interprétation du Coran par le Coran.  Le second niveau consiste à interpréter le Coran avec la sounnah (hadiths).  Le troisième niveau consiste à interpréter le Coran avec les déclarations des compagnons.  Le quatrième et dernier  niveau consiste à interpréter le Coran par la linguistique.  Nul ne peut donc interpréter le Coran comme il l’entend!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le prophète Mohammed<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Les fidèles de Mirza prétendent que ce dernier était supérieur à Mohammed.  Ils affirment : « Le développement mental du Messie attendu (i.e. Mirza) était supérieur à celui du prophète Mohammed.  Et cela ne constitue qu’une partie de la supériorité dont jouissait Mirza sur Mohammed.  Les facultés mentales du prophète Mohammed ne pouvaient se manifester pleinement à cause de la civilisation déficiente dans laquelle il vivait, ce qui ne signifie pas qu’il n’aurait pas eu la possibilité de s’élever davantage dans d’autres conditions.  Cette possibilité s’est maintenant manifestée pleinement à travers le Messie attendu, grâce à l’avancement de la civilisation. <\/strong>» (Review of Religions, May 1929, Qadiani Mazhab, p.266, 9th Ed. Lahore)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza rabaissa encore le prophète Mohammed en prétendant qu’une partie de sa révélation était fausse et qu’il avait mal compris certains versets que Dieu lui avait révélé! (Roohani Khazain vol.3 pp.166-167)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il alla jusqu’à ridiculiser Dieu et Son prophète lorsqu’il dit : « Et Dieu choisit un lieu tellement ignoble pour enterrer le Prophète, un endroit extrêmement malodorant, obscur et étroit!<\/strong> » (Roohani Khazain vol.17 p.205)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En tant que musulmans, nous aimons et respectons le prophète Mohammed et nous ne lui prêtons aucun attribut divin.  Dieu dit : « Dis (ô Mohammed): Je ne suis qu’un mortel comme vous.  Mais il m’a été révélé que votre Dieu est un Dieu unique. » (Coran 18:110)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le jihad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

L’un des fondements que l’on nous enseigne, en islam, est l’auto-défense.  Quand quelqu’un nous attaque, nous ne tendons pas l’autre joue; nous nous défendons.  Se défendre et se protéger contre un envahisseur est une réaction humaine normale.  On ne peut faire fi du jihad uniquement parce qu’il s’agit d’un « ordre de Dieu »!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed était peut-être, après tout, un agent britannique.  Il a écrit : « Dans l’intérêt du gouvernement britannique, j’ai imprimé et distribué 50 000 pamphlets dans ce pays (i.e. l’Inde) et dans des pays musulmans.  Le résultat?  Des centaines de milliers de personnes ont laissé tomber leurs idées dégoûtantes sur le jihad.<\/strong> » (Roohani Khazain vol. 15 p.114)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il a également dit : « Depuis mon plus jeune âge jusqu’à aujourd’hui (j’ai 65 ans), je me suis attelé, avec ma plume et ma langue, à l’importante tâche de faire se tourner les cœurs des musulmans vers l’amour et la sympathie vrais envers le gouvernement britannique et à effacer l’idée du jihad de l’esprit des musulmans idiots. <\/strong>» (Kitab-ul-Bariyah, Roohani Khazain vol. 13 p.350)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza aurait prétendument, et commodément, reçu une révélation de Dieu voulant que le jihad ait été abrogé et qu’il ne faisait plus partie de l’islam!  Il a dit : « À partir d’aujourd’hui, le jihad humain par l’épée est abrogé sur ordre de Dieu.  À partir de maintenant, quiconque menace d’une épée un non-musulman et s’identifie comme un ghazi (combattant) de Dieu désobéit au Messager (i.e. Mohammed).  Maintenant que je suis parmi vous, il n’y a plus de jihad par l’épée.  Nous avons désormais hissé le drapeau de la Paix et de l’Amitié. <\/strong>» (Recueil de publicités, p.295, vol.3)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Note de bas de page:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> (http:\/\/www.islamicparty.com\/commonsense\/18qadi.htm)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(partie 3 de 3): Dans la balance<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Idées fausses d’un faux prophète<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Dieu a soutenu chacun des messagers et prophètes qu’Il a envoyés par des miracles indéniables.  Sachant cela, Mirza fit diverses « prophéties » dont il promit la réalisation au cours de sa vie.  Maintenant, quand vous êtes un imposteur et que vous faites de fausses prophéties, vous devez trouver un moyen de convaincre les gens.  Mirza écrit, dans un de ses ouvrages : « Dieu m’a révélé que des pluies fréquentes allaient s’abattre sur nous et qu’à cause de leur fréquence, des villages seraient détruits.  Par la suite, de terribles tremblements de terre surviendront.<\/strong> »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

On imagine aisément ses fidèles extatiques l’écouter parler comme on écoute un prophète!  En fait, où est la prophétie, ici?  Il ne mentionne aucun lieu particulier ni quand ces événements auraient lieu.  Évidemment, ces choses peuvent survenir n’importe où, sur terre, à n’importe quel moment!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Avec de telles prophéties, jamais il n’arriva à attirer le genre de fidèles qu’il convoitait.  Il se sentit donc obligé de « mettre à jour » les prophéties qu’il recevait prétendument de Dieu.  C’est ainsi que le 20 février 1886, il déclara que Dieu lui avait révélé qu’il épouserait des femmes bénies et qu’il aurait de nombreux enfants de ces nouvelles épouses.  Il avait 46 ans, à l’époque, et finit par n’épouser personne, en dépit de sa tentative désespérée d’épouser Mouhammadi Begum.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mouhammadi Begum était la fille d’Ahmad Beg, un de ses fidèles.  Mirza demanda à ce dernier la main de sa fille, ce qui lui fut refusé.  Désespéré, Mirza proclama qu’il l’épouserait quand même, car tel était le décret de Dieu.  Il offrit des pots-de-vin et d’importantes sommes d’argent à Ahmed Beg, en vain.  Il finit par recourir aux menaces.  Ahmad Beg resta fermement sur sa position et offrit sa fille à un soldat du peuple.  C’est alors qu’en colère, Mirza proclama que le mari de Mouhammadi mourrait peu de temps après le mariage et qu’elle finirait par l’épouser.  Il arrêta une période de trois ans pour la réalisation de cette prophétie.  Il mourut lui-même vingt-deux ans plus tard et le soldat, époux de Mouhammadi, lui survécut quarante années!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un autre exemple de prophétie jamais réalisée a trait au chrétien Abdoullah Atham.  Un débat eut lieu entre cet individu et Mirza en 1893.  Ni l’un ni l’autre n’en sortit vraiment vainqueur, mais Mirza en sorti fort insulté.  Le 5 juin 1883, il annonça que Dieu venait de lui révéler qu’Abdoullah Atham allait mourir dans les quinze mois suivants.  Le délai passa et Abdoullah vécut encore de nombreuses années.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Abdoul-Hakim, un musulman sunnite, eut une discussion animée avec Mirza et le mit au défi de participer, avec lui, à un débat public.  Le débat eut lieu et Abdoul-Hakim traita ouvertement Mirza de menteur.  Mirza prophétisa que son opposant mourrait avant lui.  Il finit pourtant par mourir après lui.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Après avoir perdu la face autant de fois, il annonça, encore, avoir reçu une révélation de Dieu : « Nous t’annonçons la bonne nouvelle d’un garçon obéissant », lui aurait dit Dieu.  Il s’enhardit même à prédire la date de naissance de l’enfant : le 16 septembre 1907, ce qui, évidemment, ne se réalisa jamais.  En octobre 1907, il eut, soi-disant, une autre révélation : « Je t’enverrai bientôt un garçon vertueux », un garçon qui allait, disait-il, s’appeler Yahya.  Ce garçon n’exista jamais, prouvant, une fois de plus, que cet homme était un menteur invétéré.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le point de vue des musulmans sur les Qadiyanis<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Les Qadiyanis, aussi connus sous le nom d’Ahmadis et Mirzaïs, furent déclarés non-musulmans par des milliers d’érudits musulmans.  La déclaration suivante fut prononcée par le concile islamique de fiqh :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les déclarations de Mirza Ghulam Ahmed à l’effet qu’il était prophète et qu’il reçut une révélation divine fait de lui, et de quiconque le croit, un apostat, qui a quitté l’islam.  Quant aux Lahoris (le mouvement Ahmadiyya de Lahore pour la propagation de l’islam), ils sont comme les Qadiyanis et le même arrêt d’apostasie s’applique à eux, en dépit du fait qu’ils croient que Mirza était « l’ombre et la manifestation du prophète Mohammed ».[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cela fut également mentionné lors de la conférence de la Ligue musulmane mondiale, tenue à la Mecque, en Arabie, en avril 1974, où les membres arrivèrent à la conclusion unanime que les Ahmadis\/Qadiyanis ne sont pas des musulmans.[2]<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Nous pouvons donc conclure, sans l’ombre d’un doute, que Mirza était un menteur qui ne cherchait que la gloire et le pouvoir.  Plusieurs de ses écrits nous démontrent à quel point il était mentalement atteint.  Dans un poème, il écrit : « Je suis un ver de terre et non pas un humain; je suis la partie obscène de l’homme et le refuge honteux des humains.<\/strong> » (Braheen-e-Qadianism V, Roohani Khazain vol.21 p.127)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dieu dit :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

« <\/strong>Et quel pire injuste que celui qui forge un mensonge qu’il impute à Dieu ou qui dit : « J’ai reçu une révélation » alors que rien ne lui a été révélé.  De même celui qui dit : « Je vais révéler quelque chose de semblable à ce que Dieu a révélé. »  Si tu voyais les injustes quand ils seront dans les affres de la mort et que les anges tendront leurs mains (en disant) : « Laissez sortir votre âme!  Aujourd’hui, vous serez rétribués par le châtiment de l’humiliation pour avoir dit, au sujet de Dieu, le contraire de la vérité et pour vous être moqués de Ses signes. » <\/strong>(Coran 6:93)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Note de bas de page:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Majma’ al-Fiqh al-Islami, p. 13<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/alhafeez.org\/rashid\/rabita.html<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":22447,"lft":6566,"rght":6567,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-22T22:55:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T15:38:08.000000Z","language_id":9,"user_id":13,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":18,"parent_id":3363,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2014-12-22","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Ahmadiyyah.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Ahmadiyyah.docx"},{"id":3366,"title":"-Ahmadiyya-","slug":"-ahmadiyya-","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Ahmadiyyah.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Ahmadiyyah.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:-ahmadiyya-","hint":"","body":"

Ahmadiyya<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

(teil 1 von 3): Ursprung und Geschichte<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Der Prophet, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, sagte: ´Ich bat Gott um drei Dinge, Er ab mir zwei und eines gab Er mir nicht.  Ich bat Gott, meine Nation davor zu bewahren, von Naturkatastrophen zerstört zu werden und Er gewährte mir dies.  Ich bat Gott, meine Nation vor der Niederlage durch die Hände ihrer Feinde zu bewahren, und Er gewährte mir dies.  Ich bat Gott, meine Nation davor zu bewahren, von innen heraus zerstört zu werden und dies gewährte Er mir nicht.’<\/strong> <\/strong>(Ibn Khuzaimah<\/em>)<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Einleitung<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

‘Dominion over palm and pine’ (Herrschaft über Palmen und Pinien); so wird das britische Empire von Historikern beschrieben.  Bis zum späten 17.Jahrhundert hatte es viele Teile der Welt kolonialisiert, auch weite Regionen der muslimischen Welt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bei der Kolonialisierung ging es nicht nur um die Ausbeutung der natürlichen Ressourcen, sondern auch um die Indoktrinierung der eroberten Völker, damit sie die britische Ideologie und den Glauben übernehmen.  Missionare arbeiteten eifrig in den unterschiedlichen Gebieten des Britischen Empires, um die Botschaft des Christentums zu verbreiten.  Schulen wurden errichtet und verschiedene Taktiken wurden angewandt, um ihre Ziele zu erreichen.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Als die Muslime der Gefahr gewahr wurden, der sie gegenüber standen, vereinten sie sich, machten mobil und begannen mit dem Ruf nach ´Freiheit´ ihre Länder aus den Fängen des skrupellosen Reiches zu befreien.  Nahkämpfe und bewaffnete Übergriffe waren für die Briten nichts Neues, aber als die Angriffe der Muslime immer unerbittlicher und tödlicher wurden, übernahmen sie eine neue Taktik: ‘teile und herrsche’<\/strong>.  Anstatt mit den Muslimen von Angesicht zu Angesicht zu kämpfen, stachelten sie unter den Muslimen einzelne Individuen dazu auf, ihre eigenen Gruppen zu bilden und sich vom Hauptstrom des sunnitischen Islams abzuspalten.  Ideologische Kriegsführung wurde gegen die Muslime eingeführt, so wollten es die Anweisungen Ludwigs IX, des sogenannten “Leutnant Gottes auf Erden”, der in seinen Kreuzzugversuchen so jämmerlich scheiterte. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Eine dieser Gruppen, die sich während dieser Zeit gebildet haben, war die Qadiyani Gruppe, auch als Ahmadis bekannt, die im Jahre 1889 zur Existenz gelangte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Schritte zum Ruhm<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Natürlich kann nicht jeder daher kommen und von sich behaupten, ein ´Prophet´ Gottes zu sein.  Mirza Ghulam Ahmed erkannte dies und plante seine Mission Schritt für Schritt.  Anfangs behauptete er, ein Wiedererwecker des Islam zu sein.  Er sagte: “Wir sind Muslime.  Wir glauben an einen Gott ohne Partner und an das Glaubensbekenntnis.  Wir glauben an das Buch Gottes den Qur´an, an Seinen Gesandten Muhammad.  Wir glauben an die Engel, die Wiedererweckung, Hölle und Paradies.  Wir halten die vorgeschriebenen Gebete und das Fasten ein.  Wir wenden uns zur Qibla im Gebet und gestatten uns, was gestattet ist.  Wir fügen dem islamischen Gesetz nichts hinzu und wir lassen nichts davon weg.  Das islamische Gesetz steht über der Veränderung.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mit Ansprüchen wie diesem und mit kraftvollen rhetorischen Fähigkeiten war er in der Lage, bei vielen Muslimen erheblich Boden zu gewinnen.  Im Jahre 1891 behauptete er, der ´versprochene Messias´ und der ´Mahdi´ zu sein.  Im Jahre 1901 wagte er schließlich den Sprung und verkündete, ein Prophet Gottes zu sein. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die 31 Geschmacksrichtungen des Qadiyanismus…<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Damit Mirza die Gunst aller Völker gewinnen konnte, nahm er in seinen Glauben Elemente einer jeden Religion auf, die in seinem Gebiet präsent war; daher enthält seine Doktrin indische, sufische, islamische und westliche Elemente. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed hat so viele Dinge behauptet, dass es schwer ist, sie chronologisch zu vermitteln. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

a.     Er behauptete, Gott zu sein und der Schöpfer der Himmel und der Erde.  Er hat geschrieben: “Ich sah in meinen Träumen, dass ich ALLAH \/ Gott bin und ich glaubte, ohne einen Zweifel, dass ich der Eine bin, der die Himmel geschaffen hat.” <\/strong> <\/strong>[Aaina-e-Kamaalaat]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.    Er behauptete, neun Propheten zu sein.  Er sagte:  „Ich bin Adam.  Ich bin Noah.  Ich bin Abraham.  Ich bin Ismail.  Ich bin Moses.  Ich bin Jesus und ich bin Muhammad.”  [Roohaani Khazaain]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

c.     Er behauptete, die Mutter des Propheten Jesus gewesen zu sein, und dann behauptete er, Jesus selbst gewesen zu sein.  Er sagte, der ´erste Gott´ habe ihn in Maria verwandelt.  Nach zwei Jahren habe Gott ihn für zehn Monate schwanger gemacht nach denen Gott ihn in Jesus umgewandelt habe.  [Roohaani Khazaain]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

d.    Er behauptete, Muhammad, der Gesandte Gottes gewesen zu sein.  “Muhammad ist der Gesandte Gottes. Und die, die mit ihm sind, sind hart gegen die Ungläubigen, doch barmherzig zueinander\u0094<\/em>(Quran 48:29) <\/em>  Er behauptete, in dieser göttlichen Offenbarung sei er selbst Muhammad und der Gesandte genannt worden.  [Roohaani Khazaain, Bd. 18, Seite 207]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

e.     Er behauptete, der Mahdi zu sein und der versprochene Messias, obwohl er keine der Bedingungen erfüllte, die der Prophet Muhammad in bezug auf den Mahdi und den versprochenen Messias genannt hat.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

f.     Bei einem Vortrag, den er 1904 in Sialkot gehalten hat, erklärte er, dass Gott ihn darüber in Kenntnis gesetzt habe, dass Krishna, der vor Tausenden von Jahren unter den Aryas erschienen war, tatsächlich ein Prophet Gottes auf den der Heilige Geist Gottes herabgestiegen sei, doch später seien seine Lehren verdreht worden und er fing an, angebetet zu werden. Hier erhebt er den Anspruch, der das Profilbild desjenigen zu sein, den die Hindus in den letzten Tagen erwarten und dass er in der Gestalt Krishnas erschienen sei, mit denselben Eigenschaften.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ausbruch<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Die Ahmadiyah-Gruppe zerbrach in zwei Einzelgruppen.  Dies geschah nach dem Tod von Hakim Noor-ud-Din, dem ersten Nachfolger Mirza Ghulam Ahmeds.  Die erste Gruppe ist bekannt als ‘Ahmadiyya Muslim Community’<\/strong> und die zweite, kleinere, ist bekannt als ‘Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam’<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Unterschiede zwischen beiden Gruppen können in zwei Punkten zusammengefasst werden:. Der erste Punkt ist ihr Glaube bezüglich des Prophetentums Mirza Ghulam Ahmeds.  Die Lahore Ahmadiyya  Gruppe betrachtet Mirza Ghulam Ahmad als einen Propheten im metaphorischen Sinne des Wortes; während die Ahmadiyyah Muslim Community glaubt, dass Mirza Ghulam Ahmad ein Prophet gewesen sei mit allen notwendigen Eigenschaften, die ein Prophet besitzen sollte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der zweite Unterschied besteht darin, wie sie den Hauptstrom der sunnitischen Muslime betrachten.  Die Lahore Ahmadiyya- Gruppe glaubt, dass jeder Mensch, der das Glaubensbekenntnis ausspricht, ein Muslim ist, und nicht als Nicht- Muslim bezeichnet werden kann.[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Ahmadiyya Muslim Community  glaubt, dass jeder Muslim, der Mirza Ghulam Ahmads Anspruch nicht akzeptiert hat, ein Nicht-Muslim ist, auch wenn die Person den Namen von Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in seinem Leben nie gehört hatte.[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_claims_of_Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/aaiil.info\/misconceptions\/muslim\/whois.htm<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> http:\/\/www.ahmadiyya.org\/qadis\/takfir2.htm<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(teil 2 von 3): Blasphemische Qadiyani-Ansichten<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Endgültigkeit der Botschaft Gottes<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed behauptete in einigen seiner Werke und Reden, ein wahrer ´Muslim´ zu sein; aber zur gleichen Zeit können zahlreiche seiner blasphemischen Behauptungen gefunden werden, die über seine Bücher verstreut´ sind.  Er sagte, indem er den Islam offen herabwürdigte: “Wir sind der Meinung, dass eine Religion, die keine Kontinuität des Prophetentums hat <\/strong>(wie im Islam) eine tote Religion ist.  Wir nennen die Religionen der Juden, der Christen und der Hindus nur tot, weil es da keine Propheten mehr in ihnen gibt.  Wenn dies beim Islam auch der Fall wäre, wären wir nichts weiter als Geschichtenerzähler!  Warum halten wir ihn für den anderen Religionen überlegen?” <\/strong>(Malfoozat-e-Mirza, Bd. 10,Seite 127)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Er sagte ebenfalls: “Wie absurd und falsch ist es zu glauben, dass nach dem Heiligen Propheten (Muhammad) die Tür der göttlichen Offenbarung für immer verschlossen sei und dass es in Zukunft keine Hoffnung mehr darauf gäbe bis zum Tag des Gerichts!  Kann eine Religion, die keine direkte Spur zum Allmächtigen Gott hat, als Religion bezeichnet werden?  Also: beim Allmächtigen Gott, es gibt in dieser Zeit keinen, der die Nase von einer solchen Religion mehr voll hat als ich!  Ich nenne eine solche Religion ´satanisch´ und nicht göttlich.  Ich glaube, dass eine solche Religion zur Hölle führt und einen für das Leben blind macht.”<\/strong> (Zamima Braheen-e-Qadianism, Part V, Roohani Khazain, Bd.21, S354)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Anhand dieser Zitate wird ziemlich deutlich, dass Mirza Ghulam Ahmed die Religion des Islam verachtet und behauptet, es sei eine ´tote´ Religion, weil die Kette des Prophetentums beendet ist.  Günstig genug also, dass er auserwählt wurde, um als Prophet Gottes den Islam zu ´vervollständigen´ und am Leben zu erhalten!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Als Muslime glauben wir, dass die Botschaft des Islam vor dem Tod des Propheten vervollständigt worden ist.  Gott sagt: “Heute habe Ich euch eure Religion vervollkommnet und Meine Gnade an euch vollendet und euch den Islam zum Glauben erwählt.” (Quran 5:3)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wir glauben, dass kein Prophet mehr nach dem Propheten Muhammad kommen wird.  Er ist der letzte Prophet Gottes an die Menschheit. Gott sagt:“Muhammad ist nicht der Vater eines eurer Männer, sondern der Gesandte Allahs und der letzte aller Propheten, und Allah besitzt die volle Kenntnis aller Dinge.” <\/strong>(Quran 33:40)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Prophet sagte voraus, dass sich eine Menge Scharlatane erheben und behaupten werden, sie seien Propheten.  Er sagte: “Wahrhaftig wird es in meiner Nation dreißig Lügner geben; jeder wird behaupten, ein Prophet zu sein.  Ich bin der letzte der Propheten; kein Prophet wird nach mir kommen.” (Tirmidthi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Prophet sagte: “Das Volk Israel wurde von Propheten geführt.  Wenn ein Prophet starb, folgte ihm ein anderer Prophet.  Aber nach mir wird kein Prophet kommen; nur Khalifen werden mir nachfolgen.” (Sahieh Al-Bukhari<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Prophet sagte voraus, dass Gott alle hundert Jahre eine Person schicken wird, die die Religion des Islam wieder beleben wird.  Er sagte: “Wahrlich, Gott wird einen Wiederbeleber am Anfang eines jeden Jahrhunderts schicken, um die Religion des Islam wieder zu beleben.”<\/strong> (Abu Dawud<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Diese Wiederbeleber haben keine ´göttliche´ Verbindung.  Sie tragen die Züge eines wahren, gläubigen Muslim.  Sie werden energisch daran arbeiten, die Menschen zu den Texten des Qur´an und dem Weg des Propheten zurückzubringen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Qur´an<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed sagte: Der Qur´an ist das Wort Gottes und Worte aus meinem Mund.” (Anzeige mit dem Datum 15. März 1897, Roohani Khazain Bd.22 S.87)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nach dieser blasphemischen Behauptung fing Mirza Ghulam Ahmed an, den Qur´an auszulegen, wie er wollte und es für nötig hielt.  Jedes Mal wenn ein Vers des Qur´an eine ´Bedrohung´ für seine Behauptung zu bilden schien, hat er einfach die Bedeutung seinen Launen entsprechend umgedeutet.  Vor seinem Anspruch auf das Prophetentum hat sich Mirza Ghulam Ahmed strikt an das richtige Verständnis der textlichen Beweise gehalten.  Er hatte sogar die Verse des Qur´an, die aussagen, dass der Prophet Muhammad der letzte der Propheten war, als die genauen Beweise betrachtet, dass der Prophet Muhammad der letzte Prophet gewesen ist, der zur Menschheit entsandt worden ist.  Nachdem er diesen Anspruch auf Prophetentum gestellt hatte, hat er seinen Text revidiert und re-interpretiert, so dass er aussagte, dass der Prophet Muhammad nicht der letzte Prophet an die Menschheit gewesen ist; sondern sein Prophetentum ein ´Siegel der Zustimmung´ gewesen, d.h. dass er die Schönheit der Propheten und Gesandten gewesen sei, und der Beste, aber nicht der Letzte!     <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza behauptete, eine Reihe von Qur´anversen seien ihm offenbart worden, um seine Großartigkeit zu zeigen.  Er behauptete, dass die folgenden Verse einige der vielen, die ihm wieder offenbart worden seien.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a.<\/strong>      “Sprich: \"Wenn ihr Allah liebt, so folgt mir.”<\/strong> (Quran 3:31)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.<\/strong>      “Und Wir entsandten dich nur aus Barmherzigkeit für alle Welten.”(Quran 21:107)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

c.<\/strong>      “Er ist es, Der Seinen Gesandten mit der Führung und der wahren Religion geschickt hat.”<\/strong> (Quran 9:33)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Auf diese Weise wurden seine Anhänger zu ´Gefährten´, seine Familie wurde zu ´Ahlul-Bait´ (d.h. Angehörigen der angesehenen Familie) und seine Frau wurde zu einer ´Mutter der Gläubigen´. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um sich selbst zu schützen sagte er: “Ja, um unsere Ansprüche zu unterstützen, präsentieren wir auch solche prophetischen Traditionen die dem Qur´an entsprechen und meiner ´Göttlichen Offenbarung´ nicht widersprechen.  Was den Rest der prophetischen Traditionen angeht, die werfe ich beiseite wie Altpapier.”<\/strong> (Roohani Khazain Bd.19 S.140)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muslime glauben, dass der Qur´an das Wort Gottes ist; er wurde dem Propheten Muhammad durch den Erzengel Gabriel, Gottes Segen und Friede seien mit ihm, offenbart: “Wahrlich, Wir Selbst haben diese Ermahnung hinab gesandt, und sicherlich werden Wir ihr Hüter sein.” (Quran 15:9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Den Qur´an auszulegen, kann nicht einfach jedem überlassen werden; es gibt Level in der Qur´an-Auslegung, von denen das höchste ist, den Qur´an mit dem Qur´an zu interpretieren.  Das zweite Level ist, den Qur´an mit prophetischen Traditionen auszulegen.  Das dritte Level ist, den Qur´an mit Aussagen der Gefährten zu erklären.  Das vierte Level, das ein schwaches Level ist, ist den Qur´an über seine Sprache zu interpretieren (wie eine Übersetzung der Bedeutungen des Qur´an).  Man kann keinen Vers auf die Weise auslegen, wie sie es sich einbilden! <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Prophet Muhammad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Die Anhänger von Mirza behaupten, Mirza sei dem Propheten Muhammad überlegen gewesen.  Sie erheben den Anspruch: “Die mentale Entwicklung des Verheißenen Messias (d.h. des Mirza Qadiani) war größer als die des Heiligen Propheten Muhammads.  Und dies ist lediglich ein Teil der Überlegenheit, die der Verheißene Messias gegenüber dem Heiligen Propheten besitzt.  Die geistigen Kräfte des Heiligen Propheten konnten sich aufgrund von Defiziten der Zivilisation nicht voll manifestieren; obwohl die Fähigkeiten vorhanden waren.  Jetzt haben sie sich manifestiert durch den Verheißenen Messias aufgrund der Weiterentwicklung der Zivilisation.”<\/strong> (Review of Religions, May 1929, Qadiani Mazhab, S.266, 9th Ed. Lahore)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza degradierte den Propheten Muhamad noch weiter, indem er behauptete, dass Teile seiner Offenbarung falsch gewesen seien und dass er Teile seiner Offenbarung, die ihm Gott gegeben hat, missverstanden habe!  (Roohani Khazain Bd.3 S.166-167)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Er hat sich sogar über Gott, den Allmächtigen, und den Propheten Muhammad lustig gemacht, indem er sagte: “Und Gott hat einen so verachtenswerten Ort gewählt, der außerordentlich stinkend, dunkel und eng ist, um den Heiligen Propheten zu begraben!”<\/strong> (Roohani Khazain Bd.17 S.205)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Als Muslims lieben und respektieren wir den Propheten Muhammad.  Wir schreiben ihm keine göttlichen Eigenschaften zu.  Gott sagt: “Sprich <\/strong>(o Muhammad): \"lch bin nur ein Mensch wie ihr, doch mir ist offenbart worden, dass euer Gott ein Einziger Gott ist.<\/strong>”<\/strong> (Quran 18:110)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jihad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Eine der Grundlagen, die uns im Islam unterrichtet werden, ist Selbstverteidigung.  Wenn jemand uns Schaden zufügt, halten wir nicht einfach unsere andere Wange auch noch hin.  Wir verteidigen uns selbst.  Dich zu verteidigen und vor einem fremden Eindringling zu schützen ist etwas, das kein menschliches Wesen in Frage stellen wird.  Man kann den Jihad nicht einfach aufheben, weil manche ihn falsch verstanden haben und behaupten, einen ´Befehl von Gott´ erhalten zu haben!  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed war tatsächlich der ideale britische Agent!  Er sagte öffentlich: “Im Interesse der Britischen Regierung habe ich 50 000 Flugblätter in diesem Land (d.h. Indien) und anderen islamischen Staaten gedruckt und verteilt, aufgrund derer Hunderttausende von Menschen ihre ´schmutzigen´ Vorstellungen vom Jihad aufgegeben haben.”<\/strong> (Roohani Khazain Bd. 15 S.114)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Er sagte ebenfalls: “Seit ich jung war bis jetzt im Alter von 65 Jahren habe ich mich mit dem Stift und mit der Zunge engagiert, um eine wichtige Aufgabe zu erfüllen: die Herzen der Muslime zu wahrer Liebe und gutem Willen und Sympathie zur britischen Regierung zu wandeln, und um die  Vorstellung vom Jihad aus den Herzen dummer Muslime auszulöschen.”<\/strong>(Kitab-ul-Bariyah, Roohani Khazain Bd. 13 S.350)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza hatte angeblich und recht günstig göttliche Offenbarung von Gott erhalten, dass der ´Jihad´ aufgehoben worden und nicht länger Teil des Islam sei!   Er sagte: “Von heute an ist der menschliche Jihad, der mit dem Schwert geführt wird, auf Befehl Gottes aufgehoben worden.  Von jetzt an wird jeder, der ein Schwert gegen einen Kafir \/ Nicht-Muslim erhebt und sich selbst als Ghazi \/ Kämpfer um Gottes Willen bezeichnet, dem Gesandten <\/strong>(d.h. Muhammad) <\/strong>den Gehorsam verweigern.  Nach meiner Ankunft gibt es keinen Jihad mit dem Schwert mehr.  Wir haben die Flaggen des Friedens und der Freundlichkeit gehisst. ”<\/strong> (Collection of Advertisement S.295, Bd.3)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> (http:\/\/www.islamicparty.com\/commonsense\/18qadi.htm)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(teil 3 von 3): Der Maßstab<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Täuschungen eines ´so-genannten´ Propheten<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Jeder Gesandte und jeder Prophet, den Gott gesandt hatte, war von zahlreichen Wundern unterstützt worden.  Mirza wusste dies und er gab sich mit ´Prophezeiungen´ zufrieden, von denen er sagte, sie würden sein Leben verwirklichen., um seinen Ruf zum Prophetentum zu festigen.  Der schwierige Teil bei der Herstellung einer Prophezeiung durch einen Quacksalber ist,  die Menschen zu überzeugen.    Mirza schrieb: “Gott offenbarte mir, dass viel Regen herab fallen wird.  Durch seine Häufigkeit werden Dörfer zerstört werden. Nach ihnen werden schwere Erdbeben folgen.<\/strong>”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Einige seiner Anhänger waren ekstatisch, ihr Führer hatte gesprochen!  In der Tat lässt sich dies nicht als ´Prophezeiung ´ einstufen. Er sagte nicht, wann und wo diese schrecklichen Regenfälle kommen würden…  natürlich, logisch gesehen passiert dies gerade irgendwo auf unserer Erde! <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mit Prophezeiungen wie dieser war er nicht dazu in der Lage, Anhänger ´an Bord zu bringen´, wie er es vermutet hatte.  Also musste er die Prophezeiungen, die er angeblich von Gott erhielt,  aufbessern, also erklärte er am 20.Februar 1882, dass Gott ihm tatsächlich offenbart habe, er würde gesegnete Frauen heiraten und dass er von diesen gesegneten Frauen zahlreiche Kinder haben werde.  Zur Zeit dieser Offenbarung war er 46 Jahre alt und er heiratete keine, bis auf seinen verzweifelten Versuch, ‘Muhammadi Begum’ zu heiraten.   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhammadi Begum war die Tochter von of Ahmad Beg, einem seiner Anhänger.  Mirza Ghulam Ahmed bat ihren Vater, sie ihm zu verheiraten, aber der lehnte ab.  Aus lauter Verzweiflung proklamierte Mirza, er würde sie heiraten, weil dies ein Befehl Gottes sei.  Er bot Ahmad Beg Bestechungsgelder und eine große Menge Reichtümer, aber es funktionierte nicht.   Er flehte ihn hiernach an, ihm seine Tochter zu verheiraten, doch als dies fehlschlug, fing er an, ihm zu drohen.  Ahmad Beg gab nicht nach und verheiratete seine Tochter einem einfachen Soldaten.  Hierauf verkündete Mirza, dass der Ehemann von Muhammadi bald sterben werde und dass er sie dann heiraten werde.  Er legte eine Zeitspanne von drei Jahren fest…zweiundzwanzig Jahre später verstarb Ghulam Ahmad, aber der Soldat lebte weitere vierzig Jahre, und sie lebte sogar noch länger!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ein weiteres Beispiel für eine fehlgeschlagene Prophezeiung war die mit dem Christen Abdullah Atham.  Eine Debatte zwischen diesem Individuum und Mirza entstand im Jahre 1893.  Keiner der beiden war erfolgreich in dieser Auseinandersetzung, aber Mirza wurde sehr beleidigt.  Am 5.Juni 1893 kündigte er an, dass Gott ihn darüber informiert habe, dass Abdullah Atham innerhalb von 15 Monaten, d.h. bis zum 5. September 1894 sterben werde.  Der Stichtag kam und Abdullah Atham lebte noch lange weiter.   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dr. Abdul-Hakim, ein sunnitischer Muslim, begann eine Diskussion mit Mirza Ghulam Ahmad und forderte ihn dann zu einer öffentlichen Debatte heraus, in der er ihn als Lügner bezeichnete.  Mirza nahm ihm dies übel und so prophezieh er, dass Abdul Hakim sterben würde, während er noch am Leben sei.  Am 4.Mai 1907 antwortete Dr. Abdul Hakim mit seiner eigenen Vorhersage, dass Ghulam Ahmad noch vor ihm sterben werde.  Ghulam Ahmad starb innerhalb eines Jahres, am 26.Mai 1908 im Alter von 68 Jahren und Dr. Abdul Hakim überlebte ihn noch viele Jahre. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nach zwei Enttäuschungen und nachdem er sich selbst als falscher Prophet gezeigt hatte, verkündete er erneut, er habe Neuigkeiten von Gott erhalten:“Wahrlich, wir verkünden dir die Geburt eines frommen Sohnes.”<\/strong> Er gab den 16. September 1907 als Geburtsdatum des Jungen an, das sich nie erfüllte.  Im Oktober 1907 verkündete er erneut eine Offenbarung Gottes: “Ich werde dir bald einen rechtschaffenen Jungen gewähren.”<\/strong> Und sein Name sollte Yahya sein.  Dieser Sohn kam nie, damit bewies er ohne Zweifel, dass er niemals ein Prophet gewesen ist!  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Position der Muslime gegenüber den Qadiyanis<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Die Qadiyanis, die auch als Ahmadis und Mirzais bekannt sind, sind von tausenden muslimischen Gelehrten zu Nicht-Muslimen erklärt worden.  Die folgende Stellungnahme stammt von dem Islamischen Fiqh Konzil:.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Behauptung, dass Mirza Ghulam Ahmed ein Prophet sei und das ser Offenbarungen erhalten habe, macht ihn und jeden, der daran glaubt, zu einem Apostat, der den Islam verlassen hat.  Was die Lahoris angeht (Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam<\/strong>), sie sind wie der Hauptstrom der Qadiyanis.  Dieselbe Regelung der Apostasie trifft auch auf sie zu, trotz ihrer Behauptung, Mirza sei ein ´Schatten und eine Manifestation des Propheten Muhammad´.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dies wurde bei der Konferenz der World Muslim League verkündet, die in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, vom 14. Bis 18. Rabi al-Awwal 1394H (April 1974) abgehalten wurde, wo die Teilnehmer einstimmig zu der Schlussfolgerung gekommen sind, dass die Ahmadi\/Qadiyanis keine Muslime sind.[2]<\/a>  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Schlussfolgerung<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Letztendlich kann ohne einen einzigen Schatten des Zwefels der Schluss gezogen werden, dass Mirza ein Lügner gewesen ist, der plötzlich berühmt sein wollte.  Manchmal scheint er ´nicht ganz da´ gewesen zu sein.  In einem Gedicht, das er geschrieben hatte, sagte er über sich selbst: “Ich bin ein Regenwurm!  Kein menschliches Wesen, ich bin der obszöne Teil des Mannes und der Schändliche Ort der Menschen.”<\/strong> (Braheen-e-Qadianism V, Roohani Khazain Bd.21 S.127)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gott sagt: “Wer ist ungerechter als derjenige, der eine Lüge gegen Allah erdichtet oder sagt: \"Mir wurde offenbart\", während ihm doch nichts offenbart worden war, und der da sagt: \"Ich werde dergleichen hinab senden, was Allah hinab gesandt hat?\" Aber könntest du die Frevler nur in des Todes Schlünden sehen, wenn die Engel ihre Hände ausstrecken: \"Liefert eure Seelen aus! Heute sei euer Lohn die Strafe der Schande als Vergeltung für das, was ihr an Falschem gegen Allah gesprochen habt, und weil ihr euch hochmütig von Seinen Zeichen abgewendet habt.” (Quran 6:93)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Majma’ al-Fiqh al-Islami, S. 13<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/alhafeez.org\/rashid\/rabita.html<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":14584,"lft":6568,"rght":6569,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-22T22:55:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T12:34:58.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":13,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":18,"parent_id":3363,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2014-12-22","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Ahmadiyyah.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Ahmadiyyah.docx"},{"id":3367,"title":"Ahmadia","slug":"ahmadia","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Ahmadiyyah.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Ahmadiyyah.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:ahmadia","hint":"","body":"

Ahmadia<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

(parte 1 de 3): Origem e História<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

O Profeta, que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele, afirmou: “Pedi a Deus três coisas. Ele me deu duas e não me deu uma.  Pedi a Deus para salvar minha nação de ser destruída por calamidades naturais e Ele concedeu isso para mim.  Pedi a Deus para salvar minha nação de ser derrotada nas mãos de um inimigo estrangeiro e Ele concedeu isso para mim.<\/strong>  Pedi a Deus para salvar minha nação de ser destruída por dentro e Ele não concedeu isso para mim.” (Ibn Khuzaimah<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Introdução<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

“Domínio sobre palma e pinheiro”, assim o Império Britânico era descrito pelos historiadores.  Até o século 17 tinha colonizado muitas partes do mundo, incluindo vastas regiões do mundo muçulmano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A colonização não era apenas para explorar recursos naturais, mas também para doutrinar os povos conquistados para manter a ideologia e a fé britânicas.  Os missionários trabalhavam fervorosamente em áreas diferentes do Império Britânico para propagar a mensagem do Cristianismo.  Foram estabelecidas escolas e empregadas táticas diferentes para alcançar seus objetivos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quando os muçulmanos começaram a perceber o perigo do que estavam enfrentando, se uniram, mobilizaram e lançaram assaltos de “liberdade” para libertar suas terras das garras implacáveis do Império.  O combate corpo a corpo e os confrontos armados não era nada novo para os britânicos, mas à medida que os ataques dos muçulmanos ficaram mais incansáveis e mortais, adotaram uma nova tática, “dividir e conquistar”<\/strong>.  Ao invés de combaterem os muçulmanos frente a frente, incitavam indivíduos entre os muçulmanos a formarem seus próprios grupos e se afastarem do Islã sunita principal.  A guerra ideológica foi lançada contra os muçulmanos, conforme as instruções de Luís IX, o suposto “tenente de Deus na Terra” que fracassou terrivelmente em suas tentativas de Cruzada. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um dos grupos que se formou durante aquela época foi o grupo Qadianita, também conhecido como Ahmadis, que passou a existir no ano de 1889.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Passos de Fábula para a Fama<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Claro, não é qualquer um que pode chegar e se anunciar como um “profeta” de Deus.  Mirza Ghulam Ahmed compreendia isso e empreendeu sua missão de um passo de cada vez.  Inicialmente alegou ser um renascedor do Islã.  Disse: “Somos muçulmanos.<\/strong>  Acreditamos no Deus Único sem um parceiro e no testemunho de fé.<\/strong>  Acreditamos no Livro de Deus, o Alcorão e em Seu mensageiro, Muhammad.<\/strong>  Acreditamos nos anjos, na ressurreição, no inferno e no paraíso.<\/strong>  Observamos as orações e o jejum prescritos.<\/strong>  Voltamo-nos para a Qibla para as orações e proibimos a nós mesmos o que é proibido por Deus e Seu profeta e nos permitimos o que é permitido.<\/strong>  Não acrescentamos e nem subtraímos nada à Lei Islâmica.<\/strong>  A lei islâmica está acima de mudanças.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Com alegações como essas e possuindo habilidades poderosas de articulação, foi capaz de conquistar terreno considerável com muitos muçulmanos.  No ano de 1891 alegou ser o “Messias prometido” e o Mahdi.  Finalmente no ano de 1901 anunciou que era o profeta de Deus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os 31 sabores do Qadianismo...<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Para Mirza conquistar todas as pessoas, incorporou à sua fé elementos de todas as religiões existentes em sua área e, assim, sua doutrina incorporou elementos indianos, sufis, islâmicos e ocidentais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed alegou tantas coisas que é difícil organizá-las cronologicamente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a.     Alegou ser Deus e o Criador dos céus e da terra.  Escreveu: <\/strong>“Vi em meus sonhos que SOU ALLAH\/Deus e acreditei. Sem dúvida sou Aquele que criou os céus.”<\/strong> <\/strong>[Aaina-e-Kamaalaat]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.    Alegou ser nove profetas.  Disse: “Sou superior a Adão.  Sou Noé.  Sou Abraão.  Sou Ismael.  Sou Moisés.  Sou Jesus e sou Muhammad.” [Roohaani Khazaaim]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

c.     Alegou ser a mãe do profeta Jesus e então alegou ser o próprio profeta Jesus. Disse que o “primeiro Deus” o converteu em Maria.  Depois de dois anos, Deus o fez ficar grávido por dez meses e depois Deus o converteu em Jesus. [Roohaani Khazaain]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

d.    Alegou ser Muhammad, o Mensageiro de Deus.  “Muhammad é o mensageiro de Deus e aqueles com ele são duros contra os descrentes e misericordiosos entre si.”<\/em> (Alcorão 48:29) Alegou que nessa revelação divina era chamado de Muhammad e também de mensageiro.  [Roohaani Khazaain, vol. 18, pág. 207]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

e.     Alegou ser o Mahdi e o Messias prometido, embora não atendesse a quaisquer das condições estabelecidas pelo profeta Muhammad em relação ao Mahdi e o Messias prometido.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

f.     Em uma palestra dada em Sialkot em 1904, declarou que Deus o tinha informado que Krishina, surgido entre os Árias milhares de anos atrás, era de fato um profeta de Deus sobre o qual desceu o Espírito Santo de Deus, mas que depois seus ensinamentos foram corrompidos e ele passou a ser adorado. Alegou que era o avatar que os hindus esperavam nos últimos dias e que tinha surgido com a aparência de Krishina, investido das mesmas qualidades.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Divisão<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

O grupo Ahmadia se dividiu em dois grupos individuais.  Isso ocorreu após a morte de Hakim Nur-ud-Din, o primeiro sucessor de Mirza Ghulam Ahmed.  O primeiro grupo é conhecido como “Comunidade Muçulmana Ahmadia”<\/strong> e o segundo, menor, é conhecido como “Movimento Ahmadia de Lahore para a Propagação do Islã.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

As diferenças entre os dois podem ser resumidas em dois pontos.  O primeiro ponto é a crença em relação à missão profética de Mirza Ghulam Ahmed.  O grupo Ahmadia de Lahore considera Mirza Ghulam Ahmed um profeta no sentido metafórico da palavra; já a Comunidade Muçulmana Ahmadia sustenta que Mirza Ghulam Ahmad era um profeta, detendo todas as qualidades necessárias que um profeta deve ter.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A segunda diferença é como veem os muçulmanos sunitas regulares.  O grupo Ahmadia de Lahore acredita que qualquer pessoa que professa o testemunho de fé seja um muçulmano e não pode ser considerado um não muçulmano.[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Comunidade Muçulmana Ahmadia acredita que qualquer muçulmano que não aceita a reivindicação de Mirza Ghulam Ahmad é um não muçulmano, mesmo que a pessoa não tenha ouvido falar no nome de Mirza Ghulam Ahmad em sua vida.[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_claims_of_Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/aaiil.info\/misconceptions\/muslim\/whois.htm<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> http:\/\/www.ahmadiyya.org\/qadis\/takfir2.htm<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 2 de 3): As Crenças Blasfemas Qadianitas<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Finalidade da Mensagem de Deus<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed reivindicou ser um verdadeiro “muçulmano” em alguns de seus trabalhos e discursos, mas, ao mesmo tempo, muitas de suas afirmações blasfemas podem ser encontradas “dispersas” em seus livros.  Disse, enquanto degradava o Islã abertamente: “Acreditamos que uma religião que não tem continuidade de missão profética<\/strong>(como no Islã) é uma religião morta.<\/strong>  Chamamos as religiões dos judeus, cristãos e hindus de mortas porque agora não existem profetas nelas.<\/strong>  Se essa fosse a posição no Islã também, não seríamos mais do que contadores de histórias!<\/strong> Por que o consideramos superior às outras religiões?”<\/strong> <\/strong>(Malfoozat-e-Mirza, Vol. 10, pág. 127)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ele também disse: “Como é absurdo e falso acreditar que após o profeta sagrado (Muhammad) a porta da revelação divina foi fechada para sempre e não há esperança disso no futuro até o Dia da Ressurreição!<\/strong> Pode uma religião não ter traço direto de o Deus Todo Poderoso ser chamada de religião? Digo, por Deus Todo Poderoso, que nessa época não existe ninguém mais entediado do que eu com essa religião!<\/strong>  Chamo essa religião de religião “satânica” e não divina.<\/strong>  Acredito que essa religião orienta para o inferno e mantém as pessoas cegas na vida.”<\/strong> <\/strong>(Zamima Braheen-e-Qadianism, Parte V, Roohani Khazain, Vol.21, p354)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

A partir dessas citações fica muito claro que Mirza Ghulam Ahmed despreza a religião do Islã e alega que seja uma religião “morta” porque a “cadeia” da missão profética terminou.  Muito convenientemente ele foi escolhido ser um profeta de Deus, para “completar” o Islã e mantê-lo vivo!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como muçulmanos, acreditamos que a mensagem do Islã foi concluída antes da morte do profeta Muhammad.  Deus diz: “Hoje, completei a religião para vós; tenho-vos agraciado generosamente e escolhi para vós o Islã como sua religião.” (Alcorão 5:3)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Acreditamos que nenhum profeta virá após o profeta Muhammad.  É o profeta final de Deus para a humanidade.  Deus diz: “Em verdade, Muhammad não é o pai de nenhum de vossos homens, mas sim o Mensageiro de Deus e o último dos profetas.”<\/strong> <\/strong>(Alcorão 33:40)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O profeta profetizou que um número de “charlatães” surgiriam, cada qual clamando ser um profeta.  Disse: “De fato, haverá em minha nação leões sedentos, cada qual clamando ser um profeta.<\/strong>  Sou o último dos profetas e nenhum profeta virá depois de mim.” (Tirmidthi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Profeta disse:<\/strong> “A tribo de Israel foi guiada por profetas.  Quando um profeta falecia, outro profeta o sucedia.  Mas nenhum profeta virá depois de mim e somente califas me sucederão.” (Saheeh Al-Bukhari<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

O profeta previu que a cada cem anos Deus enviaria uma pessoa que reviveria a religião do Islã.  Disse: “De fato, Deus enviará um renascedor a cada cem anos para reviver a religião do Islã.”<\/strong> (Abu Dawood<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Esses renascedores não terão conexões “divinas”.  Têm características de muçulmanos crentes e verdadeiros.  Trabalharão sem descanso para levar as pessoas de volta para os textos do Alcorão e para a maneira do profeta.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Alcorão<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed disse: “O Alcorão é o Livro de Deus e palavras de minha boca.” (Anúncio datado de 15 de março de 1897<\/em>, Roohani Khazain vol.22 p.87)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Depois dessa reivindicação blasfema, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed começou a interpretar o Alcorão do jeito que queria e achava necessário.  Cada vez que um versículo do Alcorão parecia apresentar uma “ameaça” à sua reivindicação, ele simplesmente reinterpretava o significado para adequá-lo aos seus caprichos.  Antes de sua reivindicação de ser um profeta, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed aderia estritamente ao entendimento correto das provas textuais.  Até via o versículo do Alcorão que afirmava que o profeta Muhammad era o último dos profetas como sendo exatamente isso, evidência clara de que o profeta Muhammad era o último profeta para a humanidade.  Depois de sua reivindicação à missão profética, revisitou esse texto e o reinterpretou para significar que o profeta Muhammad não era o profeta final para a humanidade, mas que sua missão profética significava um “selo de aprovação”, ou seja, que era a beleza dos profetas e mensageiros e o melhor deles, mas não o último!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza alegou que um número de versículos do Alcorão foram revelados a ele para significar sua grandeza.  Alegou que os seguintes versículos estavam entre os muitos revelados a ele novamente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

a.<\/strong>      “Dize: Se verdadeiramente amais a Deus, segui-me.” (Alcorão 3:31)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

b.<\/strong>      “Nós te enviamos como uma misericórdia para todos os mundos.” (Alcorão 21:107)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

c.<\/strong>      “Ele foi Quem enviou Seu Mensageiro com a Orientação.” (Alcorão 9:33)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dessa maneira, seus seguidores se tornaram “companheiros”, sua família se tornou “Ahlul-Bait” (ou seja, os membros da família respeitada) e sua esposa se tornou “mãe dos crentes”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Para proteger-se, disse: “Sim, em apoio (às nossas reivindicações) também apresentamos aquelas tradições do profeta que estão de acordo com o Alcorão e não contradizem minha “revelação divina”.<\/strong>  Quanto ao resto das tradições proféticas, eu as deixo de lado como papel velho.”<\/strong> (Roohani Khazain vol.19 p.140)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os muçulmanos acreditam que o Alcorão é a palavra de Deus, reveladas ao profeta Muhammad através do anjo Gabriel, que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele.  Deus diz: “Nós revelamos a Mensagem e somos o Seu Preservador.” (Alcorão 15:9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Interpretar o Alcorão não é para qualquer um. Existem níveis da interpretação do Alcorão, o mais alto sendo interpretar o Alcorão com o Alcorão.  O segundo nível é interpretar o Alcorão com as narrações proféticas autênticas.  O terceiro nível é interpretar o Alcorão com as afirmações dos companheiros.  O quarto nível, o mais fraco, é interpretar o Alcorão através da linguagem (como uma tradução dos significados do Alcorão).  Não se pode interpretar qualquer versículo do jeito que se quer!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Profeta Muhammad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Os seguidores de Mirza alegam que Mirza era superior ao profeta Muhammad.  Alegam: “O desenvolvimento mental do Messias prometido (ou seja, Mirza Qadiani) era mais alto que o do sagrado profeta Muhammad.<\/strong>  E isso é só uma parte da superioridade que o Messias prometido tem sobre o sagrado profeta.<\/strong>  As faculdades mentais do sagrado profeta não puderam se manifestar plenamente devido à deficiência da civilização, embora a habilidade existisse.<\/strong>  Agora se manifestaram plenamente através do Messias prometido pela virtude do avanço da civilização.”<\/strong> (Review of Religions (Revisão das Religiões, em tradução livre<\/em>), Maio de 1929, Qadiani Mazhab, p.266, 9ª Ed. Lahore)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza degradou ainda mais o profeta Muhammad, afirmando que parte de sua revelação era falsa e que não compreendeu partes da revelação dada a ele por Deus! (Roohani Khazain vol.3 pp.166-167)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Até ridicularizou Deus Todo Poderoso e o profeta, dizendo: “E Deus escolheu um lugar desprezível para enterrar o sagrado profeta que é extremamente fedorento, escuro e apertado!”<\/strong> (Roohani Khazain vol.17 p.205)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como muçulmanos amamos e respeitamos o profeta Muhammad.  Não atribuímos a ele atributos divinos.  Deus diz: “Dize<\/strong> <\/strong>(Ó Muhammad): Sou tão-somente um mortal como vós, a quem tem sido revelado que o vosso Deus é um Deus único.”<\/strong> (Alcorão 18:110)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jihad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Um dos fundamentos que nos é ensinado no Islã é a autodefesa.  Quando alguém nos prejudica, não “damos a outra face.”  Nós nos defendemos.  Defender-se e proteger-se de um invasor estrangeiro é algo que nenhum ser humano contestará.  Não se pode simplesmente cancelar o jihad por causa de alguma noção mal compreendida de que está recebendo um “comando de Deus”!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza Ghulam Ahmed era na verdade o agente britânico ideal! Dizia abertamente: “Em nome do governo britânico, publiquei e distribui 50.000 panfletos nesse país (ou seja, Índia) e outros países islâmicos e o resultado foi que centenas de milhares de pessoas abriram mão de suas ideias “sujas” sobre o jihad.”<\/strong>(Roohani Khazain vol. 15 p.114)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ele também disse: “Desde cedo até agora aos 65 anos de idade, estive engajado, com minha pena e minha língua, na importante tarefa de transformar os corações dos muçulmanos na direção do amor verdadeiro, boa vontade e simpatia pelo governo britânico e apagar a ideia do jihad dos corações dos muçulmanos estúpidos.”<\/strong>(Kitab-ul-Bariyah, Roohani Khazain vol. 13 p.350)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mirza supostamente e muito convenientemente, “recebeu” revelação divina de Deus de que o jihad foi ab-rogado e não fazia mais parte do Islã! Disse: “A partir de hoje o jihad humano que é feito pela espada está sendo ab-rogado pela ordem de Deus.<\/strong>  De agora em diante, qualquer um que levantar uma espada para um descrente\/não muçulmano e chama a si mesmo de Ghazi\/combatente em nome de Deus está desobedecendo aquele mensageiro<\/strong>(ou seja, Muhammad).  Após minha chegada não há jihad com a espada.<\/strong> Levantamos a bandeira da paz e amizade.”<\/strong> <\/strong>(Collection of Advertisement p.295, vol.3)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> (http:\/\/www.islamicparty.com\/commonsense\/18qadi.htm)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 3 de 3): Na Balança<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

As Falácias de um “Suposto” Profeta<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Todo mensageiro e profeta enviado por Deus foi auxiliado com vários milagres.  Sabendo disso, Mirza teve que estabelecer “profecias” que, segundo ele, se materializariam em sua vida; isso foi feito como uma tentativa de cimentar sua reivindicação à posição de profeta.  Mas a parte complicada de fazer uma profecia, por parte de um charlatão, é ter que convencer as pessoas.  Mirza escreveu: “Deus me revelou que chuvas frequentes cairão.<\/strong>  Devido à sua frequência aldeias serão destruídas.<\/strong>  Depois delas, virão vários terremotos.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Alguns dos seus seguidores ficaram em êxtase, porque seu líder havia falado! De fato, isso não se qualifica como uma “profecia”. Ele não disse onde e quando essa chuva torrencial ocorreria... claro, falando de maneira lógica; isso pode acontecer em qualquer lugar na face da terra!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Com profecias como essas, não foi capaz de angariar os seguidores que buscava.  Então teve que “atualizar” as profecias supostamente recebidas de Deus e, em 20 de fevereiro de 1886, declarou que de fato Deus lhe revelou que se casaria com mulheres abençoadas e teria inúmeros filhos dessas novas esposas.  Na época dessa profecia ele tinha 46 anos e não se casou com ninguém, apesar de sua tentativa desesperada de se casar com “Muhammadi Begum”.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhammadi Begum era a filha de Ahmad Beg, um de seus seguidores.  Mirza Ghulam Ahmed pediu ao pai dela que a concedesse em casamento, mas ele recusou.  Em desespero, Mirza proclamou que se casaria com ela porque era o decreto de Deus.  Ofereceu propinas e grandes quantias para Ahmad Beg, mas não funcionou.  Então implorou para casar com sua filha, mas quando não deu certo, fez ameaças.  Ahmad Beg não abriu mão de sua posição e casou sua filha com um soldado comum.  Nesse ponto Mirza proclamou que o marido de Muhammadi morreria logo após o casamento.  Fixou um período de três anos para que isso se materializasse... Vinte anos depois Ghulam Ahmad morreu, mas o soldado viveu por mais quarenta anos e ela viveu ainda mais tempo! <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um exemplo de outra profecia fracassada foi com o cristão Abdullah Atham.  Surgiu um debate entre esse indivíduo e Mirza no ano de 1893.  Nenhum dos dois teve sucesso nesse debate, mas Mirza foi muito insultado.  Em 5 de junho de 1893 ele anunciou que havia sido informado por Deus de que Abdullah Atham morreria dentro de cinco meses, ou seja, até 5 de setembro de 1894.  O prazo final chegou e Abdullah Atham viveu por um longo período depois disso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Dr. Abdul-Hakim, um muçulmano sunita, entrou em uma discussão com Mirza Ghulam Ahmad e o desafiou para um debate aberto, no qual o chamou de mentiroso.  Mirza não aceitou muito bem e profetizou que Abdul-Hakim morreria durante sua vida.  Em 4 de maio de 1907 o Dr. Abdul-Hakim respondeu com sua própria previsão de que Ghulam Ahmad morreria antes dele.  Ghulam Ahmad morreu dentro de um ano em 26 de maio de 1908 com a idade de 68 anos e o Dr. Abdul Hakim viveu por muitos anos depois dele.th<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Depois de dois desapontamentos e de ele próprio provar ser um falso profeta, anunciou novamente que Deus tinha dado a ele a notícia: <\/strong>“Em verdade, te damos a notícia de um menino meigo.”<\/strong> Anunciou que a data de nascimento do menino seria 16 de setembro de 1907, algo que nunca se cumpriu.th<\/sup>  Em outubro de 1907 anunciou outra revelação de Deus: “Em breve te concederei um menino virtuoso”<\/strong> e seu nome foi anunciado como Yahia.  Esse filho nunca veio, provando acima de qualquer dúvida que nunca foi um profeta!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Posição dos Muçulmanos em Relação aos Qadianitas<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Os Qadianitas, também são conhecidos com Ahmadias e Mirzais, foram declarados como não-muçulmanos por milhares de sábios muçulmanos.  A seguinte declaração foi emitida pelo Conselho de Fiqh Islâmica:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A reivindicação de Mirza Ghulam Ahmed de ser um profeta e ter recebido revelações faz dele e de qualquer um que concorde com ele um apóstata, que deixou o Islã.  Quanto aos Lahoris (Movimento Ahmadia de Lahore para a Propagação do Islã)<\/strong> são como os Qadianitas comuns.  A mesma regra de apostasia se aplica a eles também, apesar de sua alegação de que Mirza era uma “sombra e manifestação do profeta Muhammad”.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Isso também foi mencionado na Conferência da Liga Islâmica Mundial em Meca, Arábia Saudita, de 14 a 18 de Rabi al-Awwal de 1394 da Hégira (abril de 1974), na qual os membros unanimemente chegaram à conclusão de que os Ahmadias\/Qadianitas não são muçulmanos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Conclusão<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

No fim, pode-se concluir sem sombra de dúvida, que Mirza era um mentiroso que queria fama repentina.  Às vezes, parece, que ele não estava “bem da cabeça”.  Disse em uma poesia escrita por ele: “Sou uma minhoca!<\/strong> Não sou um ser humano, sou a parte obscena do homem e o lugar vergonhoso dos humanos.”<\/strong>(Braheen-e-Qadianism V, Roohani Khazain vol.21 p.127)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Deus diz: “Haverá alguém mais iníquo do que quem forja mentiras acerca de Deus, ou do que quem diz:<\/strong> Sou inspirado!, quando nada lhe foi inspirado? E que diz: Eu posso revelar algo igual ao que Deus revelou!?  Ah, se pudesses ver os iníquos na agonia da morte quando os anjos, com mãos estendidas, lhes disserem: ‘Entregai-nos vossas almas!<\/strong>  Hoje, ser-vos-á infligido do castigo afrontoso, por haverdes dito inverdades acerca de Deus<\/strong> <\/strong>  e por vos haverdes ensoberbecido perante os Seus versículos.” (Alcorão 6:93)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Majma’ al-Fiqh al-Islami, p. 13<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":17077,"lft":6570,"rght":6571,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-22T22:55:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T15:55:32.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":13,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":18,"parent_id":3363,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2014-12-22","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Ahmadiyyah.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Ahmadiyyah.docx"},{"id":5321,"title":"La secta Ahmadia o Qadiania","slug":"la-secta-ahmadia-o-qadiania","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/es_Secta_Ahmadia.doc","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/es_Secta_Ahmadia.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/node\/type:node\/slug:la-secta-ahmadia-o-qadiania","hint":"","body":"


\r\nLa secta Ahmadiah o Qadianiah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>
\r\n] Español – Spanish –[ \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a  <\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

Abdurrahman Murad<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n


\r\nTraducción: Lic. M. Isa García<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n


\r\n2013 - 1434
\r\n <\/span><\/span>
\r\n <\/p>\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629
\r\n« \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 »<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n


\r\n\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

2013 - 1434
\r\n <\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n


\r\n 
\r\nOrigen e historia
\r\nBreve mirada a cómo la Ahmadiah contradice las enseñanzas del Islam. Esta parte menciona sus orígenes, cómo difiere del Islam y cómo se dividió en dos grupos.
\r\nEl Profeta, que la misericordia y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él, dijo:
\r\n“Le pedí a Dios tres cosas, Él me dio dos y aún no me ha dado una. Le pedí a Dios que salvara a mi nación de ser destruida por desastres naturales y Él me lo concedió. Le pedí a Dios que protegiera a mi nación de ser derrotada a manos de un enemigo extranjero y Él me lo concedió. Le pedí a Dios que salvara a mi nación de ser destruida desde su interior, y aún no me lo ha concedido”. (Ibn Juzaimah)
\r\nIntroducción
\r\n“El dominio sobre la palma y el pino”, así es como fue descrito el Imperio Británico por los historiadores. Para finales del siglo XVII, había colonizado muchas partes del mundo, incluyendo regiones extensas del mundo musulmán.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

La colonización no solo se ocupó de explotar recursos naturales, sino también de adoctrinar a los pueblos conquistados para que defendieran la ideología y la fe británicas. Los misioneros trabajaron fervientemente en diferentes áreas del Imperio Británico para difundir el mensaje del cristianismo. Se levantaron escuelas y se emplearon diferentes tácticas para alcanzar sus objetivos.
\r\nCuando los musulmanes comenzaron a darse cuenta del peligro que enfrentaban, se unieron, se movilizaron y lanzaron asaltos “libertadores” para liberar sus tierras de los poderes del Imperio despiadado. El combate mano a mano y las confrontaciones no eran nuevos para el Imperio, pero a medida que los ataques musulmanes crecieron en hostilidad y mortalidad, adoptaron una táctica distinta, “divide y domina”. En lugar de combatir a los musulmanes cara a cara, incitaron a individuos entre los musulmanes a formar sus propios grupos y a dividirse de la corriente principal del Islam sunita. La guerra ideológica fue lanzada contra los musulmanes, como hiciera Luis IX, el denominado “Teniente de Dios en la Tierra”, que falló miserablemente en sus Cruzadas.
\r\nUno de los grupos que se formaron durante ese tiempo fue el grupo Qadiyani, conocido también como Ahmadis, que apareció en el año 1889.
\r\nPasos de fábula hacia la fama
\r\nPor supuesto, nadie puede simplemente levantarse y autoproclamarse “Profeta” de Dios. Mirza Ghulam Ahmed entendió esto y emprendió su misión paso a paso. Inicialmente afirmó ser un reavivador del Islam. Dijo: “Somos musulmanes. Creemos en el Único Dios sin asociado y en el Testimonio de Fe. Creemos en el Libro de Dios, el Corán, en Su Mensajero Muhammad. Creemos en los ángeles, la resurrección, el Infierno y el Paraíso. Observamos las oraciones prescritas y el ayuno. Nos orientamos hacia la Qibla para orar, nos prohibimos lo que está prohibido por Dios y Su Profeta, y nos permitimos lo que está permitido. No añadimos nada a la Ley Islámica ni quitamos nada de ella. La Ley Islámica está más allá del cambio”.
\r\nCon declaraciones como esta y con sus grandes habilidades como orador, fue capaz de ganar un terreno considerable con muchos musulmanes. En el año 1891 declaró ser el ‘Mesías Prometido’ y el Mahdi. Finalmente en 1901, se aventuró a anunciar que era un Profeta de Dios.
\r\nLos 31 sabores del qadianismo…
\r\nPara ganarse el favor de la gente, Mirza incorporó a su fe elementos de todas las religiones que estaban presentes en su área. Así, su doctrina incorporó elementos hindúes, sufís, islámicos y occidentales.
\r\nMirza Ghulam Ahmed afirmó tantas cosas, que es difícil organizarlas cronológicamente.
\r\na.    Declaró ser Dios y el Creador de los cielos y de la Tierra. Escribió: “He visto en mis sueños que YO SOY ALLAH\/Dios, y lo creo, no dudo que soy Aquel Quien creó los Cielos”. [Aaina-e-Kamaalaat]
\r\nb.    Declaró ser nueve profetas. Dijo: “Soy Adán. Soy Noé. Soy Abraham. Soy Ismael. Soy Moisés. Soy Jesús y soy Muhammad”. [Roohaani Khazaaim]
\r\nc.    Declaró ser la madre del Profeta Jesús y luego afirmó ser el propio Profeta Jesús. Dijo que el “primer Dios” lo convirtió en María. Después de dos años, Dios lo hizo embarazar por diez meses, tras los cuales Dios lo convirtió en Jesús. [Roohaani Khazaain]
\r\nd.    Declaró que fue Muhammad, el Mensajero de Dios. “Muhammad es el Mensajero de Dios. [Los creyentes] que están con él son severos con los que se niegan a creer, pero misericordiosos entre ellos” (Corán 48:29). Él afirmó que en esta revelación divina, él mismo fue llamado Muhammad y también el Mensajero. [Roohaani Khazaain, vol. 18, página 207]
\r\ne.    Declaró ser el Mahdi y el Mesías prometido, aunque no cumplió con ninguna de las condiciones dadas por el Profeta Muhammad respecto al Mahdi y al Mesías prometido.
\r\nf.    En una conferencia dada en Sialkot en 1904, declaró que Dios le había informado que Krishna, quien había aparecido entre los Aryas miles de años antes, fue de hecho un Profeta de Dios sobre quien descendió el Espíritu Santo de Dios, pero que luego sus enseñanzas fueron tergiversadas y se le comenzó a adorar. Aquí declaró que él fue el avatar al que los hindúes estaban aguardando en los últimos tiempos, y que él había aparecido a semejanza de Krishna investido con las mismas cualidades .
\r\nCisma
\r\nLa secta Ahmadiah se dividió en dos grupos distintos. Esto ocurrió después de la muerte de Hakim Nur-ud-Din, el primer sucesor de Mirza Ghulam Ahmed. El primer grupo es conocido como “Comunidad Musulmana Ahmadia” y el segundo, el menor, es conocido como “Movimiento Ahmadia de Lahore para la Propagación del Islam”.
\r\nLas diferencias entre ambos pueden resumirse en dos puntos. El primero es su creencia respecto a la profecía de Mirza Ghulam Ahmed. El grupo Ahmadia de Lahore considera a Mirza Ghulam Ahmad un profeta en sentido metafórico; mientras que la Comunidad Musulmana Ahmadiah sostiene que Mirza Ghulam Ahmad fue un profeta con todas las características necesarias que debe tener un profeta.
\r\nLa segunda diferencia es cómo ven a los musulmanes sunitas. El grupo Ahmadia de Lahore cree que toda persona que profese el Testimonio de Fe es musulmán y que no puede ser llamado no musulmán .
\r\nLa Comunidad Musulmana Ahmadia cree que cualquier musulmán que no acepte las afirmaciones de Mirza Ghulam Ahmad no es un musulmán, aun si esa persona jamás ha escuchado el nombre de Mirza Ghulam Ahmad en su vida .
\r\nBlasfemias
\r\nAlgunos principios de los Ahmadiah, su opinión sobre la finalidad del Mensaje de Dios, el Corán, el Profeta Muhammad y la Yihad.
\r\nLa finalidad del mensaje de Dios
\r\nMirza Ghulam Ahmed afirmó ser un verdadero “musulmán” en algunos de sus escritos y discursos, pero al mismo tiempo, muchas de sus declaraciones blasfemas pueden hallarse “esparcidas” en sus libros. Dijo, degradando abiertamente al Islam: “Creemos que una religión que no tiene la continuidad de la Profecía (como el Islam) es una religión muerta. Llamamos muertas a las religiones de los judíos, los cristianos y los hindúes solo porque no hay profetas ahora en ellas. Si esta también fuera la posición en el Islam, ¡no seríamos más que narradores de cuentos! ¿Por qué seríamos superiores a otras religiones?” (Malfoozat-e-Mirza, Vol. 10, página 127)
\r\nTambién dijo: “¡Cuán absurdo y falso es creer que después del Sagrado Profeta (Muhammad) la puerta de la revelación divina ha sido cerrada para siempre y que no hay esperanza de ella en el futuro hasta el Día de la Resurrección! ¿Puede una religión que no tiene rastro directo de Dios Todopoderoso llamarse una religión? ¡Díganme, por Dios Todopoderoso, que soy el único harto de tales religiones! Yo digo que una religión así es ‘satánica’, no divina. Creo que tal religión lleva hacia el Infierno y lo mantiene a uno ciego durante su vida”. (Zamima Braheen-e-Qadianism, Part V, Roohani Khazain, Vol. 21, página 354)
\r\nA partir de estas citas queda claro que Mirza Ghulam Ahmed despreció la religión del Islam y la llamó una religión “muerta” debido a que la “cadena” de profecía había terminado. Y muy convenientemente, ¡él fue elegido para ser un profeta de Dios, para “completar” el Islam y mantenerlo vivo!
\r\nComo musulmanes, creemos que el mensaje del Islam fue completado antes de la muerte del Profeta Muhammad. Dios dice:
\r\n“Hoy les he perfeccionado su forma de adoración, he completado Mi gracia sobre ustedes y he dispuesto que el Islam sea su religión”. (Corán 5:3)
\r\nCreemos que ningún profeta vendrá después del Profeta Muhammad. Él es el Profeta final de Dios para la humanidad. Dios dice:
\r\n“Muhammad no es el padre de ninguno de sus hombres, sino que es el Mensajero de Dios y el sello de los Profetas”. (Corán 33:40)
\r\nEl Profeta predijo que cierta cantidad de fraudes aparecerían, cada uno proclamando ser un profeta. Dijo: “De hecho, habrá en mi nación treinta mentirosos, cada uno afirmando ser un profeta. Yo soy el último de los Profetas, ningún profeta vendrá después de mí”. (Tirmidi)
\r\nEl profeta dijo: “La tribu de Israel fue guiada por Profetas. Cuando un Profeta moría, otro Profeta lo sucedía. Pero ningún Profeta vendrá después de mí, solo califas me sucederán”. (Sahih Al Bujari)
\r\nEl Profeta predijo que cada cien años Dios enviaría a una persona que reviviría la religión del Islam. Dijo: “Dios enviará un reavivador cada cien años para vivificar la religión del Islam”. (Abu Dawud)
\r\nEstos reavivadores no tienen “conexiones divinas”, tienen los rasgos de un verdadero musulmán creyente. Trabajarán enérgicamente para regresar a la gente a los textos del Corán y a la vía profética.
\r\nEl Corán
\r\nMirza Ghulam Ahmed dijo: “El Corán es el Libro de Dios y palabras de mi boca”. (Anuncio fechado el 15 de marzo de 1897, Roohani Khazain, vol. 22, p. 87)
\r\nDespués de esta declaración blasfema, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed comenzó a interpretar el Corán como quiso y como sentía necesario. Cada vez que un versículo del Corán parecía oponerse a su declaración, simplemente reinterpretaba su significado para adaptarlo a sus caprichos. Antes de declararse profeta, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed se adhería estrictamente al entendimiento apropiado de las pruebas textuales, incluso veía el versículo del Corán que declara que el Profeta Muhammad fue el último de los Profetas exactamente como eso, evidencia clara de que el Profeta Muhammad fue el último Profeta para la humanidad. Después de proclamar su profecía, reconsideró este texto y lo reinterpretó diciendo que el Profeta Muhammad no había sido el último Profeta para la humanidad, sino que su profecía significaba un “sello de aprobación”, es decir, que él fue la belleza de los Profetas y Mensajeros y el mejor de ellos, ¡pero no el último!
\r\nMirza declaró que algunos de los versículos del Corán le fueron revelados a él para realzar su grandeza. Afirmó que los siguientes versículos estaban entre los que le fueron revelados nuevamente a él.
\r\n“Di: Si verdaderamente aman a Dios, ¡síganme!” (Corán 3:31)
\r\n“No te he enviado sino como misericordia para todos los seres”. (Corán 21:107)
\r\n“Él es Quien envió a Su Mensajero con la guía y la religión verdadera”. (Corán 9:33)
\r\nDe este modo, sus seguidores se convirtieron en “compañeros”, su familia se convirtió en “Ahlul Bait” (es decir, miembros de la familia respetada) y su esposa se convirtió en “Madre de los Creyentes”.
\r\nPara protegerse a sí mismo, dijo: “Sí, en apoyo (de nuestras declaraciones) presentamos también aquellas tradiciones proféticas que están de acuerdo con el Corán y no contradicen mi ‘revelación divina’. En cuanto a las demás tradiciones proféticas, las dejamos de lado como papel usado”. (Roohani Khazain, vol. 19 p. 140)
\r\nLos musulmanes creen que el Corán son las palabras de Dios, que fueron reveladas al Profeta Muhammad a través del ángel Gabriel, que la misericordia y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él. Dios dice:
\r\n“Yo he revelado el Corán y Yo soy su custodio”. (Corán 15:9)
\r\nInterpretar el Corán no es algo que se le deje a una sola persona; hay niveles de interpretación del Corán, de los cuales el mayor es interpretar el Corán con el propio Corán. El segundo nivel es interpretar el Corán con las narraciones proféticas auténticas. El tercer nivel es interpretar el Corán con las declaraciones de los compañeros. El cuarto nivel, que es el más débil, es interpretar el Corán a través del idioma (como una traducción de los significados del Corán). ¡Uno no puede interpretar ningún versículo según le parezca!
\r\nProfeta Muhammad
\r\nLos seguidores de Mirza afirman que él fue superior al Profeta Muhammad. Declaran: “El desarrollo mental del Mesías Prometido (es decir, el Mirza Qadianí) fue más elevado que el del Sagrado Profeta Muhammad. Y esto solo es parte de la superioridad que tuvo el Mesías Prometido sobre el Sagrado Profeta. Las facultades mentales del Sagrado Profeta no pudieron manifestarse completamente debido a la deficiencia de la civilización, aun cuando existía la habilidad. Ahora se manifiestan por completo a través del Mesías Prometido por virtud del avance de la civilización”. (Evaluación de Religiones, mayo de 1929, Qadiani Mazhab, p.266, 9a Ed. Lahore)
\r\nMirza también degradó al Profeta Muhammad al declarar que parte de su revelación era falsa y que había malinterpretado partes de la revelación dada a él por Dios. (Roohani Khazain vol. 3 pp. 166-167)
\r\nIncluso ridiculizó a Dios y al Profeta diciendo: “¡Y Dios eligió un lugar tan despreciable para enterrar al Sagrado Profeta, en extremo hediondo, oscuro y estrecho!” (Roohani Khazain, vol. 17 p. 205)
\r\nComo musulmanes, amamos y respetamos al Profeta Muhammad. No le atribuimos cualidades divinas. Dios dice:
\r\n“Diles [oh, Muhammad]: “Yo no soy más que un hombre a quien se le ha revelado que solo deben adorar a Dios, su única divinidad”. (Corán 18:110)
\r\nLas declaraciones de Mirza no necesitan respuesta, pero vale la pena mencionar cómo murió. Mirza murió de forma vergonzosa, en un baño público en Lahore atacado por el cólera .
\r\nYihad
\r\nUno de los fundamentos que se nos enseña en el Islam es la autodefensa. Cuando alguien nos daña, no ponemos simplemente “la otra mejilla”. Nos defendemos. Defenderte y protegerte de un invasor extranjero es algo que ningún ser humano puede refutar. Uno simplemente no puede cancelar la Yihad por alguna noción enfermiza de que se está recibiendo una “orden directa de Dios”.
\r\nMirza Ghulam Ahmed fue en realidad el agente británico ideal. Dijo abiertamente: “Por el bien del gobierno británico, he publicado y distribuido 50.000 folletos en este país (es decir, la India) y en otros países islámicos, cuyo resultado ha sido que cientos de miles de personas han abandonado sus ideas ‘obscenas’ sobre la Yihad”. (Roohani Khazain, vol. 15 p.114)
\r\nTambién dijo: “Desde mi infancia hasta ahora que tengo 65 años de edad, he estado comprometido, con mi pluma y mi lengua, en una labor importante de volver los corazones de los musulmanes hacia el amor verdadero, la buena voluntad y la simpatía hacia el gobierno británico, y desterrar la idea de la Yihad de los corazones de los musulmanes estúpidos”. (Kitab-ul-Bariyah, Roohani Khazain, vol. 13 p. 350)
\r\nMirza supuesta y convenientemente, “recibió” revelación divina de Dios, de que la Yihad era abrogada y que ya no era parte del Islam. Dijo: “Desde hoy, la Yihad humana que se hace por la espada queda abrogada por orden de Dios. De ahora en adelante, quien levante una espada sobre un Kafir (no musulmán) y se llame a sí mismo un Ghazi (combatiente por la causa de Dios), está desobedeciendo al Mensajero (es decir, Muhammad). Después de mi llegada, no hay Yihad con la espada. Hemos levantado la bandera de la paz y la simpatía”. (Colección de Anuncios Públicos, p. 295, vol. 3)
\r\nFalacias de un autodenominado “profeta”
\r\nTodo mensajero y profeta enviado por Dios fue ayudado con una cierta cantidad de milagros. Sabiendo esto, Mirza tuvo que conformarse con las “profecías” que, según decía, se materializarían durante su vida; esto lo hizo como un intento de consolidar su autoproclamación como profeta. Ahora, la parte difícil de hacer una profecía, cuando es parte de un fraude, es que tienes que convencer a la gente. Mirza escribió: “Dios me ha revelado que vendrán lluvias frecuentes. Debido a su frecuencia, serán destruidas villas enteras. Después de eso, seguirán fuertes terremotos”.
\r\nAlgunos de sus seguidores estaban atónitos, ¡su líder había hablado! De hecho, esto no califica como “profecía”. Él no dijo dónde ni cuándo caerían estas lluvias torrenciales… por supuesto, de manera lógica, esto podría ocurrir en cualquier lugar del planeta.
\r\nCon profecías como esta, no era capaz de atraer “a bordo” a los seguidores que buscaba. De modo que tuvo que “mejorar” las profecías que supuestamente había recibido de Dios, y el 20 de febrero de 1886, declaró que Dios mismo le había revelado que él se casaría con mujeres benditas y tendría numerosos hijos con estas nuevas esposas. En la época de esta profecía, tenía 46 años de edad y no se había casado con nadie a pesar de sus intentos desesperados por casarse con Muhammadi Begum.   
\r\nMuhammadi Begum era la hija de Ahmad Beg, quien fue uno de sus seguidores. Mirza Ghulam Ahmed le pidió a su padre que la casara con él, a lo que él se negó. Desesperado, Mirza proclamó que se casaría con ella porque ese era el decreto de Dios. Ofreció sobornos y grandes cantidades de dinero a Ahmad Beg, pero eso no funcionó. Luego le suplicó que casara a su hija con él, pero cuando esto fracasó, comenzaron las amenazas en su contra. Ahmad Beg no cedió y casó a su hija con un soldado corriente. Entonces, Mirza proclamó que el esposo de Muhammadi moriría pronto y que ella se casaría con él. Fijó un período de tres años para que esto se materializara… 22 años después, Ghulam Ahmad murió, pero el soldado vivió aún otros 40 años y ella vivió incluso más tiempo.
\r\nUn ejemplo de otra profecía fallida fue con el cristiano Abdullah Atham. Se llevó a cabo un debate entre este individuo y Mirza en el año 1893. Ninguno tuvo éxito en este debate, pero Mirza estaba muy ofendido. El 5 de junio de 1883, anunció que había sido informado por Dios que Abdullah Atham moriría en 15 meses, es decir, el 5 de septiembre de 1894. El momento llegó y pasó, y Abdullah Atham vivió por mucho más tiempo.
\r\nEl Dr. Abdul Hakim, un musulmán sunni, entró en una discusión con Mirza Ghulam Ahmad y luego lo retó a un debate abierto, en el que lo llamó mentiroso. Mirza no tomó esto muy bien, así que profetizó que Abdul Hakim moriría durante su vida. El 4 de mayo de 1907, el Dr. Abdul Hakim respondió con su propia predicción de que Ghulam Ahmad moriría antes que él. Ghulam Ahmad murió en menos de un año, el 26 de mayo de 1908, a la edad de 68 años, y el Dr. Abdul Hakim vivó muchos años después que él.
\r\nDespués de dos desilusiones y probando él mismo que era un falso profeta, anunció una vez más que Dios le había dado noticias: “Te doy la buena noticia de un niño dócil”. Anunció que la fecha del nacimiento del niño sería el 16 de septiembre de 1907, cosa que nunca se cumplió. En octubre de 1907 pronunció otra revelación proveniente de Dios: “Te otorgaré pronto un hijo recto”, y anunció que su nombre sería Yahya. Este hijo nunca llegó, probando sin duda alguna que él nunca fue un profeta.
\r\nPosición de los musulmanes hacia los qadianis
\r\nLos qadianis, también conocidos como ahmadis o mirzais, han sido declarados no musulmanes por miles de eruditos musulmanes. La siguiente declaración fue publicada por el Concilio Islámico de Fiqh:
\r\nLa afirmación de que Mirza Ghulam Ahmed fue un profeta y que recibió revelación, hace que él y cualquiera que esté de acuerdo con él sean apóstatas, lo que los deja fuera del Islam. En cuanto a los lahoris, (Movimiento Ahmadia de Lahore para la Propagación del Islam) ellos son como los qadiyanis convencionales. La misma regla de apostasía se aplica para ellos, a pesar de su reclamo de que Mirza fue una “sombra y manifestación del Profeta Muhammad” .
\r\nEsto también fue mencionado en la Conferencia de la Liga Islámica Mundial, realizada en La Meca, Arabia Saudita, del 14 al 18 de Rabi Al Awal de 1394 H. (abril de 1974), donde los miembros llegaron unánimemente a la conclusión de que los ahmadi\/qadiyanis no son musulmanes .  
\r\nConclusión
\r\nAl final, podemos concluir sin lugar a dudas, que Mirza fue un mentiroso que solo buscaba fama. A veces, parece que no estuviera cuerdo. Dijo en un poema que escribió: “¡Soy una lombriz de tierra! No soy un ser humano, soy la parte obscena del hombre y el lugar vergonzoso de los humanos”. (Braheen-e-Qadianism V, Roohani Khazain, vol. 21, p. 127)
\r\nDios dice:
\r\n“No hay nadie más injusto que quien inventa mentiras acerca de Dios o dice: ‘He recibido una revelación’, cuando en realidad no se le ha revelado nada, o dice: ‘Revelaré algo similar a lo que Dios ha revelado’, Si pudieras ver [lo terrible que será] cuando los injustos estén en la agonía de su muerte y los ángeles extiendan las manos [para atormentarlos, y les digan]: ‘Entreguen sus almas. Hoy se les retribuirá con un castigo denigrante por haber inventado mentiras acerca de Dios y por despreciar con arrogancia Su mensaje’”. (Corán 6:93)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n","excerpt":"","terms":"","visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":19219,"lft":6572,"rght":6573,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2017-05-06T22:49:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T04:14:32.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":4,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":41,"category_id":18,"parent_id":3363,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2017-05-06","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/es_Secta_Ahmadia.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/es_Secta_Ahmadia.doc"},{"id":5322,"title":"Ahmadiyyah","slug":"ahmadiyyah---","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en_Ahmadiyyah.doc","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en_Ahmadiyyah.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/node\/type:node\/slug:ahmadiyyah---","hint":"","body":"


\r\nAhmadiyyah<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>
\r\n(English)
\r\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629
\r\n( \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a )<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Abdurrahman Murad
\r\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n


\r\nhttp:\/\/www.islamreligion.com<\/span><\/span>
\r\n <\/p>\r\n\r\n

Ahmadiyyah (Part 1 of 3):
\r\nOrigin and History
\r\n(English)
\r\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629: 1- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629
\r\n( \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a )<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Abdurrahman Murad
\r\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n


\r\nhttp:\/\/www.islamreligion.com<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

The Prophet, may God praise him, said: ‘I asked God for three things, He gave me two and didn’t give me one. I asked God to save my nation from being destroyed by natural calamities and He gave it to me. I asked God to protect my nation from defeat at the hands of a foreign enemy and He gave it to me. I asked God to save my nation from being destroyed from within, and He did not give it to me.’ (Ibn Khuzaimah)
\r\nIntroduction
\r\n‘Dominion over palm and pine’; that’s how the British Empire was described by the historians. By the late 17th century it had colonized many parts of the world, including vast regions of the Muslim world.
\r\nColonization was not only about exploiting natural resources; but also to indoctrinate the conquered peoples to uphold British ideology and faith. Missionaries worked feverishly in different areas of the British Empire to spread the message of Christianity. Schools were set up and different tactics were employed to reach their goals.
\r\nAs the Muslims began to realize the danger of what they were facing, they united, mobilized and launched ‘freedom’ assaults to free their lands from the clutches of the ruthless Empire. Hand to hand combat and armed confrontations were nothing new to the British, but as the Muslim attacks grew relentless and deadlier, they adopted a new tactic, ‘divide and do-minate’. Instead of squaring off with the Muslims face to face, they in-cited individuals among the Muslims to form their own groups and to split away from Mainstream Sunni Islam.  Ideological warfare was launched against the Muslims, as were the instructions of Louis IX, the so called “Lieutenant of God on Earth” who failed miserably in his Crusader attempts.  
\r\nOne of the groups that formed during that time was the Qadiyani group, also known as Ahmadis, which came into existence in the year 1889.
\r\nFable Steps to Fame
\r\nOf course, not just anyone can come up and announce himself to be a ‘Prophet’ of God. Mirza Ghulam Ahmed understood this and took his mission one step at a time. Initially he claimed to be a Revivalist of Is-lam. He said: “We are Muslims. We believe in the One God without a partner and in the Testimony of Faith. We believe in the Book of God, the Quran, in His Messenger Muhammad, may God praise him. We believe in angels, the resurrection, Hell and Paradise. We observe the prescribed prayers and the fast. We turn to the Qibla for prayers and forbid ourselves what is forbidden by God and His Prophet and permit ourselves what is permitted. We add not a thing to the Islamic Law, nor subtract any thing from it.  Islamic law is above change.”
\r\nWith claims such as this and possessing powerful articulate skills, he was able to gain considerable ground with many Muslims. In the year 1891 he claimed to be the ‘Promised Messiah’ and the Mahdi.  
\r\nFinally, in the year 1901 he took the plunge and announced that he was a Prophet of God.
\r\nThe 31 flavors of Qadiyanism…
\r\nIn order for Mirza to gain favor with all people, he incorporated into his faith elements of every religion that was present in his area; thus, his doctrine incorporated Indian, Sufi, Islamic, and Western elements.
\r\nMirza Ghulam Ahmed had claimed so many things that it is difficult to chronologically arrange them.
\r\nA. He claimed to be God and the Creator of the Heavens and the Earth.  He has written, “I saw in my dreams that I AM ALLAH\/God and I believed, no doubt I am The One Who created the Heavens.”  [Aaina-e-Kamaalaat]
\r\nB. He claimed to be nine prophets.  He said, “I am Adam. I am Noah. I am Abraham. I am Ishmael. I am Moses. I am Jesus and I am Muhammad.”  [Roohaani Khazaaim]
\r\nC. He claimed to be the mother of Prophet Jesus and then he claimed to be Prophet Jesus himself. He said the ‘first God’ converted him into Mary.  After two years, God made him pregnant for ten months, after which God converted him into Jesus.  [Roohaani Khazaain]
\r\nD. He claimed that he was Muhammad, the Messenger of God.  “Muhammad is the Messenger of God and those with him are hard against the disbelievers and merciful amongst themselves.”(Quran 48:29)  He claimed that in this divine revelation, he himself was named Muham-mad and also the Messenger.  [Roohaani Khazaain, vol. 18, page 207]
\r\nE. He claimed to be the Mahdi and the Promised Messiah, though he did not fulfill any of the conditions laid by Prophet Muhammad regarding the Mahdi and the Promised Messiah.
\r\nF. In a lecture given in Sialkot in 1904, he declared that God had in-formed him that Krishna who had appeared among the Aryas thousands of years ago was indeed a prophet of God upon whom the Holy Spirit descended from God, but that later his teachings were corrupted and he began to be worshipped. Here he claimed that he was the avatar whom the Hindus were awaiting in the latter days, and that he had appeared in the likeness of Krishna invested with the same qualities.
\r\nBreakout
\r\nThe Ahmadiyah group split into two individual groups. This occurred after the death of Hakim Noor-ud-Din, the first successor of Mirza Ghu-lam Ahmed.
\r\n The first group is known as ‘Ahmadiyya Muslim Community’ and the second, the smaller one, is known as ‘Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam’.
\r\nThe differences between the two can be summarized in two points. The first point is their belief regarding the Prophethood of Mirza Ghulam Ahmed.  
\r\nThe Lahore Ahmadiyya group considers Mirza Ghulam Ahmad a Prophet in the metaphorical sense of the word; whereas, the Ahmadiyyah Muslim Community holds that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a Prophet, holding all necessary qualities a Prophet should have.
\r\nThe second difference is how they view mainstream Sunni Muslims. The Lahore Ahmadiyya group believes that any person who professes the Testimony of Faith to be a Muslim, and cannot be called a non-Muslim.  
\r\nThe Ahmadiyya Muslim Community believes that any Muslim who has not accepted Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's claim is a non-Muslim, even if the person has not even heard the name of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in his life.  <\/span><\/span>
\r\n <\/p>\r\n\r\n

Ahmadiyyah (Part 2 of 3):
\r\nBlasphemous Qadiyani Beliefs  
\r\n(English)
\r\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629: 2- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629
\r\n( \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a )<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Abdurrahman Murad
\r\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com
\r\nFinality of the Message of God
\r\nMirza Ghulam Ahmed claimed to be a true ‘Muslim’ in some of his works and speeches; but, at the same instance, many of his blasphemous statements can be found ‘scattered’ in his books. He said, while openly degrading Islam: “We believe that a religion which does not have the continuity of Prophethood (as in Islam) is a dead religion. We call the religions of the Jews, the Christians and the Hindus dead only because now there are no prophets in them. If this were the position in Islam too, we would be no more than mere storytellers! Why do we regard it superior to other religions?” (Malfoozat-e-Mirza, Vol. 10, page 127)
\r\nHe also said: “How absurd and false it is to believe that after the Holy Prophet (Muhammad) the door of the divine revelation has been closed forever and that there is no hope of it in the future till the Day of Resurrection! Can a religion having no direct trace of Almighty God be called a religion? say, by Almighty God, that in this age there is no one more fed up than myself with such a religion! I name such a religion as ‘Satanic’ religion and not a divine one. I believe that such a religion guides towards Hell and keeps one blind in life.” (Zamima Braheen-e-Qadianism, Part V, Roohani Khazain, Vol.21, p354)
\r\nFrom these quotes it is quite clear that Mirza Ghulam Ahmed despises the religion of Islam and claims it to be a ‘dead’ religion because the ‘chain’ of Prophethood has ended. Conveniently enough, he was chosen to be a Prophet of God to ‘complete’ Islam and keep it alive!
\r\nAs Muslims, we believe that the Message of Islam was completed before the death of Prophet Muhammad. God says: “This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have ap-proved for you Islam as religion.” (Quran 5:3)
\r\nWe believe that no Prophet will come after Prophet Muhammad. He is the final Prophet of God to mankind. God says: “Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of God and the last of the Prophets.” (Quran 33:40)
\r\nThe Prophet prophesized that a number of ‘quacks’ would emerge, each claiming to be a Prophet. He said: “Indeed, there will be in my nation thirty liars; each claiming to be a prophet. I am the last of the Prophets; no prophet will come after me.” (Tirmidthi)
\r\nThe Prophet said: “The tribe of Israel was guided by prophets. When a prophet passed away, another prophet succeeded him. But no prophet will come after me; only caliphs will succeed me.” (Saheeh Al-Bukhari)
\r\nThe Prophet foretold that every one hundred years, God would send a person who would revive the religion of Islam. He said: “Indeed God will send a revivalist at the head of every one hundred years to revive the religion of Islam.” (Abu Dawood)
\r\nThese revivalists have no ‘divine’ connections. They carry the traits of a true, believing Muslim. They would work strenuously to bring people back to the texts of the Quran and Prophet Way.
\r\nQuran
\r\nMirza Ghulam Ahmed said: “Quran is God’s Book and words of my mouth.” (Advertisement dated 15th March 1897, Roohani Khazain vol.22 p.87)
\r\nAfter this blasphemous claim, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed began to interpret the Quran as he liked and felt necessary. Each time a verse of the Quran seemed to pose a ‘threat’ to his claim, he simply reinterpreted the meaning to suit his whims.
\r\nPrior to his claim of being a Prophet, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed strictly adhered to the proper understanding of textual proofs. He even viewed the verse of the Quran which stated that Prophet Muhammad was the last of the Prophets to be exactly that, clear evidence that Prophet Muhammad was the last Prophet to mankind.
\r\n After his claim of Prophethood, he revisited this text and reinterpreted it to mean that Prophet Muhammad was not the final Prophet to mankind; but, that his Prophethood signified a ‘seal of approval’, i.e. that he was the beauty of the Prophets and Messengers and their best, but not the last!
\r\nMirza claimed that a number of the verses of the Quran were revealed to him to signify his grandeur. He claimed that the following verses were among many that were revealed to him again.
\r\nA. “Say, if you really love Allah, then follow me.” (Quran 3:31)
\r\nB. “And We have not sent you as a Mercy for All the Worlds.” (Quran 21:107)
\r\nC. “He is the one who has sent His Messenger with guidance.” (Quran 9:33)
\r\nIn this manner, his followers became ‘companions’, his family became ‘Ahlul-Bait’ (i.e. the members of the respected family) and his wife became ‘Mother of the Believers.’
\r\nIn order to protect himself, he said: “Yes, in support (of our claims) we also present those Prophet Traditions which are according to Quran and do not contradict my ‘divine revelation’. As for the rest of the Prophetic Traditions, I toss them aside like wastepaper.” (Roohani Khazain vol.19 p.140)
\r\nMuslims believe that the Quran are the words of God, they were revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the Arch-Angel Gabriel, may God praise him. God says: “Indeed, it is We who sent down the Quran and indeed, We will be its guardian.” (Quran 15:9)
\r\nInterpreting the Quran is not left up to just anyone; there are levels of the interpretation of the Quran, the highest of which is interpreting the Quran with the Quran. The second level is interpreting the Quran with authentic prophetic narrations. The third level, is interpreting the Quran with the Companions’ statements. The fourth level, which is a weaker level, is to interpret the Quran through language (like a translation of the meanings of the Quran). One cannot interpret any verse the way they fancy!
\r\nProphet Muhammad
\r\nThe followers of Mirza claim that Mirza was superior to Prophet Muhammad. They claim: “The mental development of the Promised Messiah (i.e. the Mirza Qadiani) was higher than that of the Holy Prophet Muhammad.  And this is only a part of the superiority which the Prom-ised Messiah has over the Holy Prophet. The mental faculties of the Holy Prophet could not manifest fully owing to the deficiency of civilization; although the ability existed. They have now manifested themselves fully through the Promised Messiah by virtue of the advancement of civilization.” (Review of Religions, May 1929, Qadiani Mazhab, p.266, 9th Ed. Lahore)
\r\nMirza further degraded Prophet Muhammad stating that part of his revelation was false, and that he misunderstood parts of the revelation given to him by God! (Roohani Khazain vol.3 pp.166-167)
\r\nHe even ridiculed God Almighty and the Prophet, saying: “And God chose such a despicable place to bury the Holy Prophet which is extremely smelly, dark and cramped!” (Roohani Khazain vol.17 p.205)
\r\nAs Muslims we love and respect Prophet Muhammad. We do not ascribe to him divine attributes. God says: “Say (O Muhammad), “I am only a man like you, to whom has been revealed that your god is one God.” (Quran 18:110)
\r\nThe claims of Mirza need no response, but it is noteworthy to mention how Mirza died! He died in a shameful way, in a public toilet in Lahore while having been stricken with cholera!  
\r\nJihad
\r\nOne of the fundamentals that we are taught in Islam is self-defense. When someone harms us, we don’t simply ‘turn our cheek’. We defend ourselves. Defending yourself and protecting yourself from a foreign invader is something that no human being will dispute. One cannot simply cancel out Jihad by some ill perceived notion that he is receiving a ‘command from God’!
\r\nMirza Ghulam Ahmed was truly the ideal British Agent! He openly said: “For the sake of British Government, I have published and distributed 50,000 leaflets in this country (i.e. India) and other Islamic countries, the result of which was that hundreds of thousands of people have given up their ‘filthy’ ideas about Jihad.” (Roohani Khazain vol. 15 p.114)
\r\nHe also said: “From my early age till now when I am 65 years of age, I have been engaged, with my pen and tongue, in an important task to turn the hearts of Muslims towards the true love and goodwill and sympathy for the British Government, and to obliterate the idea of Jihad from the hearts of stupid Muslims.” (Kitab-ul-Bariyah, Roohani Khazain vol. 13 p.350)
\r\nMirza supposedly, and quite conveniently, ‘received’ divine revelation from God that ‘Jihad’ was abrogated and no longer a part of Islam! He said: “From today human Jihad which is done by sword, is being abrogated by the order of God. From now on, anyone who lifts a sword on a Kafir\/non-Muslim and calls himself a Ghazi\/fighter for the sake of God, is disobeying that Messenger (i.e. Muhammad). After my arrival, there is no Jihad with the sword. We have raised the flag of Peace and Friendliness.” (Collection of Advertisement p.295, vol.3).<\/span><\/span>
\r\n <\/p>\r\n\r\n

Ahmadiyyah (Part 3 of 3):
\r\nIn the Scale  
\r\n(English)
\r\n3- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646
\r\n( \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a )<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Abdurrahman Murad
\r\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

http:\/\/www.islamreligion.com
\r\nFallacies of a ‘so-called’ Prophet
\r\nEvery Messenger and Prophet sent by God was aided with a number of miracles. Knowing this, Mirza had to settle for ‘prophecies’ which he said would materialize in his life; this was done as a bid to cement his call to Prophethood. Now the tricky part with making a prophecy, on the part of a quack, is that you have to convince people. Mirza wrote: “God revealed to me that frequent rains will come down. Due to their frequency villages will be destroyed. After them, severe earthquakes will follow.”
\r\nSome of his followers were ecstatic, their leader had spoken! In fact, this does not qualify as a ‘prophecy’ He didn’t say where and when this torrential rainfall would occur… of course, logically speaking; this is bound to happen just about anywhere on the face of earth!
\r\nWith prophecies like these, he wasn’t able to bring ‘on-board’ the followers he was looking for. So he had to ‘upgrade’ the prophecies he was supposedly receiving from God, so on February 20, 1886 he declared that indeed God revealed to him that he would marry blessed women and would have numerous children from these new wives. At the time of this prophecy he was 46 years old, he did not marry anyone despite his desperate bid to marry ‘Muhammadi Begum’.   
\r\nMuhammadi Begum was the daughter of Ahmad Beg, who was one of his followers. Mirza Ghulam Ahmed asked her father to marry her to himself which he refused. Out of desperation, Mirza proclaimed that he would marry her because this was the decree of God.
\r\nHe offered bribes and great amounts of wealth to Ahmad Beg, but it didn’t work. He thereafter begged him to marry his daughter, but when this failed, threats were issued against him. Ahmad Beg did not budge from his position and married his daughter to an ordinary soldier.
\r\n At this, Mirza proclaimed that the husband of Muhammadi would die soon afterwards and that he would marry her. He fixed a period of three years for this to materialize…Twenty two years later Ghulam Ahmad died but the soldier lived for another forty years and she lived even longer!  
\r\nAn example of another failed prophecy was with the Christian, Abdullah Atham. A debate ensued between this individual and Mirza in the year 1893. Neither of the two succeeded in this debate, but Mirza was very insulted. On June 5, 1883 he announced that he had been informed by God that Abdullah Atham would die within fifteen months, i.e. by Sep-tember 5, 1894.The deadline came and went and Abdullah Atham lived for a long time after.
\r\nDr. Abdul-Hakim, a Sunni Muslim, entered into a discussion with Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and then challenged him to an open debate, in which he called him a liar. Mirza didn’t take this too well, so he prophesized that Abdul-Hakim would die during his life.
\r\nOn May 4th, 1907 Dr. Abdul Hakim responded with his own prediction that Ghulam Ahmad would die before him. Ghulam Ahmad died within a year on May 26th, 1908, at the age of 68 and Dr. Abdul Hakim lived for many years after him.
\r\nAfter two disappointments and proving himself to be a false prophet, he announced again that God had given him the news, “Verily, We give you tidings of a meek boy.” He announced the date of the birth of the boy to be September 16th, 1907 which was never fulfilled.  
\r\nOn October 1907 he pronounced yet another revelation from God, “I shall soon bestow upon you a righteous boy” and his name was announced to be Yahya. This son never came, proving beyond doubt that he was never a Prophet!
\r\nMuslims Position towards the Qadiyanis
\r\nThe Qadiyanis also known as Ahmadis and Mirzais, have been declared as non-Muslims by thousands of Muslim scholars. The following statement was issued by the Islamic Fiqh Council:
\r\nThe claim that Mirza Ghulam Ahmed was a Prophet and that he received revelation makes him and anyone who agrees with him an apostate, who has left the folds of Islam. As for the Lahoris, (Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam) they are like the mainstream Qadiyanis.
\r\nThe same ruling of apostasy applies to them as well, in spite of their claim that Mirza was a ‘shadow and manifestation of Prophet Mu-hammad’.  
\r\nThis was also mentioned in the World Muslim League Conference, held in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, from the 14th to the 18th of Rabi al-Awwal 1394H (April 1974) wherein the members unanimously reached the conclusion that the Ahmadi\/Qadiyanis are not Muslims.   
\r\nConclusion
\r\nIn the end, it can be concluded, without a shed of doubt, that Mirza was a liar who wanted sudden fame. At times, it seems, that he wasn’t ‘all there’. He said in poetry written by him: “I am an earthworm!  Not a human being, I am the obscene part of man and the shameful place of humans.” (Braheen-e-Qadianism V, Roohani Khazain vol.21 p.127)
\r\nGod says: “And who can be more unjust than he who invents a lie against God, or says: “I have received inspiration,” whereas he is not inspired in anything; and who says, “I will reveal the like of what God has revealed.”  And if you could but see when the wrong-doers are in the agonies of death, while the angels are stretching forth their hands (saying): “Deliver your soul! This day you shall be recompensed with the torment of degradation because of what you used to utter against God other than the truth.  And you used to reject His signs (revelations) with disrespect!” (Quran 6:93).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n","excerpt":"","terms":"","visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":23517,"lft":6574,"rght":6575,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2017-05-06T22:58:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T15:48:05.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":4,"author_id":9,"publisher_id":41,"category_id":18,"parent_id":3363,"author_name":"Abd Ar-Rahman Murad","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2017-05-06","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en_Ahmadiyyah.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en_Ahmadiyyah.doc"}],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?articles_page=1","from":1,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?articles_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?articles_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":14,"total":14},"fatawas":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?fatawas_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?fatawas_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9?fatawas_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/mnd\/api\/authors\/9","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"books_total":11,"videos_total":0,"audios_total":0,"fatawas_total":0,"articles_total":14,"q":"","count":25}

As alegações de Mirza não precisam de resposta, mas vale a pena mencionar como Mirza morreu! Morreu de forma vergonhosa, em um banheiro público em Lahore, enquanto havia sido contagiado pela cólera![1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Behauptungen Mirzas bedürfen keiner Antwort, aber es ist erwähnenswert, wie Mirza gestorben ist!  Er starb auf beschämende Art, in einer öffentlichen Toilette in Lahore, von Cholera befallen![1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ces prétentions de Mirza ne valent même pas la peine d’être réfutées, mais il est intéressant de souligner de quelle façon Mirza mourut!  Il mourut de manière honteuse, dans une toilette publique de Lahore, des suites du choléra![1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The claims of Mirza need no response, but it is noteworthy to mention how Mirza died! He died in a shameful way, in a public toilet in Lahore while having been stricken with cholera![1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n