{"title":"M. Amir Ali","author":{"id":2168,"name":"M. Amir Ali","slug":"m_amir_ali","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-08-13T08:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-08-13T08:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"M. Amir Ali"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/soo\/api\/authors\/2168?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/soo\/api\/authors\/2168?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/soo\/api\/authors\/2168?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/soo\/api\/authors\/2168","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/soo\/api\/authors\/2168?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/soo\/api\/authors\/2168?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/soo\/api\/authors\/2168?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/soo\/api\/authors\/2168","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/soo\/api\/authors\/2168?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/soo\/api\/authors\/2168?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/soo\/api\/authors\/2168?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/index.php\/soo\/api\/authors\/2168","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":966,"title":"Ramadan and Fasting","slug":"ramadan-and-fasting","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Ramadan and Fasting.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Ramadan and Fasting.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:ramadan-and-fasting","hint":"","body":"

Ramadan and Fasting<\/span><\/h1>\r\n


<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

(part 1 of 2): Fasting<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"\"<\/p>\r\n

IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar, can be 29 or 30 days long.  An Islamic month begins with the sighting of the new crescent in the western horizon, immediately after sunset.  Muslims look toward the western horizon for the new moon on the 29th day of Sha’ban, the eighth month.  If the new moon is sighted, Ramadan has begun with the sunset but fasting begins with the next dawn.  If the new moon is not sighted on this 29th day, Muslims complete 30 days of Sha’ban (the previous month) and Ramadan begins the following day.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Significance of Ramadan and Fasting<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

God says in the Quran:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O you who believe!  Fasting is prescribed for you, even as it was prescribed for those before you, that you may attain God-consciousness.” (Quran 2:183)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“The month of Ramadan in which was revealed the Quran, a guidance for humankind and clear proofs for the guidance and the criterion. So whoever of you sights (the crescent on the first night of) the month (of Ramadan) must observe the fasts that month, and whoever is ill or on a journey, the same number from other days. God intends for you ease, and He does not want for you difficulty. (So you) must complete the same number, and that you must magnify God for having guided you so that you may be grateful to Him.” (2:185)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Accordingly, the month of Ramadan is called the month of the Quran.  Therefore, Muslims recite the Quran frequently in this month.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sawm or Fasting<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Sawm (fasting) begins with dawn and ends with sunset.  Muslims rise before dawn, eat Sahur (pre-dawn meal) and drink an adequate amount of liquids for the preparation of sawm.  Eating and drinking stops at dawn.  During the day no eating, drinking or sexual activity is allowed.  In addition, a Muslim must adhere to the moral code of Islam strictly as failure can violate the requirements of fasting.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Fasting in the month of Ramadan is an act of worship required of all Muslims who have attained puberty.  Women who are having their menstrual period or who have not fully recovered from childbirth postpone the fast until they are completely out of their given conditions.  In addition, those who are ill or on travel may choose to postpone their fast.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muslims fast because God has commanded them to do so.  However, they may also think about the benefits of fasting that include developing control over hunger, thirst and sexual urges, training to be a good moral person and testing sincerity to the Creator.  During the fast, Muslims may conduct their business as usual. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

The fast is broken immediately after sunset usually by eating dates and drinking water or juice.  However, any lawful food or drink may be used to break the fast.  This is followed by the Maghrib salah (after sunset prayer) which is followed by a complete meal.  After a brief rest, Muslims go to the mosque to offer the ‘Isha salah (night prayer) and then a special night prayer, called taraweeh.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Taraweeh<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

This nightly congregational salah (prayer) is performed after the regular night prayer.  Traditionally, a Hafiz of the Quran, - a person who has memorized the whole Quran (in Arabic) - leads the prayer.  He recites the Quran in small portions, in proper sequence, every night and completes the recitation of the whole Quran before the end of the month of Ramadan.  Every Muslim who attends such prayers regularly gets the opportunity of listening to the recitation of the whole Quran by the end of the month.  If a Hafiz of the Quran is not available, the Muslim who has memorized the most in the group leads the prayer and recites according to his ability.  Many Islamic scholars cite the Sunnah (path of the Prophet Muhammad) of the Prophet – may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him -  that he always prayed during the night alone at his home whether it was Ramadan or not and same was the habit of many of his great companions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ramadan Generosity<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The month of Ramadan brings many blessings multiplied for those who do good.  During this month people are more generous, more cordial, friendlier and more ready than other times of the year to do good deeds.  The poor and the needy receive food, clothing and money from the well-off in the community.  Many people go to the mosque in the neighborhood for fast-breaking and meals.  People in the neighborhood send fruit, food and drinks to the mosque – the atmosphere is that of a friendly dinner every evening of the month.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Well-known contributors of the Muslim community find themselves surrounded by the needy people for donations.  Zakat, a wealth purifying alms, and donations are given at this time of the year since many Muslims wish to take the opportunity of multiplied rewards from God.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 2 of 2): Night Prayer and Other Acts of Worship<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Laylat<\/em> al<\/em>-Qadr<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\r\n

This is the night of the Qadr<\/em>.  The term Al<\/em>-Qadr<\/em> has been frequently translated as “the power”.  A better translation may be “the value” or “the decree” because God says the value of this night is greater than one thousand months, a lifetime of over eighty-three years!  God sends His decrees in this night.  This is the night when the Quran was first revealed at the time of Prophet Muhammad.  God says in the Quran:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“We have indeed revealed this (the Quran) in the Night of Value (or Measure).  And what will explain to you what the Night of Value is? The Night of Value is better than a thousand months.  Therein come down angels and the Spirit (the angel Gabriel) by God’s permission with all decrees.  (That night is) Peace until the rising of the dawn.” (Quran 97:1-5)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Night of Decree is a gift to mankind from God.  However, it is not clear which night is Laylat al-Qadr<\/em>.  Some reports by companions of the Prophet allude it to be the 27th night of the month of Ramadan, but many more sayings point to any of the odd date nights during the last third of the month of Ramadan.  According to authentic teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, Muslims are advised to spend the 21st, 23rd, 25th, 27th and 29th nights of Ramadan in worship and doing good works to assure finding Laylat al-Qadr<\/em>.  A portion of Muslims stay up all night in prayers and good works, however, the Prophet and his companions used to sleep at least one-third of the night.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In some Muslim countries, the 27th of Ramadan is a holiday to enable people to rest during the day after all night of worship.[1]<\/a>  Schools are closed from the 27th of Ramadan through the 2nd of Shawwal (5 to 6 days) to combine Laylat al-Qadr<\/em> and Eid al-Fitr<\/em> (An Islamic celebration that starts with the end of Ramadan) observances.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

I’tekaf<\/em> or Seclusion<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The practice of the Prophet Muhammad was to spend the last ten days and nights of Ramadan in a mosque.  Following his practice, it is considered, an act of worship for someone to go in seclusion in a neighborhood mosque<\/em>.  People in seclusion spend their time in various forms of dhikr<\/em> (remembrance of God), such as performing extra prayers, recitation and study of the Quran, study of the Hadith (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad), and exhorting each other to be good through obeying God and His Messenger.  Since people in seclusion are not permitted to go outside the mosque except for emergencies, they sleep in the mosque and use available facilities at the mosque.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The food for the people in seclusion is provided either by their own families or people in the community.  Seclusion  ends, generally, at the declaration of sighting of the moon or at the end of the month of Ramadan.  For busy people a shorter version of <\/em>seclusion is allowed, such as one night, one day or a few days.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sadaqat al-Fitr<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\r\n

In general, any material help extended to the poor, needy and to those who ask and deserve so is called Sadaqah<\/em>.  Sadaqat al-Fitr<\/em>, which is also called Zakat al-Fitr<\/em>, is the obligatory material help extended to the poor of the society before the Eid prayers, preferably to be given early enough for the poor to prepare for the celebration.  In North America, the estimated amount of $5 to $8 worth of staple food (such as rice) is to be given on behalf of each member of the donor’s family, including infants.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Eid al-Fitr<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The end of the fasting month is celebrated on the first of Shawwal, the 10th month, which follows Ramadan.  On the 29th of Ramadan after sunset, people go out in the open looking for a new crescent in the western horizon where the sun sets.  If the crescent is sighted, the end of Ramadan is declared.  If the crescent is not sighted, Ramadan is extended by one day.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

On the day of Eid, people take a bath or shower in the early morning, eat breakfast, wear their best clothes, use perfume and proceed to the place of Eid congregation while pronouncing takbeerat<\/em>, saying, “God is the Greatest, there is no deity but God and all praise belongs to God.” Muslims pronounce takbeerat<\/em> in their homes, in the street and at the place of congregation while waiting for the leader, the Imam<\/em>.  It was the practice of the Prophet Muhammad to hold Eid prayer congregations in open grounds.  Following the practice of the Prophet Muslims are advised to hold Eid prayers in open grounds.  In Muslim countries with warm climate there are designated Eid prayer grounds.  However, in North America Muslims rent halls at convention centers or major hotels.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Imam<\/em> leads the prayers at the appointed time, and then delivers a sermon.  At the end of the sermon, people supplicate, greet, embrace and congratulate each other for the successful completion of Ramadan and ask God for the acceptance of their efforts in His obedience.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

During the day, people visit each other and children receive gifts.  In some countries, people go for picnics and other gatherings.  Eid celebrations may be arranged at work or at any social settings.  Essentially, Eid is a day of thanks to God and a day of meeting family and friends.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Umrah, or Minor Hajj, in Ramadan<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

There is a report from Prophet Muhammad saying that performing Umrah in the month of Ramadan is equal to performing a major or complete Hajj.  Hajj is the pilgrimage to Mecca.  Hajj is the enactment of some of the trials and tribulations of Prophet Abraham (peace be upon him), his wife Hagar and his oldest son, Ishmael.  Complete Hajj lasts for five days but Umrah is completed in a couple of hours.  Umrah is only a small part of the Hajj.  An animal sacrifice may be offered at the completion of Umrah.  Umrah may be performed anytime during the year but it has special significance in the month of Ramadan.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> In the Arabic calendar, the night of the 27th  means the night following the day of the 26th  day of that month.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":19982,"lft":1709,"rght":1720,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-13T17:50:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T16:02:15.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":2168,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":21,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"M. Amir Ali","category_name":"Transactions & Worship","category_slug":"Transactions-Worship","get_date":"2014-08-13","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Ramadan and Fasting.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Ramadan and Fasting.docx"},{"id":967,"title":"Ramad\u00e1n y el Ayuno","slug":"ramadn-y-el-ayuno","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Ramadan and Fasting.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Ramadan and Fasting.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:ramadn-y-el-ayuno","hint":"","body":"

Ramadán y el Ayuno<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 1 de 2): Ayuno<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Ramadán, el noveno mes del calendario lunar islámico, puede durar entre 29 y 30 días. Un mes islámico comienza con el avistamiento de la luna nueva creciente en el horizonte inmediatamente después de la puesta de sol. Los musulmanes divisan el horizonte occidental en búsqueda de la luna nueva en el día 29 de Sha’ban, el octavo mes (lunar). Si la luna nueva es divisada, entonces Ramadán se inicia con la puesta de sol; sin embargo, se procede con el ayuno recién en el próximo amanecer. Si la luna nueva no es divisada en el día 29 los musulmanes completan Sha’ban (el mes previo) en 30 días, y Ramadán empieza al día siguiente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Significado de Ramadán y el Ayuno<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Dios dice en el Corán:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“¡Oh, creyentes! Se os prescribió el ayuno al igual que a quienes os precedieron para que alcancéis la piedad”. (Corán 2:183)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“En el mes de Ramadán fue revelado el Corán como guía para la humanidad y evidencia de la guía y el criterio. Quien de vosotros presencie la aparición de la luna [correspondiente al comienzo del noveno mes] deberá ayunar; y quien estuviere enfermo o de viaje [y no ayunase] deberá reponer posteriormente los días no ayunados y así completar el mes. Dios desea facilitaros las cosas y no dificultárosla; engrandeced a Dios por haberos guiado y así seréis agradecidos”. (Cor<\/strong>án<\/strong> <\/strong>2:185)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Es por esto que a Ramadán se lo llama el mes del Corán, y por ello los musulmanes recitan el Corán frecuentemente en dicho mes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Sawm o Ayuno<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Sawm<\/em> (el ayuno) comienza al amanecer y termina con la puesta de sol. Los musulmanes se levantan antes del amanecer, comen su Suhur<\/em> (comida antes del amanecer) y beben una cantidad de líquidos suficientemente abundantes para prepararse para el ayuno. El comer y beber cesa al amanecer. Durante el día no se admite ninguna actividad sexual, comer o beber. Además, el musulmán debe adherirse estrictamente a los códigos de ética del Islam ya que su violación puede infringir los requisitos del ayuno.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ayunar mientras se lleva a cabo el mes de Ramadán es un acto de adoración requerido para todos los musulmanes una vez alcanzada la pubertad. Las mujeres que estén atravesando su ciclo menstrual o que aún se estén recuperando del período postparto posponen el ayuno hasta que terminen de atravesar dichas situaciones. También, pueden elegir posponer su ayuno quienes estén enfermos o se encuentren de viaje.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los musulmanes ayunan porque Dios les ordenó que lo hicieran. Así mismo, pueden reflexionar acerca de los beneficios del ayuno, los cuales incluyen el desarrollo del control sobre el hambre, la sed y los impulsos sexuales; esforzarse por ser una persona de buena moral y fortalecer su sinceridad con el Creador. Durante el ayuno los musulmanes pueden realizar sus negocios y labores como de costumbre.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El ayuno es interrumpido tras la puesta de sol, generalmente comiendo dátiles y tomando agua o jugo. Sin embargo, cualquier comida o bebida lícita puede utilizarse para interrumpir el ayuno. A esto le sigue el Salat Al-Maghrib<\/em> (oración posterior a la puesta de sol) y luego una comida completa. Después de un breve descanso, los musulmanes van a la mezquita para ofrecer el Salat Al-‘Isha<\/em> (oración de noche) y más tarde una oración especial llamada Tarawih<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Tarawih<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Esta oración nocturna en congregación es efectuada luego de la oración regular de la noche. Tradicionalmente, un Hafid<\/em> del Corán –una persona que ha memorizado el Corán completo (en árabe)– conduce la oración. Todas las noches recita el Corán en pequeñas porciones siguiendo el orden del mismo, y antes de la conclusión del mes de Ramadán termina la recitación del Corán completo. Por consiguiente, cada musulmán que asista con regularidad a las reuniones de este grupo de oración tiene la oportunidad de escuchar la recitación completa del Corán al final del mes. Si un Hafid<\/em> del Corán no está disponible, entonces el musulmán del grupo que más haya memorizado del Corán conduce la oración y recita de acuerdo a su habilidad. Muchos eruditos Islámicos citan la Sunnah del Profeta (la tradición del Profeta Muhammad) –la paz y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él– que él siempre rezaba durante las noches en su casa, fuese Ramadán o no; el mismo hábito tenían varios de sus notables compañeros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Generosidad de Ramadán<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El mes de Ramadán tiene una bendición multiplicada para quienes hacen el bien. Durante ese mes las personas son más generosas, cordiales, amistosas y mejor predispuestas que en el resto del año para llevar a cabo buenas acciones. Los pobres y necesitados reciben comida, ropa y dinero provenientes de las personas mejor acomodadas de la comunidad. Mucha gente se dirige a la mezquita de su vecindario, tanto en el momento de interrumpir el ayuno como para las comidas. Los vecinos envían fruta, comida y bebidas a la mezquita –el ambiente que se reproduce cada noche del mes es el de una cena amena y amigable–.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Conocidas personas de la comunidad que colaboran con los más necesitados son contactadas durante ese mes para hacer donaciones. El Zakat<\/em>, una limosna que purifica la riqueza, y todo tipo de donaciones son realizadas y entregadas en esta época del año, ya que muchos musulmanes desean aprovechar las oportunidades de la multiplicación de las recompensas de Dios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 2): La oración nocturna y otros actos de adoración<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

En la Noche del Decreto Dios Todopoderoso determina lo que sucederá hasta el año siguiente, convirtiéndola en una noche de ruegos sinceros y oraciones a Dios. Otros actos de adoración durante Ramadán incluyen hacer un retiro espiritual en una mezquita, ayudar a los pobres y visita La Meca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Lailat<\/em> Al<\/em>-Qadr<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Esta es la noche del Qadr<\/em>.  El término Al<\/em>-Qadr<\/em> ha sido frecuentemente traducido como “el poder”; aunque una mejor interpretación podría ser “el valor” o “el decreto”, ya que Dios dice que el valor de esta noche es mayor que el de mil meses. ¡O sea, una vida de más de 83 años! En esta noche Dios envía Sus decretos; además, esta es la noche en que el Corán fue revelado por primera vez en tiempos del Profeta Muhammad. Dios declara en el Corán:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Por cierto que comenzamos la revelación [del Corán] en la noche de la predestinación. ¿Y qué te hará comprender la importancia de la noche de la predestinación? [Adorar a Dios] La noche de la predestinación es mejor que [hacerlo] mil meses. Esa noche descienden los ángeles y el espíritu [el ángel Gabriel] con la anuencia de su Señor para ejecutar todas Sus órdenes. En ella hay paz hasta el comienzo del alba”. (Corán 97:1-5)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Noche del Decreto es un obsequio de Dios a la humanidad. Sin embargo, no está absolutamente claro cuál noche sea  Lailat Al-Qadr<\/em>. Algunos informes de compañeros del Profeta hacen alusión a la noche 27 del mes de Ramadán; no obstante, una mayor cantidad de narraciones señalan a cualquiera de las noches impares del último tercio del mes de Ramadán. De acuerdo a auténticas enseñanzas del Profeta Muhammad –que la paz y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él– se le aconseja a los musulmanes que pasen las noches del 21, 23, 25, 27 y 29 de Ramadán adorando y realizando buenas acciones para asegurarse de encontrase con <\/em>Lailat Al-Qadr<\/em>. Algunos musulmanes se mantienen en vela toda la noche orando y efectuando buenas obras; así mismo, el Profeta y sus compañeros solían dormir aunque fuese una tercera parte de la noche.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En algunos países musulmanes el 27 de Ramadán es feriado, de modo que la gente pueda descansar luego de pasar toda la noche en vela adorando; y las escuelas permanecen cerradas del 27 de Ramadán hasta 2 de Shawwal (5 a 6 días), para combinar Lailat Al-Qadr<\/em> y <\/em>Eid Al-Fitr <\/em>(la festividad islámica que se inicia a partir del final de Ramadán).[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

I’tikaf<\/em> o Retiro Espiritual<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El hábito que el Profeta Muhammad solía practicar era el de pasar los últimos 10 días y noches de Ramadán en una mezquita. Teniendo en cuenta dicha costumbre, se considera un acto de adoración que alguien se recluya en una mezquita del vecindario. Las personas recluidas emplean su tiempo en diversas formas de dhikr<\/em> (recuerdo de Dios), tales como realizar oraciones voluntarias, recitación y estudio del Corán, estudio del Hadiz (dichos del Profeta Muhammad) y exhortarse el uno al otro de modo que se practique el bien al obedecer a Dios y Su Mensajero. Debido a que quienes se encuentran recluidos no deben salir de la mezquita salvo en caso de emergencia, duermen y utilizan las instalaciones disponibles en la misma.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los alimentos para las personas recluidas son suministrados por sus propias familias o miembros de la comunidad. El retiro espiritual generalmente finaliza al declararse el avistamiento de la luna o en el término del mes de Ramadán. Se admite una versión más breve de la reclusión, como por ejemplo algunos días, una noche o un día para personas ocupadas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sadaqat al-Fitr<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Habitualmente, cualquier ayuda material que se le brinde a los pobres, necesitados y a quienes piden o aquellos que lo merezcan es llamado Sadaqah<\/em>.Sadaqat Al-Fitr<\/em>, también conocido como <\/em>Zakat Al-Fitr<\/em>, es la ayuda material obligatoria conferida a los pobres de la sociedad antes de las oraciones de Eid<\/em>; preferentemente, estas deben ser entregadas con suficiente anticipación de modo que los necesitados puedan prepararse para la fiesta. <\/em>El monto estimado es de 5 U$D a 8 U$D; lo referente al valor económico de alimentos básicos (ej. arroz), y debe de ser entregado en nombre de cada miembro de la familia, incluidos los infantes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Eid al-Fitr<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El fin del mes del ayuno se celebra el primer día de Shawwal, el décimo mes, el que sigue a Ramadán. El 29 de Ramadán, luego del anochecer, el gentío sale al aire libre buscando una luna nueva creciente en la puesta de sol del horizonte occidental. Si la luna creciente es divisada se declara la finalización de Ramadán. Si la luna creciente no es divisada, Ramadán se extiende por un día.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En el día del Eid<\/em> la gente se baña o se ducha temprano en la mañana, desayunan, visten sus mejores ropas, se perfuman y se dirigen al sitio donde se llevará a cabo la congregación del Eid<\/em>, mientras pronuncian el takbirat<\/em> recitando “Dios es el Supremo, no existe otra deidad salvo Dios y toda alabanza le pertenece a Dios”. Los musulmanes pronuncian el takbirat<\/em> en sus hogares, en la calle y en los sitios de congregación mientras aguardan al Imám<\/em>. Esto se originó a partir de la práctica del Profeta Muhammad de realizar las oraciones en congregación del Eid<\/em>en espacios abiertos. Continuando la costumbre del Profeta, se aconseja a los musulmanes efectuar las oraciones de Eid<\/em> en ámbitos abiertos. De hecho, en países musulmanes de climas cálidos existen áreas designadas especialmente para la oración del Eid<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Imam<\/em> conduce las oraciones a la hora señalada y luego pronuncia un sermón.  Al final del sermón las personas hacen súplicas, se saludan, se abrazan y se felicitan los unos a los otros por el término exitoso de Ramadán, y le piden a Dios la aceptación de sus esfuerzos en Su obediencia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Durante el día, las personas se visitan y los niños reciben obsequios. Según el   país, las personas llevan a cabo picnics o se reúnen en tertulias. Las celebraciones del Eid<\/em> pueden organizarse en sitios de trabajo o cualquier escenario social. En esencia, el Eid<\/em> es un día para agradecer a Dios y para encontrarse con la familia y los amigos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Umrah<\/em> o Peregrinación Menor durante Ramadán<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Se narra que el Profeta Muhammad dijo que efectuar una Umrah<\/em> en el mes de Ramadán equivale a efectuar la Peregrinación Mayor. El Hayy<\/em> es la imitación de algunas de las pruebas y tribulaciones experimentadas por el Profeta Abraham (que la paz sea con él), su esposa Hagar y su hijo mayor, Ismael. El Hayy<\/em> completo dura cinco días, aunque la Umrah<\/em> se lleva a cabo en un par de horas. La Umrah<\/em> es tan sólo una pequeña porción del Hayy<\/em>. El sacrificio de un animal puede ser ofrecido al término de la Umrah<\/em>. La  Umrah<\/em> puede ser realizada en cualquier momento del año, aunque cobra una trascendencia especial en el mes de Ramadán.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> En el calendario islámico la noche antecede al día.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":15944,"lft":1710,"rght":1711,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-13T17:50:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T15:50:03.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":7,"author_id":2168,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":21,"parent_id":966,"author_name":"M. Amir Ali","category_name":"Transactions & Worship","category_slug":"Transactions-Worship","get_date":"2014-08-13","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Ramadan and Fasting.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Ramadan and Fasting.docx"},{"id":968,"title":"Ramadan und Fasten","slug":"ramadan-und-fasten","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Ramadan and Fasting.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Ramadan and Fasting.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:ramadan-und-fasten","hint":"","body":"

Ramadan und Fasten<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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(teil 1 von 2): Fasten<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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Ramadan, der neunte Monat des islamischen Mondkalenders, kann 29 oder 30 Tage lang sein.  Ein islamischer Monat beginnt mit dem Sehen der neuen Mondsichel am westlichen Horizont, gerade nach Sonnenuntergang.  Muslime suchen am 29ten Tag des Scha´ban, dem achten Monat, am westlichen Horizont nach dem neuen Mond.  Wenn der neue Mond zu sehen ist, hat der Ramadhan mit dem Sonnenuntergang begonnen, aber das Fasten beginnt mit der nächsten Morgendämmerung.  Wenn der neue Mond nicht an diesem 29ten Tag gesehen wird, vervollständigen die Muslime 30 Tage von Scha´ban (dem vorigen Monat) und Ramadhan beginnt am folgenden Tag. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Bedeutung von Ramadhan und Fasten  <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Gott sagt im Qur´an: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O die ihr glaubt!  Das Fasten ist euch vorgeschrieben, so wie es denen vorgeschrieben war, die vor euch waren.  Vielleicht werdet ihr (Allah) fürchten.” (Quran 2:183)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Der Monat Ramadhan ist es, in dem der Qur´an als Rechtleitung für die Menschen herabgesandt worden ist und als klarer Beweis der Rechtleitung und der Unterscheidung.  Wer also von euch in dem Monat zugegen ist, der soll in ihm fasten.  Und wer krank ist oder sich auf einer Reise befindet, soll eine Anzahl anderer Tage (fasten) – Gott will es euch leicht, Er will es euch nicht schwer machen – damit ihr die Frist vollendet und Gott rühmt, dass Er euch rechtgeleitet hat.” (2:185)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dementsprechend wird der Monat Ramadhan auch der Monat des Qur´an genannt.  Und deshalb rezitieren Muslime in diesem Monat regelmäßig aus dem Qur´an. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Saum oder Fasten<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Saum (Fasten) beginnt mit der Dämmerung und endet mit Sonnenuntergang.  Die Muslime stehen vor der Dämmerung auf, essen Sahur (eine Mahlzeit vor Dämmerung) und trinken eine angemessene Menge Flüssigkeit, um sich auf das Fasten vorzubereiten.  Bei der Dämmerung hört man auf zu essen und zu trinken.  Tagsüber ist kein Essen, Trinken oder Geschlechtsverkehr gestattet.  Zusätzlich muss sich ein Muslim streng an den Moralkodex des Islam halten, denn ein Vergehen kann die Erfordernisse des Fastens brechen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Das Fasten im Monat Ramadhan ist eine gottesdienstliche Handlung, die für alle Muslime verpflichtend ist, die die Pubertät erreicht haben.  Frauen, die ihre Menstruation haben oder die sich noch nicht von einer Geburt wieder erholt haben, verlegen das Fasten bis sie ihre normale Verfassung wieder erlangt haben.  Außerdem können diejenigen, die krank oder auf der Reise sind, ihr Fasten verschieben. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muslime fasten, weil Gott ihnen befohlen hat, es zu tun.  Allerdings sollen sie auch über den Nutzen des Fastens nachdenken, wie Beherrschung über Hunger, Durst und sexuelle Begierden zu entwickeln, zu üben, ein guter sittsamer Mensch zu sein und seine Aufrichtigkeit gegenüber seinem Schöpfer zu prüfen.  Beim Fasten kann der Muslim wie gewöhnlich seinen Geschäften nachgehen.   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Das Fasten wird unmittelbar nach Sonnenuntergang gebrochen, gewöhnlich, indem man Datteln ißt und Wasser oder Saft trinkt.  Aber es kann jedes erlaubte Nahrungsmittel verwendet werden, um das Fasten zu brechen.  Dann folgt das Maghribgebet (Gebet nach Sonnenuntergang), nachdem man ein vollständiges Mahl zu sich nehmen kann.  Nach einer kurzen Pause gehen die Muslime in die Moschee, um das ´Ischagebet (Spätabendgebet) zu verrichten und dann ein besonderes Gebet das Tarawieh genannt wird. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Tarawieh<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Dieses nächtliche Gemeinschaftsgebet wird nach dem normalen (letzten) Gebet am Abend verrichtet.  Traditionell führt dieses Gebet ein Hafiz des Qur'an – jemand, der den ganzen Qur´an (auf arabisch) auswendig gelernt hat.  Er rezitiert den Qur´an jeden Abend abschnittweise in der richtigen Reihenfolge und vervollständigt die Rezitation des gesamten Qur´an, bevor der Monat Ramadhan zu Ende geht.  Jeder Muslim, der an diesen Gebeten teilnimmt, hat so die Gelegenheit, die Rezitation des gesamten Qur´an innerhalb des Monats zu hören.  Wenn es keinen Hafiz des Qur´an gibt, dann führt der Muslim der Gruppe das Gebet, der am meisten vom Qur´an auswendig weiß und rezitiert seinen Fähigkeiten entsprechend.  Viele islamische Gelehrten berichten von der Sunna (dem Weg des Propheten Muhammad) des Propheten - Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm – dass er immer in der Nacht allein gebetet hat, sowohl im Ramadhan als auch sonst, und dies war auch die Gewohnheit zahlreicher seiner großen Gefährten.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ramadhan Großzügigkeit<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Der Monat Ramadhan bringt denen, die Gutes tun, vielfachen Segen.  In diesem Monat sind die Menschen großzügiger, herzlicher, freundlicher und bereitwilliger, gute Taten zu verrichten.  Die Armen und Befürftigen erhalten Essen, Kleidung und Geld von den Gemeinschaftsmitgliedern, denen es besser geht.  Viele Menschen gehen zum Fastenbrechen und zu den Mahlzeiten in die Moschee in ihrer Nachbarschaft.  Leute aus der Nachbarschaft schicken Früchte, Essen und Getränke zur Moschee – die Atmosphäre eines freundlichen Abendessens umgibt sie jeden Abend in diesem Monat.    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bekannte Wohltäter der muslimischen Gemeinde werden bei Schenkungen von den Bedürftigen umgeben.  Zakat, ein Almosen, das den Besitz reinigt, und Schenkungen werden in dieser Zeit des Jahres gemacht, denn viele Muslime wollen die Gelegenheit der vielfachen Belohnungen von Gott wahrnehmen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

(teil 2 von 2): Nachtgebet und andere Arten des Gottesdienstes<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Laylat<\/em> al<\/em>-Qadr<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Dies ist die Nacht von Qadr<\/em>.  Der Begriff Al<\/em>-Qadr<\/em> wurde häufig als \"die Macht\" übersetzt.  Eine bessere Übersetzung ist vielleicht \"der Wert\" oder \"die Bestimmung\", denn Gott sagt, der Wert dieser Nacht ist größer als eintausend Monate, ein Lebensdauer von über 83 Jahren!  Gott sendet in dieser Nacht Seine Bestimmungen herab.  Dies ist die Nacht, in welcher der Qur´an in der Zeit des Propheten Muhammad zum ersten Mal offenbart wurde.  Gott spricht im Qur´an: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Wahrlich, Wir haben ihn (den Qur´an) herabgesandt in der Nacht von<\/strong> <\/strong>Al-Qadr<\/em><\/strong>.  Und was lehrt dich wissen, was die Nacht von<\/strong> <\/strong>Al-Qadr<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>ist?  Die Nacht von<\/strong> <\/strong>Al-Qadr<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>ist besser als tausend Monate.  In ihr steigen die Engel und Gabriel herab mit der Erlaubnis ihres Herrn zu jeglichem Geheiß.  Friede ist sie bis zum Anbruch der Morgenröte.” (Quran 97:1-5)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Nacht der Bestimmung ist ein Geschenk Gottes für die Menschheit.  Allerdings geht es nicht klar hervor, welche Nacht Laylat al-Qadr<\/em> ist.  Einige Überlieferungen von den Gefährten des Propheten weisen darauf hin, dass es die 27te Nacht des Monats Ramadhan sei, aber weitaus mehr Überlieferungen betonen, dass es eine der ungeraden Nächte während des letzten Drittel des Monats Ramadhan ist.  Gemäß den authentischen Lehren des Propheten Muhammad werden die Muslime angewiesen, die 21te, 23te, 25te, 27te und 29te Nacht des Ramadhan im Gottesdienst zu verbringen und gute Taten zu verrichten, um sicherzugehen, Laylat al-Qadr<\/em> zu finden.  Ein Teil der Muslime verbringen die ganze Nacht im Gebet und verrichten gute Taten, allerdings pflegten der Prophet und seine Gefährten, wenigstens ein Drittel der Nacht zu schlafen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

In manchen muslimischen Ländern ist der 27te Ramadhan ein Feiertag, um es den Menschen zu ermöglichen, während des Tages auszuruhen, nachdem sie die Nacht im Gottesdienst verbracht haben.[1]<\/a>  Die Schulen sind vom 27ten Ramadhan bis zum 2ten Schauwal geschlossen (5-6 Tage), um Laylat al-Qadr<\/em> und Eid al-Fitr<\/em>(ein Islamisches Fest, das nach Ende des Ramadhan beginnt) zu begehen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

I’tikaf<\/em> oder Zurückziehen  <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Es war die Art des Propheten, die letzten zehn Tage und Nächte des Ramadhan in einer Moschee zu verbringen.  Seiner Tradition zu folgen, wird als gottsdienstliche Handlung betrachtet, wenn jemand sich in die benachbarteMoschee<\/em> zurückzieht.  Leute, die sich zurückgezogen haben, verbringen ihre Zeit mit den verschiedenen Formen des Dhikr<\/em> (dem Gedenken Allahs), wie dem Verrichten freiwilliger Gebete, Rezitation und Studium des Qur´an, Studium des Hadith (Aussprüchen des Propheten Muhammad) und halten sich gegenseitig zu guten Taten an, indem sie Gott und Seinem Gesandten gehorchen.  Da es den zurückgezogenen Menschen nicht gestattet ist, die Moschee zu verlassen, außer in Notfällen, schlafen sie in der Moschee und benutzen die Einrichtungen der Moschee.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Das Essen der Leute, die sich in die Moschee zurückgezogen haben, wird von ihren eigenen Familie zur Verfügung gestellt oder von Mitgliedern der Gemeinschaft.  Die Zurückgezogenheit endet, wenn erklärt wird, dass der neue Mond gesehen wurde oder am Ende des Monats Ramadhan.  Für beschäftigte Menschen ist es erlaubt, das Zurückziehen um etwa eine Nacht, einen oder ein paar Tage zu verkürzen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sadaqat al-Fitr<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Im allgemeinen wird jegliche materielle Hilfe, die den Armen, Bedürftigen und denen, die bitten und Anspruch darauf haben, gegeben wird, Sadaqah<\/em> genannt. Sadaqat al-Fitr<\/em>, die auch Zakat al-Fitr<\/em> genannt wird, ist die materielle Pflichtabgabe für die Armen der Gesellschaft, die vor den ´Idgebeten gegeben werden muß, möglichst früh genug, damit sich die Armen auf das Fest vorbereiten können.  In Nord Amerika liegt der festgelegte Wert an Grundnahrungsmitteln (wie Reis) bei $5 bis $8, der für jedes Familienmitglied der Familie des Gebenden zu entrichten ist, einschließlich der Kinder. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Eid al-Fitr<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Das Ende des Fastenmonats wird am ersten Schauwal gefeiert, dem zehnten Monat , der auf den Ramadhan folgt.  Am 29ten Ramadhan nach Sonnenuntergang gehen die Menschen ins Freie, um am westlichen Horizont, wo die Sonne untergeht, nach der neuen Mondsichel Ausschau zu halten.  Wenn die Mondsichel gesehen wird, wird das Ende des Ramadhan erklärt.  Wenn sie nicht gesehen wird, dauert der Ramadhan noch einen weiteren Tag. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Am Tag des ´Id  nehmen die Menschen am frühen Morgen ein Bad oder duschen, frühstücken, ziehen ihre besten Kleider an, parfumieren sich und ziehen zu dem Ort der ´Id-Versammlung, dabei sagen sie die Takbierat,<\/em> indem sie sagen: \"Gott ist am Größten, es gibt keine Gottheit außer Gott und gepriesen sei Gott.\"  Muslime sprechen die Takbierat<\/em> <\/em>in ihren Häusern, in den Straßen und am Ort der Versammlung, während sie auf den Vorbeter, den Iman,<\/em> <\/em>warten.  Es war die Art des Propheten, die Versammlung für das ´Idgebet auf freien Flächen abzuhalten.  Dementsprechend wurden die Muslime angewiesen, dem Propheten Folge zu leisten, und die ´Idgebete auf freien Flächen zu halten.  In muslimischen Ländern mit warmem Klima, gibt es gekennzeichnete Gebetsplätze für das ´Idgebet.  In Nord Amerika mieten die Muslime dagegen Hallen in Kongreßzentren oder großen Hotels. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Imam<\/em> <\/em>führt die Gebete zu der angekündigten Zeit und hält eine Predigt.  Am Ende der Predigt sprechen die Leute Bittgebete, begrüßen, umarmen und gratulieren einander zu der erfolgreichen Beendigung des Ramadhan und sie bitten Gott, ihre Bemühungen, Ihm gehorsam zu sein, anzunehmen.    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Tagsüber besuchen die Menschen einander und die Kinder erhalten Geschenke.  In manchen Ländern machen die Leute Picknicks und andere Versammlungen.  ´Id-Festlichkeiten können bei der Arbeit oder irgendwelchen gesellschaftlichen Anlagen arrangiert werden.  Im wesentlichen ist ´Id ein Tag der Dankbarkeit Gott gegenüber und ein Tag um Famillie und Freunde zu treffen.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Umrah oder kleiner Ha\u011f\u011f im Ramadhan  <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Es gibt eine Überlieferung vom Propheten Muhammad, die aussagt, dass die Umrah im Monat Ramadhan mit der großen oder vollständigen Ha\u011f\u011f vergleichbar ist.  Ha\u011f\u011f ist die Pilgerfahrt nach Mekka.  Ha\u011f\u011f ist die Darstellung einiger schwerer Prüfungen des Propheten Abrahams (Friede sei mit ihm), seiner Frau Hagar und seines ältesten Sohnes Ismail.  Eine vollständige Ha\u011f\u011f dauert fünf Tage, aber Umrah kann man innerhalb weniger Stunden vervollständigen.  Umrah ist nur ein kleiner Teil des Ha\u011f\u011f.  Nach der vollständigen Umrah kann ein Tier geopfert werden.  Umrah kann jederzeit im Jahr durchgeführt werden, aber im Monat Ramadhan hat sie besondere Bedeutung. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Im arabischen Kalender bedeutet die Nacht des 27ten, die Nacht, die auf den 26ten des Monats folgt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1 \u0438\u0437 2: \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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\u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d – \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446 \u043b\u0443\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f – \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f 29-30 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439. \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0443\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0446\u0430. \u0412 29-\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430 \u0428\u0430`\u0431\u0430\u043d (\u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446 \u043b\u0443\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f) \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u043d\u044b. \u0415\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0446\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 29-\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440, \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041e \u0442\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438! \u0412\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c, – \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442, \u0432\u044b \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 2:183)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0412 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d – \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u044f\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0441, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u0410 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f. \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043d \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c. \u0411\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442, \u0432\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 2:185)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u043c \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442 (\u0421\u0430\u0443\u043c)<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0421\u0430\u0443\u043c (\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442) \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0445\u0443\u0440\u0430 (\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0446\u0430), \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u0421 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0445\u0443\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0412 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d  \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u044b.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d – \u0430\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0416\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u041d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0443\u044e. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434, \u0436\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0443, \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0443. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b, \u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0446\u0435, \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c – \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044e\u044e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443 (\u041c\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431) \u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443 (`\u0418\u0448\u0430) \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0443\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0445<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0445<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u041d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b `\u0418\u0448\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0445<\/em>. \u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u041a\u0443\u0440`\u0430\u043d \u0425\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437 – \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c (\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c), – \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u043d \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0443\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c, \u0438 \u043a \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u041a\u0443\u0440`\u0430\u043d \u0425\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0440 \u0438\u0437 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 (\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0447\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435. \u041a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0449\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e. \u0412 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0449\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438. \u0411\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u0443, \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0433\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0435\u0434\u0443, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043d\u044f – \u0437\u0430\u043a\u044f\u0442<\/em>. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2 \u0438\u0437 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u041d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u041b\u0435\u0439\u043b\u044f\u0442 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440<\/em>)<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e «\u0430\u043b\u044c-\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440» \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a «\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c». \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 «\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435» \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0418\u043c «\u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440», \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e! \u0422\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 – \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442! \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c! \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0412\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u041c\u044b \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d) \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f).<\/strong> <\/strong>\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f)? \u041d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f) \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0414\u0443\u0445 (\u0414\u0436\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044c) \u043d\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0438» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 97:1-5)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f – \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0440 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u0438. \u041a\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435) \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c 21-\u044e, 23-\u044e, 25-\u044e, 27-\u044e 29-\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044f\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u041d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0443\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0447\u0438, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 27-\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d – \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0428\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b \u0441 27-\u0433\u043e \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e 2-\u0435 \u0428\u0430\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044f (5-6 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439), \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u041b\u0435\u0439\u043b\u044f\u0442 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u041a\u0430\u0434\u0440 \u0438 `\u0418\u0434 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0424\u0438\u0442\u0440 (\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0444<\/em> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0423\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434  (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 – \u0443\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438 – \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430: \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b, \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u044b (\u0438\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0415\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d. \u0421\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0443\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d. \u0417\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0443\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f – \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u043b- \u0424\u0438\u0442\u0440<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u041b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f  \u043d\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/em>. \u0421\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0424\u0438\u0442\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0417\u0430\u043a\u044f\u0442 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0424\u0438\u0442\u0440, – \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043d\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u044f\u0442 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0444\u0438\u0442\u0440 \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 2-2.5 \u043a\u0433 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0434\u044b (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

`\u0418\u0434 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0424\u0438\u0442\u0440<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u041e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0443\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430 \u0428\u0430\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c. \u0412 29-\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430, \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043b\u0443\u043d\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u043f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0423\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b) \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443. \u041f\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0431\u0438\u0440: «\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u0438 \u0415\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430». \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0431\u0438\u0440 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b – \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043c. \u0418 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439: \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442, \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u043c\u0443.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430, \u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438; \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0435\u0437\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438, `\u0418\u0434 – \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0445.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0423\u043c\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0423\u043c\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0443. \u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0430 (\u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c\u0430) (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435), \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0440 (\u0410\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438) \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430. \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439, \u0443\u043c\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0440\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f – \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":11424,"lft":1714,"rght":1715,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-13T17:50:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T15:33:54.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":7,"author_id":2168,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":21,"parent_id":966,"author_name":"M. Amir Ali","category_name":"Transactions & Worship","category_slug":"Transactions-Worship","get_date":"2014-08-13","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Ramadan and Fasting.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Ramadan and Fasting.docx"},{"id":970,"title":"Ramad\u00e3 e Jejum","slug":"ramad-e-jejum","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Ramadan and Fasting.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Ramadan and Fasting.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:ramad-e-jejum","hint":"","body":"

Ramadã e Jejum<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2): Jejum<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Ramadã, o nono mês do calendário lunar islâmico, pode ter 29 ou 30 dias de duração.  Um mês islâmico começa com a visão da lua crescente no horizonte ocidental, imediatamente após o pôr do sol.  Os muçulmanos olham na direção do horizonte ocidental para a lua nova no vigésimo nono dia de Shaban, o oitavo mês.  Se a lua nova é avistada, o Ramadã começou com o pôr do sol, mas o jejum começa com a próxima alvorada.  Se a lua nova não é avistada no vigésimo novo dia, os muçulmanos completam 30 dias de Shaban (o mês anterior) e o Ramadã começa no dia seguinte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Significado do Ramadã e do Jejum<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Deus diz no Alcorão:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ó crentes, está-vos prescrito o jejum, tal como foi prescrito a vossos antepassados, para que temais a Deus.” (Alcorão 2:183)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O mês de Ramadan foi o mês em que foi revelado o Alcorão, orientação para a humanidade e vidência de orientação e Discernimento. Por conseguinte, quem de vós presenciardes o novilúnio deste mês deverá jejuar; porém, quem se achar enfermo ou em viagem jejuará, depois, o mesmo número de dias. Deus vos deseja a comodidade e não a dificuldade, mas cumpri o número (de dias), e glorificai a Deus por ter-vos orientado, a fim de que (Lhe) agradeçais.” (2:185)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

O mês de Ramadã é chamado o mês do Alcorão.  Consequentemente, os muçulmanos recitam o Alcorão com frequência nesse mês.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sawm ou Jejum<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Sawm (jejum) começa com a alvorada e termina com o pôr do sol.  Os muçulmanos se levantam antes da alvorada, comem o Suhur (a refeição préalvorada) e bebem uma quantidade adequada de líquidos em preparação para o sawm.  Comer e beber para na alvorada.  Durante o dia não é permitido comer, beber ou ter atividade sexual.  Além disso, um muçulmano deve aderir estritamente ao código moral do Islã já que a não observância desse código pode violar os requisitos para o jejum.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jejuar no mês de Ramadã é um ato de adoração exigido de todos os muçulmanos que atingiram a puberdade.  As mulheres que estiverem menstruando ou que não se recuperaram totalmente do parto, adiam o jejum até que estejam completamente livres das condições mencionadas.  Além disso, os que estão doentes ou em viagem podem escolher adiar seu jejum.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os muçulmanos jejuam porque Deus ordenou.  Entretanto, também podem refletir sobre os benefícios de jejuar que incluem desenvolver controle sobre a fome, sede e estímulos sexuais, treinando para ser uma pessoa de boa moral e como teste de sinceridade com o Criador.  Durante o jejum os muçulmanos podem conduzir seus negócios como de costume. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

O jejum é quebrado imediatamente após o pôr do sol, geralmente com a ingestão de tâmaras e água ou suco.  Entretanto, qualquer alimento ou bebida lícito pode ser usado para quebrar o jejum.  Depois fazem o salah (oração após o pôr do sol) de Magreb, que é seguido de uma refeição completa.  Depois de um breve descanso, os muçulmanos vão para a mesquita oferecer a oração de Isha (oração da noite) e então uma oração noturna especial, chamada de tarawih.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Tarawih<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Essa oração congregacional noturna é realizada após a oração noturna regular.  Tradicionalmente um Hafiz do Alcorão – uma pessoa que memorizou todo o Alcorão (em árabe) – lidera a oração.  Ele recita o Alcorão em pequenas partes, na sequência adequada todas as noites, e completa a recitação de todo o Alcorão antes do fim do mês de Ramadã.  Todo muçulmano que comparece a essas orações regularmente tem a oportunidade de ouvir a recitação de todo o Alcorão por volta do fim do mês.  Se um Hafiz do Alcorão não estiver disponível, o muçulmano que tiver memorizado a maior parte no grupo lidera a oração, e recita de acordo com sua habilidade.  Muitos estudiosos muçulmanos citam a Sunnah (caminho do Profeta Muhammad) – que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele – que ele sempre orava sozinho durante a noite em sua casa fosse Ramadã ou não, e que esse era o costume de muitos de seus grandes companheiros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Generosidade do Ramadã<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

O mês de Ramadã traz muitas bênçãos multiplicadas para aqueles que fazem o bem.  Durante esse mês as pessoas são mais generosas, mais cordiais, amigáveis e mais dispostas que em outras épocas do ano para fazer boas ações.  Os pobres e os necessitados recebem alimento, roupas e dinheiros dos abastados na comunidade.  Muitas pessoas vão à mesquita na vizinhança para a quebra do jejum e para as refeições.  As pessoas na vizinhança enviam frutas, comida e bebida para a mesquita – a atmosfera é a de um jantar amigável toda noite do mês.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Contribuidores bem conhecidos da comunidade muçulmana se encontram cercados pelas pessoas necessitadas em busca de doações.  O zakat, a caridade purificadora dos ricos, e doações são dadas nessa época do ano já que muitos muçulmanos desejam aproveitar a oportunidade de recompensas multiplicadas de Deus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 2): Oração Noturna e Outros Atos de Adoração<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Laylat<\/em> al<\/em>-Qadr<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Essa é a noite de Qadr<\/em>.  O termoAl-Qadr<\/em> tem sido traduzido como “o poder”.  Uma tradução melhor pode ser “o valor” ou “o decreto” porque Deus diz que o valor dessa noite é maior do que o de mil meses, uma vida de mais de oitenta e três anos!  Deus envia Seus decretos nessa noite.  É a noite no qual o Alcorão foi revelado pela primeira vez no tempo do Profeta Muhammad.  Deus diz no Alcorão:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Sabei que o revelamos (o Alcorão), na Noite do Decreto. <\/strong> <\/strong>E o que te fará entender o que é a Noite do Decreto? A Noite do Decreto é melhor do que mil meses.<\/strong>  Nela descem os anjos e o Espírito (Anjo Gabriel), com a anuência do seu Senhor, para executar todas as Suas ordens.  (Ela) é paz, até ao romper da aurora!” (Alcorão 97:1-5)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Noite do Decreto é um presente de Deus para a humanidade.  Entretanto, não está claro qual noite é Laylat al-Qadr.<\/em>  Alguns relatos dos companheiros do Profeta fazem alusão de seria a vigésima sétima noite do mês de Ramadã, mas muitos ditos mais apontam para qualquer uma das noites ímpares durante a terça parte final do mês de Ramadã.  De acordo com ensinamentos autênticos do Profeta Muhammad, que Deus o louve, os muçulmanos são aconselhados a passarem a vigésima primeira, vigésima terceira, vigésima quinta, vigésima sétima e vigésima nona noites de Ramadã em adoração e fazendo boas obras para se assegurarem de encontrar a Laylat al-Qadr.<\/em>  Uma parte dos muçulmanos fica acordada a noite toda em orações e boas obras, mas o Profeta e seus companheiros costumavam dormir pelo menos um terço da noite.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Em alguns países muçulmanos a vigésima sétima noite de Ramadã é um feriado para permitir que as pessoas descansem durante o dia depois de uma noite inteira de adoração.[1]<\/a>  As escolas fecham de 27 de Ramadã até 2 de Shawal (5 a 6 dias) para combinar as observâncias de Laylat al-Qadr<\/em> e Eid al-Fitr<\/em> (uma celebração islâmica que começa com o fim do Ramadã).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

I’tekaf<\/em> ou Reclusão<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

A prática do Profeta Muhammad era passar os últimos dez dias e noites de Ramadã em uma mesquita.  Seguindo a prática dele, é considerado um ato de adoração ficar em reclusão em uma mesquita da vizinhança.  Pessoas reclusas passam seu tempo em várias formas de dhikr<\/em> (lembrança de Deus), como realizar orações extras, recitação e estudo do Alcorão, estudo dos Hadiths (ditos do Profeta Muhammad) e exortação mútua a fazer o bem através da obediência a Deus e Seu Mensageiro.  Como as pessoas reclusas não têm permissão para saírem da mesquita exceto para emergências, elas dormem na mesquita e usam suas instalações disponíveis.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A comida para as pessoas reclusas é fornecida por seus próprios familiares ou pelas pessoas na comunidade.  A reclusão termina, geralmente, com a declaração de que a lua foi avistada ou no fim do mês de Ramadã.  Para pessoas ocupadas é permitida uma versão mais curta de reclusão, como uma noite, um dia ou uns poucos dias.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sadaqat al-Fitr<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Em geral, qualquer ajuda material fornecida aos pobres, necessitados e aqueles que pedem e merecem é chamada de Sadaca<\/em>.   Sadaqat al-Fitr<\/em>, que também é chamada de Zakat al-Fitr, é a ajuda material obrigatória fornecida aos pobres da sociedade antes das orações do Eid, dada de preferência com antecedência suficiente para os pobres se prepararem para a celebração. Na América do Norte a quantia estimada de US$ 5 a US$ 8 de alimento não perecível (como arroz) deve ser dada em nome de cada membro da família do doador, incluindo bebês.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Eid al-Fitr<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\r\n

O fim do mês de jejum é celebrado em 1 de Shawal, o décimo mês, que vem depois do Ramadã.  No vigésimo nono dia de Ramadã após o pôr do sol, as pessoas saem procurando por uma nova crescente no horizonte ocidental onde o sol se põe.  Se o crescente é avistado, é declarado o fim do Ramadã.   Se o crescente não é avistado, o Ramadã é estendido em mais um dia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No dia do Eid as pessoas tomam um banho de manhã cedo, tomam o café da manhã, usam suas melhores roupas, se perfumam e vão para o local da congregação do Eid pronunciando o takbirat<\/em>, dizendo “Deus é o Maior, não existe divindade exceto Deus e todos os louvores pertencem a Deus.” Os muçulmanos pronunciam o takbirat<\/em> em suas casas, na rua e no lugar de congregação enquanto esperam pelo líder, o Imame.  Era a prática do Profeta Muhammad fazer a oração congregacional do Eid em locais abertos.  Seguindo a prática do Profeta Muhammad é aconselhável que os muçulmanos façam as orações do Eid em locais abertos.  Em países muçulmanos de clima quente existem locais designados para oração do Eid.  Entretanto, na América do Norte os muçulmanos alugam salões em centros de convenções ou grandes hotéis.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Imame lidera as orações nos horários determinados e então faz um sermão.  No final do sermão as pessoas suplicam, se saúdam, abraçam e parabenizam mutuamente pela conclusão bem sucedida do Ramadã e pedem a Deus a aceitação de seus esforços em Sua obediência.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Durante o dia as pessoas se visitam e as crianças recebem presentes.  Em alguns países as pessoas fazem piqueniques e outras reuniões.  As celebrações do Eid podem ser organizadas no trabalho ou qualquer outro ambiente social.  Essencialmente o Eid é um dia de agradecimento a Deus e um dia de encontrar a família e amigos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Umrah ou Hajj Menor, no Ramadã<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Existe um relato do Profeta Muhammad dizendo que realizar a Umrah no mês de Ramadã é igual a realizar um Hajj maior ou completo.  Hajj é a peregrinação a Meca.  O Hajj é a ratificação de alguns dos testes e tribulações do Profeta Abraão (que a paz esteja sobre ele), sua esposa Agar e seu filho mais velho, Ismael.  O Hajj completo dura cinco dias, mas a Umrah é completada em aproximadamente duas horas.  A Umrah é apenas uma pequena parte do Hajj.  O sacrifício de um animal pode ser oferecido na conclusão da Umrah.  A Umrah pode ser realizada em qualquer época do ano, mas tem um significado especial no mês de Ramadã.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> No calendário árabe, a noite do dia 27 significa a noite que segue o vigésimo sexto dia daquele mês.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":16993,"lft":1716,"rght":1717,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-13T17:50:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T15:16:47.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":7,"author_id":2168,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":21,"parent_id":966,"author_name":"M. Amir Ali","category_name":"Transactions & Worship","category_slug":"Transactions-Worship","get_date":"2014-08-13","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Ramadan and Fasting.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Ramadan and Fasting.docx"},{"id":971,"title":"\u30e9\u30de\u30c0\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u658e\u6212","slug":"dhtrhytt","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Ramadan and Fasting.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Ramadan and Fasting.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:dhtrhytt","hint":"","body":"

\u30e9\u30de\u30c0\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u658e\u6212<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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 “<\/strong>\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3059\u308b\u8005\u3088\uff0c<\/strong>\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f<\/strong>\u4ee5\u524d\u306e\u8005\u306b\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306b\u658e\u6212\u304c\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u6050\u3089\u304f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306f\u4e3b\u3092\u754f\u308c\u308b\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>2<\/strong>\u7ae0<\/strong>183<\/strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u30b5\u30a6\u30e0\uff08\u658e\u6212\uff09<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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\u30e9\u30a4\u30e9\u30c8\u30eb\uff1d\u30ab\u30c9\u30eb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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 “<\/strong>\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u308f\u308c\u306f\uff0c\u307f\u3044\u3064\u306e\u591c\u306b\uff0c\u3053\u306e\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\uff09\u3092\u4e0b\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307f\u3044\u3064\u306e\u591c\u304c\u4f55\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\uff0c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u4f55\u304b\u3002\u307f\u3044\u3064\u306e\u591c\u306f\uff0c\u5343\u6708\u3088\u308a\u3082\u512a\u308b\u3002<\/strong>\u5929\u4f7f\u305f\u3061\u3068\u8056\u970a\uff08\u5929\u4f7f\u30ac\u30d6\u30ea\u30a8\u30eb\uff09\u306f\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u306e\u304a\u8a31\u3057\u3068\u5171\u306b\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306e\u3054\u547d\u4ee4\u3092\u643a\u3048\u3066\u4e0b\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3002<\/strong>\u6681<\/strong>\u306e\u660e\u3051\u308b\u307e\u3067\uff0c\uff08\u305d\u308c\u306f\uff09\u5e73\u5b89\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>97<\/strong>\u7ae0<\/strong>1<\/strong>\u301c<\/strong>5<\/strong>\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u30a4\u30a1\u30c6\u30a3\u30ab\u30fc\u30d5\uff08\u304a\u7bed\u308a\uff09<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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\u30b5\u30c0\u30ab\u30c8\u30eb\uff1d\u30d5\u30a3\u30c8\u30eb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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\u30a4\u30fc\u30c9\u30eb\uff1d\u30d5\u30a3\u30c8\u30eb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

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