{"title":"A. Rahman I. Doi","author":{"id":3456,"name":"A. Rahman I. Doi","slug":"a_rahman_i_doi","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-12-23T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-12-23T09:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"A. Rahman I. Doi"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":3376,"title":"Spread of Islam in West Africa","slug":"spread-of-islam-in-west-africa","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:spread-of-islam-in-west-africa","hint":"

\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644:<\/strong><\/span> \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\r\n

\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641:<\/span> \u0623.\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631:<\/span> \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/span><\/p>","body":"

Spread of Islam in West Africa<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"PopulationofMuslims2.jpg\"
<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

(part 1 of 3): The Empire of Ghana<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Muslim geographers and historians have provided excellent records of Muslim rulers and peoples in Africa.  Among them are Al-Khwarzimi, Ibn Munabbah, Al-Masudi, Al-Bakri, Abul Fida, Yaqut, Ibn Batutah, Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Fadlallah al-’Umari, Mahmud al-Kati, Ibn al Mukhtar and Abd al-Rahman al-Sa’di.  Islam reached the Savannah region in the 8th Century C.E., the date the written history of West Africa begins.  Islam was accepted as early as 850 C.E.  by the Dya’ogo dynasty of the Kingdom of Tekur.  They were the first Negro people who accepted Islam.  Trade and commerce paved the way for the introduction of new elements of material culture, and made possible the intellectual development which naturally followed the introduction and spread of literacy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Eminent Arab historians and African scholars have written on the empires of Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and Kanem Bornu.  They document famous trade routes in Africa - from Sijilmasa to Taghaza, Awdaghast, which led to the empire of Ghana, and from Sijilmasa to Tuat, Gao and Timbikutu.  Al-Bakri describes Ghana as highly advanced and economically a prosperous country as early as the eleventh century.  He also discusses the influence of Islam in Mali in the 13th century and describes the rule of Mansa Musa, whose fame spread to Sudan, North Africa and up to Europe.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Spread of Islam in West Africa<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Islam reached the Savannah region in the 8th Century C.E., the date the written history of West Africa begins The Muslim-Arab historians began to write about West Africa in the early 8th century.  The famous scholar Ibn Munabbah wrote as early as 738 C.E., followed by Al-Masudi in 947 C.E.  As Islam spread in the Savannah region, it was quite natural that commercial links should also come to be established with North Africa.  Trade and commerce also paved way for the introduction of new elements of material culture, and made possible the intellectual development which naturally followed the introduction and spread of literacy, and for which parts of the Sudan were to become famous in the centuries to come.  In the Kingdom of Tekur, situated on both banks of the Senegal, Islam was accepted as early as 850 C.E., by the Dya’ogo dynasty.  This dynasty was the first Negro people who accepted Islam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

It was for this reason that Muslim-Arab historians referred to Bilad al-Tekur as ‘The Land of the Black Muslims.’  War-jabi, son of Rabis, was the first ruler of Tekur in whose reign Islam was firmly established in Tekur and the Islamic Shari’ah system was enforced.  This gave a uniform Muslim law to the people.  By the time the Al- Murabitun of Almoravids began their attack on Tekur in 1042 C.E., Islam had made a deep impact on the people of that area.  Al-Idrisi in 1511 described the Tekur Country as ‘secure, peaceful and tranquil.’  The capital town of Tekur was also called Tekur which had become center of commerce.  Merchants used to bring wool to sell there from Greater Morocco and in return, took with them gold and beads.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

We have enough documents about the history of this region since it was known to the Arab historians as the Bilad al-Sudan, the land of the Blacks.  In the medieval period, the most well-known empires that grew there are known until our day: The empires of Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and Kanem Bornu.  Eminent Arab historians have written about the glories of these lands, notable among whom are Al-Bakri, Al-Masudi, Ibn Batutah and Ibn Khaldun.  Besides these scholars, there were local scholars whose works have come down to us.  As for example Tarikh al-Sudan<\/em>, the History of the Sudan<\/em>, by Al-Sadi and Tarikh al-Fattash<\/em> by Muhammad al-Kati.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

There were famous trade routes, like the one from Sijilmasa to Taghaza, Awdaghast, which led to the empire of Ghana, and another from Sijilmasa to Tuat, Gao and Timbikutu.  There were others which connected the present Nigeria with Tripoli via Fez to Bornu and Tunisia with Nigeria via Ghadames, Ghat, and Agades to Hausa land.  These routes had made all the above mentioned places famous trade centers.  These centers of trade invariably became centers of Islamic learning and civilization.  New ideas came through visiting traders in the field of administrative practices.  We shall study briefly the expansion of Islam in each of the ancient empires of Western Sudan.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam in the Ancient Empire of Ghana<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Al-Bakri, the Muslim geographer, gives us an early account of the ancient Soninke empire of Ghana.  His Kitab fi Masalik wal Mamalik<\/em> (The Book of Roads and Kingdoms<\/em>) describes Ghana of 1068 as highly advanced.  Economically, it was a prosperous country.  The King had employed Muslim interpreters and most of his ministers and treasurers were also Muslims.  The Muslim ministers were learned enough to record events in Arabic and corresponded, on behalf of the king, with other rulers.  “Also, as Muslims, they belonged to the larger body politic of the Islamic world and this would make it possible to establish international relations.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al-Bakri gives the following picture of Islam in Ghana in the 11th century:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The city of Ghana consists of two towns lying on a plain, one of which is inhabited by Muslims and is large, possessing 12 mosques one of which is congregational mosque for Friday prayers: each has its Imam, Muezzin and paid reciters of the Quran.  The town possesses a large number of jurists, consults and learned men.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 2 of 3): The Empires of Mali and Songhay<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam in the Empire of Mali<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The influence of Islam in Mali dates back to the 15th century when Al-Bakri mentions the conversion of its ruler to Islam.  There was a miserable period of drought which came to an end by offering Muslim prayers and ablutions.  The Empire of Mali arose from the ruins of Ghana Empire.  There are two important names in the history of Islam in Mali: Sundiata (1230-1255) and Mansa Musa (1312-1337).  Sundiata is the founder of the Mali Empire but was a weak Muslim, since he practiced Islam with syncretic practices and was highly disliked by the scholars.  Mansa Musa was, on the other hand, a devout Muslim and is considered to be the real architect of the Mali Empire.  By the time Sundiata died in 1255, a large number of former dependencies of Ghana also came under his power.  After him came Mansa Uli (1255-1270) who had made a pilgrimage to Makkah.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mansa (Emperor) Musa came to power in 1312 and his fame reached beyond the Sudan, North Africa and spread up to Europe.  Mansa Musa ruled from 1312 to 1337 and in 1324-25 he made his famous pilgrimage to Makkah [Hajj].  When he returned from his pilgrimage, he brought with him a large number of Muslim scholars and architects who built five mosques for the first time with baked bricks.  Thus Islam received its greatest boost during Mansa Musa’s reign.  Many scholars agree that because of his attachment to Islam, Mansa Musa could introduce new ideas to his administration.  The famous traveller and scholar Ibn Batutah came to Mali during Mansa Sulaiman’s reign (1341-1360), and gives an excellent account of Mali’s government and its economic prosperity - in fact, a legacy of Mansa Musa’s policy.  Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage projected Mali’s enormous wealth and potentialities which attracted more and more Muslim traders and scholars.  These Muslim scholars and traders contributed to the cultural and economic development of Mali.  It was during his reign that diplomatic relations were established with Tunis and Egypt, and thus Mali began to appear on the map of the world. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam in the Empire of Songhay<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Islam began to spread in the Empire of Songhay some time in the 11th century when the ruling Za or Dia dynasty first accepted it.  It was a prosperous region because of its booming trade with Gao.  By the 13th century it had come under the dominion of the Mali Empire but had freed itself by the end of the 14th century when the dynasty was renamed Sunni.  The frontier of Songhay now expanded and in the 15th century, under the leadership of Sunni ‘Ali, who ruled between 1464-1492, the most important towns of the Western Sudan came under the Songhay Empire.  The great cities of Islamic learning like Timbuktu and Jenne came under his power between 1471-1476.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sunni ‘Ali’s was a nominal Muslim who used Islam to his ends.  He even persecuted Muslim scholars and practiced local cults and magic.  When the famous scholar Al-Maghilli called him a pagan, he punished him too.  The belief in cults and magic was, however, not something new in Songhay.  It existed in other parts of West Africa until the time the revivalist movements gained momentum in the 18th century.  It is said of Sunni ‘Ali that he tried to compromise between paganism and Islam although he prayed and fasted.  The scholars called it merely a mockery.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sunni ‘Ali’s syncretism was soon challenged by the Muslim elites and scholars in Timbuktu, which was then a center of Islamic learning and civilization.  The famous family of Agit, of the Berber scholars, had the post of the Chief Justice and were known for their fearless opposition to the rulers.  In his lifetime, Sunni ‘Ali took measures against the scholars of Timbuktu (in 1469 and in 1486).  But on his death, the situation completely changed: Islam and Muslim scholars triumphed.  Muhammad Toure (Towri), a military commander asked Sunni ‘Ali’s successor, Sunni Barou, to appear before the public and make an open confession of his faith in Islam.  When Barou refused to do so, Muhammad Toure ousted him and established a new dynasty in his own name, called the Askiya dynasty.  Sunni ‘Ali may be compared with Sundiata of Mali, and Askiya Muhammad Toure with Mansa Musa, a champion of the cause of Islam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

On his coming to power, he established Islamic law and arranged a large number of Muslims to be trained as judges.  He gave his munificent patronage to the scholars and gave them large pieces of land as gifts.  He became a great friend of the famous scholar Muhammad Al-Maghilli.  It was because of his patronage that eminent Muslim scholars were attracted to Timbuktu, which became a great seat of learning in the 16th century.  Timbuktu has the credit of establishing the first Muslim University, called Sankore University, in West Africa; its name is commemorated until today in Ibadan University where a staff residential area has been named as Sankore Avenue.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Like Mansa Musa of Mali, Askia Muhammad Toure went on a pilgrimage and thus came into close contact with Muslim scholars and rulers in the Arab countries.  In Makkah, the King accorded him great respect; he was turbanned.  The King gave him a sword and the title of the Caliph of the Western Sudan.  On his return from Makkah in the year 1497, he proudly used the title of Al-Hajj. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Askia took such a keen interest in the Islamic legal system that he asked a number of questions on Islamic theology from his friend Muhammad al-Maghilli.  Al-Maghilli answered his questions in detail which Askia circulated in the Songhay empire.  Some of the questions were about the fundamental structure of the faith, such as ‘who is a true Muslim?’  and “who is a pagan?”  When we read Shehu ‘Uthman Dan Fodio’s works, we can see some of his arguments quoted on the authority of Al-Maghilli.  In other words, Al-Maghilli’s detailed discussions of the issues raised by Askiya Muhammad played a great role in influencing Shehu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 3 of 3): The Empires of Kanem-Bornu and Hausa-Fulani Land<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam in Kanem-Bornu Empire<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Kanem-Bornu in the 13th century included the region around Lake Chad, stretching as far north as Fezzan.  Kanem today forms the northern part of the Republic of Chad.  Islam was accepted for the first time by the Kanem ruler, Umme-Jilmi, who ruled between 1085-1097 C.E., through a scholar named Muhammad B. Mani, credited for bringing Islam to Kanem-Bornu.  Umme-Jilmi became a devout Muslim.  He left on a pilgrimage but died in Egypt before reaching Makkah.  Al-Bakri also mentions that Umayyad refugees, who had fled from Baghdad following plans to liquidate their dynasty at the hands of the Abbasids, were residing in Kanem [21, 22].<\/span><\/p>\r\n

With the introduction of Islam in Kanem, it became the principal focus of Muslim influence in the central Sudan and relations were established with the Arab world in the Middle East and the Maghrib.  Umme’s son Dunama I (1092-1150) also went on a pilgrimage and was crowned in Egypt, while embarking at Suez for Makkah, during the third pilgrimage journey.  During the reign of Dunama II (1221-1259), a Kanem embassy was established in Tunisia around 1257, as mentioned by the famous Andalusian historian Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406 C.E.).  It was almost at the same time that a college and a hostel were established in Cairo, named Madrasah Ibn Rashiq.  Toward the end of the 13th century, Kanem became a center of Islamic knowledge and famous teachers came from Mali to teach in Kanem.  By the middle of the 13th century, Kanem established diplomatic relations with Tuat (in the Algerian Sahara) and with the Hafsid state of Tunis at embassy level.  The Kanem scholars and poets could write classical Arabic of a very high standard.  We have evidence of this in a letter written by the Chief scribe of the Kanem court dating from 1391 to 1392.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The historian Ibn Khaldun calls Dunama II as the ‘King of Kanem and Lord of Bornu,’ because his empire had expanded as far as Kano in the west and Wadai in the east.  It is said that Dunama II opened a Talisman (Munni or Mune), considered sacred by his people, and thus brought a period of hardship to his people.  It was because of his enthusiasm for the religion of Islam that he committed this ‘abomination’ (perhaps the talisman was a traditional symbol of divine (kingship) and alienated many of his subjects).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In the late 14th century, a new capital of the Kanem empire was established in Bornu at Nigazaragamu by ‘Ali b. Dunama, also called ‘Ali Ghazi, who ruled during the period 1476 to 1503.  This thriving capital continued until 1811. ‘Ali revived Islam.  He was keen on learning its principles.  He used to visit the chief Imam ‘Umar Masramba to learn more about the Islamic legal system.  He, by his own example, persuaded the nobility and Chiefs to limit the number of their wives to only four.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Islamization of Bornu dates from the time of Mai Idris Alooma (1570-1602).  We come to know about him through his chronicler, Ahmad ibn Fartuwa.  In the 9th year of his reign, he went on a pilgrimage to Makkah and built a hostel there for pilgrims from Bornu.  He revived the Islamic practices and made all and sundry follow them.  He also set up Qadhis courts to introduce Islamic laws in place of the traditional system of customary law.  He built a large number of brick mosques to replace the existing ones, built with reeds.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In 1810 during the period of Mai Ahmad the glories of the Empire of Bornu came to an end, but its importance, as a center of Islamic learning, continued.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam in Hausa-Fulani land<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

There is a well-known Hausa legend concerning the origin of the Hausa state, attributed to Bayajida (Bayazid) who came from Begh to settle down in Kanem-Bornu.  The ruling Mai of Bornu of that time (we do not have any information about the time) welcomed Bayajida and gave his daughter in marriage to him but at the same time robbed him of his numerous followers.  He fled from the Mai with his wife and came to Gaya Mai Kano and asked the goldsmith of Kano to make a sword for him.  The story tells us that Bayajida helped the people of Kano by killing a supernatural snake which had prevented them from drawing water from a well.  It is said that the queen, named Daura, married him in appreciation of his service to the people.  Bayajida got a son named Bawo from Daura.  Bawo, himself, had seven sons: Biran, Dcura, Katsina, Zaria, Kano, Rano and Gebir, who became the founders of the Hausa states.  Whatever may be the merit of this story, it tries to explain how Hausa language and culture spread throughout the northern states of Nigeria.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam came to Hausaland in early 14th century.  About 40 Wangarawa graders are said to have brought Islam with them during the reign of ‘Ali Yaji who ruled Kano during the years 1349-1385.  A mosque was built and a muedthin (one who calls to prayer) was appointed to give adthan (call to prayer) and a judge was named to give religious decisions.  During the reign of a ruler named, Yaqub (1452-1463), one Fulani migrated to Kano and introduced books on Islamic Jurisprudence.  By the time Muhammad Rumfa came into power (1453-1499), Islam was firmly rooted in Kano.  In his reign Muslim scholars came to Kano; some scholars also came from Timbuktu to teach and preach Islam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhammad Rumfa consulted Muslim scholars on the affairs of government.  It was he who had asked the famous Muslim theologian Al-Maghilli to write a book on Islamic government during the latter’s visit to Kano in the 15th century.  The book is a celebrated masterpiece and is called The Obligation of the Princes<\/em>.  Al-Maghilli later went to Katsina, which had become a seat of learning in the 15th century.  Most of the pilgrims from Makkah would go to Katsina.  Scholars from the Sankore University of Timbuktu also visited the city and brought with them books on divinity and etymology.  In the 13th century, Katsina produced native scholars like Muhammadu Dan Marina and Muhammadu Dan Masina (d. 1667) whose works are available even today.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The literature of Shehu ‘Uthman Dan Fodio, his brother, Abdullahi, and his son Muhammad Bello speaks of the syncretic practices of the Hausa Fulanis at the end of the 18th century.  The movement of ‘Uthman Dan Fodio in 1904 was introduced as a revivalist movement in Islam to remove syncretic practices, and what Shehu called Bid’at al-Shaytaniyya or Devilish Innovations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The spread of Islam in Africa is owing to many factors, historical, geographical and psychological, as well as its resulting distribution of Muslim communities, some of which we have tried to outline.  Ever since its first appearance in Africa, Islam has continued to grow.  The scholars there have been Africans right from the time of its spread.  Islam has become an African religion and has influenced her people in diverse ways.<\/span><\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":17841,"lft":6593,"rght":6606,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T02:20:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-06T13:48:56.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":13,"author_id":3456,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":20,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"A. Rahman I. Doi","category_name":"Biographies & Scholars","category_slug":"Biographies-Scholars","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx"},{"id":3377,"title":"La difusi\u00f3n del Islam en \u00c1frica Occidental","slug":"la-difusin-del-islam-en-frica-occidental","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:la-difusin-del-islam-en-frica-occidental","hint":"","body":"

La difusión del Islam en África Occidental<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\"
<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 3): El Imperio de Ghana<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Geógrafos e historiadores musulmanes han brindado registros excelentes de los gobernantes musulmanes y pueblos en África. Entre ellos están Al-Jawarzimi, Ibn Munabbah, Al-Masudi, Al-Bakri, Abul Fida, Yaqut, Ibn Batutah, Ibn Jaldún, Ibn Fadlallah Al-‘Umari, Mahmud Al-Kati, Ibn Al-Mujtar y Abd Ar-Rahman Al-Sa’di. El Islam alcanzó la región de la Sabana en el siglo VIII, la fecha en que comenzó la historia escrita del África Occidental. El Islam fue aceptado ya en el año 850 d.C. por la dinastía Dya’ogo del Reino de Tekur. Fue el primer pueblo de raza negra en aceptar el Islam. El mercado y el comercio pavimentaron la vía para la introducción de nuevos elementos de material cultural, e hicieron posible el desarrollo intelectual que naturalmente sigue a la introducción y la difusión de la alfabetización.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Eminentes eruditos historiadores árabes y africanos han escrito sobre los imperios de Ghana, Mali, Songhay, y Kanem Bornu. Ellos documentan famosas rutas comerciales en África, desde Sijilmasa hasta Taghaza, Awdaghast, lo que llevó al imperio de Ghana, y de Sijilmasa a Tuat, Gao y Timbikutu. Al-Bakri describe a Ghana como un país muy avanzado y económicamente próspero ya desde el siglo XI. También, analiza la influencia del Islam en Mali en el siglo XIII y describe al gobierno de Mansa Musa, cuya fama se extendió a Sudán, el Norte de África e incluso a Europa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La difusión del Islam en África Occidental<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El Islam alcanzó la región de la Sabana en el siglo VIII d.C., fecha en que se inicia la historia escrita del África Occidental. Los historiadores arabomusulmanes comenzaron a escribir sobre África Occidental a comienzos del siglo VIII. El famoso estudioso Ibn Munabbah tan pronto como en el 738 d.C., seguido por Al-Masudi en el 947 d.C. A medida que el Islam se propagó por la región de la Sabana, era de esperarse que los enlaces naturales también se comenzaran a establecer con el Norte de África.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Fue por esta razón que los historiadores arabomusulmanes se refieren a Bilad At-Tekur como “la tierra de los musulmanes negros”.  War-jabi, hijo de Rabis, fue el primer gobernante de Tekur en cuyo reino el Islam fue establecido firmemente y se impuso la Shari’ah Islámica. Esto le dio una ley musulmana uniforme a la gente. Para la época en que los Al-Murabitun de Almorávides comenzaron su ataque a Tekur, en el año 1042 d.C., el Islam había tenido un impacto profundo en la gente de esa área. Al-Idrisi en 1511 describió al país Tekur como “seguro, pacífico y tranquilo”. La ciudad capital de Tekur también fue llamada Tekur, y se consolidó como centro de comercio. Los mercaderes solían traer lana desde el Gran Marruecos para venderla allí, y a cambio se llevaban oro y perlas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Tenemos suficientes documentos sobre la historia de esta región gracias a que fue conocida por los historiadores árabes como el Bilad As-Sudan, la tierra de los negros. En el periodo medieval, los imperios más reconocidos que crecieron allí son conocidos incluso en nuestros días: los imperios de Ghana, Mali, Songhay, y Kanem Bornu. Eminentes historiadores árabes han escrito sobre las glorias es estas tierras, entre ellos destacan Al-Bakri, Al-Masudi, Ibn Batutah e Ibn Jaldun. Más allá de estos eruditos, hay estudiosos locales cuyos trabajos han llegado hasta nosotros. Por ejemplo, Tarikh As-Sudan<\/em> (Historia de Sudán), por As-Sadi, y Tarikh Al-Fattash,<\/em> por Muhammad Al-Kati.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Existieron rutas comerciales famosas, como aquella entre Siyilmasa, Tegaza y Audagost, que llevó al imperio de Ghana; y otra desde Siyilmasa a Tuat, Gao y Timbuctú. Hubo otras que conectaron la actual Nigeria con Trípoli vía Fez, a Bornu y Túnez con Nigeria vía Ghadames, Ghat, y Agadés a la tierra Hausa. Estas rutas hicieron de todos los lugares mencionados famosos centros comerciales. Estos centros de comercio invariablemente se convirtieron en centros de aprendizaje y civilización islámicos. Nuevas ideas llegaron a través de los comerciantes visitantes en el campo de las prácticas administrativas. Estudiaremos brevemente la expansión del Islam en cada uno de los imperios antiguos del Sudán Occidental.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Islam en el antiguo Imperio de Ghana<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Al-Bakri, el geógrafo musulmán, nos brinda un reporte temprano del antiguo imperio Soninké de Ghana. Su Kitab fi Masalik wal Mamalík<\/em> (Libro de Caminos y Reinos) describe a la Ghana de 1068 como muy avanzada. Económicamente, fue un país próspero. El rey había empleado intérpretes musulmanes, y muchos de sus ministros y tesoreros fueron musulmanes también. Los ministros musulmanes aprendieron lo suficiente para registrar eventos en árabe y sostener correspondencia de parte del rey con otros gobernantes. “También, como musulmanes, pertenecieron al cuerpo político más grande del mundo islámico, y esto haría posible establecer relaciones internacionales”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al-Bakri nos ofrece el siguiente retrato del Islam en Ghana en el siglo XI:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La ciudad de Ghana consiste en dos ciudades que se extienden sobre una llanura, una de las cuales está habitada por musulmanes y es grande, posee 12 mezquitas, una de ellas es una mezquita congregacional para las oraciones del viernes: cada una tiene su Imam<\/em>, almuecín, y recitadores del Corán a sueldo. La ciudad tiene un gran número de juristas, consultores y sabios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 3): Los imperios de Mali y Songhay<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Islam en el Imperio de Mali<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

La influencia del Islam en Mali data del siglo XV cuando Al-Bakri menciona la conversión de su gobernante al Islam. Hubo un período duro de sequía que llegó a su fin al ofrecerse las oraciones musulmanas. El Imperio de Mali se levantó de las ruinas del Imperio de Ghana. Hay dos nombres importantes en la historia del Islam en Mali: Sundiata (1230-1255) y Mansa Musa (1312-1337). Sundiata es el fundador del Imperio Malí, pero fue un musulmán débil ya que practicó el Islam con prácticas sincréticas y fue muy cuestionado por los eruditos. Mansa Musa fue, por otra parte, un musulmán devoto y es considerado como el verdadero arquitecto del Imperio Malí. Para la época en que Sundiata murió en 1255, un gran número de dependencias de la antigua Ghana también entraron bajo su poder. Después de él vino Mansa Uli (1255-1270) quien había hecho la peregrinación a La Meca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mansa (Emperador) Musa subió al poder en 1312 y su fama llegó más allá de Sudán, Norte de África, y se difundió por Europa. Mansa Musa gobernó entre 1312 y 1337, y entre 1324-25 hizo su famoso peregrinaje a La Meca (Hayy). Cuando regresó de su peregrinaje, trajo consigo un gran número de eruditos musulmanes y arquitectos que construyeron cinco mezquitas, por primera vez con ladrillos cocidos. Por lo tanto, el Islam recibió su mayor impulso durante el reinado de Mansa Musa. Muchos eruditos están de acuerdo en que debido a su apego al Islam, Mansa Musa pudo introducir nuevas ideas a su administración. El famoso erudito y viajero Ibn Batutah fue a Mali durante el reinado de Mansa Sulaiman (1341-1360), y dio un excelente reporte del gobierno de Mali y su prosperidad económica, de hecho, un legado de la política de Mansa Musa. El peregrinaje de Mansa Musa proyectó una enorme riqueza y potencialidades de Mali, lo que atrajo a más y más mercaderes y eruditos musulmanes. Estos mercaderes y eruditos musulmanes contribuyeron al desarrollo económico y cultural de Mali. Fue durante su reinado que las relaciones diplomáticas con Túnez y Egipto fueron establecidas y, por lo tanto, comenzó a aparecer Mali en el mapa del mundo. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Islam en el Imperio de Songhay<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El Islam comenzó a difundirse en el Imperio de Songhay en algún momento del siglo XI, cuando la dinastía gobernante Za o Dia primero lo aceptó. Fue una región próspera debido a su comercio floreciente con Gao. Para el siglo XIII había caído bajo el dominio del Imperio Malí, pero se había liberado a finales del siglo XIV cuando la dinastía fue renombrada Sunni. La frontera de Songhay se expandió entonces y en el siglo XV, bajo el liderazgo de Sunni ‘Ali, quien gobernó entre 1464 y 1492, las ciudades más importantes de Sudán Occidental cayeron bajo el Imperio Songhay. Las grandes ciudades de aprendizaje islámico como Tombuctú y Yenné entraron bajo su poder entre 1471-1476.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sunni ‘Ali fue un musulmán nominal que usó al Islam para sus fines. Incluso persiguió a los eruditos y practicó cultos locales y magia. Cuando el famoso erudito Al-Maghilli lo llamó pagano, lo castigó también. La creencia en cultos y magia no fue, sin embargo, nada nuevo en Songhay. Existió en otros lugares de África Occidental hasta el tiempo en que los movimientos renovadores cobraron impulso en el siglo XVIII. Se dice de Sunni ‘Ali que trató de negociar entre el paganismo y el Islam aunque oró y ayunó. Los eruditos lo consideraron simplemente alguien insignificante y futil.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El sincretismo de Sunni ‘Ali’s fue pronto cuestionado por las élites y los eruditos musulmanes en Tombuctú, que era entonces un centro de enseñanza y civilización islámicas. La famosa familia de Agit, de los eruditos bereberes, tuvo el cargo de Presidente de la Corte y fue conocida por su oposición temeraria a los gobernantes. Durante su vida, Sunni ‘Ali tomó medidas contra los eruditos de Tombuctú (en 1469 y en 1486). Pero a su muerte, la situación cambió completamente: El Islam y los eruditos musulmanes triunfaron. Muhammad Toure (Towri), un comandante militar, le pidió al sucesor de Sunni ‘Ali, Sunni Barou, que apareciera ante el público e hiciera una confesión abierta de su fe en el Islam. Cuando Barou se rehusó a hacerlo, Muhammad Toure lo derrocó y se estableció una nueva dinastía llamada Askiya. Sunni ‘Ali puede ser comparado con Sundiata de Mali, y Askiya Muhammad Toure con Mansa Musa, un campeón de la causa del Islam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A su llegada al poder estableció la ley islámica e hizo los arreglos para que un gran número de musulmanes fueran entrenados como jueces. Dio su patrocinio generoso a los eruditos y les entregó grandes extensiones de tierra y regalos. Se hizo gran amigo del famoso erudito Muhammad Al-Maghilli. Fue gracias a su patrocinio que eminentes eruditos musulmanes fueron atraídos a Tombuctú, que se convirtió en una gran sede del aprendizaje en el siglo XVI. Tombuctú tiene el crédito de haber establecido la primera Universidad Musulmana, llamada Universidad Sankore, en África Occidental; su nombre aún se conmemora hoy en la Universidad Ibadán, donde un área residencial del personal ha sido llamada Avenida Sankore.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al igual que Mansa Musa de Mali, Askia Muhammad Toure realizó el peregrinaje y así entró en contacto con eruditos y gobernantes musulmanes de los países árabes. En La Meca, el Rey lo recibió usando turbante como muestra de gran respeto. El Rey le dio una espada y el título de Califa del Sudán Occidental. A su regreso de La Meca en el año 1497, utilizó con orgullo el título de Al-Hayy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Askia tuvo tanto interés en el sistema legal islámico, que le hizo numerosas preguntas sobre teología islámica a su amigo Muhammad Al-Maghilli, quien respondió sus preguntas con un detalle que Askia distribuyó en el imperio Songhay. Algunas de estas preguntas eran sobre la estructura fundamental de la fe, como: ¿quién es un verdadero musulmán?, y ¿quién es un pagano? Cuando leemos las obras de Shehu ‘Uzman Dan Fodio, podemos ver algunos de sus argumentos citados sobre la autoridad de Al-Maghilli. En otras palabras, las discusiones detalladas de Al-Maghilli sobre los temas planteados por Askiya Muhammad jugaron un gran papel como influencia de Shehu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 3 de 3): Los Imperios de Kanem-Borno y Hausa-Fulani Land<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam en el Imperio Kanem-Borno<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Kanem-Borno en el siglo XIII incluyó la región alrededor del lago Chad extendiéndose por el norte hasta Fezzan. Kanem  hoy día forma parte de la República del Chad. El Islam fue aceptado en primer lugar por el gobernante de Kanem, Umme-Jilmi, quien gobernó entre 1085 y 1097 d.C, a través de un erudito llamado Muhammad B. Mani, acreditado por haber llevado el Islam a Kanem-Borno. Umme-Jilmi se convirtió en un musulmán devoto. Fue a hacer la peregrinación pero murió en Egipto antes de llegar a La Meca. Al-Bakri también menciona que los refugiados Omeyas, que habían huido de Bagdad después de los planes de los Abasíes de liquidar su dinastía, residían en Kanem [21, 22].<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Con la introducción del Islam en Kanem, éste se hizo el foco principal de la influencia en el Sudán central y se establecieron relaciones con el mundo árabe en Oriente Medio y el Magreb. El hijo de Umme,  Dunama I (1092-1150) también fue en peregrinaje y fue coronado en Egipto, mientras se embarcaba en el Suez hacia La Meca, durante la tercera jornada del peregrinaje. Durante el reinado de Dunama II (1221-1259), una embajada de Kanem fue establecida en Túnez alrededor de 1257, según lo mencionado por el famoso historiador andaluz Ibn Jaldun (m. 1406 d.C.). Fue casi al mismo tiempo que una universidad y un albergue fueron establecidos en el Cairo, llamados Madrasah Ibn Rashiq<\/em>. Hacia finales del siglo XIII, Kanem se convirtió en centro del conocimiento islámico, y profesores famosos llegaban desde Mali para enseñar en Kanem. Para mediados del siglo XIII, Kanem estableció relaciones con Tuat (en el Sahara argelino) y con el estado háfsida de Túnez intercambiando embajadores. Los eruditos y poetas de Kanem podían escribir árabe clásico de un nivel muy alto. Tenemos evidencia de esto en una carta escrita por el escriba en jefe de la corte de Kanem, datada entre 1391 y 1392.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El historiador Ibn Jaldun llama a Dunama II como el “Rey de Kanem y Señor de Borno”, puesto que su imperio se expandía hasta Kano (hoy Nigeria) en el occidente y Ouaddai (hoy Chad) en el oriente. Se dice que Dunama II abrió un talismán (Munni o Mune), considerado sagrado por su pueblo, y así trajo un período de dificultades a estas gentes. Fue debido a su entusiasmo por la religión del Islam que cometió esta “abominación” (quizás el talismán fue un símbolo tradicional de la realeza  y alienó a muchos de sus súbditos).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A fines del siglo XIV, una nueva capital del imperio Kanem fue establecida en Borno en Nigazaragamu por ‘Ali bin Dunama, llamado también ‘Ali Ghazi, quien gobernó durante el período de 1476 a 1503. Él solía visitar al Imam en jefe ‘Umar Masramba para aprender más del sistema legal islámico. Él, por su propio ejemplo, persuadió a la nobleza y los jefes a limitar el número de sus esposas a sólo cuatro.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La islamización de Borno data de la época de Mai Idris Alooma (1570-1602). Hemos llegado a saber de él a través de su cronista, Ahmad bin Fartuwa. En el noveno año de su reinado, hizo el peregrinaje a La Meca y construyó un albergue para los peregrinos de Borno. Revivió las prácticas islámicas e hizo que todos y cada uno las siguieran. También creó los tribunales Qadhis para introducir leyes islámicas en lugar del sistema tradicional de derecho consuetudinario. Construyó un gran número de mezquitas de ladrillo para reemplazar las existentes, construidas con cañas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En 1810, durante el período de Mai Ahmad, la gloria del Imperio de Borno llegó a su fin, pero su importancia como centro de aprendizaje islámico, continúa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam en las tierras de los Hausa y los Fulani<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Existe una leyenda Hausa muy conocida respecto al origen del estado Hausa, atribuida a Bayajida (Bayazid), quien vino de Begh para establecerse en Kanem-Borno. El gobernante Mai de Borno de aquellos tiempos (no tenemos información sobre la época) le dio la bienvenida a Bayajida y le entregó a su hija en matrimonio, pero al mismo tiempo le robó sus numerosos seguidores. Él huyó de Mai con su esposa y fue a Gaya Mai Kano, y pidió al orfebre de Kano que le hiciera una espada. La historia cuenta que Bayajida ayudó a la gente de Kano matando a una serpiente sobrenatural que les había impedido sacar agua de un pozo. Se dice que la reina, llamada Daura, se casó con él en recompensa por su servicio a la gente. Bayajida tuvo con Daura un hijo llamado Bawo. Bawo, a su vez, tuvo siete hijos: Biran, Dcura, Katsina, Zaria, Kano, Rano y Gebir, quienes se convirtieron en los fundadores de los estados Hausa. Cualquiera que sea el mérito de esta historia, trata de explicar cómo el lenguaje y la cultura Hausa se difundieron a través de los estados norteños de Nigeria.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Islam llegó a las tierras Hausa a comienzos del siglo XIV. Se dice que alrededor de 40 alumnos de Wangarawa trajeron el Islam con ellos durante el reinado de ‘Ali Yaji quien gobernó Kano durante los años 1349-1385. Se construyó una mezquita, un almuecín (quien hace el llamado a la oración) fue nombrado para hacer el adán (llamado a la oración), y se nombró un juez para tomar decisiones religiosas. Durante el reinado de un gobernante llamado Yaqub (1452-1463), un Fulani emigró a Kano e introdujo libros de jurisprudencia islámica. Para la época en que Muhammad Rumfa subió al poder (1453-1499), el Islam estaba fuertemente arraigado en Kano. En este reinado, eruditos musulmanes llegaron a Kano, algunos venidos de Tombuctú, para enseñar y predicar el Islam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhammad Rumfa  consultó con eruditos musulmanes sobre asuntos del gobierno. Fue él quien había pedido al famoso teólogo musulmán Al-Maghilli que escribiera un libro sobre gobierno islámico durante su última visita a Kano en el siglo XV. El libro es una obra maestra renombrada y se llama La Obligación de los Príncipes<\/em>. Al-Maghilli fue después a Katsina, que se había convertido en centro de enseñanza en el siglo XV. Muchos de los peregrinos de La Meca irían a Katsina. Los eruditos de la Universidad Sankore de Tombuctú también visitaron la ciudad y trajeron con ellos libros sobre teología y etimología. En el siglo XIII, Katsina produjo eruditos nativos como Muhammadu Dan Marina y Muhammadu Dan Masina (m. 1667) cuyas obras aún están disponibles hoy día.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La literatura de Shehu ‘Uzman Dan Fodio, su hermano Abdullahi, y su hijo Muhammad Bello, habla de las prácticas sincréticas de los Hausa Fulanis a finales del siglo XVIII. El movimiento de ‘Uzman Dan Fodio en 1904 fue introducido como un movimiento renovador del Islam para remover las prácticas sincréticas, y lo que Shehu llamó Bid’at Ash-Shaitania<\/em> o innovaciones demoníacas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La propagación del Islam en África se debe a muchos factores históricos, geográficos y psicológicos, y es también resultado de la distribución de las comunidades musulmanas, algunas de las cuales hemos tratado de esbozar. Desde su primera aparición en África, el Islam ha continuado creciendo. Sus eruditos fueron africanos desde el momento mismo de su difusión. El Islam se ha convertido en una religión africana y ha influenciado a su gente de diversas maneras.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":13172,"lft":6594,"rght":6595,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T21:40:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-06T08:56:10.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":13,"author_id":3456,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":20,"parent_id":3376,"author_name":"A. Rahman I. Doi","category_name":"Biographies & Scholars","category_slug":"Biographies-Scholars","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx"},{"id":3378,"title":"Verbreitung des Islam in Westafrika","slug":"verbreitung-des-islam-in-westafrika","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:verbreitung-des-islam-in-westafrika","hint":"","body":"

Verbreitung des Islam in Westafrika<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\"
<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

(teil 1 von 3): Das Reich von Ghana<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Muslimische Geographen und Historiker haben außerordentliche Berichte muslimischer Herrscher und Völker in Afrika geliefert.  Unter ihnen sind Al-Khwarzimi, Ibn Munabbah, Al-Masudi, Al-Bakri, Abul Fida, Yaqut, Ibn Batutah, Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Fadlallah al-’Umari, Mahmud al-Kati, Ibn al Mukhtar und Abd al-Rahman al-Sa’di.  Der Islam erreichte die Region der Savanne im achten Jahrhundert nChr., das Datum, an dem die Geschichtsschreibung Afrikas beginnt.  Der Islam wurde bereits 850 nChr. von der Dya´ogo – Dynastie des Königreichs von Tekrur angenommen.  Sie waren das erste Negervolk, das den Islam angenommen hat.  Handel und Wirtschaft ebneten den Weg für die Einführung neuer Elemente der materiellen Kultur und ermöglichten die intellektuelle Entwicklung, die ganz natürlich auf die Einführung und Verbreitung der Belesenheit folgte.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bedeutende arabische Historiker und afrikanische Gelehrte haben über die Geschichte der Reiche von Ghana, Mali, Sonrhay und Kanem Bornu Bericht erstattet.  Sie dokumentieren berühmte Handelsstraßen in Afrika - von Sidschilmasa nach Taghaza, Awdaghast, die zum Reich von Ghana führte und von Sidschilmasa nach Tuat, Gao und Timbikutu.  Al-Bakri beschreibt Ghana bereits im elften Jahrhundert als weit fortgeschrittenes und ökonomisch florierendes Land.  Er diskutiert auch den Einfluß des Islam in Mali im 13. Jahrhundert und beschreibt die Herrschaft von Mansa Musa, dessen Berühmtheit sich im Sudan, Nordafrika und bis nach Europa ausbreitete.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Verbreitung des Islam in Westafrika <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Der Islam erreichte die Savannenregion im achten Jahrhundert nChr., das Datum, an dem die Geschichtsschreibung West Afrikas begann.  Die muslimisch-arabischen Historiker begannen im frühen achten Jahrhundert, über Westafrika zu berichten.  Der berühmte Gelehrte Ibn Munabbah schrieb bereits 738 nChr., gefolgt von Al-Masudi 947 nChr.  Als sich der Islam in der Savannenregion ausbreitete, war es ganz natürlich, dass auch Handelsverbindungen mit Nordafrika aufgebaut wurden.  Handel und Kommerz ebneten den Weg für die Einführung neuer Elemente der materiellen Kultur, und ermöglichten die intellektuelle Entwicklung, die natürlicherweise auf die Einführung und Ausbreitung von Belesenheit folgte, und wofür Teile Sudans in den kommenden Jahrhunderten berühmt werden sollten.  Im Königreich Tekrur, an beiden Seiten des Senegal (Fusses) gelegen, wurde der Islam bereits 850 nChr. Dya’ogo Dynastie angenommen.  Diese Dynastie waren das erste Negervolk, das den Islam angenommen hat.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aus diesem Grund beziehen sich muslimisch-arabische Historiker auf Bilad al-Tekrur als ‘Das Land der schwarzen Muslime.’  War-jabi, der Sohn Rabis, war der erste Herrscher von Tekrur, in dessen Regentschaft der Islam in Tekrur fest verankert wurde und in dem das islamische Schari´ahsystem Anwendung fand.  Dies gab dem Volk ein einheitliches muslimisches Recht.  Als die Al- Murabitun der Almoraviden 1042 nChr. ihren Angriff auf Tekrur begannen, hatte der Islam einen tiefen Eindruck auf die Menschen dieses Gebiets hinterlassen.  Al-Idrisi beschrieb das Land Tekrur 1511 als ‘sicher, friedlich und ruhig.’  Die Hauptstadt von Tekrur, auch Tekrur genannt wurde, war zu einem Handelszentum geworden.  Händler pflegten Wolle vom größeren Marokko zu bringen, um sie dort zu verkaufen, und im Gegenzug nahmen sie Gold und Perlen mit. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wir besitzen genügend Dokumente über die Geschichte dieser Region, denn es war den arabischen Historikern als Bilad al-Sudan, das Land der Schwarzen, bekannt.  In der Zeit des Mittelalters wuchsen die meisten bis heute noch bekannten Reiche: die Reiche von Ghana, Mali, Songhay und Kanem Bornu.  Bedeutende arabische Historiker haben über den Ruhm dieser Länder geschrieben, von diesen sind Al-Bakri, Al-Masudi, Ibn Batutah und Ibn Khaldun besonders zu erwähnen.  Abgesehen von diesen Gelehrten gab es einheimische Gelehrte, deren Werke uns erhalten geblieben sind.  Zum Beispiel Tarikh al-Sudan<\/em>,the History of the Sudan<\/em>, von Al-Sadi und Tarikh al-Fattash<\/em> von Muhammad al-Kati.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Es gibt berühmte Handelsrouten wie die von Sidschilmasa nach Taghaza, Awdaghast, die zum Reich Ghana führte und eine andere, die von Sidschilmasa nach Tuat, Gao und Timbikutu führte.  Es gab andere, die das derzeitige Nigeria mit Tripoli über Fez mit Bornu und Tunesien mit Nigeria über Ghadames, Ghat und Agades mit dem Land der Hausa verband.  Diese Routen haben alle diese erwähnten Orte zu berühmten Handelszentren gemacht.  Diese Handelszentren wurden ausnahmslos zu islamischen Zentren des Lernens und der Zivilisation.  Neue Ideen kamen durch die besuchenden Händler im Verwaltungsbereich.  Wir sollten kurz die Ausbreitung des Islam in jedem der alten Reiche Westsudans studieren. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam im alten Reich Ghana <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Al-Bakri, der muslimische Geograph, gibt uns einen frühen Bericht vom antikem sonikischen Reich Ghana.  Sein Kitab fi Masalik wal Mamalik<\/em> (Das Buch der Straßen und Königreiche<\/em>) beschreibt das Ghana von 1068 als weit fortgeschritten.  Ökonomisch war es ein blühendes Land.  Der König hatte muslimische Übersetzer und die meisten seiner Minister und Schatzmeister waren auch Muslime.  Die muslimischen Minister waren gebildet genug, um die Ereignisse auf arabisch zu berichten und korrespondierten im Namen des Königs mit anderen Herrschern.  „Als Muslime gehörten sie zum größeren Staatswesen der islamischen Welt und dies ermöglichte ihnen, international Beziehungen aufzubauen.“ <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al-Bakri gab uns folgendes Bild vom Islam im Ghana des elften Jahrhunderts:.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Stadt von Ghana besteht aus zwei Städten, die auf einer Ebene liegen, eine davon wird von Muslimen bewohnt und ist groß, besitzt 12 Moscheen, in einer davon wird das Gemeinschaftsgebet am Freitag abgehalten; jede hat ihren Imam, Muezzin und bezahlte Qur´anrezitatoren.  Die Stadt besitzt eine große Zahl Juristen, Berater und Gelehrter. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

(teil 2 von 3): Die Reiche von Mali und Songhay<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam im Reich von Mali<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Der Einfluss des Islam in Mali reicht bis ins 15. Jahrhundert zurück, als Al-Bakri die Annahme des Islam durch seine Herrscher erwähnte.  Es war eine furchtbare Zeit der Trockenheit, die mit der Einführung muslimischer Gebete und ritueller Waschungen zu Ende ging.  Das Reich von Mali erhob sich aus den Ruinen des Reiches von Ghana.  Es gab zwei wichtige Namen in der Geschichte des Islam in Mali: Sundiata (1230-1255) und Mansa Musa (1312-1337).  Sundiata war der Gründer des Reiches von Mali, aber er war ein schwacher Muslim, denn er praktizierte den Islam mit synkretistischen Praktiken und war bei den Gelehrten äußerst unbeliebt.  Mansa Musa war jedoch ein hingebungsvoller Muslim und wird als der wahre Architekt des Reiches von Ghana angesehen.  Zur Zeit als Sundiata starb, 1255, kam eine große Zahl früherer Kolonien Ghanas unter seine Macht.  Nach ihm kam Mansa Uli (1255-1270), der eine Pilgerreise gemacht hatte. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mansa (Kaiser) Musa kam 1312 an die Macht und sein Ruhm reichte über den Sudan und Nordafrika hinaus bis nach Europa.  Mansa Musa herrschte von 1312 bis 1337 und 1324-25 hatte er seine berühmte Pilgerreise gemacht [Hajj].  Als er von der Pilgerreise zurückkam, brachte er eine große Zahl muslimischer Gelehrter und Architekten mit, die fünf Moscheen erbauten, zum ersten Mal mit gebrannten Ziegeln.  Also hatte der Islam seinen größten Aufschwung während Mansa Musas Regierungszeit.  Viele Gelehrte stimmen darin überein, dass Mansa Musa aufgrund seiner Liebe zum Islam in der Lage war, neue Ideen in seine Verwaltung einzuführen.  Der berühmte Reisende und Gelehrte Ibn Batutah kam in Mansa Sulaimans Regierungszeit (1341-1360) nach Mali und gab einen ausgezeichneten Bericht von Malis Regierung und seinem ökonomischen Reichtum ab – eigentlich ein Vermächtnis von Mansa Musas Politik.  Mansa Musas Pilgerreise beschützte Malis enormen Reichtum und Potential, die immer mehr muslimische Händler und Gelehrte anzogen.  Diese muslimischen Gelehrten und Händler trugen zur kulturellen und ökonomischen Entwicklung Malis bei.  In seiner Regierungszeit war es, dass diplomatische Beziehungen zu Tunis und Ägypten aufgebaut wurden, und damit begann Mali, auf der Weltkarte aufzutauchen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam im Reich von Songhay<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Der Islam fing im 11. Jahrhundert nChr. an, sich im Reich von Songhay zu verbreiten, als die regierende Za oder Dia Dynastie ihn zuerst akzeptierte.  Es war aufgrund ihres boomenden Handels mit Gao eine wohlhabende Region.  Im 13. Jahrhundert war es unter die Herrschaft des Reiches von Mali gekommen, aber es hatte sich am Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts selbst befreit, als die Dynastie wieder Sunni genannt wurde.  Die Grenze von Songhay weitete sich aus, und im 15. Jahrhundert unter der Herrschaft von Sunni ´Ali, der von 1464-1492 regierte, gehörten die wichtigsten Städte Westsudans zum Reich von Songhay.  Die größten Städte islamischer Bildung wie Timbuktu und Jenne kamen zwischen 1471 und 1476 unter seine Macht.    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sunni ‘Ali war dem Namen nach ein Muslim, der den Islam für seine Zwecke benutzte.  Er verfolgte sogar muslimische Gelehrte und praktizierte landesübliche Kulte und Zauberei.  Als der berühmte Gelehrte Al-Maghilli ihn als Götzendiener bezeichnete, bestrafte er ihn ebenfalls.  Der Glaube an Kulte und Zauberei war allerdings nichts neues in Songhay.  Er existierte in anderen Teilen Westafrikas bis zu der Zeit, in der die Erweckungsbewegungen im 18. Jahrhundert die Oberhand gewannen.  Es wird über Sunni ´Ali gesagt, er habe versucht, Götzendienerei und Islam zu verbinden, obwohl er betete und fastete.  Die Gelehrten nannten es reinen Spott. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sunni ‘Alis Synkretismus wurde bald von den muslimischen Eliten und Gelehrten in Timbuktu herausgefordert, das damals ein Zentrum islamischer Bildung und Zivilisation war.  Die berühmte Familie der Agit, berberische Gelehrte, hatten das Amt des Rechts inne und waren bekannt für ihre furchtlose Opposition den Herrschern gegenüber.  Während seines Lebens hat Sunni ´Ali Maßnahmen gegen die Gelehrten in Timbuktu ergriffen (1469 und 1486).  Aber mit seinem Tode änderte sich die Situation völlig: der Islam und die muslimischen Gelehrten triumphierten.  Muhammad Toure (Towri), ein Kommandeur des Militärs, forderte Sunni ‘Alis Nachfolger, Sunni Barou, öffentlich aufzutreten und sein Bekenntnis zum Islam offen zu verkünden.  Als Barou sich weigerte, dies zu tun, enthoben sie ihn seines Amtes und errichteten eine neue Dynastie unter seinem eigenen Namen, die Askiya- Dynastie genannt wurde.  Sunni ‘Ali könnte mit Sundiata von Mali verglichen werden, und Askiya Muhammad Toure mit Mansa Musa, ein Verfechter des Islam. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Als er zur Macht kam, führte er das islamische Gesetz ein und ließ eine große Zahl von Muslimen zu Richtern ausbilden.  Er gab den Gelehrten seine großzügige Förderung und schenkte ihnen große Ländereien.  Er wurde ein enger Freund des berühmten Gelehrten Muhammad Al-Maghilli. Wegen dieser Förderung kamen viele berühmte muslimische Gelehrte nach Timbuktu, das im 16. Jahrhundert zu einem großartigen Bildungssitz wurde.  Timbuktu hatte die erste muslimische Universität mit dem Namen Sankore in Westafrika gegründet; ihrem Namen wurde in der Ibadan Universität bis heute gedacht, indem man ein Viertel, wo Personal wohnt, Sankore Avenue genannt wurde. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wie Mansa Musa von Mali, ging auch Askia Muhammad Toure zur Pilgerfahrt und kam so in engen Kontakt mit muslimischen Gelehrten und Herrschern arabischer Staaten.  In Mekka zollte ihm der König großen Respekt; er trug einen Turban.  Der König gab ihm ein Schwert und den Titel Khalif von Westsudan.  Nach seiner Rückkehr von Mekka im Jahr 1497 nannte er sich stolz Al-Hajj. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Askia hatte so starkes Interesse am islamischen Gesetz, dass er seinem Freund Muhammad al-Maghilli viele Fragen über islamische Theologie stellte.  Al-Maghilli beantwortete seine Fragen ausführlich, die Askia im Reich von Songhay bekannt gab.  Einige der Fragen waren über die fundamentelle Struktur des Glaubens, wie ´wer ist ein wahrer Muslim?´ und ´wer ist ein Götzendiener?´  Wenn wir Shehu ‘Uthman Dan Fodios Werke lesen, können wir einige seiner Argumente sehen, die unter Brufung auf Al-Maghilli zitiert wurden.  Mit anderen Worten, Al-Maghillis detailierte Diskussionen der Themen, die von Askia Muhammad aufgeworfen wurden, spielten eine große Rolle und beeinflussten Shehu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(teil 3 von 3): Die Reiche von Kanem-Bornu und Hausa-Fulani Land<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam in Reich von Kanem-Bornu<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Kanem-Bornu enthielt im 13.Jahrhundert die Region um Lake Chad herum, erstreckte sich im Norden bis nach Fezzan.  Kanem bildet heute den nördlichen Teil der Republik von Chad.  Der Islam wurde zuerst von dem Herrscher, Umme-Jilmi, der von 1085-1097 nChr. regiert hatte, durch einen Gelehrten namens Muhammad B. Mani angenommen, der dafür sorgte, dass der Islam nach Kanem-Bornu kam.  Er brach zur Pilgerreise auf, aber er starb in Ägypten, bevor er Mekka erreichte.  Al-Bakri erwähnte ebenfalls, dass sich Flüchtlinge von den Umayyiden, die aus Baghdad geflohen waren, und planten, ihre Dynastie aus den Händen der Abbasiden zu befreien, in Kanem aufhielten [21, 22].<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mit der Einführung des Islam in Kanem wurde es zur Hauptsitz muslimischen Einflusses im Zentralsudan, und es wurden Beziehungen mit der arabischen Welt im Mittleren Osten und im Maghrib aufgebaut.  Ummes Sohn Dunama I (1092-1150) ging ebenfalls zur Pilgerreise und wurde in Ägypten gekrönt, als er in Suez für seine dritte Pilgerreise nach Mekka einschiffte.  Während der Regierung Dunamas II (1221-1259), wurde in Tunesien 1257 eine Botschaft für Kanem eingerichtet, wie der berühmte andalusische Historiker Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406 nChr.) berichtete.  Fast zur selben Zeit wurde in Kairo eine Hochschule und ein Wohnheim mit dem Namen Madrasah Ibn Rashiq eingerichtet.  Gegen Ende des 13.Jahrhunderts erhielt Kanem ein Islamisches Zentrum und berühmte Lehrer kamen von Mali, um in Kanem zu lehren.  In der Mitte des 13.Jahrhunderts stellte Kanem diplomatische Beziehungen mit Tuat (in der algerischen Sahara) und mit dem Hafsiden Staat von Tunesien auf der Basis von Botschaften auf.  Die Gelehrten und Dichter von Kanem konnten klassisches Arabisch auf sehr hohem Niveau schreiben.  Wir haben den Beweis in einem Brief, den der oberste Schreiber des Gerichtshofes von Kanem 1391 bis 1392 geschrieben hat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Historiker Ibn Khaldun nennt Dunama II den ‘König von Kanem und Herrn von Bornu,’ denn sein Reich hatte sich bis Kano im Westen und Wadai im Osten ausgeweitet.  Es wurde gesagt, dass Dunama II einen Talisman (Munni oder Mune), der von seinem Volk als heilig betrachtet wurde und daher eine Periode  der Härte für sein Volk mit sich brachte.  Wegen seines Enthusiasmus für die islamische Religion beging der diese “Abscheulichkeit”, (vielleicht war der Talisman ein traditionelles Symbol göttlichen (Königtums) und entfremdete viele seiner Subjekte). <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Im späten 14.Jahrhundert wurde eine neue Hauptstadt des Reiches von Kanem in Bornu bei Nigazaragamu von ‘Ali b. Dunama, der auch ‘Ali Ghazi genannt wurde, gegründet, der in der Zeit von 1476 bis 1503 regiert hat.  Die Hauptstadt gedieh weiter bis 1811.  ‘Ali belebte den Islam wieder. Er bemühte sich, seine Prinzipien zu lernen.  Er pflegte, den obersten Imam zu besuchen, um mehr über das islamische Rechtssystem zu lernen.  Er überzeugte die Adligen und Führer durch sein eigenes Beispiel, die Zahl ihrer Frauen auf vier zu beschränken. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Islamisierung Bornus geschah in der Zeit von Mai Idris Alooma (1570-1602).  Über ihn wissen wir von dem Chronisten Ahmad bin Fartuwa.  In seinem neunten Regierungsjahr ging er zur Pilgerreise nach Mekka und baute eine Herberge für Pilger aus Bornu.  Er belebte die islamischen Praktiken wieder und so ziemlich alle befolgten sie. Er richtete ebenfalls Gerichte mit Qadhis ein, um das islamische Recht anstelle des traditionellen Gebrauchsrechts einzuführen.  Er baute eine große Anzahl von Ziegelmoscheen, um die existierenden zu ersetzen, die aus Röhrricht gebaut waren. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

1810 endete der Ruhm des Reiches von Bornu während der Regierung von Mai Ahmad, aber es behielt Wichtigkeit als Zentrum islamischen Lernens weiter. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam im Hausa-Fulanistaat<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Es gibt eine bekannte Hausa-Legende über den Ursprung des Hausastaates, die Bayajida (Bayazid) zugeschrieben wird, der von Begh gekommen war, um sich in Kanem-Bornu anzusiedeln.  Der Führer Mai von Bornu in jener Zeit (über diese Zeit haben wir keine Informationen) hieß Bayajida willkommen und gab ihm seine Tochter zur Ehe, zur gleichen Zeit aber raubte er ihm viele seiner zahlreichen Anhänger.  Er flüchtete mit seiner Frau vor Mai und kam nach Gaya Mai Kano und bat den Goldschmied von Kano, ihm ein Schwert zu machen.  Die Geschichte erzählt uns, dass Bayajida dem Volk von Kano half, eine übernatürliche Schlange zu töten, die sie daran hinderte, Wasser aus der Quelle zu holen.  Es wird gesagt, dass ihn die Königin mit dem Namen Daura aus Anerkennung seiner Dienste für ihn Volk heiratete.  Bayajida bekam von Daura einen Sohn mit dem Namen Bawo.  Bawo hatte seinerseits sieben Söhne: Biran, Dcura, Katsina, Zaria, Kano, Rano und Gebir, die die Gründer der Hausastaaten wurden.  Was auch immer der Wert dieser Geschichte sein sollte, sie versucht zu erklären, wie sich die Sprache und die Kultur in den nördlichen Staaten von Nigeria verbreitet hatten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Islam erreichte im frühen 14.Jahrhundert das Hausaland.  Es wird gesagt, dass ungefähr 40 Wangarawa-Grader haben den Islam während der Herrschaft von ‘Ali Yaji mitgebracht, der Kano in den Jahren von 1349-1385 regiert hatte.  Eine Moschee wurde erbaut und ein Muezzin (Gebetsrufer) wurde bestimmt, den Adhan (Gebetsruf) zu machen und ein Richter wurde eingesetzt, um religiöse Entscheidungen zu treffen.  Während der Herrschaft eines Führers mit dem Namen  Yaqub (1452-1463), einem Fulani, der nach Kano ausgewandert war, und der Bücher über islamische Gesetzgebung einführte.  In der Zeit als Muhammad Rumfa an die Macht kam (1453-1499) war der Islam in Kano bereits fest verwurzelt.  Während seiner Herrschaft kamen muslimische Gelehrte nach Kano; einige Gelehrte kamen aus Timbuktu, um den Islam zu predigen und zu lehren.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhammad Rumfa befragte muslimische Gelehrte in Regierungsfragen.  Er war es, der den berühmten muslimischen Theologen Al-Maghilli bei seinem Besuch in Kano im 15.Jahrhundert bat, ein Buch über die islamische Regierung zu schreiben.  Das Buch ist ein gefeiertes Meisterstück und es wird The Obligation of the Princes (Die Verpflichtung der Prinzen) <\/em>genannt.  Al-Maghilli ging später nach Katsina, das im 15.Jahrhundert zu einem Zentrum des Lernens geworden war.  Die meisten Pilger von Mekka gingen nach Katsina.  Gelehrte von der Sankore Universität von Timbuktu besuchten ebenfalls die Stadt und brachten ihren Bücher über Göttlichkeit und Etymology.  Im 13.Jahrhundert brachte Katsina einheimische Gelehrte wie Muhammadu Dan Marina und Muhammadu Dan Masina (d. 1667) hervor, deren Werke noch heute erhältlich sind.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Literatur von Shehu ‘Uthman Dan Fodio, seinem Bruder Abdullahi und seines Sohnes Muhammad Bello spricht von den synkretischen Praktiken der Hausa Fulanis am Ende des 18.Jahrhunderts.  Die Bewegung von ‘Uthman Dan Fodio wurde 1904 als eine Wiederbelebungsbewegung des Islam eingeleitet, um die synkretischen Praktiken und das, was Shehu Bid’at al-Shaytaniyya oder teuflische Erneuerungen nannte, zu beseitigen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Ausbreitung des Islam in Afrika unterlag vielen Faktoren historischen, geographischen und psychologischen Ursprungs ebenso wie die Verteilung muslimischer Gemeinschaften, von denen wir versucht haben, einige vorzustellen.  Seit seiner ersten Erscheinung in Afrika breitete sich der Islam kontinuierlich aus.  Die Gelehrten dort waren vom Anbeginn an Afrikaner gewesen.  Der Islam war eine afrikanische Religion geworden und hat diese Völker auf unterschiedliche Art und Weise beeinflusst. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":14029,"lft":6596,"rght":6597,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T21:40:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-06T08:41:02.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":13,"author_id":3456,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":20,"parent_id":3376,"author_name":"A. Rahman I. Doi","category_name":"Biographies & Scholars","category_slug":"Biographies-Scholars","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx"},{"id":3379,"title":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435","slug":"----sfhetjsryj","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:----sfhetjsryj","hint":"","body":"

\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\"
<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0430 (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1 \u0438\u0437 3)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u041e \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u043c, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0425\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0438, \u0418\u0431\u043d \u041c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0431\u0430, \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438, \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0411\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438, \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c \u0424\u0438\u0434\u0430, \u0419\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0442, \u0418\u0431\u043d \u0411\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430, \u0418\u0431\u043d \u0425\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0443\u043d, \u0418\u0431\u043d \u0424\u0430\u0434\u043b\u044e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0423\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0438, \u041c\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0443\u0434 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041a\u0430\u0442\u044b, \u0418\u0431\u043d \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0443\u0445\u0442\u0430\u0440, \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0421\u0430\u0430\u0434\u0438. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433 \u0422\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 8 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 – \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c. \u0423\u0436\u0435 \u0432 850 \u0433. \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0414\u044c\u044f\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0422\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0440) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c. \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044e, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0431 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0421\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0439, \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c-\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0430\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445.  \u0418\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435 – \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0422\u0443\u0430\u0442, \u0413\u0430\u043e \u0438 \u0422\u0438\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0411\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438, \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432 11 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 13 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u0447\u044c\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0432 \u0422\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0432 8 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f: \u0418\u0431\u043d \u041c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0431\u0430 \u0432 738 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432 947 \u0433. \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u043a \u044e\u0433\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438  \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043d. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0422\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0440, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043b, \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0414\u044c\u044f\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432 850 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443.  \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0411\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0430\u0442-\u0422\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0440  «\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d». \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0431\u0438, \u0441\u044b\u043d \u0420\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0441\u0430, - \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0440 \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0428\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041a 1042 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0443\u043d (\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b) \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0440, \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0418\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0422\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u043a «\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435». \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0422\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0440) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0446\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438  \u0438\u0437 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0448\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u0443\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 «\u0411\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0410\u0441-\u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043d» - «\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445». \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438: \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0421\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0439 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c-\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443. \u041e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0411\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438, \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438, \u0418\u0431\u043d \u0411\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430, \u0418\u0431\u043d \u0425\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0443\u043d. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0447\u044c\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439: «\u0422\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043d» («\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430»)  \u0410\u043b\u044c \u0421\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0438 «\u0422\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0424\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0430\u0448» \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041a\u0430\u0442\u044b.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438  - \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0422\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0422\u0443\u0430\u0442, \u0413\u0430\u043e \u0438 \u0422\u0438\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443. \u0411\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044e\u044e \u041d\u0438\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0422\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0424\u0435\u0437 \u043a \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443, \u0422\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441 \u0441 \u041d\u0438\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0413\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441, \u0413\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0441 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0425\u0430\u0443\u0441\u0430.   \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041c\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0420\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0411\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438 «\u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0431 \u0444\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c \u041c\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043a» («\u041a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432»). \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0430 1068 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0411\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438. «\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0411\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0435 11 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0413\u0430\u043d\u0430 — \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0435, — \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0446\u044b, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 (\u0444\u0430\u043a\u044b\u0445\u0438) \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f 12 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432. \u0412 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c, \u043c\u0443\u044d\u0434\u0437\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0412 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0432, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0430 (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2<\/strong> <\/strong>\u0438\u0437 3)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0445\u0430. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0411\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0436\u0434\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e  \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f -  \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d -  \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044c\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043e \u0434\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435. \u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c. \u0421\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0421 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438: \u0421\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430 (1230-1255 \u0433.) \u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0430 (1312-1337 \u0433.). \u0421\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0421\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0432 1255 \u0433. \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0413\u0430\u043d\u044b  \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0423\u043b\u0438 (1255-1270 \u0433.), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0430 (\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043a \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 1312 \u0433. \u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b. \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441 1312 \u0433. \u043f\u043e 1337 \u0433., \u0430 \u0432 1324-1325 \u0433. \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b \u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436 (\u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443). \u0418\u0437 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432,\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a  \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443.  \u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 (1341-1360 \u0433.). \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 – \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u044b. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u044b. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0422\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0439<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0432 11 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0417\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0414\u0438\u0430. \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0441 \u0413\u0430\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u041a 13 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 14 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c. \u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0421\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0430 \u0432 15 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0438 (\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b 1464-1492 \u0433.) \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0422\u0438\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 1471-1476 \u0433.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044f \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0430\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u044e. \u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043c-\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0434\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0421\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0439. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f \u0432 18 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435.\u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0438, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430,  \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0422\u0438\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443 (\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438). \u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u0434\u0436\u0438\u0442, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0422\u0438\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0433\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e (1469-1486 \u0433.), \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0422\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0440, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430. \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0422\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0443 (\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0438) \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043a \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u0421\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0410\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0430 \u0410\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0422\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0438  \u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0439 – \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043a \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0422\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d. \u041f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0422\u0438\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435, \u0447\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0418\u0431\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d – \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0410\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0422\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d. \u0412 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0447 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043a \u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0425\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0410\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438  \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: «\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d?», «\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a?».  \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u043e\u043d \u0432\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u0427\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0428\u0435\u0445\u0443 \u0423\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0414\u0430\u043d \u0424\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043e, \u043c\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438. \u0418\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0410\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438  \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0428\u0435\u0445\u0443.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c-\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u0424\u0443\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438 (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 3 \u0438\u0437 3)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c-\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0412 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c-\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0434 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440, \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0424\u0435\u0437\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0427\u0430\u0434. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0435 \u0425\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0439 \u0414\u0436\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0438 (\u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1085-1097 \u0433.), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0438. \u0425\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0439 \u0414\u0436\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c. \u0416\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436, \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0435, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0411\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438, \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u041e\u043c\u0435\u0439\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0425\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432 8 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c, \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0411\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043c. \u0421\u044b\u043d \u0425\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0439 \u0414\u0436\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0430-I (1092-1150 \u0433.) \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435-II (1221-1259 \u0433.), \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a \u0418\u0431\u043d \u0425\u0430\u043b\u0434\u0443\u043d, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0422\u0443\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435 (\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0432 1257 \u0433.) \u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041c\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u0418\u0431\u043d \u0420\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043a. \u041a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 13 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0437\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0411\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0422\u0443\u0430\u0442 (\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u043e\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u044b (\u0410\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0440)) \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0444\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0422\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u0418\u0437 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u044b \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0431\u043d \u0425\u0430\u043b\u0434\u0443\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0414\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0443-II «\u0426\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443», \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442  \u041a\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0412\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435. \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0441\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0422\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u043e\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 14 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0431\u043d \u0414\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0430 (\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u0438 \u0413\u0430\u0437\u0438, \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1476-1503 \u0433.) \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u041d\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0443. \u0410\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0423\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u0439 \u0418\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0443\u043c\u0430 (1570-1602 \u0433.). \u041e \u043d\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0443 \u0410\u0445\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u0438\u043d \u0424\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043c \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443.  \u041e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0432\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0410\u0445\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0443\u0441\u0430-\u0424\u0443\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043e \u0411\u0430\u044f\u0434\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0435 – \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0411\u0435\u0433, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c-\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443. \u041c\u0430\u0439 – \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443 \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f (\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0411\u0430\u044f\u0434\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0434\u043e\u0447\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0436 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0411\u0430\u044f\u0434\u0436\u0438\u0434 \u0441\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0442 \u041c\u0430\u0439. \u0412 \u0413\u0430\u0439\u044f \u041c\u0430\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u043b, \u0411\u0430\u044f\u0434\u0436\u0438\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b \u0432\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0447. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0411\u0430\u044f\u0434\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0437\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0417\u043c\u0435\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443. \u0417\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0433\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0448\u044c \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0436. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u0432\u043e. \u0423 \u0411\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e \u0441\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439: \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u0414\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u041a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430, \u041a\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0420\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0413\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432-\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0425\u0430\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u041d\u0438\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u0425\u0430\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0432 14 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0438 \u042f\u0434\u0436\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441 1349 \u043f\u043e 1385. \u0411\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043c\u0443\u044d\u0434\u0437\u0438\u043d (\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443) \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b \u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0435 \u042f\u043a\u0443\u0431\u0435 (1452-1463 \u0433.) \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0424\u0443\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0420\u0443\u043c\u0444\u0430 (1453-1499 \u0433.) \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u043e. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435  \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0422\u0438\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0420\u0430\u0443\u0444\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c «\u041e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439», <\/em>\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0448\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u041a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0437\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u0412 13 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u0442\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445: \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0414\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434  \u0414\u0430\u0440 \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0447\u044c\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0428\u0435\u0445\u0443 \u0423\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0414\u0430\u043d \u0424\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043e, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043b\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043b\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u0443\u0441\u044b \u0424\u0443\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 18 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0412 1904 \u0433. \u0423\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0414\u0430\u043d \u0424\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0437\u0430  \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0411\u0438\u0434’\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0428\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439\u044f – \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u044c\u044f\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d. \u0421 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f… \u0421 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0430\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":13158,"lft":6598,"rght":6599,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T21:40:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-06T07:36:29.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":13,"author_id":3456,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":20,"parent_id":3376,"author_name":"A. Rahman I. Doi","category_name":"Biographies & Scholars","category_slug":"Biographies-Scholars","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx"},{"id":3380,"title":"Propaga\u00e7\u00e3o do Isl\u00e3 na \u00c1frica Ocidental","slug":"propagao-do-isl-na-frica-ocidental","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:propagao-do-isl-na-frica-ocidental","hint":"","body":"

Propagação do Islã na África Ocidental<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\"
<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

(parte 1 de 3): O Império de Gana<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Os geógrafos e historiadores muçulmanos fornecerem excelentes registros de governantes e povos muçulmanos na África.  Entre eles estão Al-Khwarzimi, Ibn Munabbah, Al-Masudi, Al-Bakri, Abul Fida, Yaqut, Ibn Batutah, Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Fadlallah al-’Umari, Mahmud al-Kati, Ibn al Mukhtar e Abd al-Rahman al-Sa’di.  O Islã alcançou a região das savanas no século 8 E.C, data em que a história escrita da África Ocidental começa.  O Islã foi aceito em 850 E.C. pela dinastia Dya’ogo do reino de Tekur.  Foram as primeiras pessoas negras a aceitar o Islã.  O comércio e os negócios abriram o caminho para a introdução de novos elementos de cultura material e tornaram possível o desenvolvimento intelectual que naturalmente se seguiu à introdução e propagação da alfabetização.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Historiadores árabes e estudiosos africanos eminentes têm escrito sobre os impérios de Gana, Mali, Songai e Kanem Bornu.  Documentam rotas de comércio famosas na África - de Sijilmasa a Taghaza, Awdaghast, que levou ao império de Gana e de Sijilmasa a Tuat, Gao e Timbikutu.  Al-Bakri descreve Gana como um país próspero economicamente e muito avançado no século onze.  Também discute a influência do Islã em Mali no século 13 e descreve o governo de Mansa Musa, cuja fama se espalhou para o Sudão, norte da África e até a Europa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Propagação do Islã na África Ocidental<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

O Islã alcançou a região das savanas no século 8 E.C., data em que a história escrita da África Ocidental começa. Os historiadores árabe-muçulmanos começam a escrever sobre a África Ocidental no início do século 8. O famoso estudioso Ibn Munabbah escreveu em 738 E.C., seguido por Al-Masudi em 947 E.C. Como o Islã se propagou na região das savanas, era muito natural que os elos comerciais também fossem estabelecidos com o norte da África.  O comércio e os negócios também abriram o caminho para a introdução de novos elementos de cultura material e tornaram possível o desenvolvimento intelectual que naturalmente se seguiu à introdução e propagação da alfabetização, razão pela qual partes do Sudão se tornaram famosas nos séculos seguintes.  No reino de Tekur, situado em ambas as margens do rio Senegal, o Islã foi aceito em 850 E.C., pela dinastia Dya’ogo.  Essa dinastia pertencia às primeiras pessoas negras a aceitarem o Islã.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Foi por essa razão que os historiadores árabe-muçulmanos se referiam a Bilad al-Tekur como “a terra dos muçulmanos negros.” War-jabi, filho de Rabis, foi o primeiro governante de Tekur em cujo reinado o Islã foi firmemente estabelecido em Tekur e o sistema islâmico da Sharia foi implementado.  Isso deu uma lei islâmica uniforme ao povo.  Na época em que Al-Murabitun dos almorávidas começou seu ataque sobre Tekur em 1042 E.C., o Islã tinha causado um impacto profundo nas pessoas daquela região.  Em 1511 Al-Idrisi descreveu Tekur como “seguro, pacífico e tranquilo”.  A capital de Tekur também era chamada de Tekur, que tinha se tinha se tornado centro de comércio.   Os mercadores costumavam trazer lã para vender lá do grande Marrocos e, por sua vez, levavam com eles ouro e contas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Temos documentos suficientes sobre a história dessa região desde que era conhecida dos historiadores árabes como Bilad al-Sudan, a terra dos negros.  No período medieval, os impérios mais conhecidos que surgiram lá são conhecidos até nossos dias: os impérios de Gana, Mali, Songai e Kanem Bornu.  Historiadores árabes eminentes têm escrito sobre as glórias dessas terras, notáveis entre os quais estão Al-Bakri, Al-Masudi, Ibn Batutah e Ibn Khaldun.  Além desses estudioso, existem estudiosos locais cujos trabalhos chegaram até nós.  Como, por exemplo, Tarikh al-Sudan<\/em>, A História do Sudão<\/em>, de Al-Sadi e Tarikh al-Fattash<\/em>de Muhammad al-Kati.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Existiam rotas de comércio famosas na África, como a de Sijilmasa a Taghaza, Awdaghast, que levou ao império de Gana e outra de Sijilmasa a Tuat, Gao e Timbikutu.  Existiam outras que conectavam a Nigéria atual com Trípoli via Fez até Bornu e Tunísia com Nigéria via Gadames, Gat e Agades à terra Hausa.  Essas rotas transformaram todos os locais mencionados em centros de comércio famosos.  Esses centros de comércio invariavelmente se tornaram centros de aprendizado e civilização islâmicos.  Novas idéias chegaram através dos mercadores visitantes no ramo de práticas administrativas.  Estudaremos brevemente a expansão do Islã em cada um dos antigos impérios do Sudão ocidental.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Islã no Antigo Império de Gana<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Al-Bakri, o geógrafo muçulmano, nos dá um relato inicial do antigo império Soninke de Gana.  Seu Kitab fi Masalik wal Mamalik (O Livro de Estradas e Reinos) <\/em>descreve a Gana de 1068 como altamente avançada.  Economicamente era um país próspero.  O rei empregou intérpretes muçulmanos e a maioria de seus ministros e tesoureiros também eram muçulmanos.  Os ministros muçulmanos eram cultos o suficiente para registrar eventos em árabe e se correspondiam, em nome do rei, com outros governantes.  “Como muçulmanos, também pertenciam ao maior corpo político do mundo islâmico e isso permitia estabelecer relações internacionais.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al-Bakri retrata o Islã em Gana no século 11:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A cidade de Gana consiste de duas cidades menores sobre uma planície, uma das quais é habitada por muçulmanos e é grande, possuindo 12 mesquitas, uma das quais é a mesquita congregacional para as orações de sexta-feira: cada uma tem seu imame, muezzim e recitadores pagos do Alcorão.  A cidade possui um grande número de juristas, consultores e sábios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 3): Os Impérios de Mali e Songai<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islã no Império de Mali<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

A influência do Islã em Mali data do século 15 quando Al-Bakri menciona a conversão de seu governante ao Islã.  Foi um período miserável de seca que chegou ao fim com a oferenda de orações islâmicas e abluções.  O império do Mali surgiu das ruínas do império de Gana.  Existiram dois nomes importantes na história do Islã em Mali: Sundiata (1230-1255) e Mansa Musa (1312-1337).  Sundiata é o fundador do império de Mali, mas era um muçulmano fraco, uma vez que praticava o Islã com práticas sincréticas e era desaprovado pelos sábios.  Mansa Musa, por outro lado, era um muçulmano devoto e é considerado o arquiteto real do império de Mali.  Na época em que Sundiata morreu em 1255, um grande número de antigas dependências de Gana também passou para seu poder.  Depois dele veio Mansa Uli (1255-1270) que fez a peregrinação à Meca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mansa (imperador) Musa chegou ao poder em 1312 e sua fama foi além do Sudão, norte da África e se espalhou até a Europa.  Mansa Musa governou de 1312 a 1337 e em 1324-25 fez sua famosa peregrinação à Meca [Hajj].  Quando retornou de sua peregrinação, trouxe um grande número de sábios e arquitetos muçulmanos que construíram cinco mesquitas pela primeira vez com tijolos cozidos.  Assim o Islã recebeu seu maior impulso durante o reinado de Mansa Musa.  Muitos sábios concordam que por causa de seu apego ao Islã Mansa Musa pode introduzir novas idéias para sua administração.  O famoso viajante e estudioso Ibn Batutah chegou ao Mali durante o reinado de Mansa Sulaiman (1341-1360) e faz um excelente relato do governo de Mali e sua prosperidade econômica – de fato, um legado da política de Mansa Musa.  A peregrinação de Mansa Musa projetou a enorme riqueza e potencialidades de Mali, que atraíram mais e mais comerciantes e sábios muçulmanos.  Esses sábios e comerciantes muçulmanos contribuíram para o desenvolvimento cultural e econômico de Mali.  Foi durante seu reinado que foram estabelecidas relações diplomáticas com a Tunísia e o Egito e, assim, Mali começou a aparecer no mapa do mundo. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islã no Império de Songai<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

O Islã começou a se propagar no império de Songai em algum período no século 11, quando a dinastia governante Za ou Dia o aceitou.  Era uma região próspera por causa de seus crescentes negócios com Gao.  Por volta do século 13 ficou sob o domínio do império do Mali, mas se libertou no final do século 14 quando a dinastia recebeu o novo nome de Sunni.  A fronteira de Songai se expandiu e no século 15, sob a liderança de Sunni Ali, que governou entre 1464-1492, as cidades mais importantes do Sudão ocidental ficaram sob o império Songai.  As grandes cidades de aprendizado islâmico como Timbuktu e Jenne ficaram sob seu poder entre 1471-1476.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sunni Ali era um muçulmano nominal que usou o Islã para seus próprios objetivos.  Até perseguiu sábios muçulmanos e praticou cultos locais e mágica.  Quando o famoso sábio al-Maghilli o chamou de pagão, ele o puniu também.  A crença em cultos e mágica não era, entretanto, algo novo em Songai.  Existiu em outras partes da África ocidental até a época em que os movimentos para reavivar a fé ganharam momento no século 18.  Diz-se que Sunni Ali tentou um ajuste entre o paganismo e o Islã, embora orasse e jejuasse.  Os sábios consideraram simplesmente um escárnio.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O sincretismo de Sunni Ali logo foi desafiado pelas elites e sábios muçulmanos em Timbuktu, que era então um centro de aprendizado e civilização islâmicos.  A famosa família de Agit, os sábios berberes, tinham o posto do ministro da justiça e eram conhecidos por sua oposição destemida aos governantes.  Em sua vida Sunni Ali adotou medidas contra os sábios de Timbuktu (em 1469 e em 1486). Mas com sua morte a situação mudou completamente: o Islã e os sábios muçulmanos triunfaram.  Muhammad Toure (Towri), um comandante militar pediu ao sucessor de Sunni Ali, Sunni Barou, para fazer uma aparição pública com uma confissão aberta de sua fé no Islã.  Quando Barou se recusou, Muhammad Toure o depôs e estabeleceu uma nova dinastia em seu próprio nome, chamada dinastia Askiya.  Sunni Ali pode ser comparado com Sundiata de Mali e Askiya Muhammad Toure com Mansa Musa, um campeão da causa do Islã.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ao chegar ao poder estabeleceu a lei islâmica e organizou um grande número de muçulmanos para serem treinados como juízes.  Deu seu patronato generoso aos sábios concedendo-lhes grandes pedaços de terra como presente.  Tornou-se um grande amigo do famoso sábio Muhammad Al-Maghilli.  Por causa de seu patronato eminentes sábios muçulmanos foram atraídos para Timbuktu, que se tornou um grande local de aprendizado no século 16.  Timbuktu tem o crédito de estabelecer a primeira universidade islâmica, chamada Universidade Sankore, na África Ocidental. Seu nome é comemorado até hoje na Universidade de Ibadan, na qual uma área de residência de sua equipe foi nomeada como Avenida Sankore.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como Mansa Musa do Mali, Askia Muhammad Toure fez a peregrinação e assim entrou em contato próximo com sábios e governantes muçulmanos nos países árabes.  Em Meca o rei tratou-o com grande respeito e ele foi coberto com um turbante.  O rei lhe deu uma espada e o título de califa do Sudão ocidental.  Em seu retorno de Meca no ano de 1497, orgulhosamente usava o título de Al-Hajj. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Askia assumiu um grande interesse no sistema legal islâmico e fez várias perguntas sobre teologia islâmica a seu amigo Muhammad al-Maghilli.  Muhammad al-Maghilli respondeu suas perguntas detalhadamente e Askia as fez circular no império Songai.  Algumas das perguntas eram sobre a estrutura fundamental da fé, como “quem é um verdadeiro muçulmano?” e “quem é um pagão?”.  Quando lemos os trabalhos de Shehu ‘Uthman Dan Fodio, podemos ver alguns de seus argumentos citados sobre a autoridade de Al-Maghilli.  Em outras palavras, as discussões detalhadas de Al-Maghilli sobre essas questões levantadas por Askiya Muhammad desempenharam um grande papel em influenciar Shehu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 3 de 3): Os Impérios de Kanem-Bornu e da Terra Hausa-Fulani<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islã no Império Kanem-Bornu<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Kanem-Bornu no século 13 incluía a região ao redor do lago Chade, se estendendo ao norte até Fezzan.  Kanem hoje forma a parte do norte da República do Chade.  O Islã foi aceito pela primeira vez pelo governante Kanem, Umme-Jilmi, que governou entre 1085-1097 E.C, através de um sábio chamado Muhammad B. Mani que recebeu o crédito de trazer o Islã para Kanem-Bornu.  Umme-Jilmi se tornou um muçulmano devoto.  Partiu para a peregrinação, mas morreu no Egito antes de alcançar Meca.  Al-Bakri também menciona que os refugiados omíadas, que tinham fugido de Bagdá em consequência de planos para liquidar sua dinastia nas mãos dos abássidas, residiam em Kanem [21,22].<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Com a introdução do Islã em Kanem, tornou-se o principal foco de influência muçulmana no Sudão central e foram estabelecidas relações com o mundo árabe no Oriente Médio e no Magrebe.   O filho de Umme, Dunama I (1092-1150), também foi em uma peregrinação e foi coroado no Egito, enquanto embarcava em Suez para Meca, durante a terceira jornada de peregrinação.  Durante o reinado de Dunama II (1221-1259), foi estabelecida na Tunísia uma embaixada Kanem por volta de 1257, como mencionado pelo famoso historiador andaluz Ibn Khaldun (falecido em 1406 E.C).  Quase ao mesmo tempo uma universidade e um albergue foram estabelecidos no Cairo, chamados Madrassa Ibn Rashiq.  Por volta do fim do século 13, Kanem se tornou um centro de conhecimento islâmico e professores famosos vieram do Mali para ensinar em Kanem.  Até meados do século 13 Kanem estabeleceu relações diplomáticas com Tuat (no Saara argelino) e com o estado Hafsid da Tunísia a nível de embaixada.  Os sábios e poetas de Kanem podiam escrever em árabe clássico em um nível muito alto.  Temos evidências disso em uma carta escrita pelo escriba-chefe da corte de Kanem datada de 1391 a 1392.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O historiador Ibn Khaldun chama Dunama II como o “rei de Kanem e senhor de Bornu”, porque seu império tinha se expandido até Kano no oeste e Wadai no leste.   Diz-se que Dunama II abriu um talismã (Munni ou Mune) considerado sagrado por seu povo e assim trouxe um período de dificuldades para seu povo.  Por causa de seu entusiasmo pela religião do Islã ele cometeu essa “abominação” (talvez o talismã fosse um símbolo tradicional de (realeza) divina e alienou muitos de seus súditos).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No final do século 14 foi estabelecida uma nova capital do império Kanem em Nigazaragamu, Bornu, por Ali b. Dunama, também chamado de Ali Ghazi, que governou durante o período de 1476 a 1503. Essa capital próspera continuou até 1811. Ali reviveu o Islã.  Era dedicado a aprender seus princípios.  Costumava visitar o imame chefe Umar Masramba para aprender mais sobre o sistema legal islâmico.  Através de seu próprio exemplo persuadiu a nobreza e seus ministros a limitarem o número de esposas a somente quatro.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A islamização de Bornu data da época de Mai Idris Alooma (1570-1602). Passamos a conhecê-lo através de seu cronista, Ahmad bin Fartwa.  No nono ano de seu reinado fez a peregrinação a Meca e construiu um albergue lá para peregrinos de Bornu.  Reviveu as práticas islâmicas e fez com que todos as seguissem.  Também estabeleceu cortes Qadis para introduzir leis islâmicas no lugar do sistema tradicional de lei consuetudinária.  Construiu um grande número de mesquitas de tijolos para substituir as existentes, construídas com junco.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Em 1810, durante o período de Mai Ahmad, as glórias do império de Bornu chegaram ao fim, mas sua importância como centro de aprendizado islâmico continuou.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islã na terra Hausa-Fulani<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Existe uma lenda Hausa muito conhecida referente à origem do estado Hausa, atribuído a Bayajida (Bayazid) que veio de Beg para se estabelecer em Kanem-Bornu.  O governante Mai de Bornu da época (não temos informações sobre o período) deu as boas vindas a Bayajida e concedeu sua filha em casamento a ele, mas ao mesmo tempo o privou de seus numerosos seguidores.  Ele fugiu de Mai com sua esposa e foi para Gaya Mai Kano, pedindo ao ourives de Kano que fizesse uma espada para ele.  A história nos conta que Bayajida ajudou o povo de Kano matando uma cobra sobrenatural que os tinha impedido de tirar água de um poço.  Diz-se que a rainha, chamada Daura, se casou com ele em apreciação por seus serviços ao povo.  Bayajida teve um filho com Daura chamado Bawo.  O próprio Bawo teve sete filhos: Biran, Dcura, Katsina, Zaria, Kano, Rano e Gebir, que se tornaram fundadores dos estados Hausa.  Qualquer que seja o mérito dessa história, ela tenta explicar como a língua e cultura Hausa se propagaram através dos estados do norte da Nigéria.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Islã veio para a terra dos Hausa no início do século 14.  Diz-se que aproximadamente 40 estudantes Wangarawa trouxeram o Islã durante o reinado de Ali Yaji, que governou Kano durante os anos 1349-1385. Foi construída uma mesquita e um muezzin (que chama para a oração) foi nomeado para fazer o adhan (chamada para a oração) e um juiz nomeado para adotar decisões religiosas.  Durante o reinado de um governante chamado Yaqub (1452-1463), um fulani migrou para Kano e introduziu livros sobre jurisprudência islâmica.  Na época em que Muhammad Rumfa chegou ao poder (1453-1499), o Islã estava firmemente enraizado em Kano.  Em seu reinado os sábios muçulmanos foram para Kano; alguns sábios também vieram de Timbuktu para ensinar e pregar o Islã.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhammad Rumfa consultou sábios muçulmanos sobre questões do governo.  Foi ele quem pediu ao famoso teólogo muçulmano Al-Maghilli para escrever um livro sobre governo islâmico durante sua visita a Kano no século 15.  O livro é uma obra-prima celebrada e é chamado A Obrigação dos Príncipes<\/em>.  Al-Maghilli posteriormente foi para Katsina, que se tornou um local de aprendizado no século 15.  A maioria dos peregrinos de Meca iam para Katsina.  Os sábios da Universidade de Sankore em Timbuktu também visitaram a cidade e trouxeram com eles livros sobre divindade e etimologia.  No século 13 Katsina produziu sábios nativos como Muhammadu Dan Marina e Muhammadu Dan Masina (falecido em 1667), cujos trabalhos está disponíveis até hoje.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A literatura de Shehu ‘Uthman Dan Fodio, seu irmão Abdullahi e seu filho Muhammad Bello fala das práticas sincréticas dos Hausa Fulanis no fim do século 18.  O movimento de ‘Uthman Dan Fodio em 1904 foi introduzido como um movimento para reavivar o Islã e remover práticas sincréticas que Shehu chamou de Bid’at al-Shaytaniyya ou Inovações Diabólicas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A propagação do Islã na África se deve a muitos fatores históricos, geográficos e psicológicos e também como resultado da distribuição de comunidades muçulmanas, algumas das quais tentamos descrever.  Desde sua primeira aparição na África o Islã continuou a crescer.  Os sábios lá foram africanos desde o momento de sua propagação.  O Islã se tornou uma religião africana e tem influenciado seu povo de diversas maneiras.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":10477,"lft":6600,"rght":6601,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T21:40:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-06T05:50:51.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":13,"author_id":3456,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":20,"parent_id":3376,"author_name":"A. Rahman I. Doi","category_name":"Biographies & Scholars","category_slug":"Biographies-Scholars","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx"},{"id":3381,"title":"\u897f\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5e83\u304c\u308a","slug":"adfvsdgszdzd","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:adfvsdgszdzd","hint":"","body":"

\u897f\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5e83\u304c\u308a<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\"
<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\uff08\uff11<\/strong>\/<\/strong>\uff13\uff09\uff1a\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u5e1d\u56fd<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u8005\u3084\u6b74\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3084\u70ba\u653f\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u5353\u8d8a\u3057\u305f\u8a18\u9332\u3092\u6b8b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306b\u306f\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30cf\u30ef\u30fc\u30eb\u30ba\u30a3\u30df\u30fc\u3001\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30e0\u30ca\u30c3\u30d0\u30d5\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30b9\u30a6\u30fc\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d0\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u3001\u30a2\u30d6\u30eb\uff1d\u30d5\u30a3\u30c0\u30fc\u3001\u30e4\u30fc\u30af\u30fc\u30c8\u3001\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30d0\u30c8\u30a5\u30fc\u30bf\u3001\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30cf\u30eb\u30c9\u30a5\u30fc\u30f3\u3001\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30d5\u30a1\u30c9\u30eb\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30a6\u30de\u30ea\u30fc\u3001\u30de\u30d5\u30e0\u30fc\u30c9\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30ab\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u3001\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30e0\u30d5\u30bf\u30fc\u30eb\u3001\u30a2\u30d6\u30c9\u30c3\u30e9\u30d5\u30de\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30c3\uff1d\u30b5\u30a1\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u306a\u3069\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u897f\u66a68\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u30b5\u30d0\u30f3\u30ca\u5730\u5e2f\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u5171\u306b\u897f\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u304c\u8a18\u9332\u3055\u308c\u59cb\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u65e9\u3051\u308c\u3070\u897f\u66a6850\u5e74\u306b\u3001\u30c6\u30af\u30fc\u30eb\u738b\u56fd\u306e\u30b8\u30e3\u30aa\u30b4\u65cf\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u305f\u6700\u521d\u306e\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u9ed2\u4eba\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u4ea4\u6613\u306f\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u5171\u306b\u8b58\u5b57\u80fd\u529b\u3082\u5e83\u304c\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u77e5\u7684\u767a\u5c55\u3092\u9042\u3052\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8457\u540d\u306a\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u6b74\u53f2\u5bb6\u3084\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u4eba\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u3001\u30de\u30ea\u3001\u30bd\u30f3\u30ac\u30a4\u3001\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u30fb\u30dc\u30eb\u30cc\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8af8\u5e1d\u56fd\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a18\u9332\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u3078\u3068\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308b\u30b7\u30b8\u30eb\u30de\u30b5\u304b\u3089\u30a2\u30a6\u30c0\u30b4\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u30bf\u30ac\u30b6\u3001\u307e\u305f\u30b7\u30b8\u30eb\u30de\u30b5\u304b\u3089\u30ac\u30aa\u306e\u30c8\u30a5\u30a2\u30c8\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30c8\u30f3\u30d6\u30af\u30c8\u30a5\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3001\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u6709\u540d\u306a\u4ea4\u6613\u30eb\u30fc\u30c8\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a18\u9332\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d0\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u304c11\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u306f\u3059\u3067\u306b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u767a\u5c55\u3092\u898b\u305b\u3001\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u306b\u3082\u8c4a\u304b\u306a\u56fd\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8a18\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f13\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u30de\u30ea\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u540d\u58f0\u304c\u30b9\u30fc\u30c0\u30f3\u3001\u5317\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u679c\u3066\u306b\u306f\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306b\u307e\u3067\u8f5f\u3044\u305f\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30fb\u30e0\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u652f\u914d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u8a18\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u897f\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5e83\u307e\u308a<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u897f\u66a68\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u30b5\u30d0\u30f3\u30ca\u5730\u5e2f\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u5171\u306b\u897f\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u8a18\u9332\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u30028\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u521d\u982d\u306b\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u6b74\u53f2\u5bb6\u304c\u897f\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u8a18\u9332\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u8457\u540d\u306a\u5b66\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30e0\u30ca\u30c3\u30d0\u30d5\u306f\u3001\u897f\u66a6738\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u65e2\u306b\u8a18\u9332\u3092\u958b\u59cb\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u897f\u66a6947\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30b9\u30a6\u30fc\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u304c\u305d\u308c\u306b\u7d9a\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u304c\u30b5\u30d0\u30f3\u30ca\u5730\u5e2f\u306b\u5e83\u304c\u308b\u306e\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u5317\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5546\u696d\u306e\u7d50\u3073\u4ed8\u304d\u3082\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u51fa\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u4ea4\u6613\u306f\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u6587\u5316\u306e\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u4f34\u3063\u305f\u8b58\u5b57\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u666e\u53ca\u3068\u5171\u306b\u77e5\u7684\u767a\u5c55\u3082\u307f\u305b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3086\u3048\u306b\u30b9\u30fc\u30c0\u30f3\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u4f55\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u3082\u6e21\u3063\u3066\u6709\u540d\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u7a0b\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30bb\u30cd\u30ac\u30eb\u4e21\u5cb8\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u30c6\u30af\u30fc\u30eb\u738b\u56fd\u3067\u306f\u3001\u652f\u914d\u5c64\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30b8\u30e3\u30aa\u30b4\u738b\u671d\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u897f\u66a6850\u5e74\u9803\u306b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u304c\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u59cb\u3081\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u738b\u671d\u306f\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u305f\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u9ed2\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u3046\u3044\u3063\u305f\u7406\u7531\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u6b74\u53f2\u5bb6\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u30c6\u30af\u30fc\u30eb\u738b\u56fd\uff08\u30d3\u30e9\u30fc\u30c9\u30c3\uff1d\u30c6\u30af\u30fc\u30eb\uff09\u3092\u3001\u300c\u9ed2\u4eba\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e\u5730\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30e9\u30d3\u30b9\u306e\u606f\u5b50\u3001\u30ef\u30eb\u30b8\u30e3\u30d3\u306f\u30c6\u30af\u30fc\u30eb\u6700\u521d\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30c6\u30af\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u304c\u65bd\u884c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30e0\u30e9\u30fc\u30d3\u30c8\u671d\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30e0\u30e9\u30fc\u30d3\u30c8\u30a5\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30c6\u30af\u30fc\u30eb\u304c\u653b\u6483\u3055\u308c\u305f1042\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5730\u57df\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u306f\u3068\u3066\u3082\u6df1\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30a4\u30c9\u30ea\u30fc\u30b9\u30a3\u30fc\u306f1511\u5e74\u3001\u30c6\u30af\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u300c\u5b89\u5168\u304b\u3064\u5e73\u548c\u3067\u3001\u306e\u3069\u304b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30c6\u30af\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u9996\u90fd\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u30c6\u30af\u30fc\u30eb\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3001\u5546\u696d\u306e\u62e0\u70b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6804\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5546\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30e2\u30ed\u30c3\u30b3\u304b\u3089\u6bdb\u7e54\u7269\u3092\u5546\u7528\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6301\u3061\u8fbc\u307f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5bfe\u4fa1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u91d1\u3084\u30d3\u30fc\u30ba\u306a\u3069\u3092\u904b\u3073\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u5730\u57df\u306f\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u6b74\u53f2\u5bb6\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u30d3\u30e9\u30fc\u30c9\u30eb\uff1d\u30b9\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc\u30f3\uff08\u9ed2\u4eba\u306e\u5730\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e2d\u4e16\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5efa\u56fd\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6709\u540d\u306a\u8af8\u5e1d\u56fd\u306b\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u3082\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u3001\u30de\u30ea\u3001\u30bd\u30f3\u30ac\u30a4\u3001\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u30fb\u30dc\u30eb\u30cc\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d0\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30b9\u30a6\u30fc\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u3001\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30d0\u30c8\u30a5\u30fc\u30bf\u3001\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30cf\u30eb\u30c9\u30a5\u30fc\u30f3\u306a\u3069\u306e\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u6b74\u53f2\u5bb6\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u571f\u5730\u306e\u6804\u5149\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u8a18\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u73fe\u5730\u306e\u5b66\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8457\u4f5c\u3082\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30a2\u30c3\uff1d\u30b5\u30a1\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30bf\u30fc\u30ea\u30fc\u30d5\u30fb\u30a2\u30c3\uff1d\u30b9\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc\u30f3\uff08\u30b9\u30fc\u30c0\u30f3\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\uff09\u3001\u307e\u305f\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30ab\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30bf\u30fc\u30ea\u30fc\u30d5\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d5\u30a1\u30c3\u30bf\u30fc\u30b7\u306a\u3069\u304c\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u6709\u540d\u306a\u4ea4\u6613\u8def\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u3078\u3068\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308b\u30b7\u30b8\u30eb\u30de\u30b5\u304b\u3089\uff08\u30a2\u30a6\u30c0\u30b4\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\uff09\u30bf\u30ac\u30b6\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u3082\u306e\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30b7\u30b8\u30eb\u30de\u30b5\u304b\u3089\u30ac\u30aa\u306e\u30c8\u30a5\u30a2\u30c8\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u30c8\u30f3\u30d6\u30af\u30c8\u30a5\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u30ca\u30a4\u30b8\u30a7\u30ea\u30a2\u3068\u30c8\u30ea\u30dd\u30ea\u3092\u30d5\u30a7\u30ba\u7d4c\u7531\u3067\u3064\u306a\u3050\u3082\u306e\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30ac\u30c0\u30e1\u30b9\u7d4c\u7531\u3067\u30c1\u30e5\u30cb\u30b8\u30a2\u3068\u30ca\u30a4\u30b8\u30a7\u30ea\u30a2\u3092\u3064\u306a\u3050\u3082\u306e\u306a\u3069\u3082\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4ea4\u6613\u8def\u306f\u3001\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u8857\u3092\u4ea4\u6613\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u307e\u305f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u5b66\u554f\u30fb\u6587\u660e\u306e\u5730\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6709\u540d\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3067\u306f\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u3001\u897f\u30b9\u30fc\u30c0\u30f3\u306e\u8af8\u5e1d\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u898b\u3066\u3044\u304d\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d0\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u306e\u521d\u671f\u30bd\u30cb\u30f3\u30b1\u5e1d\u56fd\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u306e\u8457\u66f8\u3001\u30ad\u30bf\u30fc\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30fb\u30de\u30b5\u30fc\u30ea\u30af\u30fb\u30ef\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30de\u30fc\u30ea\u30af\uff08\u8af8\u738b\u56fd\u3068\u8af8\u9678\u8def\u306e\u66f8\uff09\u3067\u306f\u30011068\u5e74\u306e\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3053\u306f\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u306b\u3082\u7e41\u6804\u3057\u305f\u56fd\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u56fd\u738b\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e\u901a\u8a33\u8005\u3092\u96c7\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5927\u81e3\u3084\u8ca1\u52d9\u5b98\u306e\u5927\u534a\u3082\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e\u8af8\u5927\u81e3\u306f\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u3067\u8a18\u9332\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u308b\u7a0b\u306b\u5b66\u8b58\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u56fd\u738b\u306e\u4ee3\u7406\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4ed6\u306e\u70ba\u653f\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3068\u3084\u308a\u53d6\u308a\u3082\u4ea4\u308f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002“\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u4e16\u754c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u308a\u5927\u304d\u306a\u653f\u6cbb\u306b\u643a\u308f\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u56fd\u969b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u6a39\u7acb\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d0\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u306f11\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6982\u8981\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u5e02\u306f\u5e73\u5730\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u30012\u3064\u306e\u8857\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e1\u3064\u306e\u5927\u304d\u306a\u8857\u306b\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u304c\u5c45\u4f4f\u3057\u300112\u306e\u30e2\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e1\u3064\u3067\u306f\u91d1\u66dc\u5408\u540c\u793c\u62dd\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u30e2\u30b9\u30af\u306b\u306f\u30a4\u30de\u30fc\u30e0\u3001\u30e0\u30a2\u30c3\u30ba\u30a3\u30f3\uff08\u30a2\u30b6\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u884c\u3046\u8005\uff09\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6709\u7d66\u3067\u50cd\u304f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u6717\u5531\u5bb6\u304c\u3044\u305f\u3002\u8857\u306b\u306f\u5927\u52e2\u306e\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u6a29\u5a01\u8005\u3001\u5b66\u8b58\u8005\u304c\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff08\uff12<\/strong>\/<\/strong>\uff13\uff09\uff1a\u30de\u30ea\u5e1d\u56fd\u3068\u30bd\u30f3\u30ac\u30a4\u5e1d\u56fd<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30de\u30ea\u5e1d\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d0\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30de\u30ea\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u70ba\u653f\u8005\u304c\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u6539\u5b97\u3057\u305f15\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u3055\u304b\u306e\u307c\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30de\u30ea\u5e1d\u56fd\u306f\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u306e\u8de1\u5730\u304b\u3089\u52c3\u8208\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30de\u30ea\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u4eba\u306e\u8457\u540d\u306a\u4eba\u7269\u304c\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30b9\u30f3\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30bf\uff081230−1255\uff09\u3068\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30fb\u30e0\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\uff081312−1337\uff09\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30b9\u30f3\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30bf\u306f\u30de\u30ea\u5e1d\u56fd\u306e\u5275\u7acb\u8005\u3067\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u6df7\u5408\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3092\u63a1\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306f\u5f31\u304f\u3001\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u304b\u3089\u3082\u5acc\u60aa\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30fb\u30e0\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u656c\u8654\u306a\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3067\u3001\u30de\u30ea\u5e1d\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u4e0a\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u30021255\u5e74\u306b\u306a\u308a\u30b9\u30f3\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u6b7b\u53bb\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30ac\u30fc\u30ca\u306e\u65e7\u5f93\u5c5e\u56fd\u5bb6\u3060\u3063\u305f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u56fd\u3005\u3082\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30fb\u30e0\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306e\u652f\u914d\u4e0b\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u5de1\u793c\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u305f\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30fb\u30a6\u30ea\u30fc\uff081255−1270\uff09\u304c\u767b\u5834\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\uff08\u7687\u5e1d\u306e\u610f\uff09\u30fb\u30e0\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306f1312\u5e74\u306b\u70ba\u653f\u8005\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u540d\u58f0\u306f\u30b9\u30fc\u30c0\u30f3\u3001\u5317\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306b\u307e\u3067\u8f5f\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30fb\u30e0\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306f1312\u5e74\u304b\u30891337\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u56fd\u3092\u6cbb\u3081\u30011324−1325\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u3078\u306e\u5de1\u793c\uff08\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8\uff09\u3092\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u5927\u52e2\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5b66\u8005\u3084\u5efa\u7bc9\u5bb6\u3089\u3092\u5f93\u3048\u3066\u5e30\u56fd\u3057\u3001\u521d\u306e\u713c\u7149\u74e6\u5efa\u3066\u306e\u30e2\u30b9\u30af\u30925\u8ed2\u9020\u3089\u305b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u3066\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30fb\u30e0\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5f8c\u63f4\u3092\u5f97\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30fb\u30e0\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3078\u306e\u611b\u7740\u5fc3\u3092\u5143\u306b\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u767a\u60f3\u3092\u601d\u3044\u3064\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u5408\u610f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u8457\u540d\u306a\u65c5\u884c\u5bb6\u3067\u3042\u308a\u5b66\u8005\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30d0\u30c8\u30a5\u30fc\u30bf\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30fb\u30b9\u30e9\u30a4\u30de\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u6642\u4ee3\uff081341−1360\uff09\u306b\u30de\u30ea\u3092\u8a2a\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30fb\u30e0\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u653f\u7b56\u306e\u907a\u7523\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u30de\u30ea\u306e\u653f\u6cbb\u3068\u7d4c\u6e08\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u5353\u8d8a\u3057\u305f\u8a18\u9332\u3092\u6b8b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30fb\u30e0\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5de1\u793c\u306f\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5546\u4eba\u3084\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3092\u9b45\u4e86\u3057\u305f\u3001\u30de\u30ea\u306e\u591a\u5927\u306a\u5bcc\u3068\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u6295\u5f71\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u5546\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30ea\u306e\u6587\u5316\u3068\u7d4c\u6e08\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u5927\u304d\u304f\u8ca2\u732e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u671f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30c1\u30e5\u30cb\u30b8\u30a2\u3068\u30a8\u30b8\u30d7\u30c8\u3068\u306e\u5916\u4ea4\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3001\u30de\u30ea\u306f\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u56f3\u306b\u305d\u306e\u59ff\u3092\u73fe\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30bd\u30f3\u30ac\u30a4\u5e1d\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u304a\u3088\u305d11\u4e16\u7d00\u9803\u3001\u652f\u914d\u5c64\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30b6\u30fc\u3001\u3082\u3057\u304f\u306f\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u65cf\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u304c\u53d7\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u30bd\u30f3\u30ac\u30a4\u5e1d\u56fd\u306b\u5e83\u307e\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3053\u306f\u3001\u30ac\u30aa\u3068\u306e\u76db\u3093\u306a\u4ea4\u6613\u306b\u3088\u308a\u7e41\u6804\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u5730\u57df\u3067\u3057\u305f\u300213\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30de\u30ea\u5e1d\u56fd\u306e\u652f\u914d\u4e0b\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u300114\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u306b\u306f\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u3001\u5e1d\u56fd\u306f\u30b9\u30f3\u30cb\u30fc\u3068\u6539\u540d\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30bd\u30f3\u30ac\u30a4\u306e\u958b\u62d3\u5730\u306f\u62e1\u5927\u3057\u300115\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u306f\u30b9\u30f3\u30cb\u30fc\u30fb\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u652f\u914d\u306e\u5143\u30011464−1492\u5e74\u306e\u9593\u3092\u7d71\u6cbb\u3057\u3001\u897f\u30b9\u30fc\u30c0\u30f3\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u8857\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u30bd\u30f3\u30ac\u30a4\u5e1d\u56fd\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u5b66\u554f\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u90fd\u5e02\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u30c8\u30f3\u30d6\u30af\u30c8\u30a5\u3084\u30b8\u30a7\u30f3\u30cd\u306f\u30011471−1476\u5e74\u306e\u9593\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u652f\u914d\u4e0b\u306b\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30f3\u30cb\u30fc\u30fb\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u305f\u540d\u76ee\u4e0a\u306e\u307f\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3092\u8ffd\u653e\u3057\u3001\u571f\u7740\u306e\u30ab\u30eb\u30c8\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3084\u9b54\u8853\u3092\u5b9f\u8df5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u8457\u540d\u306a\u5b66\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30ae\u30c3\u30ea\u30fc\u304c\u30b9\u30f3\u30cb\u30fc\u30fb\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u7570\u6559\u5f92\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u540d\u6307\u3057\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u61f2\u7f70\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u30ab\u30eb\u30c8\u3084\u9b54\u8853\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306f\u30bd\u30f3\u30ac\u30a4\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u76ee\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f18\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u76db\u3093\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5fa9\u8208\u904b\u52d5\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u307e\u3067\u897f\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30b9\u30f3\u30cb\u30fc\u30fb\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u793c\u62dd\u3084\u65ad\u98df\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u571f\u7740\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3068\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6298\u8877\u3092\u8a66\u307f\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5358\u306a\u308b\u5192\u6d9c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u547c\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30f3\u30cb\u30fc\u30fb\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6df7\u5408\u306e\u8a66\u307f\u306f\u3001\u5f53\u6642\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u5b66\u554f\u3068\u6587\u5316\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u3060\u3063\u305f\u30c8\u30f3\u30d6\u30af\u30c8\u30a5\u306e\u6a29\u529b\u8005\u3084\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7570\u8ad6\u304c\u5531\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30d9\u30eb\u30d9\u30eb\u4eba\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3067\u6709\u540d\u306a\u30a2\u30b8\u30c8\u65cf\u306f\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u9577\u5b98\u306e\u8077\u52d9\u3092\u62c5\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u70ba\u653f\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u52c7\u6562\u306a\u53cd\u6297\u3067\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30b9\u30f3\u30cb\u30fc\u30fb\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u751f\u524d\u3001\uff081469\u5e74\u30011486\u5e74\u306b\uff09\u30c8\u30f3\u30d6\u30af\u30c8\u30a5\u306e\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u4e0d\u5229\u306a\u5bfe\u7b56\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u5f7c\u306e\u6b7b\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u72b6\u6cc1\u306f\u4e00\u5909\u3057\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3068\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u5927\u52dd\u5229\u3092\u53ce\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u8ecd\u306e\u53f8\u4ee4\u5b98\u3060\u3063\u305f\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30c8\u30a6\u30ea\u30fc\u304c\u3001\u30b9\u30f3\u30cb\u30fc\u30fb\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u5f8c\u7d99\u8005\u3060\u3063\u305f\u30b9\u30f3\u30cb\u30fc\u30fb\u30d0\u30ed\u30a6\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u516c\u306e\u5834\u3067\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u6c42\u3081\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30d0\u30ed\u30a6\u304c\u305d\u308c\u3092\u62d2\u3080\u3068\u3001\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30c8\u30a6\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u30af\u30fc\u30c7\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u3066\u653f\u6a29\u3092\u596a\u3044\u3001\u30a2\u30b9\u30ad\u30e4\u738b\u671d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u540d\u3092\u51a0\u3057\u305f\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u653f\u6a29\u3092\u6a39\u7acb\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30b9\u30f3\u30cb\u30fc\u30fb\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u30de\u30ea\u306e\u30b9\u30f3\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30bf\u3068\u4e0d\u6b63\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\u304c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30a2\u30b9\u30ad\u30e4\u30fb\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30c8\u30a6\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30fb\u30e0\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u3068\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3078\u306e\u60c5\u71b1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6bd4\u8f03\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6a29\u529b\u306b\u5c31\u304f\u969b\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3001\u5927\u52e2\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u305f\u3061\u306b\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u8a13\u7df4\u3092\u65bd\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b\u60dc\u3057\u307f\u306a\u3044\u63f4\u52a9\u3092\u3057\u3001\u5e83\u5927\u306a\u571f\u5730\u3092\u8d08\u4e0e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u6709\u540d\u306a\u5b66\u8005\u3060\u3063\u305f\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30ae\u30c3\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u89aa\u53cb\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u652f\u63f4\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8457\u540d\u306a\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30c8\u30f3\u30d6\u30af\u30c8\u30a5\u306b\u60f9\u304d\u3064\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3001\u305d\u3053\u304c16\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u5b66\u554f\u306e\u5730\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30c8\u30f3\u30d6\u30af\u30c8\u30a5\u306f\u897f\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u521d\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5927\u5b66\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30b5\u30f3\u30b3\u30ec\u5927\u5b66\u3092\u8a2d\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u540d\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u3067\u3082\u30a4\u30d0\u30c0\u30f3\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u8077\u54e1\u5c45\u4f4f\u533a\u306e\u901a\u308a\u306e\u540d\u524d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30de\u30ea\u306e\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30fb\u30e0\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u30a2\u30b9\u30ad\u30a2\u30fb\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30c8\u30a6\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u5de1\u793c\u306b\u8d74\u304d\u3001\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u8af8\u56fd\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3068\u61c7\u5207\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u3067\u306f\u56fd\u738b\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8868\u656c\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u30bf\u30fc\u30d0\u30f3\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u56fd\u738b\u304b\u3089\u3001\u897f\u30b9\u30fc\u30c0\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u306e\u79f0\u53f7\u3068\u5263\u3092\u8d08\u5448\u3055\u308c\u30011497\u5e74\u306b\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u304b\u3089\u5e30\u56fd\u3057\u305f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30cf\u30fc\u30c3\u30b8\u306e\u5c0a\u79f0\u3092\u5f97\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a2\u30b9\u30ad\u30a2\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u306e\u78ba\u7acb\u306b\u529b\u3092\u6ce8\u304e\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u53cb\u4eba\u3060\u3063\u305f\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30ae\u30c3\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u795e\u5b66\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u6570\u3005\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30ae\u30c3\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u5f7c\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3078\u306e\u8a73\u7d30\u306a\u8fd4\u7b54\u3092\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u30a2\u30b9\u30ad\u30a2\u306f\u30bd\u30f3\u30ac\u30a4\u5e1d\u56fd\u306b\u5e83\u3081\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\u3001\u300c\u771f\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u306f\u8ab0\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304b\u300d\u3001\u300c\u7570\u6559\u5f92\u3068\u306f\u8ab0\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304b\u300d\u306a\u3069\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30b7\u30a7\u30a4\u30d5\u30fb\u30a6\u30b9\u30de\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30c0\u30f3\u30fb\u30d5\u30a9\u30c7\u30a3\u30aa\u306e\u8457\u4f5c\u3092\u8aad\u3080\u3068\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30ae\u30c3\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u5178\u62e0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u5f15\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304c\u5206\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u30a2\u30b9\u30ad\u30e4\u30fb\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8af8\u554f\u984c\u306e\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30ae\u30c3\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a73\u7d30\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30a7\u30a4\u30d5\u306b\u591a\u5927\u306a\u308b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff08\uff13<\/strong>\/<\/strong>\uff13\uff09\uff1a\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u30fb\u30dc\u30eb\u30cc\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u30cf\u30a6\u30b5\u30fb\u30d5\u30e9\u30cb\u5e1d\u56fd<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u30fb\u30dc\u30eb\u30cc\u5e1d\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

13\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u30fb\u30dc\u30eb\u30cc\u306e\u9818\u5730\u306f\u3001\u5357\u306f\u30c1\u30e3\u30c9\u6e56\u5468\u8fba\u5730\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5317\u306f\u30d5\u30a7\u30b6\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u307e\u3067\u9054\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u4eca\u65e5\u3001\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u306f\u30c1\u30e3\u30c9\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u306e\u5317\u90e8\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u30021085−1097\u5e74\u306e\u9593\u306b\u652f\u914d\u3057\u305f\u3001\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u306e\u70ba\u653f\u8005\u30a6\u30e1\u30fb\u30b8\u30eb\u30df\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u30fb\u30dc\u30eb\u30cc\u306b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30de\u30cb\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b66\u8005\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3001\u521d\u3081\u3066\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u53d7\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a6\u30e1\u30fb\u30b8\u30eb\u30df\u30fc\u306f\u656c\u8654\u306a\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u5de1\u793c\u306e\u65c5\u306b\u51fa\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u306b\u5230\u7740\u3059\u308b\u524d\u306b\u30a8\u30b8\u30d7\u30c8\u3067\u6b7b\u53bb\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d0\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u30a2\u30c3\u30d0\u30fc\u30b9\u671d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7c9b\u6e05\u306e\u5371\u6a5f\u306b\u9665\u3063\u305f\u30a6\u30de\u30a4\u30e4\u671d\u306e\u907f\u96e3\u6c11\u304c\u30d0\u30b0\u30c0\u30fc\u30c9\u304b\u3089\u9003\u308c\u3066\u5b9a\u4f4f\u3057\u305f\u571f\u5730\u304c\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\uff3b21\uff0c22\uff3d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5e83\u304c\u308a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u30b9\u30fc\u30c0\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u304c\u5897\u3057\u3001\u4e2d\u6771\u306e\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30de\u30b0\u30ea\u30d6\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u7bc9\u304b\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a6\u30e1\u306e\u606f\u5b50\u3001\u30c9\u30a5\u30ca\u30de\u4e00\u4e16\uff081092−1150\uff09\u3082\u5de1\u793c\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3001\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u3078\u306e\u4e09\u5ea6\u76ee\u306e\u65c5\u3067\u306f\u30b9\u30a8\u30ba\u904b\u6cb3\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3046\u9014\u4e2d\u306e\u30a8\u30b8\u30d7\u30c8\u3067\u738b\u51a0\u3092\u6388\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6b74\u53f2\u5bb6\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30cf\u30eb\u30c9\u30a5\u30fc\u30f3\uff081406\u6ca1\uff09\u304c\u8a00\u53ca\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u30c9\u30a5\u30ca\u30de\u4e8c\u4e16\uff081221−1259\uff09\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u671f\u3067\u3042\u308b1257\u5e74\u9803\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30c1\u30e5\u30cb\u30b8\u30a2\u306b\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u5927\u4f7f\u9928\u304c\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3068\u307b\u307c\u6642\u671f\u3092\u540c\u3058\u304f\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30de\u30c9\u30e9\u30b5\u30fb\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30e9\u30b7\u30fc\u30af\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bbf\u6cca\u65bd\u8a2d\u4ed8\u5c5e\u306e\u5927\u5b66\u304c\u30ab\u30a4\u30ed\u306b\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u300213\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u5b66\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u8457\u540d\u306a\u6559\u5e2b\u305f\u3061\u304c\u6559\u8077\u306e\u305f\u3081\u30de\u30ea\u304b\u3089\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u3078\u3068\u3084\u3063\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u300213\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u9803\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u306f\uff08\u30a2\u30eb\u30b8\u30a7\u30ea\u30a2\u306e\u30b5\u30cf\u30e9\u5730\u5e2f\uff09\u30c8\u30a5\u30a2\u30c8\u3068\u306e\u5916\u4ea4\u95a2\u4fc2\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30c1\u30e5\u30cb\u30b9\u306e\u30cf\u30d5\u30b5\u671d\u3068\u306e\u5927\u4f7f\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7bc9\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u306e\u5b66\u8005\u3084\u8a69\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u9ad8\u6c34\u6e96\u306e\u53e4\u5178\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u8a9e\u3092\u66f8\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u30021391−1392\u5e74\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u6cd5\u5ef7\u306e\u66f8\u8a18\u9577\u306b\u3088\u308b\u624b\u7d19\u304b\u3089\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u898b\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6b74\u53f2\u5bb6\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30cf\u30eb\u30c9\u30a5\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u30c9\u30a5\u30ca\u30de\u4e8c\u4e16\u3092\u300c\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u306e\u738b\u3001\u30dc\u30eb\u30cc\u306e\u4e3b\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u306a\u305c\u306a\u3089\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u5e1d\u56fd\u306f\u897f\u306f\u30ab\u30ce\u3001\u6771\u306f\u30ef\u30c0\u30a4\u306b\u307e\u3067\u62e1\u5927\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30c9\u30a5\u30ca\u30de\u4e8c\u4e16\u306f\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u795e\u8056\u8996\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30bf\u30ea\u30b9\u30de\u30f3\uff08\u30e0\u30f3\u30cb\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30e0\u30cb\u30fc\uff09\u3092\u5207\u308a\u958b\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u53d7\u96e3\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3078\u306e\u60c5\u71b1\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3053\u306e\u300c\u5fcc\u307e\u308f\u3057\u304d\u884c\u70ba\u300d\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30bf\u30ea\u30b9\u30de\u30f3\u306f\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u304b\u3064\u795e\u8056\u306a\u30b7\u30f3\u30dc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u56fd\u6c11\u306e\u591a\u304f\u304b\u3089\u53cd\u611f\u3092\u8cb7\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

14\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u30011476−1503\u5e74\u306e\u9593\u3092\u7d71\u6cbb\u3057\u305f\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u30fb\u30c9\u30a5\u30ca\u30de\u3001\uff08\u5225\u540d\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u30fb\u30ac\u30fc\u30ba\u30a3\u30fc\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u5e1d\u56fd\u306e\u65b0\u9996\u90fd\u304c\u30dc\u30eb\u30cc\u306e\u30cb\u30ac\u30b6\u30e9\u30ac\u30e0\u306b\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7e41\u6804\u3092\u53ce\u3081\u305f\u3053\u306e\u9996\u90fd\u306f\u30011811\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u5b58\u7d9a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u5fa9\u8208\u3055\u305b\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u8af8\u5b66\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u6ca1\u982d\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u30a4\u30de\u30fc\u30e0\u30fb\u30a6\u30de\u30eb\u30fb\u30de\u30b9\u30e9\u30f3\u30d0\u3092\u8a2a\u308c\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u3082\u5b66\u7fd2\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u5f7c\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u6a21\u7bc4\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8cb4\u65cf\u3084\u9996\u9577\u305f\u3061\u306e\u59bb\u3092\u56db\u4eba\u307e\u3067\u306b\u5236\u9650\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u8aac\u5f97\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30dc\u30eb\u30cc\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u5316\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30a4\u30fb\u30a4\u30c9\u30ea\u30fc\u30b9\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\u30fc\u30de\uff081570−1602\uff09\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u3055\u304b\u306e\u307c\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u5e74\u4ee3\u8a18\u9332\u8005\u306e\u30a2\u30d5\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30d5\u30a1\u30eb\u30c8\u30a5\u30ef\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u5f7c\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u77e5\u308a\u307e\u3059\u30029\u5e74\u9593\u306b\u6e21\u308b\u7d71\u6cbb\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u3078\u5de1\u793c\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u30dc\u30eb\u30cc\u304b\u3089\u3084\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u7c21\u6613\u5bbf\u6cca\u6240\u3092\u5efa\u3066\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u3092\u5fa9\u8208\u3055\u305b\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u9075\u5b88\u3055\u305b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u30ab\u30fc\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u6cd5\u5ef7\u3092\u8a2d\u7acb\u3057\u3001\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u6163\u7fd2\u6cd5\u306b\u4ee3\u308f\u3063\u3066\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u5f7c\u306f\u3001\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u8466\u3067\u51fa\u6765\u305f\u30e2\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u7149\u74e6\u306e\u30e2\u30b9\u30af\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5efa\u3066\u66ff\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1810\u5e74\u3001\u30de\u30a4\u30fb\u30a2\u30d5\u30de\u30c9\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u30dc\u30eb\u30cc\u5e1d\u56fd\u306e\u6804\u5149\u306f\u7d42\u7109\u3092\u8fce\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u5b66\u554f\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u306f\u5b58\u7d9a\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30cf\u30a6\u30b5\u30fb\u30d5\u30e9\u30cb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30cf\u30a6\u30b5\u5efa\u56fd\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3001\u30ab\u30cd\u30e0\u30fb\u30dc\u30eb\u30cc\u306b\u79fb\u4f4f\u3057\u305f\u30d9\u30b0\u51fa\u8eab\u306e\u30d0\u30e4\u30b8\u30c0\uff08\u30d0\u30e4\u30ba\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\uff09\u306b\u307e\u3064\u308f\u308b\u30cf\u30a6\u30b5\u306e\u4f1d\u8aac\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u30dc\u30eb\u30cc\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30de\u30a4\u306e\u70ba\u653f\u8005\u306f\u30d0\u30e4\u30b8\u30c0\u3092\u6b53\u8fce\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u5a18\u3092\u5a36\u3089\u305b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u306e\u8907\u6570\u304b\u3089\u306f\u7565\u596a\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u59bb\u3068\u5171\u306b\u30de\u30a4\u3092\u96e2\u308c\u3001\u30ac\u30e4\u30fb\u30de\u30a4\u30fb\u30ab\u30ce\u306b\u8fbf\u308a\u7740\u304d\u3001\u30ab\u30ce\u306e\u91d1\u5320\u306b\u5263\u3092\u9020\u3089\u305b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u4f1d\u8aac\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e95\u6238\u304b\u3089\u306e\u6c34\u306e\u6c72\u307f\u4e0a\u3052\u3092\u963b\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u5927\u86c7\u3092\u30d0\u30e4\u30b8\u30c0\u306f\u6bba\u3057\u3001\u30ab\u30ce\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u52a9\u3051\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c0\u30a6\u30e9\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u305f\u5973\u738b\u304c\u611f\u8b1d\u306e\u6c17\u6301\u3061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5f7c\u3068\u7d50\u5a5a\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30d0\u30e4\u30b8\u30c0\u306f\u3053\u306e\u7d50\u5a5a\u304b\u3089\u30d0\u30aa\u3068\u540d\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5b50\u4f9b\u3092\u6388\u304b\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u30d0\u30aa\u306b\u306f\u30d3\u30e9\u30f3\u3001\u30c9\u30af\u30e9\u3001\u30ab\u30c4\u30a3\u30ca\u3001\u30b6\u30ea\u30a2\u3001\u30ab\u30ce\u3001\u30e9\u30ce\u3001\u30b8\u30a7\u30d3\u30eb\u3068\u540d\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f7\u4eba\u306e\u5b50\u4f9b\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u30cf\u30a6\u30b5\u56fd\u306e\u5275\u8a2d\u8005\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4f1d\u8aac\u306e\u4fe1\u6191\u6027\u306f\u3069\u3046\u3042\u308c\u3001\u30ca\u30a4\u30b8\u30a7\u30ea\u30a2\u5317\u90e8\u306e\u30cf\u30a6\u30b5\u8a9e\u3068\u305d\u306e\u6587\u5316\u304c\u3044\u304b\u306b\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8aac\u660e\u304c\u8a66\u307f\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f14\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u30cf\u30a6\u30b5\u306e\u571f\u5730\u306b\u5e83\u307e\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u304a\u3088\u305d40\u4eba\u306e\u30ef\u30f3\u30ac\u30e9\u30ef\u8fb2\u6c11\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3001\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u30fb\u30e4\u30b8\u306b\u3088\u308b1349−1385\u5e74\u306e\u30ab\u30ce\u7d71\u6cbb\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30e2\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u5efa\u8a2d\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30a2\u30b6\u30fc\u30f3\uff08\u793c\u62dd\u958b\u59cb\u306e\u547c\u3073\u304b\u3051\uff09\u3092\u884c\u3046\u30e0\u30a2\u30c3\u30ba\u30a3\u30f3\uff08\u547c\u3073\u304b\u3051\u4eba\uff09\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5b97\u6559\u88c1\u5b9a\u3092\u4e0b\u3059\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u304c\u4efb\u547d\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30e4\u30a1\u30af\u30fc\u30d6\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70ba\u653f\u8005\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u671f\uff081452−1463\uff09\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u30d5\u30e9\u30cb\u4eba\u304c\u30ab\u30ce\u3078\u3068\u79fb\u4f4f\u3057\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u306e\u66f8\u7269\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30eb\u30e0\u30d5\u30a1\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u671f\uff081453−1499\uff09\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u30ab\u30ce\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3057\u3063\u304b\u308a\u3068\u6839\u3056\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u671f\u306b\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30ab\u30ce\u3092\u8a2a\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u4f1d\u9053\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u30c8\u30f3\u30d6\u30af\u30c8\u30a5\u304b\u3089\u3082\u8a2a\u554f\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30eb\u30e0\u30d5\u30a1\u306f\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u3092\u4ef0\u304e\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u3053\u305d\u304c\u3001\u8457\u540d\u306a\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u795e\u5b66\u8005\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30ae\u30c3\u30ea\u30fc\u304c15\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u30ab\u30ce\u3092\u8a2a\u308c\u305f\u969b\u306b\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u653f\u6cbb\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u672c\u3092\u66f8\u304f\u3088\u3046\u6c42\u3081\u305f\u4eba\u7269\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u672c\u306f\u540d\u9ad8\u3044\u540d\u8457\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u300c\u541b\u4e3b\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u300d\u3068\u9298\u6253\u305f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30ae\u30c3\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u5f8c\u306b\u30ab\u30c4\u30a3\u30ca\u3078\u3068\u51fa\u5411\u304d\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306f15\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5b66\u554f\u306e\u5730\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u795e\u5b66\u66f8\u304c\u8a9e\u6e90\u5b66\u66f8\u306a\u3069\u3092\u643a\u3048\u305f\u30c8\u30f3\u30d6\u30af\u30c8\u30a5\u306e\u30b5\u30f3\u30b3\u30ec\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u305d\u3053\u3092\u8a2a\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u300213\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30c0\u30f3\u30fb\u30de\u30ea\u30ca\u3084\u3001\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30c0\u30f3\u30fb\u30de\u30b9\u30a3\u30ca\uff081667\u6ca1\uff09\u306a\u3069\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3001\u4eca\u65e5\u3082\u8457\u4f5c\u306e\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u73fe\u5730\u51fa\u8eab\u306e\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3092\u30ab\u30c4\u30a3\u30ca\u306f\u8f29\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b7\u30a7\u30a4\u30d5\u30fb\u30a6\u30b9\u30de\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30c0\u30f3\u30fb\u30d5\u30a9\u30c7\u30a3\u30aa\u3001\u307e\u305f\u5f7c\u306e\u5144\u5f1f\u30a2\u30d6\u30c9\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u606f\u5b50\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30d9\u30ed\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u306f\u300118\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30cf\u30a6\u30b5\u30fb\u30d5\u30e9\u30cb\u306e\u6df7\u5408\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5b9f\u8df5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a6\u30b9\u30de\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30c0\u30f3\u30fb\u30d5\u30a9\u30c7\u30a3\u30aa\u306b\u3088\u308b1904\u5e74\u306e\u904b\u52d5\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30a7\u30a4\u30d5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30d3\u30c9\u30a2\u30fb\u30a2\u30c3\uff1d\u30b7\u30e3\u30a4\u30bf\u30fc\u30cb\u30fc\u30e4\uff08\u60aa\u9b54\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u9769\u65b0\uff09\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u305f\u6df7\u5408\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u5fa9\u8208\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7d39\u4ecb\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5e83\u307e\u308a\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u304c\u3053\u3053\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u3001\u5730\u7406\u7684\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u306a\u90e8\u5206\u3001\u307e\u305f\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u306e\u5206\u5e03\u306a\u3069\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u304b\u3089\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u521d\u306e\u51fa\u73fe\u4ee5\u6765\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u62e1\u5927\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f53\u521d\u304b\u3089\u73fe\u5730\u306e\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u7686\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u4eba\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u6839\u3056\u3057\u305f\u5b97\u6559\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u591a\u7a2e\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3066\u304d\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":11493,"lft":6602,"rght":6603,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T21:40:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-06T13:16:36.000000Z","language_id":16,"user_id":13,"author_id":3456,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":20,"parent_id":3376,"author_name":"A. Rahman I. Doi","category_name":"Biographies & Scholars","category_slug":"Biographies-Scholars","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx"},{"id":3382,"title":"\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5728\u897f\u975e\u7684\u4f20\u64ad","slug":"afsdgsgrgwerwe","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:afsdgsgrgwerwe","hint":"","body":"

\u4f0a\u65af<\/strong>\u5170\u5728\u897f\u975e\u7684\u4f20\u64ad<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\"
<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\uff08<\/strong>1\/3<\/strong>\uff09\uff1a\u52a0<\/strong>\u7eb3\u5e1d<\/strong>\u56fd<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u975e\u6d32\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5386\u53f2\u6709\u7740\u826f\u597d\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u82b1\u524c\u5179\u5bc6\u3001\u4f0a\u672c·\u7a46\u7eb3\u5df4\u3001\u9ea6\u65af\u6b27\u8fea\u3001\u5df4\u514b\u5229\uff08Al-Bakri\uff09\u3001\u827e\u5e03\u83f2\u8fbe\uff08Abul Fida\uff09\u3001\u96c5\u5e93\u7279\uff08Yaqut\uff09\u3001\u4f0a\u672c·\u767d\u56fe\u6cf0\u3001\u4f0a\u672c·\u8d6b\u5c14\u6566\u3001\u4f0a\u672c·\u6cd5\u5fb7\u62c9\u62c9·\u6b27\u9ea6\u5c14\u3001\u4f0a\u672c·\u7a46\u8d6b\u5854\u5c14\u3001\u8fc8\u54c8\u59c6\u5fb7·\u5361\u63d0\uff08Mahmud al-Kati\uff09\u3001\u963f\u535c\u675c·\u62c9\u8d6b\u66fc·\u8428\u8fea\u7b49\u3002\u975e\u6d32\u5b66\u8005\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u516c\u5143\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u8fbe\u6492\u54c8\u62c9\u4ee5\u5357\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4f0a\u672c·\u7a46\u7eb3\u5df4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u516c\u5143738\u5e74\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8457\u540d\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u5b66\u8005\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u52a0\u7eb3\u3001\u9a6c\u91cc\u3001\u6851\u6d77\u548c\u535a\u5c14\u52aa\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u5546\u8d38\u4e3a\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4f20\u5165\u94fa\u5e73\u4e86\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4f20\u5165\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u5f97\u4ee5\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u8def\u7ebf\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1\u3001\uff08\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5\uff09\u897f\u5409\u5c14\u9a6c\u8428——\uff08\u9a6c\u91cc\uff09\u76d6\u7279\u624e——\uff08\u52a0\u7eb3\uff09\u5965\u4ee3\u6208\u54c8\u65af\u7279\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2\u3001\uff08\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\uff09\u56fe\u74e6\u7279——\uff08\u9a6c\u91cc\uff09\u52a0\u5965——\uff08\u9a6c\u91cc\uff09\u5ef7\u5df4\u514b\u56fe<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3\u3001\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a——\uff08\u5229\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff09\u7684\u9ece\u6ce2\u91cc——\uff08\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5\uff09\u975e\u65af——\u535a\u5c14\u52aa<\/span><\/p>\r\n

4\u3001\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af——\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a——\uff08\u5229\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff09\u53e4\u8fbe\u7c73\u65af——\uff08\u5229\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff09\u5384\u7279<\/span><\/p>\r\n

5\u3001\uff08\u5c3c\u65e5\u5c14\uff09\u963f\u52a0\u5fb7\u5179——\u8c6a\u8428\u5170<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8def\u7ebf\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5730\u533a\u90fd\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5546\u8d38\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u660e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6700\u65e9\u4e8e\u7ea6\u516c\u5143850\u5e74\u88ab\uff08\u585e\u5185\u52a0\u5c14\uff09\u5fb7\u5e93\u5c14\uff08Tekur\uff09\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u8fea\u963f\u8c37\uff08Dya’ogo\uff09\u671d\u4ee3\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u5fb7\u5e93\u5c14\u662f\u6492\u54c8\u62c9\u4ee5\u5357\u5730\u533a\u6700\u65e9\u63a5\u53d7\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u9ed1\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e4b\u56fd\u3002\u6c83\u52a0\u6bd4\uff08war-jabi\uff09\u6267\u653f\u65f6\u671f\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5f97\u4ee5\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6cd5\u5f97\u4ee5\u5168\u9762\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002\uff08\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5\uff09\u7a46\u74e6\u5e0c\u5fb7\u738b\u671d\u4e8e\u516c\u51431042\u5e74\u66fe\u5360\u9886\u5fb7\u5e93\u5c14\u30021511\u5e74\u4ee5\u5fb7\u91cc\u65af\u628a\u5fb7\u5e93\u5c14\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u5b89\u9759\u548c\u7965\u548c\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u540c\u540d\u9996\u90fd\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u5546\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5\u5546\u4eba\u5e26\u6765\u7f8a\u6bdb\u6362\u53d6\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u548c\u73cd\u73e0\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8457\u8ff0\u4e30\u5bcc\u5916\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u8457\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u5386\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u8428\u8fea\u7684\u300a\u82cf\u4e39\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u8fc8\u54c8\u59c6\u5fb7·\u5361\u63d0\u300a\u63a2\u7d22\u8005\u53f2\u300b\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5728\u52a0\u7eb3<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5df4\u514b\u5229\u79f011\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u52a0\u7eb3\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6700\u65e9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u53e4\u4ee3\u7d22\u5b81\u514b\u65cf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u300a\u8def\u7ebf\u4e0e\u738b\u56fd\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e861068\u5e74\u7684\u52a0\u7eb3\u7e41\u8363\u666f\u8c61\u3002\u56fd\u738b\u6709\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u90e8\u957f\u548c\u8d22\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3002\u90e8\u957f\u4eec\u535a\u5b66\u591a\u624d\uff0c\u7528\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u4e66\u5199\u548c\u8054\u7edc\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u738b\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd9\u6837\u63cf\u8ff0\u52a0\u7eb3\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u52a0\u7eb3\u57ce\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u5e73\u539f\u4e0a\u7684\u57ce\u9547\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u57ce\u9547\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u987e\u95ee\u548c\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u9547\u4e0a\u670912\u4e2a\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u4e3b\u9ebb\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u90fd\u6709\u4f0a\u739b\u76ee\uff0c\u5ba3\u793c\u5458\u548c\u8bf5\u8bfb\u5bb6\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(2\/3)<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>\u9a6c\u91cc\u548c\u6851<\/strong>\u6d77<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5728\u9a6c\u91cc<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u5df4\u514b\u5229\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u9a6c\u91cc\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u7688\u4f9d\u3002\u968f\u7740\u52a0\u7eb3\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6ca1\u843d\uff0c\u9a6c\u91cc\u65e5\u76ca\u5f3a\u76db\u3002\u5728\u9a6c\u91cc\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u53f2\u4e0a\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff1a\u6851\u8fea\u4e9a\u5854 (\u516c\u51431230-1255\u5e74) \u548c\u66fc\u8428·\u7a46\u8428 (\u516c\u51431312-1337)\u3002\u6851\u8fea\u4e9a\u5854\u662f\u9a6c\u91cc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7f14\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0d\u8654\u8bda\uff0c\u5728\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e2d\u63ba\u6742\u5404\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u975e\u5e38\u538c\u6076\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u66fc\u8428·\u7a46\u8428\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u9a6c\u91cc\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7f14\u9020\u8005\u30021255\u5e74\u52a0\u7eb3\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u9644\u5c5e\u56fd\u90fd\u7eb7\u7eb7\u5f52\u9644\u9a6c\u91cc\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u66fc\u8428·\u7a46\u8428\u5728\u516c\u51431312\u5e74\u7ee7\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u54cd\u5f7b\u82cf\u4e39\u3001\u5317\u975e\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u30021324\u5e74\u671d\u89d0\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u7ed3\u8bc6\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e26\u56de\u9a6c\u91cc\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u7119\u70e7\u7816\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e94\u5ea7\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u3002\u9a6c\u91cc\u5728\u66fc\u8428·\u7a46\u8428\u6267\u653f\u671f\u95f4\u8fbe\u5230\u9f0e\u76db\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7eb7\u7eb7\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u56e0\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u4f9d\u604b\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u65b0\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u878d\u5165\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u3002\u8457\u540d\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u5bb6\u548c\u5b66\u8005\u4f0a\u672c·\u767d\u56fe\u6cf0\u5728\u66fc\u8428·\u82cf\u83b1\u66fc\u65f6\u671f(\u516c\u51431341-1360\u5e74)\u6765\u5230\u9a6c\u91cc\uff0c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8d5e\u8a89\u4e86\u9a6c\u91cc\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u66fc\u8428·\u7a46\u8428\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u66fc\u8428·\u7a46\u8428\u7684\u671d\u89d0\u51f8\u663e\u9a6c\u91cc\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u6f5c\u80fd\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u5b66\u8005\u5165\u9a7b\u9a6c\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u9a6c\u91cc\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u66fc\u8428·\u7a46\u8428\u6267\u653f\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u9a6c\u91cc\u4e0e\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u548c\u57c3\u53ca\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u9a6c\u91cc\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u821e\u53f0\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5728\u6851\u6d77<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

11\u4e16\u7eaa\u8fea\u5965\uff08Dia\uff09\u738b\u671d\u63a5\u53d7\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u6851\u6d77\u5e1d\u56fd\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u6851\u6d77\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e11\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u738b\u671d\u8fc1\u90fd\u5546\u4e1a\u57ce\u5e02\u52a0\u5965\u300213\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6851\u6d77\u4f9d\u9644\u9a6c\u91cc\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c14\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u56e0\u738b\u671d\u66f4\u540d\u800c\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u6851\u6d77\u5728\u6851\u5c3c·\u963f\u91cc\uff08\u516c\u51431464-1492\uff09\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u6269\u5927\u7586\u57df\uff0c\u897f\u90e8\u82cf\u4e39\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u57ce\u9547\u5f52\u9644\u6851\u6d77\uff0c\u5982\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5ef7\u5df4\u514b\u56fe\u548c\u6770\u5185\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6851\u5c3c·\u963f\u91cc\u662f\u4e2a\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u81ea\u59cb\u81f3\u7ec8\u5229\u7528\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u3002\u5728\u4f4d\u671f\u95f4\u8feb\u5bb3\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u6563\u64ad\u5deb\u672f\u548c\u5f02\u6559\u3002\u8457\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u9a6c\u989d\u91cc\uff08Al-Maghilli\uff09\u4e5f\u56e0\u963b\u62e6\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u800c\u906d\u5230\u8feb\u5bb3\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5deb\u672f\u548c\u5f02\u6559\u5728\u6851\u6d77\u5e76\u975e\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u76f4\u523018\u4e16\u7eaa\u5b97\u6559\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u897f\u975e\u3002\u6851\u5c3c·\u963f\u91cc\u5728\u5f02\u6559\u548c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e4b\u95f4\u6df7\u6dc6\u548c\u59a5\u534f\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u4ed6\u4ecd\u65e7\u793c\u62dc\u5c01\u658b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4f9d\u65e7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u4e2a\u5192\u724c\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6851\u5c3c·\u963f\u91cc\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6df7\u5408\u5f88\u5feb\u906d\u5230\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5b66\u8005\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5ef7\u5df4\u514b\u56fe\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7cbe\u82f1\u548c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u3002\u6851\u5c3c·\u963f\u91cc\u66fe\u5148\u540e\u4e24\u6b21\u8feb\u5bb3\u5ef7\u5df4\u514b\u56fe\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u90aa\u4e0d\u538b\u6b63\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u83b7\u5f97\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u6851\u5c3c·\u5df4\u9c81\u7ee7\u4efb\uff0c\u519b\u4e8b\u53f8\u4ee4\u5b98\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7·\u675c\u5c14\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u5728\u516c\u4f17\u9762\u524d\u5ba3\u5e03\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u62d2\u7edd\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u675c\u5c14\u53d1\u52a8\u519b\u4e8b\u653f\u53d8\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4ee5\u4ed6\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\u4e3a\u540d\u7684\u65b0\u653f\u6743\uff1a\u963f\u65af\u57fa\u4e9a\u738b\u671d\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u6851\u5c3c·\u963f\u91cc\u5c31\u662f\u9a6c\u91cc\u7684\u6851\u8fea·\u4e9a\u5854\uff0c\u800c\u963f\u65af\u57fa\u4e9a\u5c31\u662f\u66fc\u8428·\u7a46\u8428\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u963f\u65af\u57fa\u4e9a\u6267\u653f\u4f0a\u59cb\uff0c\u5927\u5200\u9614\u65a7\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6cd5\u4e3a\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4eba\u975e\u5e38\u6177\u6168\uff0c\u91cd\u91d1\u5956\u8d4f\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5206\u53d1\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u571f\u5730\u548c\u826f\u7530\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u9a6c\u989d\u91cc\u6210\u4e3a\u597d\u53cb\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u6b23\u8d4f\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u5927\u6279\u5b66\u8005\u5165\u4f4f\u5ef7\u5df4\u514b\u56fe\uff0c\u8ba9\u90a3\u91cc\u6210\u4e3a16\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e86\u897f\u975e\u9996\u4e2a\u5927\u5b66——\u6851\u79d1\u96f7\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7eaa\u5ff5\u8fd9\u6240\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4f0a\u5df4\u4e39\u5927\u5b66\u804c\u5de5\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u5927\u8857\u5c31\u88ab\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u6851\u79d1\u96f7\u5927\u9053\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u963f\u65af\u57fa\u4e9a\u4e5f\u53bb\u4e86\u9ea6\u52a0\u671d\u89d0\uff0c\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u9ea6\u52a0\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u8d4f\u8d50\uff0c\u4eb2\u81ea\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7f20\u5934\u5dfe\uff0c\u8d50\u4e88\u4ed6\u5b9d\u5251\u548c\u897f\u975e\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\u3002\u516c\u51431497\u5e74\u963f\u65af\u57fa\u4e9a\u4ece\u9ea6\u52a0\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u9a84\u50b2\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u54c8\u5409\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u963f\u65af\u57fa\u4e9a\u5bf9\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6cd5\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4ed6\u8be2\u95ee\u4e86\u9a6c\u989d\u91cc\u8bb8\u591a\u795e\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u95ee\u7b54\u5f55\u5728\u6851\u6d77\u5e7f\u4e3a\u6d41\u4f20\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8c01\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u8c01\u662f\u5f02\u6559\u5f92\u7b49\u57fa\u7840\u4fe1\u4ef0\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u4e4b\u540e\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u90fd\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u9a6c\u989d\u91cc\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(3\/3)<\/strong>\uff1a\u535a<\/strong>\u5c14\u52aa\u548c\u8c6a<\/strong>\u8428\u5170<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5728\u5361\u6d85\u59c6—\u535a\u5c14\u52aa<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

13\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5361\u6d85\u59c6—\u535a\u5c14\u52aa\u5e1d\u56fd\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e4d\u5f97\u6e56\u5468\u56f4\uff0c\u5317\u90e8\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u5229\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7684\u6590\u8d5e\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u5361\u6d85\u59c6\u662f\u4e4d\u5f97\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5361\u6d85\u59c6\u56fd\u738b\u80e1\u5bc6·\u5409\u5c14\u7c73\uff08Umme-Jilmi\uff0c\u516c\u51431085-1097\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\uff0c\u7ecf\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5b66\u8005\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7·\u672c·\u739b\u5c3c\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3002\u4ed6\u53bb\u9ea6\u52a0\u671d\u89d0\u9014\u4e2d\u5f52\u771f\u5728\u57c3\u53ca\u3002\u5df4\u514b\u5229\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u963f\u5df4\u65af\u738b\u671d\u706d\u4f0d\u9ea6\u53f6\u738b\u671d\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u96be\u6c11\u4ece\u5df4\u683c\u8fbe\u9003\u5230\u4e86\u5361\u6d85\u59c6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u968f\u7740\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u8fdb\u5165\uff0c\u5361\u6d85\u59c6\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u90e8\u82cf\u4e39\u56fd\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u5b83\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e0e\u4e2d\u4e1c\u548c\u5317\u975e\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u80e1\u5bc6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u675c\u7eb3\u9a6c\u4e00\u4e16(\u516c\u51431092-1150)\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u53bb\u671d\u89d0\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u524d\u5f80\u9ea6\u52a0\u65f6\u5728\u57c3\u53ca\u52a0\u5195\u3002\u5b89\u8fbe\u5362\u897f\u4e9a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f0a\u672c·\u8d6b\u5c14\u6566\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u675c\u7eb3\u9a6c\u4e8c\u4e16(1221-1259)\u6267\u653f\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7ea6\u516c\u51431257\u5e74\u5361\u6d85\u59c6\u5728\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5f00\u7f57\u4e5f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u5ba2\u6808\uff0c\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u4f0a\u672c·\u62c9\u4ec0\u683c\u5b66\u9662\u300213\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u5361\u6d85\u59c6\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5b66\u672f\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u9a6c\u91cc\u7684\u8457\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u8001\u5e08\u90fd\u5230\u5361\u6d85\u59c6\u6765\u4f20\u64ad\u77e5\u8bc6\u300213\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u5361\u6d85\u59c6\u5df2\u7ecf\u548c\uff08\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\uff09\u56fe\u74e6\u5854\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u548c\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u7684\u54c8\u592b\u65af\u738b\u671d\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5927\u4f7f\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5361\u6d85\u59c6\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u8bd7\u4eba\u4e5f\u5584\u4e8e\u7528\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u8457\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e76\u67091391-1392\u5e74\u5361\u6d85\u59c6\u5bab\u5ef7\u9996\u5e2d\u4e66\u8bb0\u5458\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef6\u4e3a\u8bc1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u672c·\u8d6b\u5c14\u6566\u79f0\u675c\u7eb3\u9a6c\u4e8c\u4e16\u4e3a\u5361\u6d85\u59c6-\u535a\u5c14\u52aa\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u7586\u57df\u4e1c\u8d77\u74e6\u8fbe\u4f0a\uff08Wadai\uff09\uff0c\u897f\u81f3\u5361\u8bfa\u300214\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u963f\u91cc·\u672c·\u675c\u7eb3\u9a6c\uff081476—1503\uff09\u6267\u653f\u671f\u95f4\u5728\u535a\u5c14\u52aa\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u65b0\u9996\u90fd\u6069\u52a0\u624e\u52a0\u7a46\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5174\u65fa\u7684\u9996\u90fd\u6301\u7eed\u52301811\u5e74\u3002\u963f\u91cc\u70ed\u5fc3\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u548c\u6559\u4e49\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u62dc\u8bbf\u9996\u5e2d\u4f0a\u739b\u76ee\u6b27\u9ea6\u5c14·\u739b\u65af\u5170\u5df4\u5b66\u4e60\u66f4\u591a\u6cd5\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u8eab\u4f5c\u5219\u529d\u8bf4\u8fbe\u5b98\u8d35\u4eba\u9650\u5236\u5a36\u56db\u59bb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u535a\u5c14\u52aa\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5316\u4ece\u9a6c\u4f0a·\u4ee5\u5fb7\u91cc\u65af·\u963f\u9c81\u739b\uff08Mai Idris Alooma1570-1602)\u65f6\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7f16\u5e74\u53f2\u5bb6\u827e\u54c8\u8fc8\u5fb7·\u672c·\u6cd5\u56fe\u74e6\uff08Ahmad bin Fartuwa\uff09\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u6267\u653f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e5d\u5e74\uff0c\u524d\u5f80\u9ea6\u52a0\u671d\u89d0\u5e76\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4e3a\u535a\u5c14\u52aa\u7684\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5ba2\u6808\u3002\u4ed6\u590d\u5174\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5e76\u5168\u9762\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u6cd5\u5ead\u4ee5\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6cd5\u53d6\u4ee3\u65e7\u6cd5\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u7816\u5899\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u53d6\u4ee3\u82a6\u82c7\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u3002 1810\u5e74\u9a6c\u4f0a·\u827e\u54c8\u8fc8\u5fb7\uff08Mai Ahmad\uff09\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u535a\u5c14\u52aa\u738b\u671d\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4f9d\u65e7\u5ef6\u7eed\u7740\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5728\u8c6a\u8428\u5170<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8c6a\u8428\u4f20\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u62dc\u989d\uff08Begh\uff09\uff0c\u5b9a\u5c45\u535a\u5c14\u52aa\u7684\u8c6a\u8428\u56fd\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u5df4\u4e9a\u5409\u8fbe\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u535a\u5c14\u52aa\u56fd\u738b\u9a6c\u4f0a\u975e\u5e38\u6b22\u8fce\u4ed6\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u505a\u4e86\u9a78\u9a6c\u5e76\u6536\u7f16\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u90e8\u5c5e\u3002\u5df4\u4e9a\u5409\u8fbe\u548c\u59bb\u5b50\u9003\u79bb\u5230\u5361\u8bfa\uff0c\u8ba9\u91d1\u5320\u6253\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u628a\u5b9d\u5251\uff0c\u5e76\u5e2e\u52a9\u5361\u8bfa\u4eba\u6740\u6b7b\u4e86\u963b\u6b62\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d6\u6c34\u7684\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u86c7\u3002\u5973\u738b\u9053\u814a\u4e3a\u8868\u793a\u611f\u8c22\u4ee5\u8eab\u76f8\u8bb8\uff0c\u751f\u4e86\u5b69\u5b50\u5df4\u6c83\uff08Bawo\uff09\uff0c\u5df4\u6c83\u6709\u4e03\u5b50\uff1a\u9053\u62c9\u3001\u6bd4\u5170\u3001\u5361\u9f50\u7eb3\u3001\u624e\u91cc\u4e9a\u3001\u5361\u8bfa\u3001\u62c9\u8bfa\u548c\u6208\u6bd4\u5c14\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u73b0\u4eca\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u8c6a\u8428\u7684\u7956\u5148\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5728\u963f\u91cc·\u96c5\u57fa\uff081349-1385\uff09\u6267\u653f\u5361\u8bfa\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7ea640\u4e07\u52a0\u814a\u4eba\u6765\u5230\u8c6a\u8428\u5170\uff0c\u5e76\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u548c\u5ba3\u793c\u5854\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u5ba3\u793c\u5458\u53f7\u53ec\u793c\u62dc\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u4e86\u6cd5\u5b98\u88c1\u51b3\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u540e\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bcc\u62c9\u5c3c\u4eba\u8fc1\u5f99\u5230\u5361\u8bfa\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u3002\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7·\u96cd\u53d1 (1453-1499)\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7a33\u5b9a\u5728\u5361\u8bfa\uff0c\u5927\u6279\u5b66\u8005\u4ece\u5ef7\u5df4\u514b\u56fe\u6765\u5230\u5361\u8bfa\u4f20\u64ad\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u96cd\u53d1\u5584\u4e8e\u5c31\u653f\u6cbb\u4e8b\u52a1\u54a8\u8be2\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u66fe\u8981\u6c42\u9a6c\u989d\u91cc\u5c31\u653f\u5e9c\u5de5\u4f5c\u64b0\u6587\u8457\u8ff0\uff0c\u9a6c\u989d\u91cc\u572815\u4e16\u7eaa\u8bbf\u95ee\u5361\u8bfa\u65f6\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u738b\u5b50\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u5e76\u524d\u5f80\u5361\u9f50\u7eb3\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u5df2\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u9ea6\u52a0\u5f52\u6765\u7684\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u90fd\u613f\u610f\u53bb\u5361\u9f50\u7eb3\u3002\u6851\u79d1\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4e5f\u8bbf\u95ee\u8be5\u57ce\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5b66\u548c\u8bed\u6e90\u5b66\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u540e\u6765\u5361\u9f50\u7eb3\u6709\u4e86\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7·\u672c·\u9a6c\u745e\u7eb3\uff0c\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7·\u672c·\u9a6c\u65af\u7eb3\u7b49\u672c\u571f\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8457\u8ff0\u81f3\u4eca\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u83b7\u76ca\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5965\u65af\u66fc·\u672c·\u798f\u8fea\u5965\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u8c6a\u8428\u5170\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6df7\u6dc6\u5b9e\u8df5\u30021904\u5e74\u798f\u8fea\u5965\u5b97\u6559\u590d\u5174\u8fd0\u52a8\u65e8\u5728\u6d88\u9664\u5b97\u6559\u6df7\u6dc6\u5b9e\u8df5\u8fd9\u4e00\u6076\u9b54\u7684\u9769\u65b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5728\u6492\u54c8\u62c9\u4ee5\u5357\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u3001\u5730\u7406\u7684\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u793e\u533a\u5206\u6563\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u81ea\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u975e\u6d32\uff0c\u5b83\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\u7740\u3002\u81ea\u90a3\u65f6\u8d77\u5b66\u8005\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u672c\u5730\u5316\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u975e\u6d32\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u5ea6\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u975e\u6d32\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":14490,"lft":6604,"rght":6605,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T21:40:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-06T13:57:46.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":13,"author_id":3456,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":20,"parent_id":3376,"author_name":"A. Rahman I. Doi","category_name":"Biographies & Scholars","category_slug":"Biographies-Scholars","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Spread of Islam in West Africa.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Spread of Islam in West Africa.docx"}],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?articles_page=1","from":1,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?articles_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?articles_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":7,"total":7},"fatawas":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?fatawas_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?fatawas_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456?fatawas_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/ita\/api\/authors\/3456","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"books_total":0,"videos_total":0,"audios_total":0,"fatawas_total":0,"articles_total":7,"q":"","count":7}