{"title":"Yusuf Siddiqui","author":{"id":3150,"name":"Yusuf Siddiqui","slug":"yusuf_siddiqui","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-10-15T08:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-10-15T08:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Yusuf Siddiqui"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3150?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3150?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3150?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3150","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3150?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3150?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3150?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3150","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3150?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3150?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3150?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3150","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":2473,"title":"Malcolm X, USA","slug":"malcolm-x-usa","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/Malcolm X, USA.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/Malcolm X, USA.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:malcolm-x-usa","hint":"","body":"

Malcolm X, USA<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\"
<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 1 of 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

“I am and always will be a Muslim.  My religion is Islam.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-Malcolm X<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Early Life<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska.  His mother, Louis Norton Little, was a homemaker occupied with the family’s eight children.  His father, Earl Little, was an outspoken Baptist minister and avid supporter of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey.  Earl’s civil rights activism prompted death threats from the white supremacist organization Black Legion, forcing the family to relocate twice before Malcolm’s fourth birthday.  Regardless of the Little’s efforts to elude the Legion, in 1929 their Lansing, Michigan home was burned to the ground, and two years later Earl’s mutilated body was found lying across the town’s trolley tracks when Malcolm was only six.  Louise had an emotional breakdown several years after the death of her husband and was committed to a mental institution.  Her children were split up amongst various foster homes and orphanages.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm was a smart, focused student and graduated from junior high at the top of his class.  However, when a favorite teacher told Malcolm his dream of becoming a lawyer was no realistic goal for a nigger, Malcolm lost interest in school and eventually dropped out at the age of fifteen.  Learning the ways of the streets, Malcolm became acquainted with hoodlums, thieves, dope peddlers, and pimps.  Convicted of burglary at twenty, he remained in prison until the age of twenty-seven.  During his prison stay he attempted to educate himself.  In addition, during his period in prison, he learned about and joined the Nation of Islam, studying the teachings of Elijah Muhammed fully.  He was released, a changed man, in 1952.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The ‘Nation of Islam’<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Upon his release, Malcolm went to Detroit, joined the daily activities of the sect, and was given instruction by Elijah Muhammad himself.  Malcolm’s personal commitment helped build the organization nation-wide, while making him an international figure.  He was interviewed on major television programs and by magazines, and spoke across the country at various universities and other forums.  His power was in his words, which so vividly described the plight of blacks and vehemently incriminated whites.  When a white person referred to the fact that some Southern university had enrolled black freshmen without bayonets, Malcolm reacted with scorn:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

When I slipped, the program host would leap on the bait: Ahhh!  Indeed, Mr. Malcolm X -- you can’t deny that’s an advance for your race!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

I’d jerk the pole then.  I can’t turn around without hearing about some ‘civil rights advance’!  White people seem to think the black man ought to be shouting ‘hallelujah’!  Four hundred years the white man has had his foot-long knife in the black man’s back - and now the white man starts to wiggle the knife out, maybe six inches!  The black man’s supposed to be grateful?  Why, if the white man jerked the knife out, it’s still going to leave a scar!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Although Malcolm’s words often stung with the injustices against blacks in America, the equally racist views of the Nation of Islam kept him from accepting any whites as sincere or capable of helping the situation.  For twelve years, he preached that the white man was the devil and the Honorable Elijah Muhammad was God’s messenger.  Unfortunately, most images of Malcolm today focus on this period of his life, although the transformation he was about to undergo would give him a completely different, and more important, message for the American people.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Change to True Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

On March 12, 1964, impelled by internal jealousy within the Nation of Islam and revelations of Elijah Muhammad’s sexual immorality, Malcolm left the Nation of Islam with the intention of starting his own organization:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

I feel like a man who has been asleep somewhat and under someone else’s control.  I feel what I’m thinking and saying now is for myself.  Before, it was for and by guidance of another, now I think with my own mind.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm was thirty-eight years old when he left Elijah Muhammad’s Nation of Islam.  Reflecting on what occured prior to leaving, he said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

At one or another college or university, usually in the informal gatherings after I had spoken, perhaps a dozen generally white-complexioned people would come up to me, identifying themselves as Arabian, Middle Eastern or North African Muslims who happened to be visiting, studying, or living in the United States.  They had said to me that, my white-indicting statements notwithstanding, they felt I was sincere in considering myself a Muslim -- and they felt if I was exposed to what they always called true Islam, I would understand it, and embrace it.  Automatically, as a follower of Elijah, I had bridled whenever this was said.  But in the privacy of my own thoughts after several of these experiences, I did question myself: if one was sincere in professing a religion, why should he balk at broadening his knowledge of that religion?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Those orthodox Muslims whom I had met, one after another, had urged me to meet and talk with a Dr. Mahmoud Youssef Shawarbi. . . . Then one day Dr. Shawarbi and I were introduced by a newspaperman.  He was cordial.  He said he had followed me in the press; I said I had been told of him, and we talked for fifteen or twenty minutes.  We both had to leave to make appointments we had, when he dropped on me something whose logic never would get out of my head.  He said, No man has believed perfectly until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself. (a saying of the Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Effect of the Pilgrimage<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcolm further continues about the Hajj:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The pilgrimage to Mecca, known as the Hajj, is a religious obligation that every orthodox Muslim fulfills, if able, at least once in his or her lifetime.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Holy Quran says it:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“..Pilgrimage to the House (of God built by the prophet Abraham) is a duty men owe to God; those who are able, make the journey…” (Quran 3:97)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“God said: ‘And proclaim the pilgrimage among men; they will come to you on foot and upon each lean camel, they will come from every deep ravine.’” (Quran 22:27)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Every one of the thousands at the airport, about to leave for Jeddah, was dressed this way.  You could be a king or a peasant and no one would know.  Some powerful personages, who were discreetly pointed out to me, had on the same thing I had on.  Once thus dressed, we all had begun intermittently calling out Labbayka!  (Allahumma) Labbayka!  (Here I come, O Lord!) Packed in the plane were white, black, brown, red, and yellow people, blue eyes and blond hair, and my kinky red hair -- all together, brothers!  All honoring the same God, all in turn giving equal honor to each other…<\/span><\/p>\r\n

That is when I first began to reappraise the white man. It was when I first began to perceive that white man, as commonly used, means complexion only secondarily; primarily it described attitudes and actions.  In America, white man meant specific attitudes and actions toward the black man, and toward all other non-white men.  But in the Muslim world, I had seen that men with white complexions were more genuinely brotherly than anyone else had ever been.  That morning was the start of a radical alteration in my whole outlook about white men.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

There were tens of thousands of pilgrims, from all over the world.  They were of all colors, from blue-eyed blonds to black-skinned Africans.  But we were all participating in the same ritual displaying a spirit of unity and brotherhood that my experiences in America had led me to believe never could exist between the white and the non-white...  America needs to understand Islam, because this is the one religion that erases from its society the race problem.  Throughout my travels in the Muslim world, I have met, talked to, and even eaten with people who in America would have been considered white - but the white attitude was removed from their minds by the religion of Islam.  I have never before seen sincere and true brotherhood practiced by all colors together, irrespecitve of their color.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm’s New Vision of America<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcolm continues:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

Each hour here in the Holy Land enables me to have greater spiritual insights into what is happening in America between black and white.  The American Negro never can be blamed for his racial animosities - he is only reacting to four hundred years of the conscious racism of the American whites.  But as racism leads America up the suicide path, I do believe, from the experiences that I have had with them, that the whites of the younger generation, in the colleges and universities, will see the handwriting on the wall, and many of them will turn to the spiritual path of truth -- the only way left to America to ward off the disaster that racism inevitably must lead to.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

I believe that God now is giving the world’s so-called ‘Christian’ white society its last opportunity to repent and atone for the crimes of exploiting and enslaving the world’s non-white peoples.  It is exactly as when God gave Pharaoh a chance to repent.  But Pharaoh persisted in his refusal to give justice to those who he oppressed.  And, we know, God finally destroyed Pharaoh.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

I will never forget the dinner at the Azzam home with Dr. Azzam.  The more we talked, the more his vast reservoir of knowledge and its variety seemed unlimited.  He spoke of the racial lineage of the descendants of Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, the Prophet, and he showed how they were both black and white.  He also pointed out how color, and the problems of color which exist in the Muslim world, exist only where, and to the extent that, that area of the Muslim world has been influenced by the West.  He said that if one encountered any differences based on attitude toward color, this directly reflected the degree of Western influence.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 2 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

The Oneness of Man under One God<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

It was during his pilgrimage that he began to write some letters to his loyal assistants at the newly formed Muslim Mosque in Harlem.  He asked that his letter be duplicated and distributed to the press:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Never have I witnessed such sincere hospitality and the overwhelming spirit of true brotherhood as is practiced by people of all colors and races here in this ancient Holy Land, the House of Abraham, Muhammad, and all the other Prophets of the Holy Scriptures.  For the past week, I have been utterly speechless and spellbound by the graciousness I see displayed all around me by people of all colors…”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“You may be shocked by these words coming from me.  But on this pilgrimage, what I have seen, and experienced, has forced me to rearrange much of my thought-patterns previously held, and to toss aside some of my previous conclusions.  This was not too difficult for me.  Despite my firm convictions, I have always been a man who tries to face facts, and to accept the reality of life as new experience and new knowledge unfolds it.  I have always kept an open mind, which is necessary to the flexibility that must go hand in hand with every form of intelligent search for truth.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“During the past eleven days here in the Muslim world, I have eaten from the same plate, drunk from the same glass, and slept in the same bed (or on the same rug) - while praying to the same God - with fellow Muslims, whose eyes were the bluest of blue, whose hair was the blondest of blond, and whose skin was the whitest of white.  And in the words and in the actions and in the deeds of the “white” Muslims, I felt the same sincerity that I felt among the black African Muslims of Nigeria, Sudan, and Ghana.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“We were truly all the same (brothers) -- because their belief in one God had removed the “white” from their minds, the ‘white’ from their behavior, and the ‘white’ from their attitude.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“I could see from this, that perhaps if white Americans could accept the Oneness of God, then perhaps, too, they could accept in reality the Oneness of Man - and cease to measure, and hinder, and harm others in terms of their “differences” in color.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“With racism plaguing America like an incurable cancer, the so-called “Christian” white American heart should be more receptive to a proven solution to such a destructive problem.  Perhaps it could be in time to save America from imminent disaster -- the same destruction brought upon Germany by racism that eventually destroyed the Germans themselves.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“They asked me what about the Hajj had impressed me the most. . . . I said, “The brotherhood!  The people of all races, color, from all over the world coming together as one!  It has proved to me the power of the One God. . . . All ate as one, and slept as one.  Everything about the pilgrimage atmosphere accented the Oneness of Man under One God.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm returned from the pilgrimage as El-Hajj Malik al-Shabazz.  He was a fire with new spiritual insight.  For him, the struggle had evolved from the civil rights struggle of a nationalist to the human rights struggle of an internationalist and humanitarian.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

After the Pilgrimage<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

White reporters and others were eager to learn about El-Hajj Malik’s newly-formed opinions concerning themselves.  They hardly believed that the man who had preached against them for so many years could suddenly turn around and call them brothers.  To these people El-Hajj Malik had this to say:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“You’re asking me ‘Didn’t you say that now you accept white men as brothers?’  Well, my answer is that in the Muslim world, I saw, I felt, and I wrote home how my thinking was broadened!  Just as I wrote, I shared true, brotherly love with many white-complexioned Muslims who never gave a single thought to the race, or to the complexion, of another Muslim.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“My pilgrimage broadened my scope.  It blessed me with a new insight.  In two weeks in the Holy Land, I saw what I never had seen in thirty-nine years here in America.  I saw all races, all colors, -- blue-eyed blonds to black-skinned Africans -- in true brotherhood!  In unity!  Living as one!  Worshipping as one!  No segregationists -- no liberals; they would not have known how to interpret the meaning of those words.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“In the past, yes, I have made sweeping indictments of all white people.  I will never be guilty of that again -- as I know now that some white people are truly sincere, that some truly are capable of being brotherly toward a black man.  The true Islam has shown me that a blanket indictment of all white people is as wrong as when whites make blanket indictments against blacks.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

To the blacks who increasingly looked to him as a leader, El-Hajj Malik preached a new message, quite the opposite of what he had been preaching as a minister in the Nation of Islam:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“True Islam taught me that it takes all of the religious, political, economic, psychological, and racial ingredients, or characteristics, to make the Human Family and the Human Society complete.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “I said to my Harlem street audiences that only when mankind would submit to the One God who created all - only then would mankind even approach the “peace” of which so much talk could be heard...but toward which so little action was seen.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Too Dangerous to Last<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El-Hajj Malik’s new universalistic message was the U.S. establishment’s worst nightmare.  Not only was he appealing to the black masses, but to intellectuals of all races and colors.  Now he was consistently demonized by the press as “advocating violence” and being “militant,” although in actuality he and Dr. Martin Luther King were moving closer together in outlook:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“The goal has always been the same, with the approaches to it as different as mine and Dr. Martin Luther King’s non-violent marching, that dramatizes the brutality and the evil of the white man against defenseless blacks.  And in the racial climate of this country today, it is anybody’s guess which of the “extremes” in approach to the black man’s problems might personally meet a fatal catastrophe first -- ‘non-violent’ Dr. King, or so-called ‘violent‘ me.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El-Hajj Malik knew full well that he was a target of many groups.  In spite of this, he was never afraid to say what he had to say when he had to say it.  As a sort of epitaph at the end of his autobiography, he says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“I know that societies often have killed the people who have helped to change those societies.  And if I can die having brought any light, having exposed any meaningful truth that will help to destroy the racist cancer that is malignant in the body of America - then, all of the credit is due to God.  Only the mistakes have been mine.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Legacy of Malcolm X<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Although El-Hajj Malik knew that he was a target for assassination, he accepted this fact without requesting police protection.  On February 21, 1965, while preparing to give a speech at a New York hotel, he was shot by three black men.  He was three months short of forty.  While it is clear that the Nation of Islam had something to do with the assassination, many people believe there was more than one organization involved.  The FBI, known for its anti-black movement tendency, has been suggested as an accomplice.  We may never know for sure who was behind El-Hajj Malik’s murder, or, for that matter, the murder of other national leaders in the early 1960s.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm X’s life has affected Americans in many important ways. African-Americans’ interest in their Islamic roots has flourished since El-Hajj Malik’s death.  Alex Haley, who wrote Malcolm’s autobiography, later wrote the epic,Roots<\/em>, about an African Muslim family’s experience with slavery.  More and more African-Americans are becoming Muslim, adopting Muslim names, or exploring African culture.  Interest in Malcolm X has seen a surge recently due to Spike Lee’s movie, “X”.  El-Hajj Malik is a source of pride for African-Americans, Muslims, and Americans in general.  His message is simple and clear:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“I am not a racist in any form whatever.  I don’t believe in any form of racism.  I don’t believe in any form of discrimination or segregation.  I believe in Islam.  I am a Muslim.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Malcolm X, Estados Unidos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\"
<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

“Soy y siempre seré un musulmán. Mi religión es el Islam”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-Malcolm X<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Primeros años de Vida<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcolm X nació como Malcolm Little el 9 de mayo de 1925 en Omaha, Nebraska. Su madre, Louis Norton Little, era un ama de casa ocupada con ocho niños. Su padre, Earl Little, un Pastor Bautista y un ávido partidario del líder nacionalista negro Marcus Garvey. Los derechos civiles del activismo de Earl produjeron amenazas de muerte de la organización de supremacía blanca Black Legion, forzando a la familia a mudarse dos veces antes de que Malcolm cumpla cuatro años. Sin importar los esfuerzos de Little por eludir la Legion, en 1929 su hogar en Lansing, Michigan fue incendiado, y dos años más tarde se halló el cuerpo mutilado de Earl en los caminos del trolley de la ciudad cuando Malcolm tenía solo seis años. Louise tuvo problemas emocionales unos años después de la muerte de su marido y fue internada en una institución mental. Sus hijos fueron separados entre varios hogares sustitutos y orfanatos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm era un estudiante muy astuto y aplicado y se graduó de la escuela primaria con el mejor promedio. Sin embargo, cuando su profesor favorito le dijo que su sueño de convertirse en abogado no era nada realista para un negro, Malcolm perdió el interés en la escuela y abandonó el estudio a los quince años. Aprendiendo en la calle, Malcolm se acostumbró a convivir con matones, ladrones, traficantes y proxenetas. Condenado por robo a los veinte, permaneció en prisión hasta los veinte siete. Durante su estadía en la prisión, intentó educarse a si mismo. Además, durante su periodo en prisión, aprendió acerca de la Nación del Islam, estudiando las enseñanzas de Elijah Muhammed.  En 1952 salió de prisión como un hombre nuevo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La ‘Nación el Islam’<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Ante su liberación, Malcolm se dirigió a Detroit, se unió a las actividades diarias de la secta, y fue instruido directamente por Elijah Muhammad. El compromiso propio de Malcolm ayudó a la construcción de la organización mundialmente, convirtiéndolo en una figura internacional. Fue entrevistado en los mejores programas televisivos y por numerosas revistas, y disertó en todo el país en varias universidades y otros foros. Su poder yacía en sus palabras, que describían tan vívidamente las luchas de los negros y la discriminación vivida de parte de los blancos. Cuando un blanco se refería al hecho de que algunas universidades del sur habían aceptado a negros sin bayonetas, Malcolm reaccionaba con desdén:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cuando resbale, el programa anfitrión saltaba al anzuelo: ¡Ahhh!  Si, el Sr. Malcolm X -- ¡no puede negar que hay un avance para los de su raza!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No puede ser. No puedo andar sin escuchar a alguien hablar acerca del “¡avance de los derechos civiles!” parecería que los blancos piensan que los negros deberían estar gritando ¡‘Aleluya’!  Durante cuatrocientos años los blancos clavaron sus cuchillos en las espaldas de los negros ¡y ahora que los blancos comienzan a desclavarlos unas 6 pulgadas! ¿Se supone que los negros deberían estar agradecidos? Aunque el hombre blanco sacara el cuchillo, ¡aun dejaría cicatrices!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aunque las palabras de Malcolm arden con las injusticias en contra de los negros en América, los igualmente racistas puntos de vista de la Nación del Islam hicieron que no aceptara la ayuda sincera de ningún blanco. Por doce años, predicó que el hombre blanco era el diablo y el Honorable Elijah Muhammad era el mensajero de Dios. Desafortunadamente, la mayoría de las imágenes de Malcolm hoy en día se enfocan en este periodo de su vida, aunque la transformación que estaba a punto de sobrellevar le daría un mensaje completamente diferente, y más que nada importante a los norteamericanos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Cambio al verdadero Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El 12 de marzo de 1964, impulsado por la envidia interna de la Nación del Islam y las revelaciones de la inmortalidad sexual de Elijah Muhammad,  Malcolm dejó la Nación del Islam con la intención de comenzar su propia organización:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Me siento como un hombre que ha estado dormido y de algún modo actuaba bajo el control de otro.  Anteriormente, actuaba por y bajo la guía de otro, ahora pienso por mi mismo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm tenía treinta y ocho años cuandó dejo la Nación del Islam de Elijah Muhammad. Comentando hechos que ocurrieron antes de partir, dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En una u otra facultad o universidad, generalmente en las reuniones informales en las que hablaba, tal vez una docena de blancos venían a mi después de mi charla, identificándose a si mismos como árabes, musulmanes del Medio Oriente o del norte de África, que se encontraban de visita, estudiando, o viviendo en los Estados Unidos. Me dijeron que, no obstante mis  afirmaciones blancas, sentían que era sincero al considerarme a mi mismo como  musulmán, y que sentían que estaba expuesto a lo que ellos siempre llamaron el verdadero Islam, lo entendería y lo abrazaría. Automáticamente, como un seguidor de Elijah, me molestaba por cualquier cosa que decían. Pero en la privacidad de mis propios pensamientos después de varias de estas experiencias, si me cuestioné a mi mismo: si alguien era sincero al profesar una religión, ¿por qué debería obstaculizarse la ampliación del conocimiento de esa religión?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Esos musulmanes ortodoxos que conocí, uno después del otro, me incitaron a conocer y hablar con el Dr. Mahmoud Youssef Shawarbi. . . . Luego un día el Dr. Shawarbi y yo fuimos introducidos por un hombre del periódico. Era un hombre cordial. Me dijo que me había seguido en la prensa; yo le dije que me habían hablado de él, y hablamos unos quince o veinte minutos. Los dos teníamos que partir, cuando me dijo algo cuya lógica nunca pudo salir de mi cabeza. Me dijo: Ningún hombre ha creído perfectamente hasta que le desea a su hermano lo que desea para si  mismo. Un dicho del Profeta Muhammad, que Dios le de paz.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Efecto de la Peregrinación<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcolm continúa hablando acerca del Hayy:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La peregrinación hacia la Meca, conocida como el Hayy, es una obligación religiosa que desarrolla cada musulmán ortodoxo, si puede, al menos una vez en su vida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Sagrado Corán lo dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Es una obligación para los hombres peregrinar a esta Casa si se encuentran en condiciones de hacerlo [físicas y económicas]… ” (Corán 3:97)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Convoca a los hombres a realizar la peregrinación; vendrán a ti a pie, o sobre camellos exhaustos de todo lugar apartado.” (Corán 22:27)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cada uno de los miles en el aeropuerto, a punto de partir a Jeddah, se vestía de esta manera. Podrías ser un rey o un campesino y nadie lo sabría. Por lo tanto, personas poderosas, que me señalaron discretamente, llevaban puesta la misma ropa que yo. Una vez vestidos así, todos comenzamos a decir intermitentemente Labbayka!  Allahumma Labbayk!<\/em>  (Aquí estoy ¡Oh Dios! Respondiendo a tu llamado) ¡En el avión había personas blancas, negras, marrones, rojas y amarillas! Todos honrando al mismo Dios, todos honrándonos entre nosotros…<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Fue allí cuando volví a apreciar al hombre blanco. Fue la primera vez que comencé a percibir que el hombre blanco, como solía hacerlo, significa complexión solo secundariamente; primariamente describía actitudes y acciones. En Norte América, hombre blanco significaba actitudes específicas y acciones hacia los hombres negros, y todos los no blancos. Pero en el mundo musulmán, he visto que el hombre blanco era genuinamente más fraternal que las demás personas. Esa mañana fue el comienzo de una alteración radical de toda mi perspectiva acerca de los hombres blancos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Había ciento de miles de peregrinos, de todo el mundo. Eran de todos colores, desde rubios de ojos celestes hasta africanos de piel negra. Pero todos participaban en el mismo ritual emanando un espíritu de unidad y hermandad que mis experiencias en Norte América me habían llevado a creer que nunca existirían entre los blancos y los no blancos… Norte América necesita entender el Islam, porque esta es una religión que borra de su sociedad el problema de la raza. A través de mis viajes por el mundo musulmán, he conocido, hablado y hasta comido con gente que en Norte América hubiese sido considerada blanca, pero la actitud blanca no estaba en su mente debido a la religión del Islam. Nunca antes había visto la hermandad sincera y verdadera practicada por todos hombres, sin importar su color.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Nueva Visión de Norte América de Malcolm<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcolm continúa:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

Cada hora aquí en la Tierra Sagrada me permite tener una mirada más espiritual de lo que sucede en Norte América entre los negros y los blancos. El negro Norte Americano no puede ser nunca culpado de sus animosidades raciales, solo reacciona a cuatrocientos  años de consciencia de racismo de los blancos Norte Americanos. Pero como el racismo lleva a Norte América al camino del suicidio, creo, desde las experiencias vividas con ellos, que los blancos de las generaciones mas jóvenes, en colegios y universidades, verán la letra en la pared, y muchos de ellos tomarán el camino espiritual de la verdad, la única manera que le queda a Norte América para salvarse del desastre inevitable del racismo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Creo que Dios ahora le está dando a la llamada sociedad blanca ‘cristiana’ la última oportunidad de arrepentirse y reparar los crímenes de explotación y esclavitud de las personas del mundo no blancas. Es exactamente como cuando Dios le dio al Faraón la oportunidad de arrepentirse. Pero el Faraón persistió en su negación de brindar justicia a aquellos oprimidos. Y sabemos, que Dios finalmente destruyó al Faraón.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nunca olvidaré la cena con el Dr. Azzam. Cuanto más hablamos, mas ilimitada parece su variedad y reserva de conocimiento. Habló del linaje racial de los descendientes de Muhammad, que Dios le de paz, el Profeta, y mostró que eran los dos, negros y blancos. También destacó como el color, y los problemas de color que existen en el mundo musulmán, existen solo donde, y al punto en que, el área fue influenciada por la colonización Occidental. Dijo que si encontraba alguna diferencia basada en la actitud para con el color, esto directamente reflejaba el grado de influencia de occidente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

La Unicidad del Hombre Bajo Un Solo Dios<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Fue durante su peregrinación que comenzó a escribir algunas cartas a sus leales asistentes en la nueva Mezquita musulmana en Harlem. Pidió que sus cartas fuesen duplicadas y distribuidas a la prensa:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Nunca antes fui testigo de tan sincera hospitalidad y del insuperable espíritu de verdadera hermandad como se practica por las personas de todos los colores y razas aquí en esta antigua Tierra Sagrada, el hogar de Abraham, Muhammad, y todos los demás profetas de las Sagradas Escrituras. La semana que pasó, quedé sin habla y hechizado por la gracia que veo emanar alrededor mío por personas de todos los colores.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Es increíble que estas palabras salgan de mi. Pero en esta peregrinación, lo que he visto, y experimentado, me ha forzado a reorganizar muchos de mis patrones de pensamientos antiguos, y a dejar de lado algunas de mis conclusiones previas. Esto no fue muy difícil para mí. A pesar de mis firmes convicciones, siempre he sido un hombre que trata de enfrentar los hechos, y aceptar la realidad de la vida como la nueva experiencia y conocimiento lo presenta. Siempre he tenido la mente abierta, algo necesario para la flexibilidad que debe ir mano a mano con cada forma inteligente de buscar la verdad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Durante los pasados siete días aquí en el mundo musulmán, he comido del mismo plato, bebido del mismo vaso, y dormido en la misma cama (o en la misma alfombra), mientras rezamos al mismo Dios, con los compañeros musulmanes, cuyos ojos eran los mas azules de los azules, cuyo cabello era el mas rubio de los rubios, y su piel la mas blanca de las blancas. Y en sus palabras y acciones y en los actos de los musulmanes “blancos”, sentí la misma sinceridad que sentí entre los musulmanes africanos negros de Nigeria, Sudan y Ghana.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Éramos realmente todos iguales (hermanos), porque sus creencias en un Dios habían removido lo “blanco” de sus mentes, lo ‘blanco’ de su comportamiento, y lo ‘blanco’ de su actitud.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Pude concluir de eso, que tal vez si los norte americanos blancos pudiesen aceptar la Unicidad de Dios, entonces tal vez, también, podrían aceptar en realidad la unicidad del hombre, un arma para medir, y entorpecer, y lastimar a otros en términos de su “diferencia de color”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Con el racismo plagado por Norte América como un cáncer incurable, el corazón del llamado “cristiano” Norte Americano blanco debería ser mas receptivo a una solución probada para tal problema destructivo. Tal vez podría ser a tiempo para salvar a Norte América del inminente desastre, la misma destrucción que llevó el racismo a Alemania que eventualmente destruyó a los alemanes mismos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Me preguntaron que cosa acerca del Hayy me impresionó mas. . . . Dije: “¡La hermandad! ¡Personas de todas las razas, colores, de alrededor del mundo juntas! Eso ha probado el poder de Un Dios… Todos comían como uno, y dormían como uno. Todo en la atmósfera de la peregrinación acentuaba la Unicidad de Un Dios”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm regresó de su peregrinación como El-Hayy Malik al-Shabazz. Tenía una nueva mirada espiritual. Para él, la lucha había evolucionado desde la lucha de los derechos civiles de un nacionalista a la lucha de los derechos humanos de un internacionalista y humanitario.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Después de la Peregrinación<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Con reporteros que deseaban aprender acerca de las opiniones de El-Hayy Malik. Ellos apenas creían que el hombre haya predicado contra ellos tanto tiempo y de pronto los llame hermanos. A estas personas El-Hayy Malik tenía esto para decirles:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Me estás preguntando ‘¿No has dicho que ahora aceptas hombres blancos como hermanos?” Bien, mi respuesta es que en el mundo de los musulmanes, vi, sentí, y escribí acerca de cómo mi pensamiento se amplió. Al escribir, compartí verdadero amor fraternal con muchos hermanos  musulmanes blancos quienes jamás expresaron un solo pensamiento racista, acerca de otro musulmán.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Mi peregrinación me amplio la mente. Me bendijo con un nuevo punto de vista. En dos semanas en la Tierra Sagrada, vi lo que nunca llegué a ver en treinta y nueve años aquí en Norte América. ¡Vi razas, todos los colores, desde rubios de ojos azules hasta negros africanos en verdadera fraternidad! ¡En unidad! ¡Viviendo todos en uno! ¡Adorando como uno! Sin segregacionalistas sin liberales; ellos no hubiesen sabido como interpretar el significado de esas palabras.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“En el pasado, si, he acusado ampliamente a los blancos. Nunca más seré culpable de eso como ahora sé que algunas personas blancas son verdaderamente sinceras, que algunos blancos son verdaderamente capaces de ser fraternales con  los negros. El verdadero Islam me ha demostrado que las acusaciones hacia los blancos son tan incorrectas como las acusaciones hacia los negros”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A los negros que cada vez más lo veían como un líder, El-Hayy Malik les predicaba un Nuevo mensaje, justamente lo contrario a lo que él había estado predicando como ministro de la Nación del Islam:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“El verdadero Islam me enseñó que para formar una Familia Humana y una Sociedad Humana completa, son necesarias todas las religiones, políticas, economías, psicologías, e ingredientes raciales u características.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “Les dije a mis audiencias de la calle Harlem que solo cuando la humanidad se somete al Único Dios que nos creó a todos, solo entonces la humanidad lograra la “paz” de la cual tanto se habla… pero poco se ha visto”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muy Peligroso para Durar<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El Nuevo mensaje universal de El-Hayy Malik era la peor pesadilla de USA. No solo se dirigía a las masas negras, sino a los intelectuales de todas las razas y colores. Ahora estaba consistentemente demonizado por la prensa como “defensor de la violencia” y siendo “militante”, aunque en la actualidad él y el Dr. Martin Luther King se movían juntos desde ese punto de vista:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“La meta siempre ha sido la misma, con los diferentes enfoques y las marchas no violentas del Dr. Martin Luther King, que dramatiza la brutalidad y el mal de los hombres blancos contra los indefensos negros. Y en el clima racial de este país hoy en día, todos saben cuales de los “extremos” con relación a los problemas de los hombres negros podrían personalmente terminar en una catástrofe fatal la ‘no violencia’ del Dr. King, o mi llamada ‘violencia’”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El-Hayy Malik sabía bien que era el blanco de muchos grupos. A pesar de esto, nunca tuvo miedo de decir lo que tenía que decir. Como suerte de epitafio al final de esta autobiografía, dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Se que las sociedades a menudo han matado personas que han ayudado a cambiar esas mismas sociedades. Y si puedo morir brindando algo de luz, exponiendo una verdad importante eso ayudará a destruir el cáncer del racismo que es maligno en el cuerpo de América, entonces, todos los  créditos se deben a Dios. Solo los errores han sido mios”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Legado de Malcolm X<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Aunque El-Hayy Malik sabía que era un blanco de asesinato, aceptó el hecho sin requerir protección policial. El 21 de febrero de 1965, mientras se preparaba para dar un discurso en un hotel de Nueva York, le dispararon tres hombres negros. Faltando tres meses para cumplir cuarenta años. Queda claro que la nación del Islam tuvo algo que ver con su asesinato, muchas personas creen que había más de una organización envuelta. El FBI, conocido por su movimiento anti-negros, fue tildado como cómplice. Es probable que nunca sepamos quién esta detrás del asesinato de El-Hayy Malik, o,  por esa razón, el asesinato de otros líderes nacionales en 1960.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La vida de Malcolm X ha afectado a los norteamericanos de muchos modos. El interés en las raíces del Islam ha de los afro americanos ha prosperado desde la muerte de El-Hayy Malik. Alex Haley, quien escribió la autobiografía de Malcolm, escribió luego el poema, Raíces<\/em>, acerca de la experiencia de la familia Africana musulmana de la esclavitud. Mas y mas afro americanos se están convirtiendo en musulmanes, adoptando nombres musulmanes, o explorando la cultura africana. El interés en Malcolm X ha surgido recientemente debido a la película de Spike Lee: “X”.  El-Hayy Malik es una fuente de orgullo para los afro-americanos en general. Su mensaje es simple y claro:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“No soy un racista de ningún modo. No creo en ningún modo de discriminación o segregación. Creo en el Islam. Soy musulmán”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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Malcolm X, USA<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (partie 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 « Je suis et serai toujours musulman.  Ma religion est l’islam. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

- Malcolm X<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ses premières années<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcolm X est né Malcolm Little le 19 mai 1925, à Omaha, dans l’État du Nebraska.  Sa mère, Louise Norton Little, était mère au foyer auprès de ses huit enfants.  Son père, Earl Little, était un pasteur baptiste connu pour son franc-parler et un partisan passionné du leader du Black Nationalism, Marcus Garvey.  L’activisme de Earl en faveur des droits civiques lui valurent de nombreuses menaces de mort de la part de l’organisme Black Legion, partisan de la suprématie blanche, et força la famille à déménager à deux reprises avant que Malcolm n’atteigne l’âge de quatre ans.  Malgré les efforts constants de la famille Little pour se soustraire aux attaques de la Black Legion, en 1929, leur maison de Lansing, au Michigan, fut rasée par les flammes et, deux ans plus tard, on découvrit le corps mutilé de Earl jeté en travers des rails du tramway.  Malcolm avait alors six ans.  Quelques années plus tard, Louise sombra dans une profonde dépression et fut internée dans un hôpital psychiatrique.  Ses enfants furent séparés et confiés à divers orphelinats et foyers d’accueil.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm était un étudiant brillant et déterminé, en plus d’être premier de classe.  Mais lorsqu’un des professeurs qu’il aimait le plus lui fit savoir que son rêve de devenir avocat n’était pas réaliste pour un Noir, Malcolm perdit tout intérêt pour les études et abandonna l’école.  Se retrouvant à flâner dans les rues, il fit la connaissance de voyous, de voleurs, de trafiquants de drogues et de proxénètes.  Reconnu coupable de vol à l’âge de vingt ans, il demeura en prison jusqu’à ses vingt-sept ans.  Durant son emprisonnement, il se remit aux études.  Parallèlement, il fit la connaissance de membres de la Nation de l’islam et se joignit à eux, étudiant les enseignements d’Élijah Muhammad.  En 1952, c’est un homme complètement transformé qui sortit de prison.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Nation de l’islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Tout de suite après sa libération, il se rendit à Détroit où il prit part aux activités quotidiennes de la secte, après avoir rencontré Elijah Muhammad et reçu des ordres de lui.  Son engagement fit avancer l’organisation au niveau national en plus de le faire connaître de tous.  Il fut invité à des émissions de télévision et interviewé par des magazines à grands tirages et donna des conférences partout au pays, dans diverses universités et assemblées.  Son éloquence était sa plus grande force; ses mots décrivaient de façon très réaliste la détresse vécue par les Noirs et condamnaient avec véhémence les Blancs et leur comportement.  Lorsqu’un Blanc fit un jour référence au fait qu’une université du Sud avait accepté l’inscription d’étudiants Noirs sans baïonnettes, Malcolm réagit avec mépris :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Quand j’ai commis des erreurs, le responsable du programme a sauté sur l’occasion : « Ah!  M. Malcolm X!  Vous ne pouvez nier qu’il s’agit là d’un progrès pour votre race! » <\/span><\/p>\r\n

« J’ai sursauté.  Je ne pouvais aller nulle part sans entendre parler du « progrès des droits civiques »!  Les Blancs semblent croire que l’homme noir doit toujours s’écrier « alléluia »!  Durant quatre cents ans, le Blanc a tenu son couteau de trente centimètres de long enfoncé dans le dos du Noir.  Et maintenant, le Blanc retire peu à peu son couteau, mais le laisse encore enfoncé de quinze centimètres!  Et le Noir est censé lui être reconnaissant?  Pourtant, même si le Blanc retirait tout son couteau, cela laisserait quand même une profonde cicatrice! »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Même si les paroles de Malcolm portaient souvent sur les injustices commises contre les Noirs aux États-Unis, les vues tout aussi racistes de la Nation de l’islam l’empêchaient de reconnaître qu’un Blanc pouvait être sincère ou posséder la volonté de remédier à la situation.  Durant douze ans, il prêcha que l’homme blanc était le diable et qu’Élijah Muhammad était le messager de Dieu.  Malheureusement, la plupart des photos de Malcolm qui circulent de nos jours ont été prises durant cette période de sa vie, malgré le fait que la transformation qu’il allait bientôt connaître allait lui faire prêcher un message autrement différent et bien plus important pour le peuple américain.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Changement vers le véritable islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le 12 mars 1964, forcé à agir par les jalousies internes au sein de la Nation de l’islam et les révélations scandaleuses au sujet de l’immoralité sexuelle d’Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm quitte la Nation de l’islam avec l’intention de fonder sa propre organisation :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Je me sens comme un homme qui a en quelque sorte dormi tout au long et qui a été soumis au contrôle d’un autre homme.  Aujourd’hui, ce que je pense et ce que je dis provient de moi-même alors qu’auparavant, je pensais et parlais sous la direction d’une autre personne. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm a quitté la Nation de l’islam à l’âge de trente-huit ans.  Revenant sur les pensées qui l’ont assailli avant ce départ, il dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Souvent, dans les collèges et universités, lors des réunions informelles qui avaient lieu après mes discours, une douzaine de personnes, habituellement de race blanche, venaient me voir et se présentaient à moi comme musulmans d’origine arabe, moyen-orientale ou nord-africaine qui voyageaient, étudiaient ou vivaient aux États-Unis.  Ils me disaient qu’en dépit de mes accusations contre les Blancs, ils sentaient que j’étais sincère lorsque je disais me considérer comme musulman et que si je découvrais ce qu’ils appelaient le véritable islam, je le comprendrais et l’embrasserais sans hésiter.  Automatiquement, en tant que fidèle d’Elijah, chaque fois que l’on me parlait de cela, je me cabrais.  Mais après que l’on soit venu m’en parler à plusieurs reprises, seul avec moi-même, je me questionnai et me demandai : « Si une personne est sincère lorsqu’elle professe sa religion, pourquoi hésiterait-elle à élargir ses connaissances sur cette religion? »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ces musulmans orthodoxes que j’avais rencontrés m’avaient fortement incité à aller rencontrer le Dr Mahmoud Youssef Shawarbi.  Puis, un jour, le Dr Shawarbi et moi fûmes présentés l’un à l’autre par un journaliste.  Il était très cordial; il me dit qu’il avait suivi mes différentes interventions dans la presse et je lui répondis qu’on m’avait souvent parlé de lui.  Nous discutâmes durant quinze ou vingt minutes.  Nous devions tous deux quitter car nous avions d’autres rendez-vous, mais avant de partir, il me dit une chose dont la logique me frappa.  Il me dit : « Nul n’a véritablement la foi tant qu’il ne souhaite pas pour son frère ce qu’il souhaite pour lui-même. ».  En fait, cette parole provenait du prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui). »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les effets du pèlerinage<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcolm raconte, au sujet du Hajj :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Le pèlerinage à la Mecque, connu sous le nom de Hajj, est une obligation religieuse pour tout musulman qui en a les moyens, au moins une fois au cours de sa vie.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Coran dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Et le pèlerinage à la Maison [de Dieu] est un devoir envers Dieu pour (tous) ceux qui peuvent se permettre le voyage. » (Coran 3:97)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Et appelle les hommes au pèlerinage; ils viendront vers toi à pied ou sur le dos de chameaux efflanqués, (amaigris par le voyage).  Ils viendront des contrées les plus lointaines... »(Coran 22:27)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Chacun des milliers de pèlerins attendant de quitter pour Jeddah, à l’aéroport, était habillé de la même façon.  Roi ou paysan, personne ne pouvait savoir qui vous étiez.  Certaines personnalités connues, que l’on me montra discrètement, portaient le même vêtement que moi.  Ainsi vêtus, nous avons commencé à répéter « Labbayka, allahoumma labbayka » (« me voici, Seigneur, me voici ») à intervalles réguliers.  Dans l’avion, nous étions des frères de toutes les races et couleurs : noirs, blancs, rouges, jaunes, yeux bleus, cheveux blonds... tous ensemble!  Nous adorions tous le même Dieu et avions tous le même respect pour chacun.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

C’est à ce moment que j’ai commencé à apprécier de nouveau l’homme blanc, que je me suis rendu compte que le terme « homme blanc », tel que nous l’utilisions entre nous, faisait d’abord référence à des attitudes et à des actes, et à la couleur de la peau de façon accessoire seulement.  Aux États-Unis, « homme blanc » voulait dire des attitudes et des actes précis envers l’homme noir et envers tous les non-blancs.  Mais dans le monde musulman, je me rendais compte que les hommes à la peau blanche manifestaient plus de sincérité et de fraternité envers moi que toutes les personnes que j’avais pu rencontrer dans ma vie.  Ce matin-là fut le début d’un changement radical dans ma façon de percevoir l’homme blanc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il y avait des dizaines de milliers de pèlerins venus des quatre coins du monde.  Ils étaient de toutes les races, de toutes les couleurs, des blonds aux yeux bleus aux Africains à peau noire.  Nous participions tous au même rituel, dans un esprit d’unité et de fraternité que mes expériences personnelles aux États-Unis m’avaient amené à croire impossible entre Blancs et Noirs.  L’Amérique a besoin de comprendre l’islam, car c’est l’unique religion qui fait tomber toutes les barrières entre les races.  Au cours de mes voyages dans le monde musulman, j’ai rencontré, j’ai parlé et mangé avec des gens que j’aurais considérés comme « Blancs », aux États-Unis – mais parce qu’ils étaient musulmans, l’attitude « blanche » ne faisait pas partie d’eux.  C’était la première fois que je voyais une telle fraternité entre toutes les races. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm et sa nouvelle vision des États-Unis<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcolm poursuit :<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

« Chaque heure passée ici, en Terre Sainte, me permet d’approfondir ma vision spirituelle de ce qui se passe aux États-Unis entre les Blancs et les Noirs.  Le Noir américain ne peut être blâmé pour son animosité raciale – il ne fait que réagir à quatre cents ans de racisme ouvert de la part des Blancs américains.  Mais comme le racisme est en train de mener l’Amérique à sa perte, je crois, selon l’expérience que j’ai eue avec eux, que les Blancs de la nouvelle génération, dans les collèges et universités, vont voir l’écriture sur le mur et que plusieurs d’entre eux se tourneront vers la voie spirituelle menant à la vérité – le seul moyen, pour l’Amérique, d’éviter le désastre auquel le racisme mènera inévitablement.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

J’ai l’impression, désormais, que Dieu est en train de donner à la prétendue société blanche et chrétienne sa dernière chance de se repentir et d’expier ses crimes d’exploitation et d’esclavage des populations non-blanches.  C’est exactement comme lorsque Dieu a donné à Pharaon une chance de se repentir.  Mais Pharaon s’est obstiné dans son refus de rendre justice à ceux qu’il opprimait.  Et, comme nous le savons, Dieu a finit par le détruire.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Je n’oublierai jamais le dîner auquel j’ai assisté chez le Dr Azzam.  Plus nous parlions, plus son bagage de connaissances semblait illimité.  Il a parlé de la lignée raciale des descendants de Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui), démontrant que certains étaient Blancs et d’autres, Noirs.  Il a également souligné le fait que les problèmes raciaux qui existent dans le monde musulman sont surtout présents dans les régions qui ont été très influencées par l’Occident.  Il m’a dit qu’à chaque fois qu’il s’était trouvé en présence de racisme, dans le monde musulman, il avait remarqué que cela reflétait de façon directe le degré d’influence occidentale de cette région.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(partie 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

L’unicité de l’homme sous l’unicité de Dieu<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

C’est au cours du pèlerinage que Malcolm se mit à écrire des lettres à ses fidèles assistants de la nouvelle mosquée de Harlem et à leur demander de les photocopier et de les distribuer aux médias :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Jamais je n'ai connu d'hospitalité aussi sincère, de fraternité aussi bouleversante que celles des hommes et de femmes de toutes races réunis sur cette vieille Terre Sainte, patrie d'Abraham, de Mohamed et des autres prophètes des Saintes Ecritures. Jamais je n'ai été honoré comme ici. Jamais je ne me suis senti plus humble et plus digne. L'Amérique a besoin de comprendre l'islam, parce que c'est la seule religion qui ignore le racisme. Ce pèlerinage m'a obligé à réviser certaines idées qui étaient miennes, à rejeter certaines conclusions auxquelles j'étais parvenu. Au cours des onze journées que j'ai passé ici, dans le monde musulman, j'ai mangé dans le même plat, bu dans le même verre, dormi dans le même lit (ou sur le même tapis) j'ai prié le même Dieu que mes coreligionnaires aux yeux les plus bleus, aux cheveux les plus blonds, à la peau la plus blanche. Dans leurs paroles comme dans leurs actes, les musulmans \"blancs\" sont aussi sincères que les musulmans \"noirs\" d'Afrique nigériens, soudanais, ghanéens. Nous sommes véritablement frères. Parce qu'ils croient en un seul Dieu, ils excluent toutes considérations de race de leur esprit, de leurs actes, de leurs comportements. J'ai pensé en les voyant que si les blancs américains admettaient l'Unicité de Dieu, ils pourraient peut-être admettre l'unicité de l'homme et ils cesseraient de s'affronter, de nuire à autrui pour des raisons de couleur. Le racisme étant le véritable cancer de l'Amérique, nos \"chrétiens\" blancs devraient se pencher sur la solution islamique du problème; solution qui a fait ses preuves, et qui pourrait peut-être intervenir à temps pour sauver l'Amérique d'une catastrophe imminente. Celle-là même qui s'est abattue sur l'Allemagne raciste et qui a finit par détruire les Allemands eux-mêmes. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« On m’a demandé ce qui m’avait le plus impressionné au Hajj et j’ai répondu : « La fraternité! ».  Ces gens de toutes les races et de toutes les couleurs, réunis en un seul et même lieu...  J’y ai vu toute la puissance de notre Dieu unique.  Tout, dans l’atmosphère du Hajj, nous rappelait l’unicité de l’homme sous l’unicité de Dieu. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm revint du pèlerinage portant un nouveau nom : El-Hajj Malik al-Shabazz.  Il vivait un intense renouveau spirituel et pour lui, sa lutte s’était déplacée; il n’était plus un nationaliste luttant pour les droits civiques des Noirs, mais un humanitaire luttant pour les droits de l’homme, de tous les hommes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’après-pèlerinage<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Les journalistes de race blanche avaient hâte de connaître les nouvelles opinions qu’El-Hajj Malik s’était faites à leur sujet.  Ils pouvaient à peine croire que cet homme qui, durant tant d’années, avait prêché contre eux pouvait soudainement changer d’avis et les appeler ses frères.  À ces gens, El-Hajj Malik avait ceci à dire :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Vous me demandez si j’ai bel et bien dit que désormais, je considère les Blancs comme des frères.  Ma réponse est que dans le monde musulman, j’ai senti que mon esprit s’était ouvert et c’est ce que j’ai écrit dans mes lettres.  Alors que je les écrivais, je ressentais, au fond de moi, un amour véritable et fraternel envers les musulmans de race blanche qui ne manifestaient aucune animosité envers les musulmans d’autres races ou couleurs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Mon pèlerinage m’a ouvert l’esprit et m’a apporté de nouveaux points de vue.  En deux semaines, en Terre Sainte, j’ai vu ce que je n’ai jamais vu en trente-neuf ans aux États-Unis.  J’ai vu des gens de races et de couleurs diverses s’unir, fraterniser et adorer Dieu ensemble, des gens qui n’auraient même pas su définir le terme « ségrégation ».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Il est vrai que par le passé, j’ai fait des déclarations à l’emporte-pièce au sujet des Blancs.  Je ne m’en rendrai jamais coupable à nouveau; car je sais maintenant que certains Blancs sont vraiment sincères, que certains sont réellement capables de considérer comme frère un homme de race noire.  L’islam véritable m’a appris que les accusations généralisées à l’endroit des Blancs sont aussi inacceptables que les accusations généralisées à l’endroit des Noirs. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aux Noirs qui le percevaient comme un leader, El-Hajj Malik se mit à prêcher un nouveau message, totalement différent de celui qu’il prêchait alors qu’il était ministre dans la Nation de l’islam :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 « J’ai appris, dans le véritable islam, que divers éléments religieux, politiques, économiques, psychologiques et raciaux sont essentiels pour former une société humaine complète.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« J’ai dit à mes auditeurs de la rue Harlem que ce n’est que lorsque l’humanité se soumettrait au Dieu unique, qui nous a tous créés, qu’elle pourrait tendre vers la paix dont on entend tellement parler, mais pour laquelle si peu d’actions sont entreprises. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Trop dangereux pour durer<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le nouveau message universaliste d’El-Hajj Malik représentait le pire cauchemar de l’establishment américain.  Non seulement s’adressait-il aux Noirs, mais aussi aux intellectuels de toutes les races et de toutes les couleurs.  Les médias se mirent donc à le démoniser, l’accusant de militantisme et d’encouragement à la violence alors qu’en réalité, sa vision des choses se rapprochait de plus en plus de celle de Martin Luther King :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Le but a toujours été le même, avec des approches aussi différentes que les miennes et celles des marches pacifiques de Luther King, qui dévoilent au grand jour les brutalités perpétrées contre des Noirs sans défense par des hommes de race blanche.  Dans le climat racial que connaît notre pays, aujourd’hui, il est impossible de dire laquelle de ces approches visant à régler les problèmes des Noirs est la moins bonne : la « non-violente » de King, ou la mienne, soi-disant « violente ». »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El-Hajj Malik savait parfaitement qu’il était la cible de plusieurs groupes hostiles à ses propos.  Malgré cela, il ne s’empêchait jamais de dire ce qu’il avait à dire, au moment où il jugeait bon de le dire.  À la fin de son autobiographie, il écrit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Je sais qu’il est souvent arrivé que des sociétés tuent ceux qui les avaient aidées à changer pour le mieux.  Et si je meurs en ayant apporté une certaine lumière, en ayant mis de l’avant une vérité significative qui aidera à enrayer le cancer du racisme aux États-Unis... alors tout le mérite en revient à Dieu et toute erreur commise dans le processus aura été mienne. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’héritage de Malcolm X<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Même si Malcolm X savait qu’on cherchait à l’assassiner, il en acceptait le risque sans demander de protection policière.  Le 21 février 1965, alors qu’il s’apprêtait à prononcer un sermon dans un hôtel de New York, il fut tué par balles par trois hommes de race noire, à trois mois de ses quarante ans.  Bien qu’il soit clair que la Nation de l’islam ait joué un rôle dans cet assassinat, nombreux sont ceux qui croient que plus d’une organisation était impliquée.  Certains ont même suggéré que le FBI, connu pour ses tendances racistes, avait été complice du crime.  Peut-être ne saurons-nous jamais avec certitude qui était derrière le meurtre d’El-Hajj Malik ou même des meurtres de plusieurs leaders nationaux du début des années soixante.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La vie de Malcolm X a affecté de diverses façons certains Afro-Américains, qui ont développé un nouvel intérêt envers leurs racines islamiques.  Alex Haley, qui a rédigé l’autobiographie de Malcolm, a plus tard écrit l’épopéeRoots<\/em>, qui décrit l’expérience de l’esclavage d’une famille africaine musulmane.  De plus en plus d’Afro-Américains se convertissent à l’islam, adoptent un nom musulman ou s’intéressent à la culture africaine.  Il y a eu récemment un regain d’intérêt pour la vie de Malcolm X suite à la sortie du film « X », de Spike Lee.  El-Hajj Malik est une source de fierté pour les Afro-Américains, les musulmans, et les Américains en général.  Son message était simple et clair :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Je ne suis raciste d’aucune façon.  Je ne crois en aucune forme de racisme, ni en aucune forme de discrimination ou de ségrégation.  Je crois en l’islam.  Je suis musulman. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Malcolm X, USA<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (teil 1 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

“Ich bin Muslim und werde immer ein Muslim sein.  Meine Religion ist der Islam.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-Malcolm X<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Frühes Leben<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcolm X, geboren als Malcolm Little am 19. Mai 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska.  Seine Mutter, Louis Norton Little, war Hausfrau, die sich um ihre acht Kinder kümmerte.  Sein Vater, Earl Little, war Geistlicher der Baptisten und begieriger Unterstützer des Führers der Black Nationalists (der Schwarzen Nationalisten) Marcus Garvey.  Earls Bürgerrechtsaktivismus zog Morddrohungen von der weißen Überlegenheitsorganisation Schwarze Legion nach sich, die die Familie dazu zwang, zweimal vor Malcolms viertem Geburtstag umzuziehen.  Trotz Littles Anstrengungen der Legion auszuweichen, brannte 1929 ihr Heim in Lansing, Michigan, bis auf den Grund nieder und zwei Jahre später fand man Earls verstümmelten Körper auf den Bahngleisen der Stadt liegen, als Malcolm erst sechs war.  Louise hatte mehrere Jahre nach dem Tod ihres Ehemannes einen emotionalen Zusammenbruch und wurde in eine Nervenheilanstalt eingewiesen.  Ihre Kinder wurden auf verschiedene Pflegeheime und Waisenhäuser verteilt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm war ein tüchtiger, strebsamer Student und absolvierte die Junior Highschool als Klassenbester.  Als einer seiner Lieblingslehrer ihm allerdings erzählte, dass Malcolms Traum, Rechtsanwalt zu werden, kein realistisches Ziel für einen Nigger sei, verlor Malcolm das Interesse an der Schule und gab sie im Alter von 15 auf.  Das Leben der Straße kennenlernend, wurde Malcolm mit Gangstern, Dieben, Rauschgifthändlern und Strichjungen vertraut.  Im Alter von zwanzig wegen Einbruch und Diebstahl verurteilt, verbrachte er die Jahre bis er siebenundzwanzig war im Gefängnis.  Während seines Aufenthalts im Gefängnis, versuchte er, sich selbst zu weiterzubilden.  Außerdem erfuhr er während der Zeit im Gefängnis von der Nation des Islam und trat ihr bei, studierte die Lehren von Elijah Muhammad vollständig.  1952 wurde er als völlig veränderter Mann entlassen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die ´Nation des Islam´<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Nach seiner Entlassung ging Malcolm nach Detroit, beteiligte sich an den täglichen Aktivitäten der Sekte und wurde von Elijah Muhammad persönlich eingewiesen.  Malcolms persönliches Engagement half dabei, die Organisation weltweit aufzubauen, wobei er zu einer internationalen Persönlichkeit wurde.  Er wurde von großen Fernsehprogrammen und Magazinen interviewt und sprach im ganzen Land an verschiedenen Universitäten und auf anderen Foren.  Seine Kraft lag in seinen Worten, die so lebendig die Lage der Schwarzen beschrieben und die Weißen so vehement beschuldigten.  Wenn eine weiße Person die Tatsache zitierte, dass manche südliche Universitäten schwarze Neulinge ohne Bayonet eingeschrieben hatten, reagierte Malcolm mit Verachtung: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"Als ich hindurchschlüpfte, beeilte sich der Programmmanager, mich zu trietzen: ´Ahhh!  Wirklich, Mr. Malcolm X – sie können nicht leugnen, dass dies ein Forschritt für ihre Rasse ist!´ <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ich konnte mich nicht umdrehen, ohne etwas von einigen ´Fortschritten in Bürgerrechten´ zu hören!  Weiße Menschen scheinen zu denken, der schwarze Mann sollte ´Hallelujah´ ausrufen!  Vierhundert Jahre lang hat der weiße Mann sein einen Fuß langes Messer in den Rücken des schwarzen Mannes gestochen – und jetzt beginnt der weiße Mann, das Messer herauszudrehen, vielleicht fünfzehn Zentimeter!  Es wird erwartet, dass der schwarze Mann ihnen Dankbarkeit erweist?  Warum?  Selbst wenn der weiße Mann das Messer ganz herausziehen würde, würde es immer noch eine Narbe hinterlassen!\" <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Obwohl Malcolms Worte häufig mit den Ungerechtigkeiten gegen schwarze in Amerika stachen, hielten ihn die auf gleicher Weise rassistischen Ansichten der Nation des Islam davon ab, jegliche Weißen als aufrichtig anzuerkennen oder in der Lage, ihnen in der Situation hilfreich beiseite stehen zu können.  Zwölf Jahre lang predigte er, dass der weiße Mann der Teufel war und der ehrenwerte Elijah Muhammad der Gesandte Gottes.  Unglücklicherweise konzentriert sich das Bild der meisten heutzutage auf diesen Zeitabschnitt in Malcolms Leben, obwohl ihm die Veränderungen, die er durchmachte, eine völlig andere und wesentlich wichtigere Botschaft für das amerikanische Volk gegeben haben.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Wechsel zum wahren Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Am 12.März 1964 verließ Malcolm die Nation des Islam, abgestoßen von den internen Eifersüchteleien und den Enthüllungen von Elijah Muhammads sexueller Unmoral mit der Absicht, eine eigene Organisation zu gründen: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"Ich fühle mich wie ein Mann, der lange unter der Kontrolle eines anderen geschlafen hat.  Ich fühle, was ich jetzt denke und sage, ist für mich selbst.  Vorher war es für und durch die Anleitung eines anderen gewesen, jetzt aber denke ich mit meinem eigenen Verstand.\" <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm war achtunddreißig Jahre alt, als er Elijah Muhammads Nation des Islam verließ.  Über seine Überlegungen nachdenkend, die er vor seinem Austritt angestellt hatte, sagte er: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"An dem einen oder anderen Vortrag an einem College oder einer Universität kamen normalerweise, nachdem ich gesprochen hatte, vielleicht ein Dutzend vorwiegend weiß-erscheinende Menschen zu mir, die sich als arabische, mittelöstliche oder aus nordafrikanische Muslime zu erkennen gaben, die die Vereinigten Staaten besuchten, dort studierten oder lebten.  Sie hatten mir gesagt, dass sie ungeachtet meiner die Weißen anklagenen Aussagen fühlten, dass ich mich ernsthaft als Muslim betrachtete – und sie fühlten, wenn ich dem, was sie den wahren Islam nannten, augesetzt sein würde, würde ich ihn verstehen und annehmen.  Automatisch war ich, als Anhänger von Elijah Muhammad, ärgerlich geworden, wann immer mir dies gesagt wurde.  Aber in der Privatsphäre meiner eigenen Gedanken nach verschiedenen solcher Erfahrungen, befragt ich mich selbst: ´wenn jemand aufrichtig eine Religion ausübt, warum sollte er dann verhindern, dass sich sein Wissen von dieser Religion sich verbreitet?´ <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jene orthodoxen Muslime, die ich getroffen hatte, hatten mich, einer nach dem anderen, gebeten, mit einem Dr. Mahmoud Youssef Shawarbi zu sprechen.  ...Dann eines Tages wurden Dr. Shawarbi und ich von einem Journalisten eingeladen.  Er war herzlich.  Er sagte, er hat mich in der Presse verfolt; ich sagte, mir sei von ihm erzählte worden und wir sprachen fünfzehn oder zwanzig Minuten lang.  Wir mußten beide gehen, um Verabredungen einzuhalten, die wir hatten, und er sagte etwas, dessen Logik mir nie mehr aus dem Kopf ging.  Er sagte: \"Kein Mann hat vollkommen geglaubt, bis er für seinen Bruder wünscht, was er für sich selbst auch wünscht.\"  (Eine Aussage des Propheten Muhammad, Gottes Segen und Frieden auf ihm).\"   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Auswirkungen der Pilgerfahrt<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcolm spricht weiter über den Ha\u011f\u011f: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"Die Pilgerfahrt nach Mekka, bekannt als Ha\u011f\u011f, ist eine religiöse Pflicht die jeder orthodoxe Muslim erfüllt, wenn er dazu in der Lage ist, wenigstens einmal im Leben.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Heilige Quran sagt: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…Und der Menschen Pflicht ist die Pilgerfahrt zum Hause (Gottes, das durch den Propheten Abraham erbaut wurde), wer da den Weg zu ihm machen kann…” (Quran 3:97)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Gott sprach: \"Und rufe die Menschen zur Pilgerfahrt auf.  Sie werden zu Fuß und auf jedem mageren Kamel aus allen fernen Gegenden zu dir kommen.” (Quran 22:27)<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jeder einzelne von den Tausenden am Flughafen, bereit nach Jeddah aufzubrechen, war auf diese Art bekleidet.  Du könntest ein König oder ein Bauer sein, und niemand würde es wissen.  Einige mächtige Persönlichkeiten, die mir diskret gezeigt wurden, hatten das gleiche wie ich an.  Einmal angezogen, hatten wir alle begonnen, mit wenigen Unterbrechungen auszurufen: \"Labbayka!  (Allahumma) Labbayka!\"  (Dir zu Diensten bin ich hierher geeilt, unser Herr!)  In einem Flugzeug mit weißen, schwarzen, braunen, roten und gelben Menschen, blaue Augen und blonde Haare, und mein filziges rotes Haar – alle zusammen, Brüder!  Alle verehren denselben Gott, alle nacheinander, geben sich gegenseitig die gleiche Ehre…<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Erst zu dieser Zeit begann ich wieder, den \"Weißen Mann\" neu einzuschätzen.  Es war, als ich zu spüren begann, dass \"Weißer Mann\", wie es gwöhnlich verwendet wird, nur zweitrangig \"Hautfarbe<\/em>\" bedeutet; in erster Linie beschreibt es Verhaltensweisen und Taten.  In Amerika bedeutete \"Weißer Mann\" bestimmte Verhaltensweisen und Handlungen -Schwarzen und allen anderen nicht-weißen Menschen gegenüber.  In der muslimischen Welt aber hatte ich gesehen, daß Männer mit weißer Hautfarbe wirklich brüderlicher waren, als alle anderen sonst jemals waren.  Dieser Morgen war der Anfang einer radikalen Änderung meiner gesamten Ansichten über \"weiße\" Männer.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Da waren Zehntausende von Pilgern aus aller Herren Länder.  Sie hatten alle Farben, von blauäugigen  Blonden bis zu tiefschwarzen Afrikanern.  Aber wir alle nahmen an demselben Ritual teil, entfalteten einen einheitlichen Geist und eine Brüderlichkeit, von der ich nach meinen Erfahrungen in Amerika nie geglaubt hätte, daß sie unter Weißen und Nicht-Weißen existieren könnte...  Amerika muß unbedingt den Islam verstehen lernen, denn dies ist die Religion, die das Rassenproblem ihrer Gesellschaft ausgerottet hat.  Während meiner ganzen Reisen durch die muslimische Welt habe ich viele Leute getroffen, mit ihnen gesprochen und sogar gegessen, die in Amerika als weiß angesehen würden – aber die Eigenschaften der \"Weißen\" waren aus ihren Köpfen durch die Religion des Islam beseitigt.  Ich habe nie zuvor so eine ernsthafte und ehrliche Brüderlichkeit von Menschen aller Farben zusammen gesehen, ungeachtet ihrer Farbe.\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcoms neue Vision für Amerika<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcolm fährt fort:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

\"Jede Stunde hier in dem Heiligen Land befähigt mich zu immer größer werdenden spirituellen Einblicken in das, was in Amerika zwischen schwarz und weiß passiert.  Der amerikanische Negro kann nie für seine rassistischen Feindlichkeiten beschuldigt werden – er reagiert lediglich auf vierhundert Jahre bewussten Rassismus durch die amerikamischen Weißen.  Aber da der Rassismus Amerika auf den Weg des Selbstmord führt, glaube ich, anhand der Erfahrung, die ich mit ihnen hatte, dass die Weißen der jüngeren Generation in den Colleges und Universitäten die Handschrift auf der Mauer lesen wird und viele von ihnen werden den spirituellen Weg der Wahrheit einschlagen – den einzigen Weg, der Amerika noch bleibt, um die Katastrophe abzuwenden, zu dem der Rassismus unvermeidlich führen muss.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ich glaube, dass Gott der sogenannten ´christlichen´ weißen Gesellschaft ihre letzte Möglichkeit gegeben hat, zu bereuen und für die Verbrechen der Ausbeutung und der Versklavung der nicht-weißen Völker der Welt zu sühnen.  Es ist genau so, wie als Gott Pharao eine Möglichkeit zur Reue gelassen hat.  Aber Pharao lehnte ab, weil er sonst gerecht zu denen hätte sein müssen, die er unterdrückte.  Und wir wissen, dass Gott Pharao letztendlich zerstört hat. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ich werde niemals das Dinner bei Azzam zuhause mit Dr. Azzam vergessen.  Je mehr wir sprachen, desto mehr ahnte ich sein riesiges Wissen und seine Vielfältigkeit schien grenzenlos.  Er sprach von der Rassenzugehörigkeit der Nachkommen Muhammads, des Propheten, Gottes Segen und Frieden auf ihm, und er zeigte mir, dass sie sowohl schwarz als auch weiss waren.  Er bewies mir auch, dass Farbe und die Probleme mit der Farbe , die in der muslimischen Welt existieren, nur in den Bereichen vorkommen, wo die Muslime durch den Westen beeinflusst sind.  Er sagte, dass wenn man irgendwelche Differenzen aufgrund der Hautfarbe vorfindet, dann steht das in direktem Verhältnis zum westlichen Einfluß.\" <\/span><\/p>\r\n

(teil 2 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Teil 2: Ein neuer Mann mit einer neuen Botschaft. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Das Einssein des Menschen unter dem Einen Gott<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Es war während seiner Pilgerreise, wo er begann, einige Briefe an seine treuen Assistenten in der neugestalteten Muslimischen Moschee in Harlem zu schreiben.  Er bat darum, dass seine Briefe vervielfältigt wurden und an die Presse verteilt würden: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Niemals zuvor war ich Zeuge einer so aufrichtigen Gastfreundschaft und eines so überwältigenden Geistes wahrer Brüderlichkeit geworden, die von Menschen aller Hautfarben und Rassen hier in diesem alten Heiligen Land, dem Heim Abrahams, Muhammads und all der anderen Propheten der Heiligen Schriften, praktiziert werden.  Die letzte Woche verbrachte ich ganz und gar sprachlos und verzaubert von der Dankbarkeit, die diese Menschen aller Farben um mich herum ausstrahlten...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 Ihr werdet schockiert sein, diese Worte von mir zu hören.  Aber auf dieser Pilgerreise hat mich das, was ich gesehen und erfahren habe, gezwungen, viele meiner früheren Denkmuster neu zu ordnen und einige meiner früheren Schlussfolgerungen über Bord zu werfen.  Das war nicht allzu schwer für mich.  Trotz meiner festen Überzeugungen bin ich immer ein Mann geblieben, der versucht, den Tatsachen ins Auge zu sehen und die Realität des Lebens als neue Erfahrung und neues Wissen zu akzeptierten und zu entfalten.  Ich habe mir immer ein offenes Bewusstsein bewahrt, das für die Flexibilität notwendig ist, die mit einer jeglichen Form der intelligenten Suche nach der Wahrheit Hand in Hand gehen muss.   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Während der letzten elf Tage hier in der muslimischen Welt habe ich  mit muslimischen Brüdern, deren Augen das blaueste Blau, deren Haare das blondeste Blond und deren Haut das weißeste Weiß besaßen, von demselben Teller gegessen, aus demselben Glas getrunken und auf derselben Matte geschlafen, während wir zu demselben Gott beteten.  Und in den Worten und Taten dieser weißen Muslime fühlte ich dieselbe Aufrichtigkeit, die ich unter den schwarzen afrikanischen Muslimen Nigerias, Sudans und Ghanas verspürte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wir waren wirklich alle gleich (wie Brüder) – denn ihr Glaube an einen Gott hat das Weiße aus ihrem Bewusstsein, das Weiße aus ihrem Verhalten und das Weiße aus ihrer Einstellung verbannt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Daran konnte ich erkennen, dass vielleicht, wenn die weißen Amerikaner die Einheit Gottes akzeptieren könnten, dass sie dann vielleicht auch die Einheit der Menschheit wirklich akzeptieren könnten – und davon ablassen würden, andere anhand ihres \"Farbunterschiedes\" zu messen, zu behindern und zu schädigen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mit dem Rassismus, der Amerika wie ein unheilbares Krebsgeschwür plagt, sollte das sogenannte ´christliche´ weiße amerikanische Herz empfänglicher für eine bewiesene Lösung eines derart zerstörerischen Problems sein.  Vielleicht könnte es für Amerika gerade noch rechtzeitig sein, um das Land vor einer drohenden Katastrophe zu bewahren – der Rassismus brachte Deutschland dieselbe Zerstörung und hat vielleicht die Deutschen selbst zerstört.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Sie fragten mich, was mich am Hajj am meisten beeindruckt habe… ich antwortete: \"Die Brüderlichkeit!  Die Menschen aller Rassen, Hautfarben, aus der gesamten Welt kommen zusammen!  Das hat mir die Macht des Einen Gottes bewiesen… Alle aßen zusammen, alle schliefen zusammen.  Die gesamte Atmosphäre der Pilgerreise betonte das Einssein der Menschen unter Einem Gott.\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm kehrte als El-Hajj Malik al-Shabazz von der Pilgerreise zurück.  Er brannte von neuen spirituellen Einsichten.  Für ihn hatte sich der Kampf von einem Kampf um Bürgerrechte eines Nationalisten zu einem Kampf um Menschenrechte eines Völker- und Menschenrechtlers ausgeweitet. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nach der Pilgerreise<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Weiße und andere Reporter waren begierig darauf, El-Hajj Maliks neuen Ansichten über sich selbst zu erfahren.  Sie konnten kaum glauben, dass sich der Mann, der so viele Jahre gegen sie gepredigt hatte, plötzlich um 180 Grad gedreht haben und sie als Brüder bezeichnen könnte.  Diesen Menschen hatte El-Hajj Malik folgendes zu sagen: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ihr fragt mich: ´Hast du nicht gesagt, dass du jetzt die hellhäutigen Männer als Brüder akzeptierst?´  Nun, meine Antwort ist, dass ich in der muslimischen Welt gesehen, gefühlt und nach Hause geschrieben habe, wie sich meine Denkweise ausgeweitet hat!  Genau, wie ich  beschrieben habe, teilte ich wahre, brüderliche Liebe mit vielen weißen Muslimen, die an meine Rasse oder Hautfarbe oder die eines anderen Muslim  nie einen einzigen Gedanken verschwendet haben. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Meine Pilgerreise hat meine Sichtweise erweitert.  Sie hat mich mit einer neuen Einsicht gesegnet.  In den zwei Wochen im Heiligen Land sah ich, was ich hier in Amerika in neununddreißig Jahren nicht gesehen hatte.  Ich sah alle Rassen, alle Hautfarben, -- von blauäugigen Blonden bis hin zu schwarzhäutigen Afrikanern -- in wahrer Brüderlichkeit!  Eine Einheit!  Als Eins zusammenlebend!  Keiner, der trennte, keine Liberalen; sie hätten gar nicht gewußt, wie man die Bedeutung dieser Worte interpretiert. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“In der Vergangenheit, ja, da habe ich radikale Anschuldigungen gegen alle weiße Menschen ausgesprochen.  Ich möchte mich solcher Dinge nie wieder schuldig machen – denn ich weiß jetzt, dass einige weiße Menschen wirklich aufrecht sind, dass einige weiße Menschen wirklich fähig sind, brüderlich gegenüber dem schwarzen Mann zu sein.  Der wahre Islam hat mir gezeigt, dass eine bloße Anschuldigung aller weißen Menschen genauso verkehrt ist, wie wenn die Weißen bloße Anschuldigungen gegen Schwarze hervorbringen.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Zu den Schwarzen, die ihn vermehrt als Führer betrachteten, predigte El-Hajj Malik eine neue Botschaft, geradezu das Gegenteil von dem, was er als Prediger in der Nation des Islam gesagt hatte: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Der wahre Islam hat mich gelehrt, dass alle religiösen, politischen, wirtschaftlichen, psychologischen und alle rassenmäßigen Inhaltsstoffe oder Eigenheiten dazugehören, um die Familie und die Gesellschaft der Menschen vollständig zu machen.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “Ich sagte zu meinen Zuhörern in der Harlem Street, dass, nur wenn sich die Menschheit dem Einen Gott ergibt, Der sie erschaffen hat -- nur dann wird sich die Menschheit dem \"Frieden\" auch nur nähern, von dem so viel gesprochen... aber in dessen Richtung so wenig unternommen wird.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Zu gefährlich, zum Bleiben<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El-Hajj Maliks neue universelle Botschaft stellte den schlimmsten Alptraum der Vereinigten Staaten dar.  Nicht nur, dass er die schwarzen Massen anzog, sondern auch die Intellektuellen aller Rassen und Hautfarben.  Jetzt wurde er ständig von der Presse als \"gewaltverherrlichend\" und \"militant\" dämonisiert, obgleich in Wirklichkeit er und Dr.Martin Luther King sich von ihren Standpunkten her näherten:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Das Ziel war immer dasselbe geblieben, mit Annäherungen, so verschieden sie auch waren, meine und die von Dr.Martin Luther Kings gewaltlosen Kundgebungen, welche die Brutalität und das Schlechte der weißen Männer gegenüber wehrlosen Schwarzen dramatisierten.   Und heutzutage in dem rassistischen Klima dieses Landes, stellt jeder Vermutungen an, welches \"extrem\" die Probleme des schwarzen Mannes zuerst mit einer persönlichen fatalen Katastrophe treffen würde; der ´friedliche´ Dr.King oder ich, den sie als ´gewalttätig´ betrachteten.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El-Hajj Malik wußte nur zu gut, dass er die Zielscheibe zahlreicher Gruppen war.  Trotz alledem hatte er nie Bedenken, das auszusprechen, was er sagen wollte, wenn er meinte, es sagen zu müssen.  Wie eine Art Grabesinschrift sagt er am Ende seiner Autobiographie: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ich weiß, dass Gesellschaften häufig die Menschen getötet haben, die daran beteiligt gewesen waren, diese Gesellschaften zu verändern.  Und wenn ich sterben kann, und ich habe zuvor irgendein Licht gebracht, irgendeine bedeutungsvolle Wahrheit gebracht, die dabei helfen wird, das rassistische Krebsgescheschwür zu zerstören, das den Körper Amerikas schädigt -- dann gebührt alles Lob und alle Ehre Gott.  Nur die Fehler sind von mir.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Das Vermächtnis des Malcolm X<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Obwohl El-Hajj Malik wußte, dass er eine Zielscheibe für Mörder war, akzeptierte er diese Tatsache, ohne um Polizeischutz zu bitten.  Als er am 21. Februar 1965 in einem New Yorker Hotel eine Rede vorbereitete, wurde er von drei schwarzen Männern erschossen.  Drei Monate später wäre er vierzig geworden. Obwohl deutlich ist, dass die Nation des Islam etwas mit dem Mord zu tun hat, glauben viele Menschen, dass noch mehr Organisationen daran beteiligt gewesen waren.  Das FBI – bekannt für ihre Tendenz, gegen die Scchwarzenbewegung zu sein – wurde als Komplize in betracht gezogen.  Wir werden möglicherweise nie mit Sicherheit wissen, wer hinter der Ermordung von El-Hajj Malik oder den Morden an anderen nationalen Führern in den frühen 60ern steckte. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcolm X’ Leben hat die Amerikaner auf viele wichtige Arten beeinflusst.  Das Interesse der Afro-Amerikaner an ihren islamischen Wurzeln ist seit El-Hajj Maliks Tod erblüht.  Alex Haley, der Malcolms Autobiographie schrieb, verfasste später das Werk ´Roots<\/em>´ (Wurzeln) über die Erfahrungen einer afrikanischen, muslimischen Familie mit der Sklaverei.  Immer mehr Afro-Amerikaner werden Muslime, nehmen muslimische Namen an oder erkunden  die afrikanische Kultur.  Das Interesse an Malcolm X hat durch Spike Lees Film \"X\" eine neue Flutwelle erfahren.  El-Hajj Malik ist eine Quelle des Stolzes für Afro-Amerikaner, Muslime und Amerikaner im allgemeinen.  Seine Botschaft ist einfach und klar:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ich bin kein Rassist, in welcher Form auch immer.  Ich glaube an überhaupt keine Art des Rassismus.  Ich glaube an keine Art der Diskriminierung oder Trennung.  Ich glaube an den Islam, ich bin ein Muslim.\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Malcolm X, EUA<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

“Sou e sempre serei um muçulmano. Minha religião é o Islã.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-Malcolm X<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Infância<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcom X nasceu Malcom Little em 19 de maio de 1925 em Omaha, Nebraska.  Sua mãe, Louis Norton Little, era uma dona-de-casa ocupada com os oito filhos da família.  Seu pai, Earl Little, era um ministro batista sincero e partidário ávido do líder nacionalista negro Marcus Garvey.  O ativismo de Earl nos direitos civis desencadeou ameaças de morte da organização supremacista branca Legião Negra, forçando a família a se mudar duas vezes antes do quarto aniversário de Malcom.  Independentemente dos esforços de Little para escapar da Legião, em 1929 sua casa em Lansing, Michigan, foi totalmente queimada, e dois anos depois o corpo mutilado de Earl foi encontrado nos trilhos do bonde da cidade, quando Malcom tinha apenas seis anos.  Louise teve um colapso nervoso vários anos depois da morte de seu marido, e foi internada em uma instituição para doentes mentais.  Seus filhos foram divididos entre vários lares adotivos e orfanatos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcom era um aluno esperto e focado e graduou-se no ensino fundamental como o primeiro de sua classe.  Entretanto, quando um professor favorito disse a Malcom que seu sonho de tornar-se advogado não era um objetivo realista para um negro, Malcom perdeu interesse na escola e a abandonou com a idade de quinze anos.  Aprendendo nas ruas, Malcom familiarizou-se com criminosos, ladrões, traficantes de drogas e cafetões.  Condenado por roubo aos vinte anos permaneceu na prisão até a idade de vinte e sete anos.  Durante sua prisão ele tentou instruir-se.  Além disso, durante seu período na prisão, conheceu e uniu-se à Nação do Islã, estudando em detalhes os ensinamentos de Elijah Muhammad.  Foi libertado, um homem mudado, em 1952.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A ‘Nação do Islã’<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Ao ser libertado Malcom foi para Detroit e uniu-se às atividades diárias da seita, recebendo instruções do próprio Elijah Muhammad. O comprometimento pessoal de Malcom ajudou a construir a organização a nível nacional, enquanto fez dele uma figura internacional.  Foi entrevistado em programas de televisão e revistas de destaque, e deu palestras em todo o país em várias universidades e outros fóruns.  Seu poder estava em suas palavras, que descreviam vividamente o sofrimento dos negros e incriminava os brancos de forma veemente. Quando uma pessoa branca referiu-se ao fato de que algumas universidades do sul tinham matriculado calouros negros sem precisar de baionetas, Malcom reagiu com escárnio:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quando eu não respondi, o anfitrião do programa mordeu a isca: Ahhh!  De fato, Sr. Malcom X – você não pode negar que isso é um avanço para sua raça!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aproveitei a brecha, então.  Não posso dar as costas sem ouvir sobre algum ‘avanço nos direitos civis’!  Os brancos parecem pensar que os negros devem gritar 'aleluia'!  Por quatrocentos anos o branco manteve sua longa faca no pescoço do negro – e agora o branco começa a afastar a faca, talvez alguns centímetros!  O negro deve ser grato?  Por que, se o branco empurrou a faca e a cicatriz vai permanecer?!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Embora as palavras de Malcom alfinetassem as injustiças contra negros na América, as opiniões igualmente racistas da Nação do Islã o impediam de aceitar que alguns brancos fossem sinceros ou capazes de ajudar na situação.  Por doze anos ele pregou que o homem branco era o demônio e que o Honorável Elijah Muhammad era mensageiro de Deus.  Infelizmente, muitas imagens de Malcom hoje focam nesse período de sua vida, embora a transformação pela qual ele passou tenha transmitido uma mensagem completamente diferente e mais importante para o povo americano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Mudança para o Verdadeiro Islã<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Em 12 de março de 1964, impelido pela inveja dentro da Nação do Islã e por revelações de imoralidade sexual por parte de Elijah Muhammad, Malcom deixou a Nação do Islã com a intenção de começar sua própria organização:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sinto-me como um homem que de alguma forma esteve dormindo e sob o controle de outra pessoa.  Sinto que o que estou pensando e dizendo agora é por mim mesmo.  Antes, era por e pela orientação de outro, agora penso com minha própria mente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcom estava com trinta e oito anos quando deixou a Nação do Islã de Elijah Muhammad.  Refletindo sobre o que ocorreu antes de sua saída, ele disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Em uma ou outra faculdade ou universidade, geralmente em encontros informais após eu ter feito minha palestra, por volta de uma dúzia de pessoas brancas de boa complexão vinha falar comigo, se identificando como muçulmanos árabes, do Oriente Médio ou do norte da África que estavam visitando, estudando ou morando nos Estados Unidos.   Eles me diziam que a despeito de minhas declarações acusando os brancos, sentiam que eu era sincero em me considerar um muçulmano – e que sentiam que se eu fosse exposto ao que chamavam de Islã verdadeiro, eu o entenderia e o abraçaria.  Automaticamente, como seguidor de Elijah, eu me refreava toda vez que isso era dito.  Mas na privacidade de meus pensamentos, depois de várias experiências como essa, me questionei: se alguém é sincero ao professar uma religião, por que se recusaria a ampliar seu conhecimento daquela religião?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aqueles muçulmanos ortodoxos que encontrei, um após outro, me incentivaram a encontrar e conversar com um Dr. Mahmoud Youssef Shawarbi. . . . Então um dia Dr. Shawarbi e eu fomos apresentados por um jornalista.  Ele foi cordial.  Disse que tinha me acompanhado pela imprensa; eu disse que tinham me falado dele, e conversamos por quinze ou vinte minutos.  Ambos tínhamos que sair para compromissos, quando ele me disse algo cuja lógica nunca sairia de minha cabeça.  Ele disse que nenhum homem acredita de forma perfeita até que deseje para seu irmão o que deseja para si próprio (um dito do Profeta Muhammad, que Deus o louve).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Efeito da Peregrinação<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcom prossegue sobre o Hajj:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A peregrinação à Meca, conhecida como Hajj, é uma obrigação religiosa que todo muçulmano ortodoxo cumpre, se tiver capacidade, pelo menos uma vez em sua vida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Alcorão Sagrado diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“...A peregrinação à Casa é um dever para com Deus, por parte de todos os seres humanos, que estão em condições de empreendê-la;...” (Alcorão 3:97)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Deus disse: ‘E proclama a peregrinação às pessoas; elas virão a ti a pé, e montando toda espécie de camelos, de todo longínquo lugar.’” (Alcorão 22:27)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Todos os milhares no aeroporto, prontos para partir para Jedá, estavam vestidos da mesma forma.  Você podia ser um rei ou um camponês, e ninguém saberia.  Algumas personalidades poderosas, que foram discretamente mostradas a mim, vestiam o mesmo que eu.  Vestidos dessa forma, todos começamos a chamar intermitentemente Labbayka!  (Allahumma) Labbayka!  (Aqui estou, Ó Senhor!). Reunidos no avião estavam pessoas brancas, negras, pardas, vermelhas e amarelas, olhos azuis e cabelos loiros, e minha carapinha vermelha – todos juntos, irmãos!   Todos honrando o mesmo Deus e, por sua vez, todos se honrando mutuamente...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Foi quando pela primeira vez comecei a reavaliar o homem branco. Foi quando pela primeira vez comecei a perceber que o homem branco, como usado comumente, significa complexão física apenas secundariamente; primariamente descreve atitudes e ações.  Na América, homem branco significava atitudes e ações específicas em relação ao homem negro, e em relação aos outros homens não-brancos.  Mas no mundo muçulmano, eu tinha visto que homens com complexão branca eram mais genuinamente fraternais do que qualquer outro já tinha sido.  Aquela manhã foi o começo de uma mudança radical em toda minha perspectiva sobre os homens brancos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Havia dezenas de milhares de peregrinos, de todo o mundo.  Eram de todas as cores, de loiros de olhos azuis a africanos de cor negra.  Mas estavam todos participando no mesmo ritual, exibindo um espírito de unidade e fraternidade que minhas experiências na América me levaram a acreditar que jamais poderia existir entre os brancos e os não-brancos...  A América precisa compreender o Islã, porque essa é a religião que apaga da sociedade o problema da raça.  Através de minhas viagens no mundo muçulmano, encontrei, conversei e até comi com pessoas que na América seriam consideradas brancas - mas a atitude branca foi removida de suas mentes pela religião do Islã.  Eu jamais tinha visto fraternidade sincera e verdadeira praticada por todas as cores juntas, independentemente de sua cor.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Nova Visão de Malcom da América<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Malcom continua:<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

Cada hora aqui na Terra Sagrada me permite ter mais discernimentos espirituais sobre o que está acontecendo na América entre os negros e brancos.  O negro americano não pode nunca ser culpado por suas animosidades raciais – está apenas reagindo a quatrocentos anos de racismo consciente dos brancos americanos.   Mas como o racismo leva a América para o caminho do suicídio, eu creio, das experiências que tenho tido com eles, que os brancos da geração mais jovem, nas faculdades e universidades, verão a desgraça que se aproxima e muitos deles se voltarão para o caminho espiritual da verdade – o único caminho para evitar o desastre para o qual o racismo inevitavelmente levará a América.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Acredito que Deus neste momento está dando à suposta sociedade branca ‘cristã’ do mundo sua última oportunidade de se arrepender e expiar os crimes de exploração e escravização dos povos não-brancos do mundo.  É exatamente como quando Deus deu ao Faraó uma chance de se arrepender.  Mas o Faraó persistiu em sua recusa de dar justiça àqueles que oprimiu.  E nós sabemos que Deus finalmente destruiu o Faraó.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nunca esquecerei o jantar com o Dr. Azzam.  Quanto mais conversávamos, mais seu vasto reservatório de conhecimento e sua variedade pareciam ilimitados.  Ele falou da linhagem racial dos descendentes de Muhammad, que Deus o louve, o Profeta, e mostrou como eram brancos e negros.  Também destacou como a cor, e os problemas de cor que existem no mundo muçulmano, existem apenas onde, e na medida em que, aquela área do mundo muçulmano foi influenciada pelo Ocidente.  Ele disse que ao encontrar quaisquer diferenças com base na atitude em relação à cor, isso refletia diretamente o grau de influência ocidental.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

A Unicidade do Homem sob Um Deus<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Foi durante sua peregrinação que ele começou a escrever algumas cartas para seus assistentes leais na recém-formada mesquita no Harlem.  Ele pediu que sua carta fosse copiada e distribuída à imprensa:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Nunca testemunhei tamanha hospitalidade sincera e o espírito dominante de fraternidade verdadeira como praticados por pessoas de todas as cores e raças aqui nessa antiga Terra Sagrada, a Casa de Abraão, Muhammad e todos os outros Profetas das Escrituras Sagradas. Na última semana fiquei completamente sem palavras e fascinado pela bondade que vi ser exibida à minha volta por pessoas de todas as cores...<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Você pode estar chocado com essas palavras vindo de mim. Mas nessa peregrinação o que tenho visto, e experimentado, forçou-me a reorganizar muito dos padrões de pensamento mantidos anteriormente, e a deixar de lado algumas das minhas conclusões prévias. Não foi muito difícil para mim.  Apesar de minhas firmes convicções, sempre fui um homem que tenta enfrentar os fatos, e aceitar a realidade da vida na medida em que é revelada por experiência e conhecimento novos.  Sempre mantive a mente aberta, o que é necessário para a flexibilidade que deve andar de mãos dadas com toda forma inteligente de busca pela verdade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Durante os últimos onze dias aqui no mundo muçulmano, comi no mesmo prato, bebi do mesmo copo, e dormi na mesma cama (ou no mesmo tapete) – enquanto orava para o mesmo Deus - com companheiros muçulmanos, cujos olhos eram os mais azuis dos azuis, cujos cabelos eram os mais loiros dos loiros, cuja pele era a mais branca das brancas. E nas palavras, ações e atos dos muçulmanos “brancos”, senti a mesma sinceridade que senti entre os muçulmanos africanos negros da Nigéria, Sudão e Gana.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Éramos todos verdadeiramente os mesmos (irmãos) – porque sua crença em um Deus tinha removido o “branco” de suas mentes, o ‘branco’ de seu comportamento e o ‘branco’ de suas atitudes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Pude ver disso que, talvez se os americanos brancos pudessem aceitar a Unicidade de Deus, então, talvez, também pudessem aceitar na realidade a Unicidade do Homem – e parar de avaliar, obstruir e prejudicar outros em termos de suas \"diferenças\" na cor.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Com o racismo infestando a América como um câncer incurável, o suposto coração americano branco “cristão” devia ser mais receptivo a uma solução comprovada para esse problema destrutivo.  Talvez esteja em tempo de salvar a América de um desastre iminente – a mesma destruição que ocorreu à Alemanha pelo racismo que eventualmente destruiu os próprios alemães.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Perguntaram-me o que mais me impressionou sobre o Hajj. . . Eu disse, “A fraternidade!  Os povos de todas as raças, cores, de todo o mundo se reunindo como um só!  Isso me provou o poder do Deus Único. . . . Todos comem como um e dormem como um.  Tudo na atmosfera da peregrinação acentua a Unicidade do Homem sob Um Único Deus.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Malcom retornou da peregrinação como El-Hajj Malik al-Shabazz.  Estava incendiado com novo discernimento espiritual.  Para ele, a batalha tinha evoluído da luta de um nacionalista pelos direitos civis para a luta pelos direitos humanos de um internacionalista e humanitário.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Depois da Peregrinação<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Repórteres e outros brancos estavam ansiosos para aprender sobre as recém-formadas opiniões de El-Hajj Malik sobre eles.  Mal podiam acreditar que o homem que tinha pregado contra eles por tantos anos podia repentinamente ter se modificado e chamá-los de irmãos.  Para essas pessoas El-Hajj Malik tinha isso a dizer:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Vocês me perguntam ‘Você não disse que agora aceita os brancos como irmãos?’  Bem, minha resposta é que no mundo muçulmano eu vi, senti e escrevi para casa como meu pensamento tinha se ampliado!  Enquanto escrevia, compartilhava amor fraternal verdadeiro com muitos muçulmanos de complexão branca que nunca se importaram com a raça ou complexão de outro muçulmano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Minha peregrinação ampliou meu escopo. Ela me abençoou com um novo discernimento. Em duas semanas na Terra Sagrada eu vi o que nunca tinha visto em trinta e nove anos aqui na América. Vi todas as raças, todas as cores, - de loiros de olhos azuis a africanos negros – em verdadeira irmandade!  Em unidade!  Vivendo como um!  Adorando como um!  Sem segregacionistas – nem liberais; eles não saberiam interpretar o significado dessas palavras.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“No passado, sim, fiz acusações generalizadas a todas as pessoas brancas. Nunca serei culpado disso novamente – uma vez que agora sei que algumas pessoas brancas são verdadeiramente sinceras, que algumas são verdadeiramente capazes de serem irmãs de um homem negro. O Islã verdadeiro me mostrou que fazer uma acusação coletiva contra todas as pessoas brancas é tão errado quanto os brancos fazerem acusações coletivas contra os negros.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Para os negros que constantemente olharam para ele como um líder, El-Hajj Malik pregou uma nova mensagem, totalmente oposta à que ele tinha pregado como ministro na Nação do Islã:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O verdadeiro Islã ensinou-me que são necessários todos os ingredientes, ou características, religiosos, políticos, econômicos, psicológicos e raciais, para completar a Família e a Sociedade Humanas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “Eu disse às minhas audiências nas ruas do Harlem que somente quando a humanidade se submeter a Um Deus que criou a todos - somente então a humanidade se aproximará da \"paz\" da qual muito se ouve falar... mas em cuja direção pouca ação tem sido vista.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muito Perigoso para Durar<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

A nova mensagem universalista de El-Hajj Malik era o pior pesadelo da instituição americana.  Ela não apelava somente para as massas negras, mas para intelectuais de todas as raças e cores.  Agora ele era consistentemente demonizado pela imprensa como um “defensor da violência” e um “militante”, embora na verdade ele e o Dr. Martin Luther King estivessem se aproximando em termos de ponto de vista:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O objetivo sempre foi o mesmo, com abordagens tão diferentes quanto a minha e a marcha não-violenta do Dr. Martin Luther King, que dramatiza a brutalidade e o mal do homem branco contra negros indefesos. E no clima racial desse país hoje, é um mistério qual dos “extremos” na abordagem dos problemas do homem negro encontrará a nível pessoal uma catástrofe fatal primeiro – o ‘não-violento’ Dr. King, ou o suposto ‘violento’ eu.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El-Hajj Malik sabia bem que era um alvo de muitos grupos.  Apesar disso, nunca teve medo de dizer o que tinha que dizer quando tinha que dizê-lo.  Como um tipo de epitáfio no fim de sua autobiografia, ele diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Sei que as sociedades com freqüência mataram as pessoas que ajudaram a mudar essas sociedades. Se eu puder morrer tendo trazido alguma luz, tendo exposto alguma verdade significativa que ajudará a destruir o câncer racista que é maligno no corpo da América - então, todo o crédito é devido a Deus. Somente os erros foram meus.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Legado de Malcom X<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Embora El-Hajj Malik soubesse que era um alvo para assassinato, ele aceitou esse fato sem requisitar proteção policial.  Em 21 de fevereiro de 1965, enquanto se preparava para dar uma palestra em um hotel de Nova Iorque, foi baleado por três homens negros.  Faltavam três meses para completar quarenta anos.  Embora esteja claro que a Nação do Islã teve algo a ver com o assassinato, muitas pessoas acreditam que houve mais de uma organização envolvida.  O FBI, conhecido por sua tendência antimovimento negro, foi sugerido como cúmplice.  Podemos nunca saber ao certo quem estava por trás do assassinato de El-Hajj Malik ou do assassinato de outros líderes nacionais no início dos anos 60.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A vida de Malcom X afetou os americanos de muitas formas importantes. O interesse dos afro-americanos em suas raízes islâmicas floresceu desde a morte de El-Hajj Malik.  Alex Haley, que escreveu a autobiografia de Malcom, escreveu depois o épico Raízes<\/em>, sobre a experiência de uma família muçulmana com a escravidão.  Mais e mais afro-americanos estão se tornando muçulmanos, adotando nomes islâmicos ou explorando a cultura africana.  O interesse em Malcom X aumentou repentinamente em tempos recentes devido ao filme de Spike Lee, “X”.  El-Hajj Malik é uma fonte de orgulho para os afro-americanos, muçulmanos, e americanos em geral.  Sua mensagem é simples e clara:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Não sou racista sob qualquer aspecto. Não acredito em qualquer forma de racismo. Não acredito em qualquer forma de discriminação ou segregação. Acredito no Islã. Sou um muçulmano.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff081\/2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

“\u6211\u5c06\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3002\u6211\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

                                    ——\u9a6c\u5c14\u79d1\u59c6·X<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u65e9\u671f\u751f\u6d3b<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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“\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6c11\u65cf”\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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“\u5f53\u6211\u6ed1\u5012\u65f6\uff0c\u8282\u76ee\u4e3b\u6301\u4eba\u4f1a\u5174\u594b\u5730\u558a\uff1a\u54c8\u54c8\uff01\u9a6c\u5c14\u79d1\u59c6\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u5426\u8ba4\u90a3\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f60\u7684\u6bd4\u8d5b\u786e\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u63a8\u8fdb\uff01<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6211\u4f1a\u575a\u6301\u6211\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002\u542c\u4e0d\u5230“\u6c11\u6743\u63d0\u9ad8”\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u6211\u7edd\u4e0d\u56de\u5934\u3002\u767d\u4eba\u6216\u8bb8\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u558a\uff1a“\u54c8\u5229\u8def\u4e9a”\uff08hallelujah\uff0c\u8d5e\u7f8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff09\uff01\u56db\u767e\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u603b\u5728\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u810a\u80cc\u4e0a\u63d2\u4e86\u4e00\u628a\u4e00\u5c3a\u6216\u516d\u82f1\u5bf8\u957f\u7684\u5200\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u767d\u4eba\u8981\u628a\u5b83\u62d4\u51fa\u6765\uff01\u8ba9\u9ed1\u4eba\u611f\u6fc0\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u767d\u4eba\u731b\u62d4\u51fa\u5200\uff0c\u4ecd\u65e7\u4f1a\u7559\u4e0b\u5f88\u6df1\u7684\u5200\u75d5\u7684\uff01”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u5168\u65b0\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4f0a\u65af\u5170<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

1964\u5e743\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u53d7\u5230“\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6c11\u65cf”\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6392\u6324\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53c8\u7206\u51fa\u4e86\u4f0a\u5229\u96c5·\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u6027\u4e11\u95fb\uff0c\u9a6c\u5c14\u79d1\u59c6\u4e8e\u662f\u4e0e“\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6c11\u65cf”\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51b3\u88c2\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u6309\u65b0\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5efa\u7acb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u671d\u89d0\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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\u524d\u5f80\u9ea6\u52a0\u671d\u89d0\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97“\u7f55\u5409”\uff08Hajj\uff09\u7684\u8363\u8a89\uff0c\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u5177\u5907\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e00\u751f\u5fc5\u987b\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b89\u62c9\u5728\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5176\u4e2d\u6709<\/strong>\u8bb8\u591a\u660e\u8bc1\uff0c\u5982\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u5730\uff1b\u51e1\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u5b89\u5b81\u3002\u51e1\u80fd\u65c5\u884c\u5230\u5929\u623f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e3a\u5b89\u62c9\u800c\u671d\u89d0\u5929\u623f\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u4e0d\u4fe1\u9053\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u65e0\u635f\u4e8e\u5b89\u62c9\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b89\u62c9\u786e\u662f\u65e0\u6c42\u4e8e\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>3<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>97<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4f60<\/strong>\u5e94\u5f53\u5728\u4f17\u4eba\u4e2d\u5ba3\u544a\u671d\u89d0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4ece\u8fdc\u9053\u6216\u5f92\u6b65\u6216\u4e58\u7740\u7626\u9a7c\uff0c\u5230\u4f60\u8fd9\u91cc\u6765\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>22<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>27<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u673a\u573a\u91cc\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7a7f\u7740\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u88c5\u675f\uff0c\u51c6\u5907\u79bb\u5f00\u5409\u8fbe\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56fd\u738b\u6216\u4e00\u4f4d\u519c\u6c11\uff0c\u65e0\u4eba\u77e5\u6653\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u653f\u8981\u53ea\u662f\u5f88\u8c28\u614e\u5730\u5411\u6211\u793a\u610f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u9ad8\u547c“\u54cd\u5e94\u8bcd”\uff1aLabbayka! (Allahumma) Labbayka!\uff08\u4e3b\u554a\uff01\u6211\u5e94\u53ec\u6765\u4e86\uff01\u6211\u5e94\u53ec\u6765\u4e86\uff01\u3002\uff09\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u767d\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u3001\u9ed1\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u3001\u68d5\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u3001\u9ec4\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\uff0c\u6709\u84dd\u773c\u775b\u7684\u3001\u9ec4\u5934\u53d1\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u50cf\u6211\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u7ea2\u8272\u5377\u53d1\u7684\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u7686\u4e3a\u5144\u5f1f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8d5e\u9882\u7740\u5b89\u62c9\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u9762\u524d\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49……<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4ece\u90a3\u4e00\u5239\u90a3\u8d77\uff0c\u6211\u5f00\u59cb\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba4\u8bc6 “\u767d\u4eba”\u3002\u6240\u8c13“\u767d\u4eba”\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u80a4\u8272\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u662f\u666e\u666e\u901a\u901a\u7684\u4eba\uff1b\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u6001\u5ea6\u5984\u52a0\u523b\u753b\u3002\u800c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c“\u767d\u4eba”\u6bd4\u9ed1\u4eba\uff0c\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u4eab\u6709\u66f4\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6211\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u663e\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u66f4\u771f\u8bda\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\u60c5\u4e49\u3002\u4ece\u90a3\u5929\u65e9\u6668\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u7684\u8111\u6d77\u4e2d\u5bf9\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6709\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u9a6c\u5c14\u79d1\u59c6·X\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b0\u89c6\u89c9<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u9a6c\u5c14\u79d1\u59c6\u7ee7\u7eed\u8bf4\u9053\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u5c06\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5982\u4eca\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6240\u8c13\u7684“\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u767d\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a”\u6700\u7ec8\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u548c\u6240\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u7f6a\u6076\u800c\u5fcf\u6094\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5b89\u62c9\u60e9\u7f5a\u6cd5\u8001\uff0c\u4f7f\u6cd5\u8001\u6094\u8fc7\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4f46\u6cd5\u8001\u62d2\u7edd\u7ed9\u4ed6\u66fe\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u6700\u7ec8\u4f7f\u6cd5\u8001\u6bc1\u706d\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\uff082\/2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u8ba4\u4e3b\u72ec\u4e00<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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“\u6211\u4ece\u6ca1\u6709\u89c1\u8fc7\u5982\u6b64\u771f\u8bda\u3001\u70ed\u60c5\u548c\u7cbe\u8bda\u56e2\u7ed3\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\u60c5\u4e49\u3002\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u7247\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u5723\u5730——\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u3001\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5929\u7ecf\u4e2d\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f7f\u8005\u7684\u5bb6\u56ed\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u7c4d\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u80a4\u8272\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u6b63\u6f14\u7ece\u7740\u8fd9\u79cd\u5144\u5f1f\u60c5\u4e49\u3002\u4e00\u5468\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u773c\u524d\u6240\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u80a4\u8272\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eb2\u5207\u3001\u8fd9\u79cd\u7eaf\u6d01\u9ad8\u5c1a\u7684\u53cb\u60c5\u6240\u9707\u64bc……<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u6211\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8a00\u8f9e\u611f\u5230\u9707\u60ca\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u671d\u89d0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u548c\u7ecf\u5386\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u6211\u5bf9\u6211\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u505a\u51fa\u6279\u5224\u548c\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u7ea0\u6b63\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u5927\u96be\u9898\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ee5\u524d\u6211\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u89c2\u5ff5\u575a\u4fe1\u4e0d\u7591\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9762\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u65b0\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u7ed9\u6211\u65b0\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u65b0\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u59cb\u7ec8\u4fdd\u6301\u865a\u5fc3\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u5f97\u5230\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6d17\u6da4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u5728\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8fd9\u5341\u4e00\u5929\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5403\u7740\u540c\u4e00\u76d8\u5b50\u7684\u996d\uff0c\u559d\u7740\u540c\u4e00\u676f\u5b50\u91cc\u7684\u6c34\uff0c\u76d6\u7740\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6bdb\u6bef\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5144\u5f1f\u7948\u7977\u7740\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u517b\u4e3b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u84dd\u773c\u775b\u3001\u9ec4\u5934\u53d1\u3001\u767d\u76ae\u80a4\u3002\u5728\u4ece\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u670d\u9970\u5230\u76ae\u80a4\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684‘\u767d\u8272’\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u771f\u8bda\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u6211\u4ece\u6765\u81ea\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u82cf\u4e39\u3001\u52a0\u7eb3\u7b49\u975e\u6d32\u9ed1\u4eba\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u8eab\u4e0a\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u771f\u8bda\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u540c\u7c7b\uff08\u5144\u5f1f\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u90fd\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7740\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\u5b89\u62c9——\u4ed6\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8111\u6d77\u4e2d\u6d88\u9664\u4e86‘\u767d\u4eba\u4f18\u8d8a’\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u53bb\u9664\u4e86‘\u767d\u4eba\u81f3\u5c0a’\u7684\u77dc\u6301\uff0c\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5254\u9664\u4e86‘\u767d\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e0a’\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u6211\u4ece\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u767d\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u63a5\u53d7\u8ba4\u4e3b\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u4ece\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230‘\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u7684\u4e00\u4f53\u6027’\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u7ec8\u6b62\u4ed6\u4eec\u56e0\u4e3a\u80a4\u8272\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u800c\u52a0\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u548c\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“‘\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6’\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u72b9\u5982\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u6cbb\u6108\u7684\u764c\u75c7\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u8c13\u7684‘\u767d\u8272\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5fc3\u810f’\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u66f4\u5e94\u8be5\u63a5\u53d7\u80fd\u6cbb\u6108\u8fd9\u4e00\u764c\u75c7\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u5b83\u80fd\u53ca\u65f6\u628a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ece\u4e34\u8fd1\u7684\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u7684\u707e\u96be\u4e2d\u62ef\u6551\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u5148\u4f8b——\u7531\u4e8e‘\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49’\u8fd9\u4e00\u540c\u6837\u7978\u6839\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u66fe\u906d\u9047\u8fc7\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u4ed6\u4eec\u95ee\u6211\u5bf9\u671d\u89d0\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5370\u8c61\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6211\u8bf4\uff1a\u5144\u5f1f\u60c5\u8c0a\uff01\u6765\u81ea\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u80a4\u8272\u7684\u4eba\u5982\u540c\u5144\u5f1f\u4e00\u822c\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff01\u5b83\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u529b\u91cf……\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5403\uff0c\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u7761\u3002\u4ece\u671d\u89d0\u7684\u6c1b\u56f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u611f\u89e6\u5230\u4e86\u5728\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u638c\u7ba1\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4e00\u4f53\u6027\u3002……”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u671d\u89d0\u540e\uff0c\u9a6c\u5c14\u79d1\u59c6\u4ee5\u54c8\u5409·\u9a6c\u7acb\u514b·\u6c99\u5df4\u5179\u4e4b\u540d\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4ed6\u5fc3\u4e2d\u71c3\u70e7\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e3a\u6c11\u6743\u594b\u6597\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u540d\u4e3a\u4eba\u6743\u800c\u594b\u6597\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u671d\u89d0\u4e4b\u540e<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u767d\u4eba\u8bb0\u8005\u548c\u4ece\u4e8b\u5176\u4ed6\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u6e34\u671b\u4e86\u89e3\u54c8\u5409·\u9a6c\u7acb\u514b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u65b0\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u51e0\u5e74\u6765\u66fe\u4e00\u76f4\u717d\u52a8\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u4ee5\u5144\u5f1f\u6765\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u79f0\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\uff0c\u54c8\u5409·\u9a6c\u7acb\u514b\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u4f60\u4eec\u95ee\u6211\uff1a‘\u4f60\u96be\u9053\u63a5\u53d7\u767d\u4eba\u4e3a\u5144\u5f1f\u5417\uff1f’\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6211\u628a\u6211\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u3001\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5199\u4fe1\u544a\u8bc9\u4e86\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u6211\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\u88ab\u62d3\u5bbd\u4e86\uff01\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u66fe\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u540c\u5305\u62ec\u767d\u4eba\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6709\u8272\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e00\u540c\u5206\u4eab\u4e86\u771f\u7406\u548c\u771f\u8bda\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\u60c5\u8c0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u6211\u4efb\u4f55\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u80a4\u8272\uff0c\u6216\u53e6\u7c7b\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u504f\u89c1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u671d\u89d0\u4e4b\u65c5\u62d3\u5bbd\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\u3002\u6211\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u5728\u5723\u57ce\u7684\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\u6765\u4ece\u672a\u89c1\u5230\u7684\u573a\u9762\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u80a4\u8272——\u4ece\u84dd\u773c\u775b\u9ec4\u5934\u53d1\u5230\u9ed1\u76ae\u80a4\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u4eba——\u7686\u5144\u5f1f\uff01\u56e2\u7ed3\uff01\u53cb\u7231\uff01\u8ba4\u4e3b\u72ec\u4e00\uff01\u6ca1\u6709\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u53bb\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u6211\u5f97\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u6211\u5bf9\u767d\u4eba\u4e00\u6982\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e0e\u618e\u6076\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u518d\u72af\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u4e5f\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u662f\u771f\u8bda\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u771f\u8bda\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u8ba9\u6211\u660e\u767d\u4e86\u6211\u7684“\u9ed1\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49”\u5176\u5b9e\u540c\u767d\u4eba\u7684“\u767d\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49”\u4e00\u6837\u662f\u6781\u5176\u4f4e\u7ea7\u7684\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u56e0\u4e3a\u54c8\u5409·\u9a6c\u7acb\u514b\u7684\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u63a8\u9009\u4ed6\u4e3a\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6\u6240\u5ba3\u4f20\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u540c\u4ed6\u66fe\u4f5c\u4e3a“\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6c11\u65cf”\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u90e8\u957f\u548c\u53d1\u8a00\u4eba\u6240\u5ba3\u4f20\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u53cd\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u5bfc\u6211\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u6210\u5206\u6216\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6784\u6210\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u6211\u8981\u5bf9\u6211\u7684\u54c8\u83b1\u59c6\u533a\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\u4eec\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u4eba\u7c7b\u987a\u4ece\u9020\u5316\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\u5b89\u62c9\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u624d\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u5b89\u5b81\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u884c\u52a8\u624d\u4f1a\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4ece\u5371\u9669\u5230\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u523b<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u54c8\u5409·\u9a6c\u7acb\u514b\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b0\u7684\u649e\u51fb\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u65b0\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ed1\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u5404\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6076\u9b54\u822c\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u7a77\u51f6\u6781\u6076\u5730\u628a\u4ed6\u6c61\u8511\u4e3a“\u9f13\u5439\u66b4\u529b”\u7684“\u597d\u6218\u5206\u5b50”\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u548c\u9a6c\u4e01·\u8def\u5fb7·\u91d1\u535a\u58eb\u5728\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0a\u662f\u5f88\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u505a\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u9a6c\u4e01·\u8def\u5fb7·\u91d1\u535a\u58eb\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u662f“\u975e\u66b4\u529b”\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u800c\u90a3\u53ea\u80fd\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5883\u51b5\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u60b2\u60e8\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u767d\u4eba\u5728\u5bf9\u4ed8\u624b\u65e0\u5bf8\u94c1\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u65f6\u4f1a\u6beb\u65e0\u987e\u5fcc\uff0c\u4f1a\u66f4\u52a0\u51f6\u6b8b\u3002\u800c\u4eca\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u6f6e\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u60f3\u8c61\u5b83\u7684‘\u6781\u7aef’\u3002\u5f53\u9ed1\u4eba\u95ee\u9898\u9762\u4e34\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u707e\u96be\u65f6——\u5e94\u8be5\u662f“\u975e\u66b4\u529b”\u7684\u91d1\u535a\u58eb\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684‘\u66b4\u529b’\u7684\u6211\u5462\uff1f”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“\u6211\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u5e38\u4f1a\u6740\u5bb3\u4e00\u4e9b\u4fc3\u8fdb\u90a3\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u3002\u5047\u5982\u6211\u7684\u6b7b\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u4e00\u4e9b\u5149\u4eae\uff0c\u80fd\u8ba9\u771f\u7406\u5f70\u663e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5254\u9664\u6bc1\u574f\u7f8e\u56fd\u8eaf\u4f53\u7684\u6bd2\u7624——\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u6258\u9760\u5b89\u62c9\u3002\u82e5\u6709\u5931\u8bef\u90a3\u53ea\u662f\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fc7\u5931\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9a6c\u5c14\u79d1\u59c6·X\u7684\u9057\u4ea7<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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\u9a6c\u5c14\u79d1\u59c6·X\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4ed6\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u975e\u6d32\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u70ed\u6f6e\u7a7a\u524d\u9ad8\u6da8\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4e9a\u5386\u514b\u65af·\u54c8\u5229\uff08Alex Haley\uff09\u4e0e\u4eba\u5408\u5199\u4e86\u300a\u9a6c\u5c14\u79d1\u59c6·X\u4f20\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u53c8\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u90e8\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u6839\u300b\u7684\u957f\u7bc7\u53f2\u8bd7\uff0c\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u6d32\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u7ecf\u5386\u3002\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u7688\u4f9d\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u975e\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u65af\u62dc\u514b·\u674e\uff08Spike Lee\uff09\u5bfc\u6f14\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u9ed1\u6f6e-\u9ea6\u5c14\u574eX\u300b\u653e\u6620\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u6380\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u80a1\u7eaa\u5ff5\u9a6c\u5c14\u79d1\u59c6·X\u7684\u6d6a\u6f6e\u3002\u54c8\u5409·\u9a6c\u7acb\u514b\u662f\u975e\u6d32\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e73\u6c11\u5f15\u4ee5\u81ea\u8c6a\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u3002\u4ed6\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u7b80\u5355\u800c\u53c8\u6e05\u6670\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\u3002\u6211\u53ea\u76f8\u4fe1\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u3002\u6211\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":8316,"lft":4738,"rght":4739,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-10-15T21:08:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T20:18:15.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":7,"author_id":3150,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":10,"parent_id":2473,"author_name":"Yusuf Siddiqui","category_name":"Why I became a Muslim!","category_slug":"Why-I-became-a-Muslim!","get_date":"2014-10-15","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/543e7b9f-3584-4989-9bce-5368b8adb1fd-zh-Malcolm X, USA.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/543e7b9f-fa40-4c33-9909-5368b8adb1fd-zh-Malcolm X, USA.docx"},{"id":2479,"title":"\u30de\u30eb\u30b3\u30e0\u30fbX\u3001\u7c73\u56fd","slug":"xsgf","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Malcolm X, USA.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Malcolm X, USA.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:xsgf","hint":"","body":"

\u30de\u30eb\u30b3\u30e0\u30fbX\u3001\u7c73\u56fd<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff08Part\uff11\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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\u30de\u30eb\u30b3\u30e0\u30fbX<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5e7c\u5c11\u671f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30aa\u30d6\u30fb\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6559\u56e3<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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“\u79c1\u304c\u30b9\u30d9\u308b\u3068\u3001\u756a\u7d44\u306e\u4e3b\u50ac\u8005\u306f\u91e3\u308a\u990c\u306b\u9b5a\u304c\u304b\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3046\uff1a\u300c\u3042\u3042\uff01\u30de\u30eb\u30b3\u30e0\u30fbX\u3088\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u305d\u308c\u304c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u4eba\u7a2e\u306e\u98db\u8e8d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u51fa\u6765\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\uff01\u300d\u3068\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u771f\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3078\u306e\u6539\u5fc3<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

1964\u5e743\u670812\u65e5\u3001\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30aa\u30d6\u30fb\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6559\u56e3\u5185\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5ac9\u59ac\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30a4\u30e9\u30a4\u30b8\u30e3\u30fb\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6027\u7684\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30c0\u30eb\u767a\u899a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u30de\u30eb\u30b3\u30e0\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u56e3\u4f53\u306e\u7acb\u3061\u4e0a\u3052\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u3001\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30aa\u30d6\u30fb\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6559\u56e3\u3092\u53bb\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u969b\u306b\u5f7c\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a9e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u79c1\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u8ab0\u304b\u306b\u652f\u914d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u307e\u307e\u3001\u7720\u308a\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u611f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u4eca\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u53e3\u304b\u3089\u51fa\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3068\u611f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4ee5\u524d\u306f\u8ab0\u304b\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3001\u8ab0\u304b\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4eca\u3084\u79c1\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u8003\u3048\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30de\u30eb\u30b3\u30e0\u304c\u30a4\u30e9\u30a4\u30b8\u30e3\u30fb\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306e\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30aa\u30d6\u30fb\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6559\u56e3\u3092\u53bb\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u304c38\u6b73\u306e\u6642\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u5f53\u6642\u3092\u601d\u3044\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u3053\u3046\u8a9e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u79c1\u304c\u5927\u5b66\u306a\u3069\u3067\u884c\u3063\u305f\u8b1b\u6f14\u5f8c\u306e\u975e\u516c\u5f0f\u306a\u96c6\u307e\u308a\u3067\u306f\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5728\u4f4f\u8005\u304b\u7559\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u65c5\u884c\u4e2d\u306e\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u305f\u3061\u3092\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u3068\u304b\u4e2d\u6771\u4eba\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5317\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u7cfb\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3001\u767d\u3044\u808c\u3092\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u79c1\u306e\u524d\u306b\u96c6\u307e\u3063\u3066\u6765\u305f\u3002\u79c1\u306e\u767d\u4eba\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u975e\u96e3\u306b\u3082\u95a2\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u79c1\u304c\u81ea\u8eab\u3092\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3060\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u771f\u646f\u3055\u3092\u611f\u3058\u3001\u3082\u3057\u79c1\u304c\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u8a00\u3046\u771f\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u89e6\u308c\u308c\u3070\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3068\u611f\u3058\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u30a4\u30e9\u30a4\u30b8\u30e3\u306e\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u3092\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u5374\u4e0b\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4f55\u5ea6\u304b\u7d4c\u9a13\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u719f\u8003\u306e\u672b\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u306b\u3053\u3046\u554f\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3057\u305f\uff1a\u3082\u3057\u4eba\u304c\u5b97\u6559\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u771f\u646f\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u5e83\u3052\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u7acb\u3061\u6b62\u307e\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3068\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u79c1\u304c\u51fa\u4f1a\u3063\u305f\u6b63\u7d71\u6d3e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u305f\u3061\u306f\u6b21\u304b\u3089\u6b21\u306b\u3001\u79c1\u304c\u30de\u30d5\u30e0\u30fc\u30c9\u30fb\u30e6\u30fc\u30bb\u30d5\u30fb\u30b7\u30e3\u30ef\u30eb\u30d3\u30fc\u535a\u58eb\u306b\u4f1a\u3063\u3066\u8a71\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3057\u304d\u308a\u306b\u4fc3\u3057\u305f…\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3042\u308b\u65e5\u3001\u79c1\u3068\u30b7\u30e3\u30ef\u30eb\u30d3\u30fc\u535a\u58eb\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u4eba\u306e\u65b0\u805e\u8a18\u8005\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f15\u304d\u5408\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u3068\u3066\u3082\u8aa0\u5b9f\u306a\u4eba\u7269\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u3001\u79c1\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u65b0\u805e\u3084\u30c6\u30ec\u30d3\u3067\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u79c1\u306f\u5f7c\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u805e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f15\u301c20\u5206\u7a0b\u4f1a\u8a71\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3002\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u5171\u306b\u6b21\u306e\u4e88\u5b9a\u304c\u5165\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u305d\u306e\u5834\u3092\u53bb\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u8a9e\u3063\u305f\u7406\u8ad6\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u982d\u304b\u3089\u96e2\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u304c\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u300c\u4eba\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u5144\u5f1f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u81ea\u8eab\u306b\u671b\u3080\u540c\u3058\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5f7c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3082\u671b\u3080\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u307e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\uff08\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9-\u5f7c\u306b\u795e\u306e\u79f0\u8cdb\u3042\u308c-\u306e\u8a00\u8449\uff09\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5de1\u793c\u306e\u5f71\u97ff<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30de\u30eb\u30b3\u30e0\u306f\u66f4\u306b\u3001\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3053\u3046\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u3078\u306e\u5de1\u793c\u306f\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306e\u6b63\u7d71\u6d3e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u9650\u308a\u3001\u4e00\u751f\u306b\u4e00\u5ea6\u306f\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3079\u304d\u7fa9\u52d9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8056\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u3053\u306e\uff08\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5efa\u3066\u3089\u308c\u305f\u795e\u306e\uff09\u5bb6\u3078\u306e\u5de1\u793c\u306f\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u8d74\u3051\u308b\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u8ab2\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u30d8\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u3067\u3042\u308b<\/strong>…”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>3<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>97<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u3001\u5de1\u793c\u3014\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8\u3015\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u547c\u3073\u304b\u3051\u3088\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u6b69\u3044\u3066\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u8a31\u306b\u6765\u308b\u3002\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u3001\u3069\u308c\u3082\u75e9\u305b\u3053\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30e9\u30af\u30c0\u306b\u4e57\u3063\u3066\u3001\u9060\u3044\u8c37\u9593\u306e\u9053\u3092\u306f\u308b\u3070\u308b\u6765\u308b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>22<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>27<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u30de\u30eb\u30b3\u30e0\u306e\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u7c73\u56fd\u50cf<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30de\u30eb\u30b3\u30e0\u306f\u7d9a\u3051\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\uff08Part 2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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\"\u79c1\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u3001\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u8056\u5178\u306b\u51fa\u3066\u6765\u308b\u5168\u3066\u306e\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306e\u5bb6\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3053\u306e\u53e4\u4ee3\u3088\u308a\u5b58\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u8056\u5730\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u808c\u306e\u8272\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b9f\u8df5\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6b53\u5f85\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5727\u5012\u7684\u306a\u540c\u80de\u611b\u306e\u7cbe\u795e\u3092\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u76ee\u306e\u5f53\u305f\u308a\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e00\u9031\u9593\u3001\u79c1\u304c\u8eab\u306e\u56de\u308a\u304b\u3089\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u6765\u305f\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u4eba\u7a2e\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u89aa\u5207\u3055\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3063\u304b\u308a\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u5931\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u3001\u9b45\u305b\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f…<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u53e3\u304b\u3089\u3053\u3046\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8a00\u8449\u304c\u51fa\u3066\u6765\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u9a5a\u304f\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3053\u306e\u5de1\u793c\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u79c1\u304c\u898b\u3066\u6765\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u7d4c\u9a13\u3057\u3066\u6765\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u79c1\u306e\u601d\u8003\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u5927\u304d\u304f\u5909\u3048\u3001\u307e\u305f\u4ee5\u524d\u306e\u6301\u8ad6\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3092\u7834\u68c4\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u79c1\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u79c1\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u62b1\u3048\u3066\u3044\u305f\u78ba\u4fe1\u306b\u3082\u95a2\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u307f\u3092\u6349\u3048\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u7d4c\u9a13\u3084\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u3068\u5171\u306b\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u73fe\u5b9f\u3092\u76f4\u8996\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u52aa\u3081\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u5f62\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u306e\u77e5\u7684\u63a2\u6c42\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u67d4\u8edf\u3055\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a\u5e38\u306b\u5fc3\u3092\u958b\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5fc3\u304c\u3051\u3066\u6765\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u306e\u3053\u306e\uff11\uff11\u65e5\u9593\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u540c\u80de\u305f\u3061\u3068\u5171\u306b\u540c\u3058\u795e\u306b\u7948\u308a\u3064\u3064\u3001\u540c\u3058\u76bf\u304b\u3089\u98df\u3079\u3001\u540c\u3058\u5668\u304b\u3089\u98f2\u307f\u3001\u540c\u3058\u5bdd\u5e8a\u3067\u5bdd\u305f\u3002\u3042\u308b\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306e\u76ee\u306e\u8272\u306f\u771f\u3063\u9752\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u9aea\u306e\u8272\u306f\u91d1\u9aea\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u808c\u306e\u8272\u306f\u767d\u306e\u306a\u304b\u306e\u771f\u3063\u767d\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5f7c\u3089“\u767d\u4eba”\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u305f\u3061\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3001\u3075\u308b\u307e\u3044\u3001\u884c\u70ba\u304b\u3089\u306f\u3001\u30ca\u30a4\u30b8\u30a7\u30ea\u30a2\u3084\u30b9\u30fc\u30c0\u30f3\u3001\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u306a\u3069\u304b\u3089\u306e\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u9ed2\u4eba\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u540c\u3058\u771f\u646f\u3055\u304c\u611f\u3058\u3089\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u6211\u3005\u306f\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u540c\u4e00\uff08\u306e\u5144\u5f1f\uff09\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3000—\u3000\u306a\u305c\u306a\u3089\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u795e\u3078\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u5fc3\u304b\u3089\u3001\u884c\u52d5\u304b\u3089\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u614b\u5ea6\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b“\u767d\u4eba\u6027”\u304c\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u3053\u3046\u3057\u3066\u79c1\u306f\u3001\u3082\u3057\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u767d\u4eba\u304c\u795e\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u6027\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u6027\u3082\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3001\u3068\u8003\u3048\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u808c\u306e\u8272\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b“\u76f8\u9055”\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4ed6\u8005\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u3084\u59a8\u5bb3\u3001\u5371\u5bb3\u306a\u3069\u3082\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u4eba\u7a2e\u5dee\u5225\u306f\u307e\u308b\u3067\u672b\u671f\u764c\u306e\u75c7\u72b6\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3092\u8755\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u767d\u4eba“\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92”\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u4eba\u306e\u5fc3\u306f\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3044\u3063\u305f\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u554f\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6709\u52b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a3c\u660e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3082\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5dee\u3057\u8feb\u3063\u305f\u60e8\u4e8b\u304b\u3089\u9593\u4e00\u9aea\u3067\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3092\u6551\u3046\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4eba\u7a2e\u5dee\u5225\u306b\u3088\u308b\u60e8\u4e8b\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u4eba\u81ea\u8eab\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u79c1\u306f\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4f55\u306b\u6700\u3082\u611f\u52d5\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3092\u805e\u304b\u308c\u305f…\u79c1\u306f\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3053\u3046\u7b54\u3048\u305f\uff1a“\u305d\u308c\u306f\u540c\u80de\u611b\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff01\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u5168\u3066\u306e\u4eba\u7a2e\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u808c\u306e\u8272\u3092\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u96c6\u3044\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff01\u305d\u308c\u306f\u79c1\u306b\u552f\u4e00\u795e\u306e\u529b\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u305f…\u7686\u306f\u4e00\u3064\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u98df\u3079\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u5bdd\u305f\u3002\u5de1\u793c\u306e\u7a7a\u6c17\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5168\u3066\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u552f\u4e00\u795e\u306e\u5143\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u4eba\u985e\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u5de1\u793c\u5f8c<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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“\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u79c1\u306b‘\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u767d\u4eba\u3092\u5144\u5f1f\u3068\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff1f’\u3068\u805e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f\u79c1\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u4f55\u3092\u898b\u3001\u4f55\u3092\u611f\u3058\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306b\u79c1\u306e\u601d\u8003\u304c\u62e1\u3052\u3089\u308c\u305f\u304b\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u79c1\u304c\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u901a\u308a\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u305d\u3053\u3067\u767d\u3044\u808c\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u771f\u306e\u540c\u80de\u611b\u3092\u5206\u304b\u3061\u5408\u3044\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u4e00\u77ac\u305f\u308a\u3068\u3082\u79c1\u306b\u5225\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u7a2e\u3084\u808c\u306e\u8272\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u610f\u8b58\u3092\u6301\u305f\u305b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u5de1\u793c\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u8996\u91ce\u3092\u62e1\u3052\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u79c1\u306b\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u601d\u8003\u3068\u3044\u3046\u795d\u798f\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u8056\u5730\u3067\u306e2\u9031\u9593\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u3053\u3053\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u306e39\u5e74\u9593\u3067\u4e00\u5ea6\u3082\u898b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3092\u898b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u5168\u3066\u306e\u4eba\u7a2e\u3001\u808c\u306e\u8272\u3000—\u3000\u9752\u3044\u76ee\u3092\u3057\u305f\u91d1\u9aea\u304b\u3089\u9ed2\u3044\u808c\u306e\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u4eba\u307e\u3067\u3000—\u3000\u304c\u771f\u306e\u540c\u80de\u611b\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u7d71\u4e00\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\uff01\u4e00\u3064\u3068\u3057\u3066\u751f\u304d\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\uff01\u4e00\u3064\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u5d07\u62dd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\uff01\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u300c\u4eba\u7a2e\u7684\u5206\u96e2\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u300d\u3084\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u300d\u306f\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff1b\u305d\u308c\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3059\u3089\u77e5\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u305d\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u5168\u3066\u306e\u767d\u4eba\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3066\u975e\u96e3\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u79c1\u306f\u3082\u3046\u4e8c\u5ea6\u3068\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7f6a\u3092\u72af\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u3082\u79c1\u306f\u4eca\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u767d\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f\u771f\u306b\u8aa0\u5b9f\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u9ed2\u4eba\u306e\u540c\u80de\u3068\u306a\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5168\u3066\u306e\u767d\u4eba\u3092\u4e00\u62ec\u3057\u305f\u975e\u96e3\u306f\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306e\u9ed2\u4eba\u3092\u4e00\u62ec\u3057\u305f\u767d\u4eba\u306e\u975e\u96e3\u3068\u7b49\u3057\u304f\u9593\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3001\u771f\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u79c1\u306b\u6559\u3048\u3066\u304f\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5f7c\u3092\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\u3068\u3057\u305f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u9ed2\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8\u30fb\u30de\u30fc\u30ea\u30af\u306f\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u3092\u8aac\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5f7c\u304c\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30aa\u30d6\u30fb\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6559\u56e3\u3067\u8aac\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306f\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u771f\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u306e\u5bb6\u65cf\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u4eba\u9593\u793e\u4f1a\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u3001\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u4eba\u7a2e\u7684\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5168\u3066\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6027\u8cea\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6559\u3048\u3066\u304f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u79c1\u306f\u30cf\u30fc\u30ec\u30e0\u901a\u308a\u306e\u8074\u8846\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3001\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5168\u3066\u306e\u5275\u9020\u4e3b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u795e\u306e\u524d\u306b\u4eba\u985e\u304c\u5f93\u3046\u6642\u3053\u305d\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u306f\u521d\u3081\u3066\"\u5e73\u5b89\"\u306b\u8fd1\u3065\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3068…\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8a71\u306f\u3042\u3061\u3053\u3061\u3067\u805e\u304b\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u884c\u306f\u307b\u3093\u306e\u5c11\u3057\u3057\u304b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5371\u967a\u306a\u5b58\u5728<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8\u30fb\u30de\u30fc\u30ea\u30af\u306e\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u666e\u904d\u7684\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u306f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u652f\u914d\u968e\u7d1a\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3001\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u96e3\u3044\u60aa\u5922\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u9ed2\u4eba\u5927\u8846\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u4eba\u7a2e\u3068\u808c\u306e\u8272\u3092\u3057\u305f\u77e5\u7684\u968e\u5c64\u306b\u3082\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u30d7\u30ec\u30b9\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5e38\u3005“\u66b4\u529b\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u8005”\u3001“\u95d8\u4e89\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005”\u3068\u3057\u3066\u60aa\u9b54\u306e\u3054\u3068\u304f\u6271\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u306f\u305d\u306e\u898b\u5730\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u30de\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30fb\u30eb\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u30fb\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u535a\u58eb\u3068\u306e\u6b69\u307f\u5bc4\u308a\u3092\u898b\u305b\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u76ee\u7684\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u4e00\u7dd2\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306e\u4ed5\u65b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30fb\u30eb\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u30fb\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u535a\u58eb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3001\u767d\u4eba\u306e\u6b8b\u5fcd\u6027\u3068\u60aa\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7121\u9632\u5099\u306a\u9ed2\u4eba\u3092\u5287\u7684\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u9032\u3068\u79c1\u306e\u305d\u308c\u3068\u306b\u9055\u3044\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3053\u306e\u56fd\u306e\u4eca\u65e5\u306e\u4eba\u7a2e\u554f\u984c\u60c5\u52e2\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u9ed2\u4eba\u554f\u984c\u306e\u53d6\u308a\u7d44\u307f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e21\u6975\u7aef\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a‘\u975e\u66b4\u529b’\u306e\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u535a\u58eb\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f‘\u66b4\u529b\u7684’\u306a\u79c1\u306e\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u60e8\u4e8b\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u304b\u3001\u306f\u3063\u304d\u308a\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8ab0\u306b\u3082\u5206\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8\u30fb\u30de\u30fc\u30ea\u30af\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u7d44\u7e54\u306e\u6a19\u7684\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u719f\u77e5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3082\u95a2\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u767a\u8a00\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u611f\u3058\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u3092\u6050\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306e\u4f1d\u8a18\u306e\u6700\u5f8c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u307e\u308b\u3067\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u7891\u6587\u3092\u6b8b\u3059\u304b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3053\u3046\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u793e\u4f1a\u3092\u5909\u9769\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u304c\u62b9\u6bba\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u79c1\u306f\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3057\u79c1\u304c\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u4f53\u306b\u6975\u3081\u3066\u6709\u5bb3\u306a\u4eba\u7a2e\u5dee\u5225\u3068\u3044\u3046\u764c\u306e\u7834\u58ca\u3092\u62bc\u3057\u7559\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u3001\u610f\u7fa9\u3042\u308b\u771f\u5b9f\u3092\u5c11\u3057\u3067\u3082\u66b4\u304d\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u5149\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3066\u6b7b\u306c\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u5168\u3066\u795e\u306e\u304a\u9670\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u904e\u7a0b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u904e\u3061\u306f\u79c1\u81ea\u8eab\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30de\u30eb\u30b3\u30e0\u30fbX\u306e\u907a\u7523<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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“\u79c1\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u5f62\u306e\u5dee\u5225\u3001\u5206\u96e2\u3082\u4fe1\u3058\u306a\u3044\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u4fe1\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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