{"title":"Mohammed Khamouch","author":{"id":3459,"name":"Mohammed Khamouch","slug":"mohammed_khamouch","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-12-24T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-12-24T09:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Mohammed Khamouch"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/lin\/api\/authors\/3459?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/lin\/api\/authors\/3459?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/lin\/api\/authors\/3459?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/lin\/api\/authors\/3459","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/lin\/api\/authors\/3459?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/lin\/api\/authors\/3459?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/lin\/api\/authors\/3459?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/lin\/api\/authors\/3459","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/lin\/api\/authors\/3459?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/lin\/api\/authors\/3459?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/lin\/api\/authors\/3459?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/lin\/api\/authors\/3459","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":3383,"title":"Islam in China","slug":"islam-in-china","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Islam in China.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Islam in China.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:islam-in-china","hint":"

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Islam in China<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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(part 1 of 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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The ‘Great Mosque of Guangzhou’ is also known as Huaisheng Mosque which means ‘Remember the Sage’ (A Memorial Mosque to the Prophet) and is also popularly called the ‘Guangta Mosque’ which translates as ‘The Beacon Tower Mosque’.  Huaisheng Mosque is located on Guantgta Road (Light Pagoda Road) which runs eastwards off Renmin Zhonglu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Prior to 500 CE and hence before the establishment of Islam, Arab seafarers had established trade relations with the “Middle Kingdom” (China).  Arab ships bravely set off from Basra at the tip of the Arabian Gulf and also from the town of Qays (Siraf) in the Persian Gulf.  They sailed the Indian Ocean passing Sarandip (Sri Lanka) and navigated their way through the Straits of Malacca which were between the Sumatran and Malaysian peninsulas en route to the South China Sea.  They established trading posts on the southeastern coastal ports of Quanzhou and Guangzhou.  Some Arabs had already settled in China and probably embraced Islam when the first Muslim deputation arrived, as their families and friends back in Arabia, had already embraced Islam during the Prophet’s revelation (610-32).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Guangzhou is called Khanfu by the Arabs who later set up a Muslim quarter which became a centre of commerce.  Guangzhou’s superior geographical position made it play an important role as the oldest trading and international port city in China.  Witnessing a series of historical events, China has become a significant place in history and one of the fastest growing regions in the world enjoying unprecedented prosperity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Whilst an Islamic state was founded by Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, China was enduring a period of unification and defense.  Early Chinese annals mentioned Muslim Arabs and called their kingdom al-Medina (of Arabia).  Islam in Chinese is called “Yisilan Jiao” (meaning “Pure Religion”).  A Chinese official once described Mecca as being the birthplace of Buddha Ma-hia-wu (i.e. Prophet Muhammad).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

There are several historical versions relating to the advent of Islam in China.  Some records claim Muslims first arrived in China in two groups within as many months from Abyssinia (Ethiopia).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ethiopia was the land where some early Muslims first fled in fear from the persecution of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca.  Among that group of refugees were one of Prophet Muhammad’s daughters Ruqayya, her husband Uthman ibn Affan, Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas and many other prominent Companions who migrated on the advice of the Prophet.  They were successfully granted political asylum by the Abyssinian  King Atsmaha Negus in the city of Axum (c.615 CE).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

However, some Companions never returned to Arabia.  They may have traveled on in the hope of earning their livelihood elsewhere and may have eventually reached China by land or sea during the Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE).  Some records relate that Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas and three other Companions sailed to China in c.616 CE from Abyssinia (Ethiopia) with the backing of the king of Abyssinia.  Sad then returned to Arabia, bringing a copy of the Holy Quran back to Guangzhou some 21 years later, which appropriately coincides with the account of Liu Chih who wrote “The Life of the Prophet” (12 vols).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

One of the Companions who lived in China is believed to have died in c.635 CE and was buried in the western urban part of Hami.  His tomb is known as “Geys’ Mazars” and is revered by many in the surrounding region.  It is in the northwestern autonomous province of Xingjian (Sinkiang) and about 400 miles east of the latter’s capital, Urumqi.  Xingjian is four times the size of Japan, shares its international border with eight different nations and is home to the largest indigenous group of Turkic-speaking Uyghurs.  Hence, as well as being the largest Islamized area of China, Xingjian is also of strategic importance geographically.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Quran states in unequivocal words that Muhammad was sent only as a Mercy from God to all peoples (21:107), and in another verse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“We have not sent thee but as a Mercy to all Mankind…” (34:28)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

This universality of Islam facilitated its acceptance by people from all races and nations and is amply demonstrated in China where the indigenous population, of ethnic varieties of Chinese Muslims today is greater than the population of many Arab countries including that of Saudi Arabia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The history of Huaisheng Mosque represents centuries of Islamic culture dating right back to the mid-seventh century during the T’ang Dynasty (618-907) - “the golden age of Chinese history”.  It was in this period, eighteen years after the death of the Prophet, that Islam - the last of the three monotheistic religions - was first introduced to China by the third Caliph, Uthman Ibn ‘Affan (644-656 CE\/23-35 AH ).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Uthman was one of the first to embrace Islam and memorize the Holy Quran.  He possessed a mild and gentle nature and he married Ruqayyah and following her death, Umm Kulthum (both were daughters of the Prophet).  Consequently he was given the epithet of ‘Dhu-n-Nurayn’ (the one with the two lights).  Uthman was highly praised for safeguarding the manuscripts of the Quran against disputes by ordering its compilation from the memories of the Companions and sending copies to the four corners of the Islamic Empire.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Uthman sent a delegation to China led by Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas (d. 674 CE\/55 AH) who was a much loved maternal uncle of the Prophet and one of the most famous Companions who converted to Islam at the age of just seventeen.  He was a veteran of all the battles and one of the ten who it is reported that the Prophet said were assured a place in paradise.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In Medina, Sad, using his ability in architecture added an Iwan (an arched hall used by a Persian Emperor) as a worship area.  He later laid the foundation of what was to be the first Mosque in China where early Islamic architecture forged a relationship with Chinese architecture.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

According to the ancient historical records of the T’ang Dynasty, an emissary from the kingdom of al-Medina led by Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas and his deputation of Companions, who sailed on a special envoy to China in c.650 CE, via the Indian Ocean and the China Sea to the famous port of Guangzhou, thence traveled overland to Chang’an (present day Xi’an) via what was later known as the “Silk Route”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>(part 2 of 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sad and his deputation brought presents and were warmly received at the royal court by the T’ang Emperor Kao-tsung, (r. 650-683) in c.651 CE, despite a recent plea of support against the Arabs forwarded to the Emperor in that same year by Shah Peroz (the ruler of Sassanid Persia).  The latter was a son of Yazdegerd who, along with the Byzantines, already had based their embassies in China over a decade earlier.  Together they were the two great powers of the west.  A similar plea made to Emperor Tai Tsung (r.627-649) against the simultaneous spread of Muslim forces was refused.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

First news of Islam had already reached the T’ang royal court during the reign of Emperor Tai Tsung when he was informed by an embassy of the Sassanid king of Persia, as well as the Byzantiums of the emergence of the Islamic rule.  Both sought protection from the might of China.  Nevertheless, the second year of Kao-tsung’s reign marks the first official visit by a Muslim ambassador.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The emperor, after making enquiries about Islam, gave general approval to the new religion which he considered to be compatible with the teachings of Confucius.  But he felt that the five daily canonical prayers and a month of fasting were requirements too severe for his taste and he did not convert.  He allowed Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas and his delegation freedom to propagate their faith and expressed his admiration for Islam which consequently gained a firm foothold in the country.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sad later settled in Guangzhou and built the Huaisheng Mosque which was an important event in the history of Islam in China.  It is reputedly the oldest surviving mosque in the whole of China and is over 1300 years old.  It survived through several historical events which inevitably took place outside its door step.  This mosque still stands in excellent condition in modern Guangzhou after repairs and restorations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Its contemporary Da Qingzhen Si (Great Mosque) of Chang’an (present day  Xi’an) in Shaanxi Province was founded in c.742 CE.  It is the largest (12,000 sq metres) and the best early mosque in China and it has been beautifully preserved as it expanded over the centuries.  The present layout was constructed by the Ming Dynasty in c.1392 CE, a century before the fall of Granada, under its (ostensible) founder Hajj Zheng He who has a stone tablet at the mosque in commemoration of his generous support, which was provided by the grateful Emperor.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A fine model of the Great Mosque with all its surrounding walls and the magnificent, elegant appearance of its pavilions and courtyards can be seen at the Hong Kong Museum placed gracefully besides the model of the Huaisheng Mosque.  I was fortunate to visit the real mosque last year during Asr prayer, after which I met the Imam who showed me an old handwritten Quran and presented me with a white cap.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Walking to the prayer hall is like sleepwalking through an oriental oasis confined in a city forbidden for the impure.  A dragon symbol is engraved at the footstep of the entrance opposite the prayer hall demonstrating the meeting between Islam and the Chinese civilisation.  All in all it is a dazzling encounter of the architecture of Oriental China with that of the indigenous fashionable taste of Harun ar-Rashid (147-194 AH\/764-809 CE) of Baghdad - a newly founded city that was to become the greatest between Constantinople and China, fifty years after the time of Harun.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Sheng-You Si (Mosque of the Holy Friend), also known as the Qingjing Si (Mosque of Purity) and Al-Sahabah Mosque (Mosque of Companions), was built with pure granite in 1009 CE during the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127).  Its architectural design and style was modeled on the Great Mosque of Damascus (709-15) in Syria thus making the pair the oldest extant Mosques to survive (in original form) into the twenty-first century.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Qingjing Mosque is located at “Madinat al-Zaytun” (Quanzhou) or, in English, “City of Olives” in Fujian Province, where also two Companions of the Prophet who accompanied Sa’d Ibn Abi Waqqas’s envoy to China are buried.  They are known to the locals by their Chinese names of “Sa-Ke-Zu and Wu-Ku-Su”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Zhen-Jiao Si (Mosque of the True Religion), also known as Feng-Huang Si (the Phoenix Mosque) in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, is believed to date back from the Tang Dynasty.  It has a multi-storied portal, serving as a minaret and a platform for observing the moon.  The Mosque has a long history and it has been rebuilt and renovated on a number of occasions over the centuries.  It is much smaller than it used to be, especially with the widening of the road in 1929, and it was partly rebuilt in 1953.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The other ancient Mosque is located in the city of Yangzhou in Jiangsu Province, once the busiest city of trade and commerce during the Song Dynasty (960-1280).  Xian-He Si (Mosque of Immortal Crane) is the oldest and largest in the city and was built in c.1275CE by Pu-ha-din, a Muslim preacher who was a sixteenth-generation descendant of the Prophet Muhammad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

According to Chinese Muslim historians, Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas died in Guangzhou where he is believed to be buried.  However Arab scholars differ, stating that Sad died and was buried in Medina amongst other Companions.  One grave definitely exists, while the other is symbolic, God only knows whether it is in China or Medina.  As one can see, the spread of Islam in China was indeed a peaceful one.  The first envoy reached the southeast via the Zhu Jiang (The Pearl River) and was later followed by contact via an overland route from the northwest.  Muslim communities are present over a wide geographical area in China today, including some in the remote places of Tibet, where I once met Tibetan Muslims in the middle of nowhere, while on a trek.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":18857,"lft":6607,"rght":6622,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T22:25:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T17:48:05.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":13,"author_id":3459,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"Mohammed Khamouch","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Islam in China.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Islam in China.docx"},{"id":3384,"title":"El Islam en China","slug":"el-islam-en-china","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Islam in China.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Islam in China.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:el-islam-en-china","hint":"

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 <\/p>","body":"

El Islam en China<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

(parte 1 of 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

La “Gran Mezquita de Guangzhou”, también conocida como la Mezquita Huaisheng, que significa “Recuerda al Sabio” (Mezquita en Memoria del Profeta), es popularmente llamada la “Mezquita Guangta”, que se traduce como “La Mezquita de la Torre del Faro”. La Mezquita Huaisheng se encuentra en la calle Guantgta (Calle de la Pagoda Luminosa), que se extiende hacia el este de Renmin Zhonglu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Antes del año 500 d.C. y, por tanto, antes del surgimiento del Islam, los marinos árabes habían establecido relaciones comerciales con el “Reino Medio” (China). Las naves árabes salieron valientemente de Basra, en el extremo del Golfo Árabe, y también de la ciudad de Qays (Siraf) en el Golfo Pérsico. Navegaron el Océano Índico pasando Sarandip (Sri Lanka) y siguieron su camino a través del Estrecho de Málaca, entre las penínsulas de Sumatra y Malasia, en la ruta hacia el Mar de China Meridional. Establecieron puestos de comercio en la costa sureste, en los puertos de Quanzhou y Guangzhou. Algunos árabes ya se habían establecido en China y probablemente abrazaron el Islam cuando llegó la primera delegación musulmana, pues sus familias y amigos que habían regresado a Arabia ya habían abrazado el Islam durante la misión del Profeta (610-32).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Guangzhou es llamado Khanfu por los árabes, quienes más adelante establecieron un barrio musulmán que se convirtió en un emporio comercial. La importante posición geográfica de Guangzhou le hizo jugar un papel importante como el más antiguo puerto internacional y comercial de China. Testigo de una serie de eventos históricos, China se ha convertido en un lugar significativo en la historia y una de las regiones de más rápido crecimiento en el mundo, disfrutando de una prosperidad sin precedentes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mientras que un Estado Islámico era fundado por el Profeta Muhammad, que la misericordia y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él, China se encontraba en un período de unificación y de defensa. Anales chinos antiguos mencionan a los musulmanes árabes y llaman a su reino Al-Medina (de Arabia). En chino, el Islam es llamado Yisilan Jiao<\/em> (que significa “La Religión Pura”). Una vez, un oficial chino describió La Meca como el lugar del nacimiento de Buddha Ma-hia-wu (es decir, el Profeta Muhammad).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Existen varias versiones históricas relacionadas con el advenimiento del Islam en China. Algunos registros alegan que los musulmanes llegaron a China por primera vez en dos grupos separados por muchos meses, desde Abisinia (Etiopía).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Etiopía fue la tierra a donde algunos de los primeros musulmanes huyeron por temor a la persecución de la tribu de los Quraysh en La Meca. Entre ese grupo de refugiados estaba Ruqayya, una de las hijas del Profeta Muhammad, su esposo Uzman ibn Affan, Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas, y muchos otros compañeros destacados que migraron por consejo del Profeta. Ellos tuvieron éxito en obtener asilo político por parte del rey abisinio, Atsmaha Negus, en la ciudad de Axum (615 d.C. aprox.).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sin embargo, algunos compañeros nunca regresaron a Arabia. Es posible que hayan viajado con la esperanza de ganarse la vida en otros lugares, y pueden haber llegado eventualmente a China por tierra o por mar durante la Dinastía Sui (581-618 d.C.). Algunos registros relatan que Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas y otros tres compañeros zarparon hacia China en el 616 d.C. aproximadamente. desde Abisinia (Etiopía), con el apoyo del rey de Abisinia. Sad después regresó a Arabia, y llevó de regreso a Guangzhou una copia del Corán unos 21 años más tarde, lo que coincide correctamente con el relato de Liu Chih, quien escribió La Vida del Profeta<\/em> en 12 volúmenes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Uno de los compañeros que vivió en China se cree que murió en el 635 d.C. aproximadamente, y fue enterrado en la parte urbana occidental de Hami. Su tumba se conoce como “Geys’ Mazars”, y es venerada por muchos en la región circundante. Está en el noroeste de la provincia autónoma de Xingjian (Sinkiang), y a unos 640 kilómetros al oriente de la capital de esta última, Urumqi. Xingjian tiene cuatro veces el tamaño de Japón, comparte su frontera internacional con ocho naciones distintas, y es hogar del grupo étnico más grande de uigures de habla turca. Por lo tanto, además de ser el área islamizada más grande de China, Xingjian tiene también importancia estratégica geográficamente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Corán declara, en términos inequívocos, que Muhammad fue enviado sólo como una misericordia de Dios para todos los pueblos (21:107), y dice en otro versículo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Y no te enviamos [¡Oh, Muhammad!] sino como albriciador y amonestador para todos los hombres…”. (34:28)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Esta universalidad del Islam facilitó su aceptación por parte de personas de todas las etnias y naciones y está ampliamente demostrada en China, donde la población originaria, de varias etnias de musulmanes chinos, es mayor que la población de muchos países árabes, incluyendo Arabia Saudita.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La historia de la Mezquita Huaisheng representa siglos de cultura islámica, que data de mediados del siglo VII durante la Dinastía Tang (618-907)  – “la era dorada de la historia de China”–. Fue en este periodo, 80 años después de la muerte del Profeta, que el Islam –la última de las tres religiones monoteístas– fue introducido por primera vez en China por el tercer Califa, Uzmán Ibn ‘Affan (644-656 d.C.\/23-35 d.H.).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Uzman fue uno de los primeros en abrazar el Islam y memorizar el Sagrado Corán. Tenía un carácter suave y dulce, y se casó con Ruqayyah, y después de su muerte, con Umm Kulzum (ambas hijas del Profeta). En consecuencia, se le dio el epíteto de Dhu-n-Nurain<\/em> (el que tiene las dos luces). Uzman fue muy elogiado por salvaguardar los manuscritos del Corán contra las disputas al ordenar su compilación a partir de las memorias de los compañeros, y enviar copias a todos los rincones del Califato Islámico.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Uzman envió una delegación a China liderada por Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas (muerto en 674 d.C.\/55 d.H.), quien fue un tío materno muy querido del Profeta y uno de los compañeros más famosos, que se convirtió al Islam a la edad de 17 años. Fue veterano de todas las batallas y uno de los diez a los que el Profeta les dijo que tenían un lugar asegurado en el Paraíso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En Medina, Sad, utilizando su habilidad en la arquitectura, agregó un Iwan (una sala de arcos utilizada por un emperador persa) como área para el culto. Más tarde, sentó las bases de lo que sería la primera Mezquita en China, donde la temprana arquitectura islámica forjó una relación con la arquitectura china.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De acuerdo a los registros históricos antiguos de la Dinastía Tang, una comisión del reino de Al-Medina, liderada por Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas y su delegación de compañeros, se embarcó en un envío especial a China en el 650 d.C. aproximadamente, a través del Océano Índico y el mar de China, hasta el famoso puerto de Guangzhou; y desde allí viajó por tierra a Chang’an (actualmente Xi’an), a través de lo que más tarde se conocería como la “Ruta de la Seda”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 of 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sad y su delegación trajeron regalos y fueron bien recibidos en la corte real por el emperador Tang Kao-tsung, (quien reinó entre 650 y 683) en el 651 d.C., a pesar de una solicitud de apoyo contra los árabes enviada ese mismo año al emperador por el Shah Peroz (príncipe de la Persia sasánida). Este último era hijo de Yazdegerd, quien, junto con los Bizantinos, ya había establecido embajadas en China desde hacía una década. Juntos, ellos eran las mayores potencias de occidente. Una solicitud similar hecha al emperador Tai Tsung (quien reinó entre 627 y 649) contra la propagación simultánea de fuerzas musulmanas fue rechazada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las primeras noticias del Islam ya habían llegado a la corte real de Tang durante el reinado del emperador Tai Tsung cuando fue informado por un embajador del reino sasánida de Persia, así como por los Bizantinos, de la aparición del gobierno islámico. Ambos buscaron protección de la potencia China. Sin embargo, el segundo año del reinado de Kao-tsung marca la primera visita oficial de un embajador musulmán.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El emperador, después de hacer averiguaciones sobre el Islam, dio su aprobación general a la nueva religión, a la que consideró compatible con las enseñanzas de Confucio. Sin embargo, consideró que las cinco oraciones diarias canónicas y un mes de ayuno eran requerimientos demasiado severos para su gusto, y por ello no se convirtió. Le otorgó libertad a Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas y su delegación para propagar su fe y expresó su admiración por el Islam, que por consiguiente ganó una posición firme en el país.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sad se estableció luego en Guangzhou y construyó la Mezquita Huaisheng, lo que fue un acontecimiento importante en la historia del Islam en China. Es famosa por ser la mezquita más antigua de toda China y cuenta con más de 1.300 años. Sobrevivió a través de varios sucesos históricos que inevitablemente tuvieron lugar fuera de sus puertas. Esta mezquita aún se encuentra en excelentes condiciones en la actual Guangzhou, después de recibir reparaciones y restauraciones.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La contemporánea Da Qingzhen Si<\/em> (Gran Mezquita) de Chang’an (hoy día Xi’an) en la provincia de Shaanxi, fue fundada en el 742 d.C. Es la más grande (12.000 metros cuadrados) y la mejor de las mezquitas antiguas de China, y ha sido bellamente preservada y ampliada durante siglos. El diseño actual fue construido durante la Dinastía Ming en 1392 d.C., un siglo después de la caída de Granada, bajo su (pretendido) fundador Hajj Zheng He, quien tiene una placa de piedra en la mezquita en conmemoración de su generoso apoyo, proporcionada por el emperador agradecido.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Una bella maqueta de la Gran Mezquita, con todas sus paredes circundantes y la apariencia magnífica y elegante de sus pabellones y patios, se puede ver en el Museo de Hong Kong, colocada al lado del modelo de la mezquita Huaisheng. Tuve la fortuna de visitar la mezquita verdadera el año pasado durante la oración del Aser, después de lo cual conocí al Imam, quien me mostró un antiguo Corán manuscrito y me regaló un gorro blanco.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Caminar hacia la sala de oración es como moverse sonámbulo a través de un oasis oriental confinado en una ciudad prohibida para los impuros. Un símbolo de dragón está grabado en el paso frente a la entrada de la sala de oración, demostrando la reunión entre el Islam y la civilización china. En definitiva, se trata de un encuentro deslumbrante entre la arquitectura de China oriental y el gusto elegante autóctono de Harun ar-Rashid (147-194 d.H.\/764-809 d.C.) de Bagdad –una ciudad recién fundada que se convertiría en la más grande entre Constantinopla y China, 50 años después de la muerte de Harun–.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Sheng-You Si<\/em> (Mezquita del Amigo Sagrado), conocida también como Qingjing Si<\/em> (Mezquita de la Pureza) y Al-Sahabah<\/em> (Mezquita de los Compañeros), fue construida con granito puro en el 1009 d.C., durante la Dinastía Song del Norte. Su diseño arquitectónico y estilo está inspirado en la Gran Mezquita de Damasco (709-15) en Siria, lo que las hace el par de mezquitas más antiguas existentes que sobreviven (en su forma original) en el siglo XXI.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Mezquita Qingjing está ubicada en Madinat al-Zaitun<\/em> (Quanzhou) o, en español, “Ciudad de los Olivos” en la Provincia de Fujian, donde también están enterrados dos compañeros del Profeta que acompañaron la delegación de Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas. Ellos son conocidos por los locales por sus nombres chinos de “Sa-Ke-Zu” y “Wu-Ku-Su”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Zhen-Jiao Si<\/em> (Mezquita de la Religión Verdadera), también conocida comoFeng-Huang Si<\/em> (la Mezquita Fénix) en Hangzhou, Provincia de Zhejiang, se cree que data de la Dinastía Tang. Cuenta con un portal de varios pisos, que actúa como minarete, y una plataforma para observar la luna. La mezquita tiene una larga historia y ha sido reconstruida y renovada en varias ocasiones a través de los siglos. Es mucho más pequeña de lo que solía ser, en especial con la ampliación de la carretera en 1929, y fue parcialmente reconstruida en 1953.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La otra mezquita antigua está ubicada en la ciudad de Yangzhou en la provincia de Jiangsu, que fuera la más concurrida ciudad comercial y de negocios durante la Dinastía Song (960-1280). Xian-He Si<\/em> (Mezquita de la Grulla Inmortal) es la más grande y antigua en la ciudad y fue construida en 1275 d.C. aproximadamente, por Pu-ha-din, un predicador musulmán que era descendiente del Profeta Muhammad en la decimosexta generación.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De acuerdo a los historiadores musulmanes chinos, Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas murió en Guangzhou, donde se cree que está enterrado. Sin embargo, los eruditos árabes difieren, afirmando que Sad murió y fue enterrado en Medina entre otros compañeros. Una tumba existe, sin duda, y la otra es simbólica, sólo Dios sabe si es la de China o la de Medina. Como podemos ver, la expansión del Islam en China fue de hecho pacífica. El primer enviado llegó hasta el suroriente por el Zhu Jiang<\/em>(Río Perlado) y fue seguido después hasta contactarlo a través de una ruta terrestre desde el noroccidente. Las comunidades musulmanas están presentes en una amplia zona geográfica en China actualmente, incluyendo algunas en lugares remotos del Tibet, donde conocí una vez musulmanes tibetanos en el medio de la nada, durante uno de mis viajes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":13141,"lft":6608,"rght":6609,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T22:25:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T12:59:29.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":13,"author_id":3459,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":3383,"author_name":"Mohammed Khamouch","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Islam in China.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Islam in China.docx"},{"id":3385,"title":"L\u2019islam en Chine","slug":"lislam-en-chine","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Islam in China.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Islam in China.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:lislam-en-chine","hint":"","body":"

L’islam en Chine<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

(partie 1 de 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

La grande mosquée de Guangzhou est également connue sous le nom de mosquée Huaisheng, qui signifie « souvenez-vous du sage » (une mosquée à la mémoire du Prophète), et est aussi populairement appelée la mosquée Guangta, qui signifie « la mosquée de la tour du phare ».  La mosquée Huaisheng est située sur la Guangta Road, qui va vers l’est, au large de Renmin Zhonglu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Avant l’an 500 avant J.-C., et donc avant même la venue de l’islam, des marins arabes avaient établi des liens commerciaux avec « l’Empire du Milieu » (la Chine).  Les navires arabes partaient de Bassorah, en amont du Golfe Persique, et aussi de la ville de Qays (Siraf), dans le Golfe Persique.  Ils traversaient l’Océan Indien, dépassaient le Sri Lanka et continuaient à travers le détroit de Malacca, situé entre la péninsule Malaise et l’île indonésienne de Sumatra, en route vers le sud de la Mer de Chine.  Ils avaient établi des comptoirs dans les ports de Quanzhou et Guangzhou, sis dans le sud-est.  Certains Arabes s’étaient déjà installés en Chine et avaient probablement déjà embrassé l’islam lorsque s’y rendit la première délégation musulmane, car leurs familles et leurs amis, restés en Arabie, avaient, eux, déjà embrassé l’islam durant la mission prophétique de Mohammed (610-32).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Guangzhou est appelée Khanfou, par les Arabes, qui y établirent, plus tard, un quartier musulman qui devint un centre de commerce.  La position géographique de Guangzhou fait d’elle le plus vieux port marchand international de Chine.  Témoin de nombreux événements historiques, la Chine est devenue une région importante, dont l’expansion rapide lui a apporté une prospérité sans précédent.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Au moment où le prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) fondait un état islamique, la Chine passait par une période d’unification et de résistance.  Les annales chinoises de l’époque font mention des Arabes musulmans et font référence à leur royaume en tant qu’al-Medina (d’Arabie).  En chinois, l’islam se dit « Yisilan Jiao » (qui signifie « la religion pure »).  Un officiel chinois a déjà décrit la Mecque comme étant le lieu de naissance de Bouddha Ma-hia-wou (i.e. du prophète Mohammed).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il existe plusieurs versions historiques sur l’apparition de l’islam en Chine.  Certaines archives affirment que les musulmans arrivèrent d’abord en Chine en deux groupes, et sur une période de deux mois, en provenance d’Abyssinie (Éthiopie).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’Éthiopie est l’endroit où certains des premiers musulmans s’étaient réfugiés des persécutions dont ils étaient victimes de la part de la tribu de Qouraysh, à la Mecque.  Parmi ce groupe de réfugiés se trouvaient une des filles du Prophète, Rouqayyah, son époux, Outhman ibn Affan, Sad ibn Abi Waqqas et plusieurs autres compagnons du Prophète, qui avaient fui sur son conseil.  Ils avaient reçu l’asile politique, que leur avait accordé le roi Atsmaha Négus, dans la ville d’Aksoum (615 de notre ère).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Certains de ces compagnons ne retournèrent jamais en Arabie.  Peut-être voyagèrent-ils dans l’espoir de trouver un endroit où gagner leur vie, peut-être atteignirent-ils la Chine durant la dynastie Sui (581-618).  Certaines archives relatent que Sad ibn Abi Waqqas et trois autres compagnons prirent la mer jusqu’en Chine, vers 616, avec l’appui du roi d’Abyssinie.  Sad retourna plus tard en Arabie, puis revint en Chine, où il apporta une copie du Coran à Liu Chih, qui rédigea la biographie du Prophète en douze volumes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’un des compagnons qui vécurent en Chine y serait mort vers l’an 635 et enterré dans la partie occidentale de la ville de Hami.  Sa tombe est connue sous le nom de « Geys Mazars » et plusieurs la révèrent, dans la région.  L’endroit se situe dans le nord-ouest de la province indépendante de Xingjian (Sinkiang), à environ 400 milles à l’est de la capitale, Urumqi.  Xingjian fait quatre fois la superficie du Japon, partage ses frontières avec huit différentes nations et abrite le plus important groupe indigène d’ouïghours turcophones.  En plus d’être la région de Chine où l’on compte le plus de musulmans, Xingjian occupe aussi une position géographique stratégique.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Coran affirme, en termes non-équivoques, que Mohammed fut envoyé comme une miséricorde aux peuples de la terre (21:107).  Dans un autre verset, on peut lire :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Et Nous ne t’avons envoyé à l’humanité, (ô Mohammed), que pour annoncer la bonne nouvelle et avertir. » (34:28)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le caractère universel de l’islam a facilité son acceptation par des peuples de toutes races et nations et le meilleur exemple en est la Chine, où la population indigène multiethnique et musulmane est plus importante que la population de bien des pays arabes, incluant celle de l’Arabie.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’histoire de la mosquée Huaisheng représente des siècles de culture islamique remontant au milieu du septième siècle, durant la dynastie Tang (618-907), « l’âge d’or de l’histoire chinoise ».  C’est durant cette période, dix-huit ans après la mort du prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui), que l’islam, la dernière des trois religions monothéistes, fut officiellement introduit en Chine par le troisième calife, Outhman ibn Affan (644-656 de l’ère chrétienne\/23-35 de l’hégire ).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Outhman avait été l’un des premiers à embrasser l’islam et à mémoriser le Coran.  Époux de Rouqayyah, il était de nature douce et délicate.  Après la mort de cette dernière, il s’était remarié avec Oumm Koulthoum (toutes deux filles du Prophète).  C’est pourquoi les gens l’appelaient « Dhu-n-Nurayn » (i.e. l’homme aux deux lumières).  Outhman fut couvert d’éloges pour avoir préservé le Coran en ordonnant sa compilation à partir des versets mémorisés et mis par écrit par les compagnons et en envoyant des copies aux quatre coins de l’empire islamique.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Outhman envoya en Chine une délégation dirigée par Sad ibn Abi Waqqas (mort en 674 et oncle maternel du Prophète, que ce dernier affectionnait particulièrement), l’un des compagnons les mieux connus, qui s’était converti à l’islam à l’âge de dix-sept ans.  Il avait participé à toutes les batailles et faisait partie des dix personnes à qui le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) avait assuré qu’ils auraient une place au Paradis.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

À Médine, Sad, qui avait des connaissances en architecture, avait ajouté un Iwan (salle en forme d’arc) comme lieu de prière.  Plus tard, il établit les fondations de ce qui allait être la première mosquée de Chine, qui donna naissance à un croisement réussi entre l’architecture islamique et l’architecture chinoise.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Selon les archives historiques de la dynastie Tang, un émissaire de Médine, envoyé par Sad ibn Abi Waqqas, arriva à Guangzhou vers 650, repartit en direction de Chang’an (aujourd’hui Xi’an), en passant par ce qui allait plus tard s’appeler la « route de la soie ».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(partie 2 de 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Vers 651, Sad et sa délégation, les bras chargés de présents, furent chaleureusement accueillis, à la cour royale, par l’empereur tang Kao-tsung (dont le règne s’étala de 650 à 683), malgré que ce dernier eût reçu, peu auparavant, une demande du Shah Peroz (à la tête de la Perse sassanide), l’enjoignant de soutenir la Perse contre les Arabes.  Le Shah était le fils de Yazdegerd qui, avec les Byzantins, avait déjà établi son ambassade en Chine une décennie plus tôt.  Ensemble, ils étaient, à l’époque, les deux grandes puissances de l’Occident.  Un appel semblable, fait à l’empereur Tai Tsung (qui régna de 627 à 649), pour lui demander de s’opposer aux troupes arabes, avait déjà été refusé.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La cour royale Tang avait déjà entendu parler de l’islam durant le règne de l’empereur Tai Tsung, alors que ce dernier avait été informé, par l’ambassade sassanide et par les Byzantins, de l’émergence du règne islamique.  Les deux avaient demandé la protection de la Chine.  Malgré cela, la deuxième année du règne de Kao Tsung marqua la première visite officielle d’un ambassadeur musulman.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Après avoir posé des questions sur l’islam, l’empereur se montra bien disposé envers cette nouvelle religion, dont il considérait les enseignements proches de ceux de Confucius.  Mais il trouva que cinq prières quotidiennes et un mois de jeûne étaient trop exigeants pour lui, alors il décida de ne pas se convertir.  Il laissa cependant Sad ibn Abi Waqqas et sa délégation libres de prêcher leur foi et exprima son admiration pour l’islam, qui s’établit fermement dans le pays.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sad s’installa ensuite à Guangzhou et fit construire la mosquée Huaisheng, événement important dans l’histoire de l’islam en Chine.  On dit qu’elle est la plus vieille mosquée de toute la Chine et daterait de 1300 ans.  Elle a survécu à de nombreux événements historiques, qui se produisirent pratiquement sur le pas de sa porte.  Elle est, aujourd’hui encore, en excellente condition, après avoir été réparée et restaurée.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De la même époque, la mosquée Da Qingzhen Si (Grande Mosquée), de Changan (aujourd’hui Xi’an), dans la province de Shaanxi, fut fondée vers l’an 742.  D’une superficie de 12 000 mètres carrés, il s’agit de la plus grande des mosquées de la première époque de l’islam, en Chine, et elle fut superbement préservée et agrandie, au cours des siècles.  Elle fut rénovée, dans sa disposition actuelle, lors de la dynastie Ming, vers 1392, un siècle avant la chute de Granada, sous son fondateur Hajj Zheng He, en l’honneur de qui on fabriqua une pierre, dans la mosquée, en souvenir de son généreux soutien, qui provenait en fait de l’empereur.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un modèle réduit de la Grande Mosquée, avec son enceinte et ses magnifiques pavillons et cours intérieures, se trouve au musée de Hong Kong, disposé tout juste à côté du modèle réduit de la mosquée Huaisheng.  J’ai eu la chance de visiter la Grande Mosquée, l’an dernier, et d’y accomplir la prière de l’Asr.  J’y ai rencontré l’imam, qui m’a montré un Coran très ancien écrit à la main et qui m’a fait présent d’un chapeau blanc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Marcher en direction de la salle de prière est comme marcher sur un nuage, à travers une oasis orientale enfermée dans une cité interdite aux impurs.  Un symbole de dragon est gravé sur le sol, à l’entrée, en face de la salle de prière, rencontre entre l’islam et la culture chinoise.  Globalement, il s’agit d’un éblouissant croisement entre l’architecture chinoise et celle de Haroun ar-Rashid (764-809), de Baghdad – qui était alors nouvellement fondée et qui allait devenir la plus grande ville entre Constantinople et la Chine, cinquante ans après l’époque de Haroun.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La mosquée Sheng-You Si (mosquée du Saint Ami), aussi connue sous les noms de Qingjing Si (Mosquée de la Pureté) et de Al-Sahabah (mosquée des compagnons) fut construite en granit pur en 1009, durant la dynastie des Song du Nord (960-1127).  Son architecture et son style furent calqués sur la Grande Mosquée de Damas(709-15), en Syrie, ce qui fait de ces deux mosquées les plus anciennes à avoir été conservées, dans leur forme originale, jusqu’au vingt-et-unième siècle.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La mosquée Qingjing est située à « Madinat al-Zaytoun » (Quanzhou) ou, en français, « cité des olives », dans le Fujian, où deux des compagnons du Prophète qui accompagnaient Sad ibn Abi Waqqas sont enterrés.  Ils sont connus, par les habitants de l’endroit, sous leurs noms chinois, « Sa-Ke-Zu » et « Wu-Ku-Su ».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La mosquée Zhen-Jiao Si (Mosquée de la Vraie Religion), aussi connue sous le nom de Feng-Huang Si (Mosquée du Phénix), à Hangzhou, dans la province du Zhejiang, fut construite, croit-on, au cours de la dynastie Tang.  Elle possède un portail multi-niveaux, qui sert de minaret, et une terrasse pour observer la lune.  Cette mosquée possède une longue histoire et a été reconstruite et rénovée à quelques reprises au fil des siècles.  Elle est aujourd’hui beaucoup plus petite qu’elle ne l’a été par le passé, surtout depuis l’élargissement de la route, en 1929.  Elle fut aussi partiellement reconstruite en 1953.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il existe une autre mosquée ancienne dans la ville de Yangzhou (dans la province de Jiangsu), qui fut autrefois la ville la plus commerçante de la dynastie Song (960-1280).  La mosquée Xian-He Si (Mosquée du crâne immortel) est la plus ancienne et la plus grande de la ville et fut construite vers 1275 par Pu-ha-din, un prêcheur musulman, descendant de seizième génération du prophète Mohammed.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Selon les historiens musulmans chinois, Sad ibn Abi Waqqas est mort à Guangzhou, où l’on présume qu’il fut enterré.  Mais les érudits arabes croient plutôt que Sad est mort à Médine et qu’il y fut enterré auprès d’autres compagnons du Prophète.  Une tombe à son nom existe bel et bien, tandis que l’autre serait symbolique, et Dieu seul sait s’il se trouve dans celle de Médine ou celle de Chine. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Comme on peut le constater, l’expansion de l’islam, en Chine, s’est faite de façon très pacifique.  Le premier envoyé atteignit le sud-est via Zhu Jiang (la rivière des Perles).  Des communautés musulmanes sont présentes dans plusieurs régions de la Chine d’aujourd’hui, incluant des endroits reculés du Tibet, où je rencontrai, une fois, des musulmans tibétains au milieu de nulle part, lors d’une randonnée.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":18289,"lft":6610,"rght":6611,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T22:25:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T18:05:05.000000Z","language_id":9,"user_id":13,"author_id":3459,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":3383,"author_name":"Mohammed Khamouch","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Islam in China.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Islam in China.docx"},{"id":3386,"title":"Islam in China-","slug":"islam-in-china-","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Islam in China.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Islam in China.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:islam-in-china-","hint":"","body":"

Islam in China<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam in China <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

(teil 1 von 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Die ‘Große Moschee von Guangzhou’ ist auch als Huaisheng Moschee bekannt, was ‘Erinnere dich des Weisen’ (eine Moschee zur Erinnerung an den Propheten) bedeutet, und sie wird gewöhnlich auch die ‘Guangta Moschee’ genannt, was als ‘Die Signalturm Moschee’ übersetzt wird.  Die Huaisheng Moschee liegt an der Guantgta Straße (Light Pagoda Road) die ostwärts aus Renmin Zhonglu hinausführt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Vor 500 nChr. und damit vor der Gründung des Islam, haben arabische Seefahrer Handelsbeziehungen mit dem “Mittleren Königreich” (China) aufgebaut.  Arabische Schiffe legten mutig von Basra an der Spitze des Arabischen Golfs ab und ebenfalls von der Stadt Qays (Siraf) am the Persischen Golf.  Sie segelten durch den Indischen Ozean an Sarandip (Sri Lanka) vorbei und navigierten durch die Meerengen von Malacca, die zwischen den Halbinseln Sumatra und Malaysia liegen, Richtung Südchinesisches Meer.  Sie errichteten Handelslager in den südöstlichen Häfen von Quanzhou und Guangzhou.  Manche Araber siedelten bereits in China und nahmen vermutlich den Islam an, als die erste muslimische Abordnung ankam, genau wie es ihre Familien und Freunde in Arabien bereits während der Offenbarung des Propheten getan hatten (610-32).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Guangzhou wird von den Arabern Khanfu genannt, die später ein muslimisches Viertel einrichteten, das zu einem Handelszentrum wurde.  Guangzhous bevorzugte geographische Lage lies es eine wichtige Rolle als älteste und wichtigste Handelshafenstadt in China spielen.  Als Zeuge zahlreicher historischer Ereignisse wurde China zu einem bedeutenden Ort der Geschichte und zu einer der am schnellsten anwachsenden Regionen der Welt, die einmaligen Wohlstand genoß. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Während der Prophet Muhammad, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, einen islamischen Staat gründete, machte China eine Periode der Vereinigung und des Widerstands durch.  Frühe chinesische Jahrbücher erwähnen muslimische Araber und nannten ihr Königreich Al-Madinah (von Arabien).  Islam heißt auch chinesisch “Yisilan Jiao” (das bedeutet “Reine Religion”).  Ein chinesischer Beamter beschrieb einst Mekka als den Geburtsort von Buddha Ma-hia-wu (d.h. des Propheten Muhammad).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Es gibt unterschiedliche historische Versionen, welche die Ankunft des Islam in China beschreiben.  Einige Berichte behaupten, die Muslime seien zuerst in zwei Gruppen innerhalb von mehreren Monaten aus Abbessinien (Äthiopien) in China angekommen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Äthiopien war das Land, in das einige frühe Muslime vor der Verfolgung durch den Stamm der Quraisch in Mekka geflohen waren.  Unter dieser Gruppe von Flüchtlingen waren eine der Töchter des Propheten Muhammad, Ruqayya, und ihr Ehemann Uthman ibn Affan, Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas und viele andere bekannte Gefährten, die auf Anweisung des Propheten him ausgewandert waren.  Ihnen wurde durch den abbessinischen König Atsmaha Negus in der Stadt Axum erfolgreich Asyl gewährt.  (615 nChr.)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Allerdings kehrten einige der Gefährten nie nach Arabien zurück.  Sie könnten  in der Hoffnung gereist sein, ihren Lebensunterhalt woanders zu verdienen und könnten China eventuell über Land oder vom Meer her in der Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE). erreicht haben.  Einige Berichten zufolge sind Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas und drei andere Gefährten 616 nChr. von Abbessinien (Äthiopien) mit Unterstützung des Königs von Abbessinien nach China gesegelt.  Sad kehrte dann nach Arabien zurück und brachte ungefähr 21 Jahre später eine Abschrift des Qur´an mit nach Guangzhou zurück, was genau mit dem, was Liu Chih berichtete, übereinstimmt, der “Das Leben des Propheten” (in 12 Bänden) niederschrieb.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Von einem der Gefährten, der in China lebte, wird angenommen, dass er 635 nChr. starb und im westlichen Stadtteil von Hami beerdigt wurde.  Sein Grab ist als “Geys’ Mazars” bekannt und es von vielen in der Umgebung verehrt.  Es ist in der nordwestlichen autonomen Provinz von Xingjian (Sinkiang) und ungefähr 400 Meilen östlich der Hauptstadt der Letzteren, Urumqi.  Xingjian ist viermal so groß wie Japan, teilt seine internationalen Grenzen mit acht unterschiedlichen Nationen und ist die Heimat der größten einheimischen Gruppe türkischsprechender Uyghurs.  Daher ist Xingjian sowohl die größte muslimische Region Chinas als auch geographisch von strategischer Wichtigkeit. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Qur´an sagt eindeutig, dass Muhammad nur als Gnade Gottes für alle Menschen gesandt worden ist (21:107) und in einem anderen Vers:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Wir entsandten dich nur aus Barmherzigkeit für alle Welten...” (34:28)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Diese Universalität des Islam erleichterte seine Annahme durch Menschen aller Rassen und Nationen und wird in China breit demonstriert, wo die ethnische Variationen bei der einheimischen Bevölkerung unter chinesischen Muslimen von heute größer ist, als  die Bevölkerung arabischer Länder, einschließlich Saudi Arabien.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Geschichte der Huaisheng Moschee repräsentiert Jahrhunderte der islamischen Kultur bis zurück zur Mitte des siebten Jahrhunderts zur Zeit der T’ang Dynastie (618-907) - “das goldene Zeitalter der chinesischen Geschichte”.  Es war in dieser Periode, achtzehn Jahre nach dem Tod des Propheten, dass der Islam – die letzte der drei monotheistischen Religionen – zuerst in China durch den dritten Khaliphen, Uthman Ibn ‘Affan (644-656 CE\/23-35 AH ), eingeführt wurde.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Uthman war einer der ersten, die den Islam angenommen und den Heiligen Qur´an auswendig gelernt hatten.  Er verfügte über einen sanftmütigen und freundlichen Charakter und er heiratete Ruqayya und nach ihrem Tod Umm Kulthum (beides Töchter des Propheten).  Deshalb wurde ihm der Beiname ‘Dhu-n-Nurayn’ (der mit den zwei Lichtern) gegeben.  Uthman ist die Bewahrung der Manuskripte des Qur´an gegen Streitereien zu verdanken, indem er anordnete, ihn aus dem Gedächtnis der Gefährten zusammenzustellen und Abschriften in die vier Ecken des Islamischen Reiches zu senden. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Uthman entsandte eine Delegation nach China, die von Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas (d. 674 nChr\/55 AH) angeführt wurde, ein viel geliebter Onkel des Propheten mütterlicherseits und einer der berühmtesten Gefährten, der bereits mit siebzehn den Islam angenommen hatte.  Er war ein Kampfveteran und einer von den Zehn, von denen der Prophet sagte, ihnen sei ein Platz im Paradies zugesichert. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

In Medina nutzte Sad seine Fähigkeiten in Architektur, indem er einen Iwan als Gebetsplatz anfügte (eine gewölbte Halle, die von einem persischen Kaiser genutzt worden war).  Später legte er das Fundament für das, was die erste Moschee Chinas werden sollte, wo frühe islamische Architektur eine Verbindung mit chinesischer Architektur einging. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Den alten historischen Berichten der T’ang Dynastie entsprechend, war eine Abordnung des Königreichs von Al-Medina, angeführt von Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas und seiner Abordnung von Gefährten 650 nChr auf einer bestimmten Route durch den Indischen Ozean und das Chinesische Meer nach China an den berühmten Hafen Guangzhou gesegelt, von wo aus sie über Land auf der später als „Seidenstraße“ bekannten Route nach Chang’an (heute Xi’an) weitergereist waren.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(teil 2 von 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sad und seine Abordnung brachten Geschenke mit und wurden am königlichen Hof durch T’ang Herrscher Kao-tsung, (r. 650-683) 651 nChr herzlich empfangen, trotz eines kurz zuvor im selben Jahr abgeschlossenen Hilfebündnisses mit dem Shah Peroz (dem Herrscher der Sassaniden in Persien) gegen die Araber.  Der letztere war der Sohn von Yazdegerd, der zusammen mit den Byzantinern bereits über zehn Jahre zuvor ihre Botschaften in China eingerichtet hatte.  Zusammen bildeten sie die zwei Großmächte des Westens.  Ein ähnliches Bündnis, das dem Herrscher Tai Tsung (r.627-649) gegen die gleichzeitige Ausbreitung der muslimischen Kräfte angeboten worden war, wurde abgelehnt.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die ersten Nachrichten über den Islam hatten den königlichen Hof T’angs bereits während der Regierungszeit des Herrschers Tai Tsung erreicht, als er von der Botschaft des sassanidischen Königs von Persien unterrichtet wurde und ebenfalls vom Hilferuf der Byzantiner vor der islamischen Macht.  Beide ersuchten China um Schutz.  Trotzdem markiert das zweite Regierungsjahr von Kao-tsung den ersten offiziellen Besuch durch einen muslimischen Abgesandten.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Herrscher stellte Fragen über den Islam und dann stimmte er der neuen Religion allgemein zu, die er mit den Lehren des Konfuzius für vereinbar hielt.  Aber er fühlte, dass die fünf täglichen Gebete und ein Monat Fasten für seinen Geschmack zu strenge Vorschriften seien, und er wurde nicht Muslim.  Er gestattete Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas und seiner Abordnung, ihren Glauben frei zu propagieren und drückte seine Bewunderung für den Islam aus, der dementsprechend in seinem Land festen Fuß fasste.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sad siedelte später in Guangzhou und erbaute die Huaisheng Moschee, was ein wichtiges Ereignis in der Geschichte des Islam in China war.  Sie ist die älteste erhaltene Moschee in ganz China und sie ist mehr als 1300 Jahre alt.  Sie überstand verschiedene historische Ereignisse, die sich unvermeidlich vor ihrer Türschwelle zutrugen.  Diese Moschee steht nach Reparaturen und Restaurationen noch immer in ausgezeichnetem Zustand im modernen Guangzhou. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ihr Zeitgenosse Da Qingzhen Si (die Große Moschee) von Chang’an (heute  Xi’an) in der Shaanxi Provinz wurde 742 nChr gegründet.  Es ist die größte (12 000 m²) und beste frühe Moschee in China, und sie ist wunderschön erhalten geblieben, da sie im Verlauf der Jahrhunderte immer weiter ausgedehnt worden war.  Die gegenwärtige Form wurde von der Ming Dynasty 1392 nChr gestaltet, ein Jahrhundert vor dem Fall Granadas, unter ihrem (scheinbaren) Gründer Hajj Zheng.  Ihm zum Gedenken wurde eine Steintafel in der Moschee für seine großzügige Unterstützung durch den dankbaren Herrscher gestiftet. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ein feines Modell der Großen Moschee mit allen sie umgebenden Mauern und der großartigen, eleganten Erscheinung ihrer Pavillions und Höfe wurde im Hong Kong Museum gleich neben das Modell der Huaisheng Moschee gestellt.  Ich hatte das Glück, im letzten Jahr die echte Moschee zum Asrgebet besuchen zu dürfen und danach traf ich den Imam, der mir einen alten, handgeschriebenen Qur´an zeigte und mir mit einer weißen Kappe präsentierte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Durch die Gebetshalle zu gehen, ist wie Schlafwandeln durch eine orientale Oase in einer Stadt, die den Unreinen verboten ist.  Ein Drache an der Türschwelle gegenüber der Gebetshalle eingraviert, symbolisiert das Zusammentreffen zwischen Islam und der chinesischen Zivilisation.  Alles in allem ist es ein überwältigendes Aufeinandertreffen der Architektur des orientalischen China mit dem eingeborenen, faszinierenden Geschmack des Harun ar-Rashid (147-194 AH\/764-809 nChr) von Baghdad – einer neu-gegründeten Stadt, die, fünfzig Jahre nach der Zeit Haruns, zur größten zwischen Konstantinopel und China werden sollte. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Sheng-You Si (Moschee des Heiligen Freundes), auch bekannt als die Qingjing Si (Moschee der Reinheit) und Al-Sahabah Moschee (Moschee der Gefährten) wurde im Jahr 1009 nChr während der Northern Song Dynastie (960-1127) aus purem Granit erbaut.  Ihr architektonisches Design und ihr Stil ahmten die Große Moschee von Damaskus in Syrien (709-15) nach und so überlebte dieses paar der ältesten noch vorhandenen Moscheen (in ihrer ursprünglichen Form) bis ins 21.Jahrhundert. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Qingjing Mosque liegt bei “Madinat al-Zaytun” (Quanzhou) oder auf deutsch: “Stadt der Oliven” in der Fujian Provinz, wo auch zwei Gefährten des Propheten, die Sa’d Ibn Abi Waqqas’ Abordnung nach China begleitet hatten, begraben sind.  Sie sind den Einheimischen unter ihren chinesischen Namen bekannt: “Sa-Ke-Zu und Wu-Ku-Su”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Von der Zhen-Jiao Si (Moschee der wahren Religion), auch bekannt als Feng-Huang Si (die Phoenix Moschee) in Hangzhou, in der Zhejiang Province, wird angenommen, aus der Tang Dynastie zu stammen.  Sie besitzt ein Portal mit vielen Geschichten, das als Minarett und Plattform, um den Mond zu beobachten, dient.  Die Moschee hat eine lange Geschichte und sie wurde bei zahlreichen Gelegenheiten über die Jahrhunderte wieder aufgebaut und renoviert.  Sie ist viel kleiner als sie zuvor gewesen war, insbesondere aufgrund der Verbreiterung der Straße 1929, und sie wurde 1953 teilweise nachgebaut. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die andere alte Moschee liegt in der Stadt Yangzhou in der Jiangsu Provinz, einer der unruhigsten Handelsstädte während der Song Dynastie (960-1280).  Xian-He Si (Moschee des unsterblichen Kranichs) ist die älteste und größte in der Stadt und wurde 1275 nChr von Pu-ha-din, einem muslimischen Prediger von den Nachkommen des Propheten Muhammad in der sechzehnten Generation, erbaut. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gemäß chinesischen muslimischen Historikern starb Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas in Guangzhou, wo er vermutlich begraben wurde.  Arabische Gelehrte allerdings sind anderer Meinung, sie behaupten, Sad sei in Medina verstorben und mit anderen Gefährten begraben.  Ein Grab existiert tatsächlich, während das andere rein symbolisch ist, nur Gott allein weiß, ob es in China oder in Medina liegt.  Wie man sehen kann, erfolgte die Ausbreitung des Islam in China in der Tat friedlich.  Die erste Abordnung erreichte den Südosten vom Zhu Jiang (dem Perlenfluß) her und später erfolgte weiterer Kontakt über den Landweg vom Nordwesten.  Muslimische Gemeinschaften sind heutzutage in einer breiten geographischen Gegend in China anwesend, einschließlich entlegener Stellen wie Tibet, wo ich einmal in der Mitte von Nirgendwo tibeter Muslime auf einem Trek traf.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":13291,"lft":6612,"rght":6613,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T22:25:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T16:44:40.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":13,"author_id":3459,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":3383,"author_name":"Mohammed Khamouch","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Islam in China.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Islam in China.docx"},{"id":3387,"title":"\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435","slug":"--sgrgherwgrger","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Islam in China.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Islam in China.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:--sgrgherwgrger","hint":"","body":"

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«\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0413\u0443\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0436\u043e\u0443» \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0425\u0443\u0430\u0439\u0448\u044d\u043d, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 «\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438 \u043e \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435». \u0415\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438 – «\u0431\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044f-\u043c\u0430\u044f\u043a».\u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0413\u0443\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0420\u044d\u043d\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d\u044c\u0447\u0436\u0443\u043d\u043b\u0443.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u0425\u0430\u043d\u0444\u0443 – \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0413\u0443\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0436\u043e\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043b, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438. \u0412\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0443\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0436\u043e\u0443 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c-\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0420\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0432-\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e  \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a «\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0447\u0436\u044d\u043d\u044c\u0446\u0437\u044f\u043e» (\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430). \u041d\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a-\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0434\u044b \u041c\u0430-\u0445\u0438\u0430-\u0432\u0443 (\u0442.\u0435. \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b  \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439  \u0438\u0437 \u0410\u0431\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 (\u042d\u0444\u0438\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u042d\u0444\u0438\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044e\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0448.  \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0447\u044c \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0439\u044f \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0436 \u0423\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0438\u0431\u043d \u0410\u0444\u0444\u0430\u043d, \u0421\u0430\u0430\u0434 \u0438\u0431\u043d \u0410\u0431\u0438 \u0423\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0441  \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u0433\u0443\u0441 \u0410\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043c\u0430 (615\u0433. \u043d.\u044d.) \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0438\u0445 \u0438  \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0449\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044e. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0445 (\u043f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044e) \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0443\u0438 (581-618 \u0433. \u043d.\u044d.).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a, \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041d\u0435\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u0421\u0430\u0430\u0434 \u0438\u0431\u043d \u0410\u0431\u0438 \u0423\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0441 \u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043b\u044b\u043b \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u0432 616 \u0433.\u043d.\u044d. \u0438\u0437 \u0410\u0431\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 (\u042d\u0444\u0438\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438). \u0421\u0430\u0430\u0434 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 21 \u0433\u043e\u0434  \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432  \u0413\u0443\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0436\u043e\u0443 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0422\u0443 \u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u041b\u0438\u0443 \u0427\u0438 «\u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 635 \u0433. \u043d.\u044d., \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0418\u0437 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u0435 «\u0413\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0441»  \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0438\u043d\u044c\u0446\u0437\u044f\u043d, \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0423\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0447\u0438.  \u0421\u0438\u043d\u044c\u0446\u0437\u044f\u043d \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0442\u044e\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0439\u0433\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0421\u0438\u043d\u044c\u0446\u0437\u044f\u043d \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 «\u041c\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c…» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 34:28).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043e \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435  \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0425\u0443\u0430\u0439\u0448\u044d\u043d \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0434\u044c\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f – \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0422\u0430\u043d – «\u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430» \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f. \u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c – \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0439 – \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0430 \u0423\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0431\u043d \u0410\u0444\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0430 (644-656 \u0433.\u043d.\u044d.\\ 23-35\u0433. \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0440\u0435).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0423\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d. \u041e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0420\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0439\u0438, \u043e\u043d \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043c\u043c \u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0443\u043c (\u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442), \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0417\u0443\u043d-\u043d\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d (\u041e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b). \u0423\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0423\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u0421\u0430\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0431\u043d \u0410\u0431\u0443 \u0423\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043c (\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 675 \u0433.\u043d.\u044d.\\ 55 \u0433. \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0440\u0435) – \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0434\u044f\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 (\u043f\u043e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438) \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432 17 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u041e\u043d \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0420\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0421\u0430\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b \u042d\u0439\u0432\u0430\u043d (\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0451\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b) \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0422\u0430\u043d, \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u0421\u0430\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0418\u0431\u043d \u0410\u0431\u0438 \u0423\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u0432 \u0413\u0443\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0436\u043e\u0443 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439  (650 \u0433. \u043d.\u044d.), \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0448\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0427\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043d\u044c (\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0438\u0430\u043d\u044c) \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0443, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 «\u0428\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

       (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2 \u0438\u0437 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u0412 651 \u0433.\u043d.\u044d. \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0430\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041a\u0430\u043e \u0426\u0443\u043d (\u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 650-683) \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0448\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430 (\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432) \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0428\u0430\u0445 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0437 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u044b\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0419\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0438\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0422\u0430\u0439-\u0426\u0437\u0443\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0412\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u043e \u0426\u0437\u0443\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432 \u043e\u0431 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435, \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e  \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0443\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u041b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u0430\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0418\u0431\u043d \u0410\u0431\u0438 \u0423\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u0430\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0413\u0443\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0436\u043e\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0425\u0443\u0430\u0439\u0448\u044d\u043d. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 1300 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0415\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0418 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0413\u0443\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0436\u043e\u0443.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u0415\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 – \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0427\u0430\u043d-\u0430\u043d\u044c (\u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0438\u0430\u043d\u044c), \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0428\u044d\u043d\u044c\u0441\u0438 – \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 742 \u0433.\u043d.\u044d. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0438\u043d \u0432 1392 \u0433.  (\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044b). \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0446\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0427\u0436\u044d\u043d \u0425\u044d.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0430, \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0425\u0443\u0430\u0439\u0448\u044d\u043d. \u041c\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u042f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0410\u0441\u0440, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0443\u044e \u0442\u044e\u0431\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0443.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0448\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0435, \u043e\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e… \u041d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0441\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439: \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0428\u0435\u043d-\u042e \u0421\u0438,  \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u041a\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043d \u0421\u0438 \u0438 \u041c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0421\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0431\u0430, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0432 1009 \u0433.  \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u043d (960-1127). \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0414\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0435 (709-15). \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438 – \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u041a\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0436\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432 «\u041c\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0417\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0443\u043d» - \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0424\u0443\u0434\u0436\u0438\u0430\u043d\u044c. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0421\u0430\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0418\u0431\u043d \u0410\u0431\u0438 \u0423\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430. \u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 «\u0421\u0430-\u041a\u0435-\u0417\u0443» \u0438 «\u0412\u0443-\u041a\u0443-\u0421\u0443».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0414\u0436\u0430\u043e \u0421\u0438 (\u041c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438) \u0432 \u0425\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0436\u043e\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0422\u0430\u043d. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437. \u0421\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0432 1929 \u0433., \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0415\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c – \u041c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0411\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f -  \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u042f\u043d\u0447\u0436\u043e\u0443 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0426\u0437\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0443), \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u043d (960-1280 \u0433.).  \u041c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432  1275 \u0433. \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u041f\u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 – \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":14415,"lft":6614,"rght":6615,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T22:25:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T18:50:22.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":13,"author_id":3459,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":3383,"author_name":"Mohammed Khamouch","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Islam in China.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Islam in China.docx"},{"id":3388,"title":"Isl\u00e3 na China","slug":"isl-na-china","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Islam in China.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Islam in China.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:isl-na-china","hint":"","body":"

Islã na China<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

(parte 1 de 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

A “Grande Mesquita de Guangzhou” também é conhecida como Mesquita Huaisheng que significa “Relembre o Sábio” (uma mesquita memorial para o profeta) e também é popularmente chamada a “Mesquita Guangta”, que se traduz como “Mesquita de Torre Luminosa”.  A mesquita Huaisheng fica localizada na estrada Guantgta (Estrada Light Pagoda) que vai em direção ao leste à direita de Renmin Zhonglu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Antes do ano 500 EC e, portanto, antes do estabelecimento do Islã, os marinheiros árabes tinham estabelecido relações comerciais com o “Reino Médio” (China).  Navios árabes bravamente saíam de Basra no final do Golfo Arábico e também da cidade de Qays (Siraf) no Golfo Pérsico.  Navegavam o Oceano Índico passando por Sarandip (Sri Lanka) e foram até o Estreito de Málaca, entre Sumatra e a Península Malaia na rota para o Mar da China Meridional.  Estabeleceram entrepostos de comércio nos portos costeiros ao sudeste de Quanzhou e Guangzhou.  Alguns árabes já tinham se estabelecido na China e provavelmente abraçaram o Islã quando a primeira delegação muçulmana chegou, já que suas famílias e amigos na Arábia já tinham abraçado o Islã durante a revelação do profeta (610-632).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Guangzhou é chamada de Khanfu pelos árabes que posteriormente estabeleceram um quarteirão muçulmano que se tornou um centro de comércio.  A posição geográfica superior de Guangzhou deu a ela um papel importante como a mais antiga cidade comercial e porto internacional na China.  Testemunhando uma série de eventos históricos, a China se tornou um lugar significativo na história e uma das regiões que crescem mais rapidamente no mundo, desfrutando de prosperidade sem precedentes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Enquanto um estado islâmico era fundado pelo profeta Muhammad, que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele, a China passava por um período de unificação e defesa.  Os primeiros anais chineses mencionavam árabes muçulmanos e chamavam seu reino de al-Medina (da Arábia).  O Islã em chinês é chamado de “Yisilan Jiao” (que significa “Religião Pura”).  Um oficial chinês uma vez descreveu Meca como sendo o local de nascimento de Buda Ma-hia-wu (ou seja, profeta Muhammad).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Existem várias versões históricas relatando o advento do Islã na China.  Alguns registros alegam que os muçulmanos chegaram primeiro na China em dois grupos vindos da Abissínia (Etiópia).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Etiópia era a terra para onde alguns dos primeiros muçulmanos fugiram temendo a perseguição da tribo dos coraixitas em Meca.  Entre aquele grupo de refugiados estava uma das filhas do profeta Muhammad, Ruqayya, o marido dela Uthman ibn Affan, Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas e muitos outros Companheiros proeminentes que migraram seguindo o conselho do profeta.   Receberam asilo político do rei abissínio Atsmaha Negus na cidade de Axum (615 EC).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Entretanto, alguns Companheiros nunca retornaram para a Arábia.  Podem ter viajado na esperança de ganhar seu sustento em outro lugar e podem, por fim, ter chegado à China por terra ou mar durante a Dinastia Sui (581-618 EC).  Alguns registros relatam que Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas e três outros Companheiros navegaram para a China em 616 EC da Abissínia (Etiópia) com o apoio do rei da Abissínia.  Sad então retornou para a Arábia, trazendo uma cópia do Alcorão Sagrado para Guangzhou 21 anos depois, o que coincide com o relato de Liu Chih que escreveu “A Vida do Profeta” (12 volumes).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Acredita-se que um dos Companheiros que viveu na China morreu em 635 EC e foi enterrado na parte urbana ocidental de Hami.  Seu túmulo é conhecido como “Geys Mazars” e é reverenciado por muitos na região.  Fica na província autônoma ao noroeste de Xingjian (Sinkiang) e aproximadamente a 400 milhas a oeste da capital desta, Urumqi.  Xingjian tem quatro vezes o tamanho do Japão, compartilha sua fronteira internacional com oito nações diferentes e é o lar do maior grupo indígena dos uigures, que falam turco.   Portanto, além de ser a maior área islamizada da China, Xingjian também tem importância estratégica geograficamente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Alcorão afirma em palavras inequívocas que Muhammad foi enviado como misericórdia de Deus para todos os povos (21:107):<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“E não te enviamos, senão como misericórdia para a humanidade.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Essa universalidade do Islã facilitou sua aceitação por povos de todas as raças e nações e é amplamente demonstrada na China, cuja população indígena de variedades étnicas de muçulmanos chineses hoje é maior que a população de muitos países árabes, incluindo a Arábia Saudita.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A história da Mesquita de Huaisheng representa séculos de cultura islâmica que data de meados do século 7 durante a Dinastia T’ang (618-907) - “a era dourada da história chinesa”.  Foi nesse período, dezoito anos depois da morte do profeta, que o Islã - a última das três religiões monoteístas - foi primeiro introduzido na China pelo terceiro califa, Uthman Ibn ‘Affan (644-656 EC\/23-35 AH).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Uthman foi um dos primeiros a abraçar o Islã e a memorizar o Alcorão Sagrado.  Possuía uma natureza calma e gentil e se casou com Ruqayyah. Após sua morte, se casou com Umm Kulthum (ambas eram filhas do profeta).  Consequentemente, lhe foi dado o epíteto de ‘Dhu-n-Nurayn’ (aquele com duas luzes).  Uthman foi muito elogiado por salvaguardar os manuscritos do Alcorão contra disputas, ao ordenar sua compilação das memórias dos Companheiros e enviar cópias para os quatro cantos do Império Islâmico.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Uthman enviou uma delegação para a China liderada por Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas (morto em 674 EC\/55 AH), que era um tio materno muito amado do profeta e um dos Companheiros mais famosos que se converteu ao Islã com a idade de apenas dezessete anos.  Era um veterano de todas as batalhas e um dos dez a quem é relatado que o profeta garantiu um lugar no paraíso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Em Medina Sad, usando sua habilidade na arquitetura acrescentou um Iwan (uma entrada em forma de arco usada pelo imperador persa) como área de adoração.  Posteriormente estabeleceu a fundação do que seria a primeira mesquita na China, onde a arquitetura islâmica em seu início forjou uma relação com a arquitetura chinesa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De acordo com os registros históricos antigos da Dinastia T’ang, um emissário do reino de al-Medina liderado por Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas e sua delegação de Companheiros navegaram como enviados especiais para a China em 650 EC via Oceano Índico e o Mar da China para o famoso porto de Guangzhou. Dali viajaram por terra para Chang’an (hoje Xi’an), através do que ficou posteriormente conhecido como “Rota da Seda”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>(parte 2 de 2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sad e sua delegação trouxeram presentes e foram recebidos calorosamente na corte real pelo imperador t’ang Kao-tsung (reinou de 650-683) em 651 E.C, apesar de um apelo recente de apoio contra os árabes apresentado ao imperador no mesmo ano pelo xá Peroz (governante da Pérsia sassânida).  Era um filho de Yazdegerd que, junto com os bizantinos, já tinha baseado suas embaixadas na China há uma década.  Juntos eram os dois maiores poderes no ocidente.  Um apelo semelhante feito ao imperador Tai Tsung (reinou de 627-649) contra a propagação simultânea de exércitos muçulmanos foi recusada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As primeiras notícias sobre o Islã já tinham alcançado a corte real de T’ang durante o reinado do imperador Tai Tsung, quando ele foi informado por uma embaixada do rei sassânida da Pérsia e também pelos bizantinos da emergência do governo islâmico.  Ambos buscaram proteção do poderoso da China.  Entretanto, o segundo ano do reinado de Kao-tsung marca a primeira visita oficial por um embaixador muçulmano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O imperador, após fazer questionamentos sobre o Islã, deu aprovação geral para a nova religião, que considerou compatível com os ensinamentos de Confúcio.  Mas sentiu que as cinco orações diárias canônicas e um mês de jejum eram exigências muito severas para seu gosto e não se converteu.  Permitiu a Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas e sua delegação liberdade para propagar sua fé e expressou sua admiração pelo Islã, que consequentemente ganhou uma base sólida no país.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sad posteriormente se estabeleceu em Guangzhou e construiu a mesquita Huaisheng que foi um evento importante na história do Islã na China.  É supostamente a mesquita mais antiga que sobreviveu em toda a China e tem mais de 1.300 anos.  Sobreviveu ao longo de vários eventos históricos que inevitavelmente ocorreram do lado de fora de suas portas.  Essa mesquita continua de pé e em excelentes condições na moderna Guangzhou depois de reparos e restaurações.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

É contemporânea de Da Qingzhen Si (Grande Mesquita) de Chang’an (atual Xi’an) na província de Shaanxi, fundada em 742 C.E. É a maior (12.000 metros quadrados) e a melhor das primeiras mesquitas na China, tendo sido belamente preservada à medida que se expandiu ao longo dos séculos.  O espaço atual foi construído pela dinastia Ming em 1392 E.C, um século antes da queda de Granada, sob seu (aparente) fundador Hajj Zheng He, que tinha uma tábua de pedra na mesquita em comemoração ao seu apoio generoso, que foi fornecido pelo agradecido imperador.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um excelente modelo da Grande Mesquita com todos os seus arredores e a aparência magnificente e elegante de seus pavilhões e pátios pode ser visto no museu Hong Kong, colocado graciosamente ao lado do modelo da mesquita Huaisheng.  Foi afortunado visitar a mesquita real ano passado durante a oração de Asr e depois encontrar com o imame, que me mostrou um antigo Alcorão manuscrito e me presenteou com uma touca branca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Caminhar para o salão de oração é como viajar através de um oásis oriental confinado em uma cidade proibida para os impuros.  Um símbolo de dragão está esculpido na base da entrada oposta do salão de oração, demonstrando o encontro entre o Islã e a civilização chinesa.  Em tudo é um encontro fascinante da arquitetura da China oriental com o gosto elegante nativo de Harun ar-Rashid (147-194 AH\/764-809 EC) de Bagdá - uma cidade recém-fundada que se tornaria a maior entre Constantinopla e China, cinquenta anos depois da época de Harun.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Sheng-You Si (Mesquita do Amigo Sagrado), também conhecida como Qingjing Si (Mesquita da Pureza) e Mesquita Al-Sahabah (Mesquita dos Companheiros) foi construída em granito puro em 1009 E.C. durante a dinastia Song do norte (960-1127). Seu projeto e estilo arquitetônicos foram moldados a partir da Grande Mesquita de Damasco (709-715) na Síria, fazendo do par as mesquitas mais antigas existentes a sobreviverem (na forma original) até o século 21.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A mesquita Qingjing está localizada na “Madinat al-Zaytun” (Quanzhou) ou, em português, “Cidade das Azeitonas” na província de Fujian, onde dois companheiros do profeta que acompanharam a delegação de Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas à China também foram enterrados.  São conhecidos pelas pessoas do local por seus nomes chineses de “Sa-Ke-Zu e Wu-Ku-Su”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Acredita-se que a Zhen-Jiao Si (Mesquita da Verdadeira Religião), também conhecida como Feng-Huang Si (a Mesquita Fênix) em Hangzhou, província de Zhejiang, seja da dinastia Tang.  Tem um portal de vários andares que serve como minarete e uma plataforma para observar a lua.  A mesquita tem uma longa história e foi reconstruída e renovada em várias ocasiões ao longo dos séculos.  Está muito menor do que costumava ser, especialmente com o alargamento da estrada em 1929, e foi parcialmente reconstruída em 1953.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A outra mesquita antiga está localizada na cidade de Yangzhou na província de Jiangsu, que já foi a cidade de comércio e negócios mais movimentada durante a dinastia Song (960-1280). A Xian-He Si (Mesquita da Garça Azul Imortal) é a mais antiga e maior na cidade e foi construída em 1257 E.C por Pu-ha-din, um pregador muçulmano que era da décima-sexta geração de descendentes do profeta Muhammad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De acordo com historiadores chineses muçulmanos, Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas morreu em Guangzhou onde se acredita que foi enterrado.  Entretanto, os estudiosos árabes discordam, afirmando que Sad morreu e foi enterrado em Medina entre outros companheiros.  Definitivamente existe um túmulo, enquanto que o outro é simbólico, e somente Deus sabe se é na China ou em Medina.  Como se pode ver, a propagação do Islã na China foi de fato pacífica.  A primeira delegação alcançou o sudeste via Zhu Jiang (o rio Pérola) e foi posteriormente seguida por contato através de uma rota terrestre a partir do noroeste.  Comunidades muçulmanas estão presentes em uma ampla área geográfica na China hoje, incluindo algumas em locais remotos do Tibet, onde uma vez encontrei muçulmanos tibetanos no meio do nada, enquanto fazia uma trilha.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":15740,"lft":6616,"rght":6617,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T22:25:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T13:39:13.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":13,"author_id":3459,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":3383,"author_name":"Mohammed Khamouch","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Islam in China.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Islam in China.docx"},{"id":3389,"title":"\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd ","slug":"-segswgwer","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Islam in China.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Islam in China.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:-segswgwer","hint":"","body":"

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\uff08<\/strong>1\/2<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“<\/strong>\u6211\u53ea\u6d3e\u9063\u4f60<\/strong>\u4e3a\u5168\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u62a5\u559c\u8005\u548c\u8b66\u544a\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4e16\u4eba\u5927\u534a\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>34:28<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u6000\u5723\u5bfa\u89c1\u8bc1\u7740\u516c\u51437\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u5510\u738b\u671d\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143618-907\u5e74\uff09——“\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3”\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u5316\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6570\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u5c81\u6708\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u5f52\u771f18\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4efb\u6b63\u7edf\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u5965\u65af\u66fc·\u672c·\u963f\u51e1\uff08\u516c\u5143644-656\u5e74\/\u4f0a\u538623-35\u5e74\uff09\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6d3e\u4f7f\u8282\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u5f52\u4fe1\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5e76\u80fd\u80cc\u8bb0\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u5723\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u6027\u683c\u6e29\u548c\u3001\u817c\u8146\uff0c\u5148\u540c\u9c81\u5361\u5a05\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff0c\u9c81\u5361\u5a05\u5f52\u771f\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u540c\u4e4c\u59c6·\u5e93\u52d2\u82cf\u59c6\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff08\u4e24\u4e2a\u90fd\u662f\u5148\u77e5\u7684\u5973\u513f\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u88ab\u6388\u4e88“\u7956·\u52aa\u83b1\u5c3c”\uff08Dhu-n-Nurayn\uff0c\u610f\u5373“\u5177\u6709\u4e24\u9053\u5149”\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u522b\u53f7\u3002\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5bf9\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u641c\u96c6\u548c\u6574\u7406\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u7edf\u4e00\u5b9a\u672c\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4f20\u8ff0\u4e4b\u8bef\u548c\u8bfb\u6cd5\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u53f2\u79f0“\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5b9a\u672c”\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u547d\u4ee4\u590d\u5236\u6807\u51c6\u672c\u5206\u9001\u81f3\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u56db\u5468\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u6d3e\u9063\u7531\u8d5b\u5c14\u5fb7·\u672c·\u827e\u6bd4·\u5b9b\u845b\u65af\uff08\u5352\u4e8e\u516c\u5143674\u5e74\/\u4f0a\u538655\u5e74\uff09\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u4f7f\u56e2\u6765\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u6700\u8457\u540d\u5723\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c17\u5c81\u65f6\u5f52\u4fe1\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u53c2\u52a0\u5148\u77e5\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6218\u5f79\uff0c\u662f\u5148\u77e5\u4ee5\u4e50\u56ed\u76f8\u8bb8\u8bfa\u7684\u5341\u5927\u5723\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5728\u9ea6\u5730\u90a3\uff0c\u8d5b\u5c14\u5fb7\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u5b66\u6280\u80fd\u4e3a\u793c\u62dc\u5927\u5385\u589e\u8bbe\u4e86\u62f1\u9876\uff08\u6ce2\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u66fe\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u62f1\u5f62\u95e8\u5385\uff09\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u6309\u7167\u65e9\u671f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5efa\u7b51\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed3\u5408\u4e2d\u56fd\u5efa\u7b51\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6839\u636e\u53e4\u4ee3\u5510\u671d\u53f2\u4e66\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u7531\u8d5b\u5c14\u5fb7·\u672c·\u827e\u6bd4·\u5b9b\u845b\u65af\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5723\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u9ea6\u5730\u90a3\u56fd\u4f7f\u56e2\uff0c\u4e8e\u516c\u5143650\u5e74\u524d\u5f80\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u9014\u7ecf\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u6d77\uff0c\u5230\u8fbe\u8457\u540d\u6e2f\u53e3\u5e7f\u5dde\uff0c\u53c8\u9646\u8def\u5317\u4e0a\u81f3\u957f\u5b89\uff08\u4eca\u897f\u5b89\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a“\u4e1d\u7ef8\u4e4b\u8def”\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u636e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5904\u4e8e\u5730\u7403\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3——\u8bd1\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> \u4ea6\u79f0“\u76d6\u65af\u62f1\u5317”\u3001“\u7eff\u62f1\u5317”\u3001“\u5723\u4eba\u575f”——\u8bd1\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff08<\/strong>2\/2<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7531 \u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7·\u516c\u5143651\u5e74\uff0c\u8d5b\u5c14\u5fb7\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f7f\u56e2\u643a\u5e26\u8d21\u54c1\uff0c\u5728\u5bab\u5ef7\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5510\u9ad8\u5b97\u7687\u5e1d\uff08\u516c\u5143650-683\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u63a5\u5f85\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f53\u5e74\u6c99\u8d6b·\u5351\u8def\u65af\uff08Shah Peroz\uff09\u56fd\u738b\uff08\u6ce2\u65af\u8428\u73ca\u738b\u671d\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\uff09\u53cd\u5bf9\u63a5\u89e6\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u3002\u540e\u8005\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u7279\u683c\u5fb7\u4e09\u4e16\uff08Yazdegerd III\uff0c\u5510\u671d\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4f0a\u55e3\u4faf\uff09\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u5351\u8def\u65af\uff08Peroz\uff09\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6ce2\u65af\u8428\u73ca\u738b\u671d\u4e0e\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u5e1d\u56fd\u5e76\u5b58\uff0c\u5176\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bbe\u6709“\u4f7f\u9986”\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\uff0c\u540c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ee5\u897f\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u66fe\u6073\u6c42\u5510\u592a\u5b97\u7687\u5e1d\u62b5\u5236\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u519b\u961f\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u62d2\u7edd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5728\u5510\u592a\u5b97\u6267\u653f\u65f6\u671f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5510\u738b\u671d\u5bab\u5ef7\u91cc\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6ce2\u65af\u8428\u73ca\u738b\u671d\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bbe\u7acb\u4f7f\u9986\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5728\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u5df2\u7ecf\u7acb\u8db3\u3002\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u529b\u6c42\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u5510\u9ad8\u5b97\u4e8c\u5e74\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u9996\u4f4d\u4f7f\u8282\u6b63\u5f0f\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9ad8\u5b97\u7687\u5e1d\u5728\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8d5e\u6210\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u5176\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u5112\u6559\u5e76\u91cd\u540c\u6388\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u611f\u89c9\u6bcf\u65e5\u4e94\u756a\u62dc\u529f\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u658b\u6212\u592a\u4e25\u5389\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u6ca1\u6709\u63a5\u53d7\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u3002\u4ed6\u5141\u8bb8\u8d5b\u5c14\u5fb7·\u672c·\u827e\u6bd4·\u5b9b\u845b\u65af\u53ca\u5176\u968f\u4ece\u81ea\u7531\u4f20\u64ad\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u5e76\u79f0\u8d5e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u575a\u5b9e\u6839\u57fa\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8d5b\u5c14\u5fb7\u540e\u6765\u5b9a\u5c45\u5e7f\u5dde\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5177\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u6000\u5723\u5bfa\u3002\u5b83\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u5168\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u6700\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\uff0c\u5df2\u67091300\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf\u6570\u6b21\u5386\u53f2\u52a8\u4e71\u6b8b\u5b58\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u51e0\u7ecf\u4fee\u590d\u73b0\u4ecd\u5b8c\u597d\u5730\u77d7\u7acb\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u533a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u8fd8\u6709\u9655\u897f\u7684\u897f\u5b89\u5927\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u53e4\u90fd\u957f\u5b89\u57ce[1]<\/a>\uff0c\u4e8e\u516c\u5143742\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u5927\uff0812,000\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u6700\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u6570\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6ca7\u6851\u5c81\u6708\u3002\u8be5\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5e03\u5c40\u4e3a\u660e\u671d\uff08\u516c\u51431392\u5e74\uff09\u6240\u5efa\u9020\uff0c\u7531\u5f53\u671d\u7687\u5e1d\u51fa\u8d44\uff0c\u54c8\u5409\u90d1\u548c\u7763\u5efa\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6811\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u5757\u77f3\u7891\uff0c\u7eaa\u5ff5\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8be5\u5bfa\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u529f\u7ee9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u88ab\u56f4\u5899\u73af\u7ed5\uff0c\u6709\u58ee\u4e3d\u4f18\u96c5\u4e4b\u5ead\u9662\u7684\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u6a21\u578b\u73b0\u9648\u5217\u4e8e\u9999\u6e2f\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u4e0e\u6000\u5723\u5bfa\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u53bb\u5e74\uff0c\u501f\u793c\u6661\u793c\u62dc\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u6211\u6709\u5e78\u8d70\u8bbf\u4e86\u5927\u5bfa\uff0c\u53c2\u89c2\u4e86\u5176\u539f\u8c8c\uff0c\u5e76\u4f1a\u89c1\u4e86\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u91cc\u7684\u4f0a\u739b\u76ee\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e26\u6211\u53c2\u89c2\u4e86\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u624b\u6284\u672c\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u8d60\u9001\u7ed9\u6211\u4e00\u9876“\u767d\u5e3d”\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u5723\u53cb\u5bfa\uff0c\u53c8\u540d\u6e05\u51c0\u5bfa\uff0c\u53ca“\u827e\u82cf\u54c8\u535c\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa”\uff08\u5723\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\uff09\uff0c\u4e8e\u516c\u51431009\u5e74\u5373\u5317\u5b8b\u738b\u671d\uff08960-1127\u5e74\uff09\u65f6\u671f\u7528\u7eaf\u82b1\u5c97\u5ca9\u5efa\u9020\u3002\u5176\u5efa\u7b51\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u98ce\u683c\u4eff\u7167\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u9a6c\u58eb\u9769\u6e05\u771f\u5927\u5bfa\uff08709-715\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u5f62\u5f0f\u5efa\u9020\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u7ec4\u6210\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u73b0\u5b58\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u53c8\u79f0\u5316\u89c9\u5df7\u6e05\u771f\u5927\u5bfa\u3001\u4e1c\u5927\u5bfa\u6216\u6e05\u771f\u5927\u5bfa——\u8bd1\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":11568,"lft":6618,"rght":6619,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-24T22:25:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T11:23:40.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":13,"author_id":3459,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":3383,"author_name":"Mohammed Khamouch","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-12-24","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Islam in China.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Islam in China.docx"},{"id":3390,"title":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0","slug":"asdfwsegfwefgwe","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Islam in China.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Islam in China.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:asdfwsegfwefgwe","hint":"","body":"

\u4e2d\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u524d\u534a\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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\u30a8\u30c1\u30aa\u30d4\u30a2\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u306e\u30af\u30e9\u30a4\u30b7\u30e5\u65cf\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8feb\u5bb3\u3092\u6050\u308c\u305f\u521d\u671f\u306e\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u305f\u3061\u304c\u907f\u96e3\u3092\u3057\u305f\u5730\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u907f\u96e3\u3092\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306e\u5a18\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30eb\u30ab\u30a4\u30e4\u3001\u5f7c\u5973\u306e\u592b\u30a6\u30b9\u30de\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30c3\u30d5\u30a1\u30fc\u30f3\u3001\u307e\u305f\u30b5\u30a2\u30c9\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30d3\u30fc\u30fb\u30ef\u30c3\u30ab\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u52a9\u8a00\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u79fb\u4f4f\u3057\u305f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u8457\u540d\u306a\u6559\u53cb\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u30a2\u30d3\u30b7\u30cb\u30a2\u306e\u738b\u3001\u30a2\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30e0\u306e\u30a2\u30c4\u30de\u30cf\u30fb\u30cd\u30b0\u30b9\uff08\uff16\uff11\uff15\u5e74\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4ea1\u547d\u3092\u8a31\u53ef\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u6559\u53cb\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u534a\u5cf6\u306b\u623b\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u5730\u3067\u751f\u6d3b\u306e\u7ce7\u3092\u7a3c\u3050\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6c7a\u3081\u3066\u65c5\u3092\u3057\u3001\u5b8b\u738b\u671d\u6642\u4ee3\uff08581−618\u5e74\uff09\u306e\u4e2d\u56fd\u306b\u9678\u8def\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6d77\u8def\u3067\u5230\u9054\u3057\u305f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u8a18\u9332\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30b5\u30a2\u30c9\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30d3\u30fc\u30fb\u30ef\u30c3\u30ab\u30fc\u30b9\u3068\u4e09\u4eba\u306e\u6559\u53cb\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3001\u30a2\u30d3\u30b7\u30cb\u30a2\u738b\u306e\u652f\u63f4\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3001616\u5e74\u306b\u30a2\u30d3\u30b7\u30cb\u30a2\u304b\u3089\u4e2d\u56fd\u3078\u822a\u6d77\u3057\u305f\u3068\u4f1d\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u30b5\u30a2\u30c9\u306f\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u534a\u5cf6\u3078\u623b\u308a\u300121\u5e74\u5f8c\u306b\u518d\u3073\u8056\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u5199\u672c\u3092\u5e83\u5dde\u306b\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30ea\u30a6\u30fb\u30c1\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8457\u306e\u300c\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u751f\u6daf\uff08\u516812\u5dfb\uff09\u300d\u306e\u8a18\u9332\u3068\u6642\u671f\u304c\u91cd\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u304c\u9063\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u306f\u5168\u4eba\u985e\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u795e\u306e\u6148\u60b2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0821:107\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u7bc0\u3067\u3082\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u308f\u308c\u3089\u306f\u3001\u5168\u4eba\u985e\u3078\u306e\u5409\u5831\u306e\u4f1d\u9054\u8005\u3001\u307e\u305f\u8b66\u544a\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u3092\u9063\u308f\u3057\u305f<\/strong>…<\/strong>\u300d\uff08<\/strong>34:28<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u305d\u306e\u666e\u904d\u6027\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u4eba\u7a2e\u3068\u56fd\u5bb6\u306b\u3088\u308b\u53d7\u5bb9\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e\u4eba\u53e3\u306f\u3001\u30b5\u30a6\u30b8\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u3092\u542b\u3080\u591a\u304f\u306e\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u8af8\u56fd\u306e\u305d\u308c\u3092\u4e0a\u56de\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3001\u5341\u5206\u306b\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u61d0\u8056\u5bfa\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306f\u3001\u300c\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9ec4\u91d1\u671f\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u308b\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u76e4\u306e\u5510\u738b\u671d\uff08618−907\uff09\u306b\u307e\u3067\u9061\u308b\u3001\u4f55\u4e16\u7d00\u3082\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6587\u5316\u3092\u8c61\u5fb4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u901d\u53bb\u304b\u308918\u5e74\u5f8c\u306e\u3053\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u3001\u4e09\u5927\u4e00\u795e\u6559\u306e\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u304c\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u76ee\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a6\u30b9\u30de\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30c3\u30d5\u30a1\u30fc\u30f3\uff08\u897f\u66a6644−656\/\u30d2\u30b8\u30e5\u30e9\u66a623−35\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066\u4f1d\u9054\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u30a6\u30b9\u30de\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u6bcd\u65b9\u306e\u53d4\u7236\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6700\u3082\u8457\u540d\u306a\u6559\u53cb\u306e\u4e00\u4eba\u3067\u300117\u6b73\u3067\u6539\u5b97\u3057\u305f\u30b5\u30a2\u30c9\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30d3\u30fc\u30fb\u30ef\u30c3\u30ab\u30fc\u30b9\uff08\u897f\u66a6674\/\u30d2\u30b8\u30e5\u30e9\u66a655\u5e74\u53bb\uff09\u3092\u4ee3\u8868\u3068\u3059\u308b\u4f7f\u7bc0\u56e3\u3092\u4e2d\u56fd\u306b\u9001\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u6226\u5f79\u7d4c\u9a13\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u5f7c\u304c\u5929\u56fd\u306e\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u305f10\u4eba\u306e\u5185\u306e\u4e00\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30de\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30ca\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30b5\u30a2\u30c9\u306f\u5efa\u7bc9\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3092\u751f\u304b\u3057\u30a4\u30ef\u30f3\uff08\u30da\u30eb\u30b7\u30e3\u5e1d\u56fd\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30c1\u72b6\u306e\u56de\u5eca\uff09\u3092\u5d07\u62dd\u306e\u5834\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5c0e\u5165\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f8c\u306b\u5f7c\u306f\u4e2d\u56fd\u3067\u6700\u521d\u306e\u30e2\u30b9\u30af\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5834\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u3092\u7bc9\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u521d\u671f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u5efa\u7bc9\u3068\u4e2d\u83ef\u5efa\u7bc9\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5510\u738b\u671d\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30b5\u30a2\u30c9\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30d3\u30fc\u30fb\u30ef\u30c3\u30ab\u30fc\u30b9\u7387\u3044\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30de\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30ca\u738b\u56fd\u306e\u4f7f\u7bc0\u56e3\u306f\u3001\u897f\u66a6650\u5e74\u306b\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u6d0b\u3068\u5357\u30b7\u30ca\u6d77\u7d4c\u7531\u3067\u4e2d\u56fd\u307e\u3067\u822a\u6d77\u3057\u3066\u5e83\u5dde\u6e2f\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u30b7\u30eb\u30af\u30ed\u30fc\u30c9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u9678\u8def\u3092\u7d4c\u7531\u3057\u3066\u9577\u5b89\uff08\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u897f\u5b89\uff09\u307e\u3067\u65c5\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u5f8c\u534a\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u6700\u521d\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5831\u544a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u65e2\u306b\u592a\u5b97<\/a>\u7687\u5e1d\u306e\u652f\u914d\u671f\u306b\u3001\u30da\u30eb\u30b7\u30e3\u306e\u30b5\u30b5\u30f3\u671d\u7687\u5e1d\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30d3\u30b6\u30f3\u30c1\u30f3\u5e1d\u56fd\u306e\u5927\u4f7f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u52e2\u529b\u306e\u52c3\u8208\u306e\u77e5\u3089\u305b\u304c\u5510\u5bae\u5ef7\u306b\u4f1d\u9054\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u53cc\u65b9\u5171\u306b\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u52e2\u529b\u306b\u4fdd\u8b77\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3082\u95a2\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u9ad8\u5b97\u652f\u914d\u306e\u4e8c\u5e74\u76ee\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5927\u4f7f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u521d\u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u8a2a\u554f\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u30b5\u30a2\u30c9\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u5e83\u5dde\u306b\u5c45\u3092\u69cb\u3048\u61d0\u8056\u5bfa\u3092\u7bc9\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30e2\u30b9\u30af\u306f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5168\u571f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u53e4\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u30011,300\u5e74\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u5e7e\u5ea6\u306b\u3082\u6e21\u308b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3092\u8010\u3048\u629c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5e83\u5dde\u306e\u30e2\u30b9\u30af\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u3082\u4fee\u5fa9\u3068\u5fa9\u5143\u3092\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u5efa\u3061\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u5927\u30e2\u30b9\u30af\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5468\u56f2\u306e\u58c1\u3001\u53ca\u3073\u58ee\u5927\u304b\u3064\u512a\u96c5\u306a\u5225\u68df\u3068\u4e2d\u5ead\u306e\u6a21\u578b\u306f\u9999\u6e2f\u535a\u7269\u9928\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u898b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3001\u61d0\u8056\u5bfa\u306e\u6a21\u578b\u306e\u96a3\u306b\u512a\u7f8e\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u6628\u5e74\u3001\u5e78\u3044\u306b\u3082\u30a2\u30b9\u30eb\u306e\u6642\u9593\u306b\u672c\u7269\u306e\u61d0\u8056\u5bfa\u306b\u8a2a\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306e\u30a4\u30de\u30fc\u30e0\u304b\u3089\u53e4\u3044\u624b\u66f8\u304d\u306e\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u898b\u305b\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

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