{"title":"Michael Wolfe","author":{"id":3157,"name":"Michael Wolfe","slug":"michael_wolfe","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-10-16T08:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-10-16T08:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Michael Wolfe"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/luy\/api\/authors\/3157?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/luy\/api\/authors\/3157?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/luy\/api\/authors\/3157?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/luy\/api\/authors\/3157","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/luy\/api\/authors\/3157?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/luy\/api\/authors\/3157?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/luy\/api\/authors\/3157?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/luy\/api\/authors\/3157","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/luy\/api\/authors\/3157?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/luy\/api\/authors\/3157?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/luy\/api\/authors\/3157?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/luy\/api\/authors\/3157","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":2490,"title":"Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA","slug":"michael-wolfe-journalist-usa","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:michael-wolfe-journalist-usa","hint":"","body":"

Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 \"\"<\/p>\r\n

After twenty-five years as a writer in America, I wanted something to soften my cynicism.  I was searching for new terms by which to see.  The way one is raised establishes certain needs in this department.  From a pluralist background, I naturally placed great stress on the matters of racism and freedom.  Then, in my early twenties, I had gone to live in Africa for three years.  During this time, which was formative for me, I rubbed shoulders with blacks of many different tribes, with Arabs, Berbers, and even Europeans, who were Muslims.  By and large these people did not share the Western obsession with race as a social category.  In our encounters, being oddly colored, rarely mattered.  I was welcomed first and judged on merit later.  By contrast, Europeans and Americans, including many who are free of racist notions, automatically class people racially.  Muslims classified people by their faith and their actions.  I found this transcendent and refreshing.  Malcolm X saw his nation’s salvation in it.  “America needs to understand Islam,” he wrote, “because this is the one religion that erases from its society the race problem.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

I was looking for an escape route, too, from the isolating terms of a materialistic culture.  I wanted access to a spiritual dimension, but the conventional paths I had known as a boy were closed.  My father had been a Jew; my mother Christian.  Because of my mongrel background, I had a foot in two religious camps.  Both faiths were undoubtedly profound.  Yet the one that emphasizes a chosen people I found insupportable; while the other, based in a mystery, repelled me.  A century before, my maternal great-great-grandmother’s name had been set in stained glass at the high street Church of Christ in Hamilton, Ohio.  By the time I was twenty, this meant nothing to me.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

These were the terms my early life provided.  The more I thought about it now, the more I returned to my experiences in Muslim Africa.  After two return trips to Morocco, in 1981 and 1985, I came to feel that Africa, the continent, had little to do with the balanced life I found there.  It was not, that is, a continent I was after, nor an institution, either.  I was looking for a framework I could live with, a vocabulary of spiritual concepts applicable to the life I was living now.  I did not want to “trade in” my culture.  I wanted access to new meanings.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

After a mid-Atlantic dinner I went to wash up in the bathroom.  During my absence a quorum of Hasidim lined up to pray outside the door.  By the time I had finished, they were too immersed to notice me.  Emerging from the bathroom, I could barely work the handle.  Stepping into the aisle was out of the question.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

I could only stand with my head thrust into the hallway, staring at the congregation’s backs.  Holding palm-size prayer books, they cut an impressive figure, tapping the texts on their breastbones as they divined.  Little by little the movements grew erratic, like a mild, bobbing form of rock and roll.  I watched from the bathroom door until they were finished, then slipped back down the aisle to my seat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

We landed together later that night in Brussels.  Reboarding, I found a discarded Yiddish newspaper on a food tray.  When the plane took off for Morocco, they were gone.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

I do not mean to imply here that my life during this period conformed to any grand design.  In the beginning, around 1981, I was driven by curiosity and an appetite for travel.  My favorite place to go, when I had the money, was Morocco.  When I could not travel, there were books.  This fascination brought me into contact with a handful of writers driven to the exotic, authors capable of sentences like this, by Freya Stark:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“The perpetual charm of Arabia is that the traveler finds his level there simply as a human being; the people’s directness, deadly to the sentimental or the pedantic, like the less complicated virtues; and the pleasantness of being liked for oneself might, I think, be added to the five reasons for travel given me by Sayyid Abdulla, the watchmaker; “to leave one’s troubles behind one; to earn a living; to acquire learning; to practice good manners; and to meet honorable men”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

I could not have drawn up a list of demands, but I had a fair idea of what I was after.  The religion I wanted should be to metaphysics as metaphysics is to science.  It would not be confined by a narrow rationalism or traffic in mystery to please its priests.  There would be no priests, no separation between nature and things sacred.  There would be no war with the flesh, if I could help it.  Sex would be natural, not the seat of a curse upon the species.  Finally, I did want a ritual component, daily routine to sharpen the senses and discipline my mind.  Above all, I wanted clarity and freedom.  I did not want to trade away reason simply to be saddled with a dogma.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The more I learned about Islam, the more it appeared to conform to what I was after.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Most of the educated Westerners I knew around this time regarded any strong religious climate with suspicion.  They classified religion as political manipulation, or they dismissed it as a medieval concept, projecting upon it notions from their European past.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

It was not hard to find a source for their opinions.  A thousand years of Western history had left us plenty of fine reasons to regret a path that led through so much ignorance and slaughter.  From the Children’s Crusade and the Inquisition to the transmogrified faiths of nazism and communism during our century, whole countries have been exhausted by belief.  Nietzsche’s fear, that the modern nation-state would become a substitute religion, has proved tragically accurate.  Our century, it seemed to me, was ending in an age beyond belief, which believers inhabited as much as agnostics.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Regardless of church affiliation, secular humanism is the air westerners breathe, the lens we gaze through.  Like any world view, this outlook is pervasive and transparent.  It forms the basis of our broad identification with democracy and with the pursuit of freedom in all its countless and beguiling forms.  Immersed in our shared preoccupations, one may easily forget that other ways of life exist on the same planet.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

At the time of my trip, for instance, 650 million Muslims with a majority representation in forty-four countries adhered to the formal teachings of Islam.  In addition, about 400 million more were living as minorities in Europe, Asia and the Americas.  Assisted by postcolonial economics, Islam has become in a matter of thirty years a major faith in Western Europe.  Of the world’s great religions, Islam alone was adding to its fold.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

My politicized friends were dismayed by my new interest.  They all but universally confused Islam with the machinations of half a dozen middle eastern tyrants.  The books they read, the new broadcasts they viewed depicted the faith as a set of political functions.  Almost nothing was said of its spiritual practice.  I liked to quote Mae West to them: “Anytime you take religion for a joke, the laugh’s on you.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Historically, a Muslim sees Islam as the final, matured expression of an original religion reaching back to Adam.  It is as resolutely monotheistic as Judaism, whose major Prophets Islam reveres as links in a progressive chain, culminating in Jesus and Muhammad, peace be upon them.  Essentially a message of renewal, Islam has done its part on the world stage to return the forgotten taste of life’s lost sweetness to millions of people.  Its book, the Quran, caused Goethe to remark, “You see, this teaching never fails; with all our systems, we cannot go, and generally speaking no man can go, further.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Traditional Islam is expressed through the practice of five pillars.  Declaring one’s faith, prayer, charity, and fasting are activities pursued repeatedly throughout one’s life.  Conditions permitting, each Muslim is additionally charged with undertaking a pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime.  The Arabic term for this fifth rite is Hajj.  Scholars relate the word to the concept of ‘qasd’, “aspiration,” and to the notion of men and women as travelers on earth.  In Western religions, pilgrimage is a vestigial tradition, a quaint, folkloric concept commonly reduced to metaphor.  Among Muslims, on the other hand, the Hajj embodies a vital experience for millions of new pilgrims every year.  In spite of the modern content of their lives, it remains an act of obedience, a profession of belief, and the visible expression of a spiritual community.  For a majority of Muslims the Hajj is an ultimate goal, the trip of a lifetime.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As a convert, I felt obliged to go to Makkah.  As an addict to travel I could not imagine a more compelling goal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The annual, month-long fast of Ramadan precedes the Hajj by about one hundred days.  These two rites form a period of intensified awareness in Muslim society.  I wanted to put this period to use.  I had read about Islam; I [attended] a Mosque near my home in California; I had started a practice.  Now I hoped to deepen what I was learning by submerging myself in a religion where Islam infuses every aspect of existence.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

I planned to begin in Morocco, because I knew that country well and because it followed traditional Islam and was fairly stable.  The last place I wanted to start was in a backwater full of uproarious sectarians.  I wanted to paddle the mainstream, the broad, calm water.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":17358,"lft":4763,"rght":4774,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-10-16T17:21:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T21:09:12.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":3157,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":10,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"Michael Wolfe","category_name":"Why I became a Muslim!","category_slug":"Why-I-became-a-Muslim!","get_date":"2014-10-16","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.docx"},{"id":2491,"title":"Michael Wolfe, Periodista, Estados Unidos","slug":"michael-wolfe-periodista-estados-unidos","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:michael-wolfe-periodista-estados-unidos","hint":"","body":"

Michael Wolfe, Periodista, Estados Unidos<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/span> \"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Después de veinticinco años como escritor en Norte América, necesitaba algo que suavice mi cinismo. Estaba en búsqueda de nuevos puntos de vista. La manera en la que uno es criado establece ciertas necesidades en este departamento. Desde un antecedente pluralista, naturalmente me concentré en temas de racismo y libertad. Luego, a los veinte, viví en África tres años. En esos tiempos, que fueron formativos para mi, compartí con negros de diferentes tribus, con árabes, bereberes, hasta incluso europeos, musulmanes. A la larga estas personas no compartieron la obsesión occidental con la raza y la categoría social. En otros encuentros, ser raramente de color, no era algo importante. Fue bienvenido primero y juzgado luego. Por el contrario, los europeos y norteamericanos, incluidos muchos que no piensan racialmente, automáticamente clasifican a las personas en razas. Los musulmanes clasificaban a las personas por su fe y sus acciones. Encontré que esto era refrescante y trascendente. Malcolm X vio la salvación de su Nación en ella. “Norte América necesita comprender el Islam”, escribió, “porque esta es una religión que elimina de la sociedad la problemática de la segregación racial”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Buscaba una ruta de escape, también, desde los términos de la cultura materialista. Necesitaba acceso a una dimensión espiritual, pero los caminos convencionales que conocía estaban cerrados. Mi padre había sido judío; mi madre cristiana. Por mi origen mestizo, tenía el pie en dos campamentos religiosos. Las dos eran indudablemente profundos. Sin embargo, la que enfatiza a una persona elegida es insoportable para mí; mientras que la otra, basada en un misterio me repelía. Un siglo atrás, el nombre de mi tátara-abuela había sido colocado en la iglesia de Cristo en Hamilton, Ohio. A los veinte, eso no significaba nada para mí.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Estos eran los términos de mi vida. Más sabía ahora, mas recordaba mis experiencias musulmanas en África. Después de dos viajes a Marruecos, en 1981 y 1985, llegué a sentir que África, el continente, no tenía nada que ver con la vida balanceada que encontré allí. No era después de todo un continente, ni tampoco una institución. Estaba buscando un marco con el cual poder vivir, un vocabulario de conceptos espirituales aplicable a la vida que estaba viviendo ahora. No quería “intercambiar” mi cultura. Quiero acceso a nuevos significados<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Después de una cena en el Atlántico fui a lavarme al baño. En mi ausencia un quórum de Hasidim se aliñó para rezar en la puerta. Cuando terminé, estaban demasiado inmersos como para verme. Saliendo del baño, no sabía que hacer. No podía pasar por allí.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Solo pude quedarme allí parado en el hall, a espaldas de la congregación. Sostenían libros de plegaria del tamaño de la palma de la mano, apretando los textos en sus pechos. De a poco el movimiento fue errático, como una suave roca rodando. Observe desde la puerta del baño hasta que finalizaron, y me dirigí a mi asiento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aterrizamos juntos mas tarde en Bruselas. Abordando, encontré un diario en Yiddish en una bandeja de comida. Cuando el avión despegó de Marruecos, ya no estaban.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No quiero decir que mi vida durante este periodo fue un gran diseño. Al principio, en 1981, fui llevado por la curiosidad y el apetito de viajar. Mi lugar favorito, cuando tuviese el dinero, era Marruecos. Cuando no podía viajar, me conformaba con libros. Esta fascinación me contactó con grandiosos escritores llevados a lo exótico, autores capaces de oraciones como esta, de Freya Stark:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“El encanto perpetuo de Arabia es que el viajero encuentra su nivel simplemente como un ser humano; la franqueza de las personas, moral para el sentimental o pedante, como las virtudes menos complicadas; y lo agradable que podría ser el ser uno mismo, creo, que suma a las cinco razones de viajar de Sayyid Abdulla, el vigilante: “dejar los problemas detrás; ganarse la vida; adquirir conocimiento; practicar los buenos modales y conocer hombres honorables”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No tenía una lista de demandas, pero tenía una idea justa de lo que buscaba. La religión que quería tendría que ser a la metafísica lo que la metafísica es a la ciencia. No sería reducido por un estrecho racionalismo o tráfico misterioso para satisfacer a los sacerdotes. No tendría que tener sacerdotes, ni separación entre  lo natural y lo sagrado. No tendría que haber guerra con la carne, si lo podía evitar. El sexo debía ser natural, no una maldición para la especie humana, finalmente quería una rutina espiritual para afilar los sentidos y disciplinar la mente. Sobre todo, quería claridad y libertad. No quería intercambiar la razón simplemente para ser encajado con el dogma.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Más aprendía acerca del Islam, más se parecía a lo que buscaba.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La mayoría de los occidentales educados que conocía en ese momento consideraban cualquier clima religioso con sospecha. Clasificaban a la religión como manipulación política, o la disminuían como concepto medieval, proyectando en ella nociones del pasado europeo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No fue difícil encontrar la fuente de sus opiniones. Miles de años de historia occidental nos habían dejado muchas razones para arrepentirnos de un camino que nos llevaba a la ignorancia y la matanza. Desde la Cruzada de los Niños y la Inquisición a las transformaciones de la fe del nazismo y el comunismo durante nuestro siglo, países enteros han sido agotados por la creencia. El miedo de Nietzsche que el moderno estado de nación se convierta en un sustituto de la religión, ha probado ser cierto. Nuestro siglo, me parece, estaba terminando en una era más allá de la creencia, que habitaban los creyentes así como también los agnósticos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sin importar la iglesia a la que pertenecieses, el humanismo secular es el aire que respiran los occidentales, la lente por la que miramos. Como cualquier punto de vista mundial, este punto de vista es persuasivo y transparente. Forma  la base de nuestra identificación con la democracia y la búsqueda de la libertad de todas las incontables y cautivadoras maneras. Inmersos en nuestras preocupaciones, uno podría olvidarse fácilmente que existen otras formas de existencia en el mismo planeta.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En el momento de mi viaje, por ejemplo, 650 millones de musulmanes con una representación mayoritaria de cuarenta y cuatro países se adhirieron a las enseñanzas formales del Islam. Además unos 400 millones más vivían como minorías en Europa, Asia y las Américas. Asistido por economías postcoloniales, el Islam se convirtió en unos treinta años en una gran fe en Europa occidental. De las más grandes religiones del mundo, el Islam sólo estaba sumando su página.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mis amigos politizados estaban consternados con mi nuevo interés. Todos confundían universalmente al Islam con las maquinaciones de media docena de tiranos del mediano oriente. Los libros que leían, las noticias que transmitían representaban la fe como un conjunto de funciones políticas. Casi nada se decía de su práctica espiritual. Me gustaría citarles a Mae West: “Cuando tomas a la religión en broma, las risas son para ti”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Históricamente, un musulmán ve al Islam como la expresión final, madura de una religión original que viene de Adán. Es decididamente monoteísta como el judaísmo, a cuyos mayores profetas el Islam reverencia como eslabones en una progresiva cadena, que culmina con Jesús y Muhammad, que Dios les de paz. Esencialmente un mensaje de renovación, el Islam ha hecho su parte en el mundo para devolver la olvidada dulzura a millones de personas. Su libro, el Corán, hizo que Goethe remarque: “Ven, esta enseñanza nunca falla; con todos nuestros sistemas, no podemos ir, y hablando en general ningún hombre puede ir mas allá”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Islam tradicional se expresa a través de la práctica de cinco pilares. Declarar la fe, la oración, la caridad, y el ayuno como actividades que se deben repetir a lo largo de la vida. Si las condiciones lo permiten, a cada musulmán se le suma además la peregrinación a la Meca una vez en la vida. El término árabe para este quinto rito es Hayy. Los eruditos relatan al mundo el concepto de ‘qasd’, “aspiración” y a la noción del hombre y de la mujer como viajeros en la tierra. En las religiones del occidente, la peregrinación es una tradición de vestigio, un extraño concepto folclórico comúnmente reducido a metáfora. Entre los musulmanes, por otro lado, el Hayy encarna una vital experiencia para millones de nuevos peregrinos cada año. A pesar del contenido moderno de sus vidas, permanece como un acto de obediencia, una profesión de creencia, y la visible expresión de una comunidad espiritual. Para la mayoría de los musulmanes el Hayy es la meta principal, el viaje de la vida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Convertido, sentí la obligación de ir a la Meca. Adicto al viaje no podía imaginar una meta más placentera.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El ayuno anual de Ramadán que dura un mes precede al Hayy unos cien días. Estos dos ritos forman un período de intensa consciencia de la sociedad musulmana. Quería darle utilidad a este período. Había leído acerca del Islam; concurrí a Mezquitas cercanas a mi hogar en California; había comenzado una práctica. Ahora quería profundizar lo que estaba aprendiendo al sumergirme en una religión donde el Islam inculca cada aspecto de la existencia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Planeé comenzar en Marruecos, porque conocía bien ese país y porque seguía un Islam tradicionalista y era estable. El último lugar donde quería comenzar era en el agua estancada llena de sectarios escandalosos. Quería remar en el amplia, calma agua de la corriente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":9689,"lft":4764,"rght":4765,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-10-16T17:21:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T08:33:42.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":7,"author_id":3157,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":10,"parent_id":2490,"author_name":"Michael Wolfe","category_name":"Why I became a Muslim!","category_slug":"Why-I-became-a-Muslim!","get_date":"2014-10-16","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.docx"},{"id":2492,"title":"Michael Wolfe, journaliste, USA","slug":"michael-wolfe-journaliste-usa","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:michael-wolfe-journaliste-usa","hint":"","body":"

Michael Wolfe, journaliste, USA<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Après 25 années comme écrivain aux États-Unis, je cherchais quelque chose qui serait susceptible d’adoucir mon cynisme. Je cherchais une nouvelle manière de voir les choses, une nouvelle perspective.  La façon dont on nous a élevés établit certaines normes en cette matière.  Venant d’un milieu pluraliste, je mettais instinctivement beaucoup d’emphase sur les questions de racisme et de liberté.  Dans ma jeune vingtaine, j’ai vécu trois ans en Afrique.  Durant cette période, où j’ai beaucoup appris, j’ai côtoyé des Noirs originaires de différentes tribus, des Arabes, des Berbères et même des Européens convertis à l’islam.  En général, ces personnes ne partageaient pas cette obsession occidentale faisant de la race une catégorie sociale déterminante.  Lors de nos rencontres, le fait d’avoir une peau de couleur différente importait peu.  On m’accueillait d’abord, et on me jugeait ensuite au mérite.  Par contre, les Européens et les Américains, y compris beaucoup de ceux qui sont exempts de toute notion raciste, opèrent automatiquement un classement selon la race.  Les musulmans classaient les gens selon leur foi et leurs actions.  Je trouvais cela transcendant et rafraîchissant.  Malcolm X y a vu le salut de sa nation. « L’Amérique doit comprendre l’islam » écrit-il, « parce que c’est l’unique religion qui éradique le problème racial dans sa communauté. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Je cherchais également un chemin pour échapper à l’isolement créé par une  culture matérialiste.  Je voulais accéder à une dimension spirituelle, mais les sentiers conventionnels que j’avais connus enfant étaient fermés.  Mon père était juif et ma mère, chrétienne.  De par mon milieu, j’étais donc à cheval entre deux camps religieux.  Ces deux religions étaient sans aucun doute d’une grande profondeur.  Cependant, je trouvais insupportable celle qui mettait l’emphase sur un peuple élu, tandis que l’autre, basée sur un mystère, me rebutait.  Un siècle plus tôt, le nom de mon arrière-arrière-grand-mère avait été inscrit sur le vitrail de l’église du Christ, située sur une rue passante à Hamilton, en Ohio.  Quand j’eus vingt ans, tout cela n’avait plus aucune importance pour moi.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ce sont là les éléments qui imprégnèrent ma jeunesse.  Plus j’y pensais, plus je chérissais mon expérience en Afrique, en terre d’islam.  Après deux voyages au Maroc, en 1981 et en 1985, je réalisai que l’Afrique comme telle, en tant que continent, n’avait rien à voir avec la vie équilibrée que j’y avais trouvée.  Ce n’était pas le continent comme tel, que je recherchais, ni même une institution; je voulais un cadre qui organiserait ma vie, des concepts spirituels applicables à la vie que je menais.  Je ne voulais pas échanger ma culture contre une autre.  Je souhaitais accéder à de nouvelles compréhensions.     <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un jour, après un dîner au milieu de l’Atlantique, dans un avion, je me rendis aux toilettes.  Alors que j’y étais enfermé, un groupe de juifs hassidiques s’alignèrent derrière la porte pour prier.  Émergeant des toilettes, je pus à peine tourner la poignée.  Il m’était impossible de sortir dans l’allée et eux étaient trop concentrés pour remarquer ma présence.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Je ne pouvais sortir que ma tête par la porte et je voyais les membres de la congrégation qui me faisaient dos.  Tenant leurs livres de prières miniatures, ils projetaient une image impressionnante avec leur liturgie, frappant leurs textes sacrés sur leurs poitrines.  Petit à petit, leurs mouvements devinrent erratiques, comme une forme légère de rock and roll sautillant.  Je les observai jusqu’à la fin, puis je regagnai mon siège.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Plus tard cette nuit-là, nous atterrîmes à Bruxelles.  Lorsque je remontai à bord, pour me rendre au Maroc, je trouvai un journal en yiddish abandonné sur un plateau et tout ce beau monde avait disparu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Je ne cherche pas à laisser entendre que ma vie, durant cette période, était conforme à quelque grand dessein.  Au début, vers 1981, j’étais mené par la curiosité et par l’attrait des voyages.  Lorsque j’en avais les moyens, le Maroc était ma destination de prédilection.  S’il m’était impossible de voyager, je lisais des livres.  Cette fascination m’a fait connaître une poignée d’auteurs attirés par l’exotisme, des auteurs capables d’écrire des phrases comme celle-ci, de Freya Stark :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 « Le charme perpétuel de l’Arabie, c’est que le voyageur y trouve sa valeur simplement en tant qu’être humain; c’est le caractère direct des gens, si fatal au sentimentalisme et à la pédanterie, comme toutes les vertus terre-à-terre.  Et le plaisir de se sentir apprécié pour ce qu’on est peut, je crois, être ajouté à la liste des cinq raisons pour lesquelles les gens voyagent que m’a donnée Sayyid Abdullah, l’horloger : « De laisser ses ennuis derrière soi, de gagner sa vie, de s’instruire, de s’exercer aux bonnes manières, et de rencontrer des gens d’honneur. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Je n’aurais pas pu dresser une liste d’exigences, mais j’avais une bonne idée de ce que je cherchais.  La religion que je cherchais devait être à la métaphysique ce que la métaphysique est à la science.  Elle ne devait pas être limitée par une rationnelle étroite et ne devait pas s’adonner à un trafic de mystères pour plaire à ses prêtres.  Il n’y aurait pas de prêtres, pas de séparation entre la nature et les choses sacrées.  Il n’y aurait pas de guerre avec la chair si j’avais mon mot à dire.  Le sexe serait naturel et non le foyer d’une malédiction de l’espèce humaine.  En dernier lieu, je voulais vraiment une composante rituelle, une routine quotidienne qui aiguiserait les sens et disciplinerait mon esprit.  Ce que je voulais par-dessus tout, c’était la clarté et la liberté.  Je ne voulais pas délaisser ma raison et la troquer contre un dogme qui me deviendrait un fardeau.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Plus j’en apprenais sur l’islam, plus cette religion me semblait conforme à ce que je recherchais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La plupart des occidentaux éduqués que je connaissais devenaient suspicieux dès lors qu’ils entraient en contact avec tout climat religieux un peu intense.  Pour eux, la religion était une forme de manipulation politique et ils la rejetaient comme un concept moyenâgeux et dépassé; ils y projetaient les leçons historiques de leur passé européen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il était facile d’identifier la source de telles opinions.  Un millénaire d’histoire occidentale nous a donné énormément de bonnes raisons de regretter d’avoir emprunté un chemin qui nous a menés à tant d’ignorance et de massacres.   De la croisade des enfants et de l’inquisition à la foi dogmatique du nazisme et du communisme au cours de ce siècle, des nations entières ont été affaiblies à cause de leurs croyances.  La peur de Nietzsche que l’État-nation moderne se substitue à la religion s’est avérée tragiquement fondée.  Notre siècle m’apparaissait se terminer par une ère au-delà de la foi, où croyants et agnostiques se côtoyaient.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Peu importe l’église qu’ils fréquentent, l’air que les occidentaux respirent est chargé d’humanisme laïc et leur manière de voir les choses en est profondément affectée.  Comme toute vision du monde, cette vision est transparente et s’insinue partout.  Elle forme la base de notre identification globale à la démocratie et de notre adhésion générale à la quête de la liberté sous ses formes les plus innombrables et les plus séductrices.  Absorbés par nos préoccupations communes, nous oublions facilement que d’autres modes de vies existent, sur cette terre.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Par exemple, 650 millions de musulmans vivant dans les quarante-quatre pays où ils constituent la majorité, adhèrent aux enseignements formels de l’islam.  Environ 400 millions de plus vivent en situation minoritaire en Europe, en Asie et sur le continent américain.  Grâce à certains facteurs économiques postcoloniaux, l’islam est devenu en l’espace de trente ans une des religions les plus importantes d’Europe occidentale.  De toutes les grandes religions du monde, seul l’islam prend constamment de l’ampleur.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mes amis politisés étaient consternés par mon nouvel intérêt.  Ils confondaient tous l’islam avec les machinations d’une demi-douzaine de tyrans  du Moyen-Orient.  Les livres qu’ils lisaient, les émissions qu’ils regardaient représentaient cette foi comme une série de fonctions politiques et ne disaient à peu près rien sur toute sa dimension spirituelle.  J’aimais leur citer Mae West, quand elle disait : « Chaque fois que vous croyez vous moquer de la religion dans vos blagues, si les gens rient, c’est qu’ils rient de vous. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Historiquement, le musulman voit l’islam comme l’expression finale d’une religion originale qui remonte à Adam et qui est maintenant venue à maturité.  L’islam est aussi résolument monothéiste que le judaïsme, dont il révère les principaux prophètes en tant que maillons d’une chaîne qui culmine en Jésus et en Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur eux tous).  Essentiellement un message de renouveau, l’islam a contribué, au niveau mondial, à faire redécouvrir la saveur oubliée de la douceur de vivre à des millions de personnes.  Le livre de l’islam, le Coran, à fait dire Goethe : « Vous voyez, cet enseignement ne sera jamais voué à l’échec.  Même avec tous nos systèmes, nous ne pouvons aller plus loin et, d’une manière générale, aucun humain ne pourra jamais aller plus loin. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’islam traditionnel s’exprime par la pratique de cinq piliers.  Attester de sa foi, prier, donner en charité, et jeûner sont des devoirs dont le musulman s’acquitte continuellement au cours sa vie.  S’il en a la possibilité, il est obligatoire pour tout musulman d’entreprendre un pèlerinage à La Mecque au moins une fois au cours de sa vie.  Le terme arabe qui désigne ce cinquième pilier est Hajj.  Les érudits relient ce mot au concept de « qasd » ou « aspiration » et à la notion que les hommes et les femmes sont des voyageurs sur terre.   Dans la religion occidentale, le pèlerinage est une tradition fondée sur des vestiges, un concept pittoresque et folklorique, communément réduit à une métaphore.   Chez les musulmans, au contraire, le Hajj incarne une expérience d’une importance capitale pour des millions de nouveaux pèlerins chaque année.  Malgré le contenu moderne de leurs vies, le Hajj demeure pour eux un acte d’obéissance, une profession de foi, et l’expression visible d’une communauté spirituelle.  Pour une majorité de musulmans, le Hajj est un but ultime, le voyage de toute une vie.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En tant que converti, c’est par devoir que je suis allé à La Mecque.  En tant que voyageur compulsif, je ne pouvais imaginer une destination plus fascinante.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le jeûne annuel du mois de Ramadan précède la Hajj d’environ cent jours.  Ces deux rites forment une période de grande conscience spirituelle dans la société musulmane.  Je voulais tirer parti de cette période.  J’avais lu sur l’islam, j’avais visité une mosquée en Californie, et j’avais même commencé à pratiquer.  Maintenant, je souhaitais approfondir ce que j’étais en train d’apprendre en m’immergeant littéralement dans un mode de vie où le religieux imprègne chaque aspect de l’existence.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Je prévoyais commencer au Maroc parce que je connaissais bien cet endroit, qu’on y pratiquait un islam traditionnel et que le pays jouissait d’une relative stabilité politique.  Je ne voulais surtout pas commencer dans un trou perdu entouré de sectaires aux protestations tumultueuses.   Je voulais beaucoup d’espace pour manœuvrer ma barque et ramer tranquillement dans le sens du courant dominant, dans des eaux calmes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u0415\u0449\u0435 \u044f \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u041c\u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043a \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b,  \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0443\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0446 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0435\u043c, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c – \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0418 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434, \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 – \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434, \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0431\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0432 \u0413\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0435 (\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u041e\u0433\u0430\u0439\u043e). \u041a \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c, \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043b.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0427\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u044f \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u044e \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043a\u043e \u0432 1981 \u0438 1985, \u0443 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0442\u043e \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c\u044e. \u0422\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u042f \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c; \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u041c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443. \u042f \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0443.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

…\u041a\u0430\u043a-\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0410\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u044f \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0438. \u0412 \u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432-\u0445\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c\u044e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b. \u041a \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f. \u041e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c\u044e, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0443\u043d\u0443\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044f \u0438\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0443. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0443\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435. \u0420\u0430\u0437 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435, \u0430 \u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044f \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c\u044e \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0411\u0440\u044e\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435. \u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043a\u043e, \u044f \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435. \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b, \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u042f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439  \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443-\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0443. \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430 (\u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1980-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432), \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043b\u043e \u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0436\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439. \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0433\u0438, \u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043a\u043e. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0441 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u044f\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c. \u0418\u0437 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0424\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043a:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0412\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u044b \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0430\u0438\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0439: \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0423 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b. \u042f \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0421\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0418, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c \u043a \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435. \u041d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u042f \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043b \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043c\u043e\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0427\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u044f \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f – \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u044f \u0438\u0449\u0443.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f – \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c. \u0422\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u0414\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041d\u0438\u0446\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u041d\u0430\u0448 \u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041d\u0435\u0432\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0434\u044b\u0448\u0438\u0442 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0439, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c, \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0435\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, 650 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430. \u041a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0435, \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 400 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435, \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u0418\u0437 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0439, \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432 \u043e \u043c\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435. \u0427\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0434\u044e\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435. \u041e \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e. \u041c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c \u041c\u044d\u0439 \u0423\u044d\u0441\u0442: «\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430 \u0448\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0443, \u0441\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043a \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0443. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0438, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 – \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\u043c).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c \u043e\u0449\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u041a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0413\u0451\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: «\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443,  \u043c\u044b \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0437\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438, \u0438, \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043f\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 – \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043d\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0436\u0435, \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043f, \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443 – \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e – \u0443\u0433\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435. \u0412 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434. \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443. \u041c\u043d\u0435, \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u043c \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d (\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430) \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439. \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436 – \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d. \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u042f \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c. \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u042f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043a\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430, \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430. \u041c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u042f \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0448\u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":11246,"lft":4768,"rght":4769,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-10-16T17:21:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T01:34:43.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":7,"author_id":3157,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":10,"parent_id":2490,"author_name":"Michael Wolfe","category_name":"Why I became a Muslim!","category_slug":"Why-I-became-a-Muslim!","get_date":"2014-10-16","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.docx"},{"id":2494,"title":"\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f5c\u5bb6\u53ca\u8bd7\u4eba\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u6c83\u5c14\u592b","slug":"fshfhfh","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:fshfhfh","hint":"","body":"

\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f5c\u5bb6\u53ca\u8bd7\u4eba\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14·\u6c83\u5c14\u592b<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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\u6211\u8ba1\u5212\u4ece\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u90a3\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6bd4\u8f83\u597d\u4e9b\uff0c\u5b83\u9075\u5faa\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u516c\u6b63\u800c\u53c8\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u4ece\u6211\u66fe\u7ecf\u53bb\u8fc7\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5f00\u59cb\u6211\u7684\u65b0\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5f7b\u5e95\u544a\u522b\u6211\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5b97\u6d3e\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bbd\u5e7f\u800c\u53c8\u5e73\u9759\u6c34\u9762\u5f00\u59cb\u5212\u52a8\u6211\u65b0\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u8239\u6868\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":11056,"lft":4770,"rght":4771,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-10-16T17:21:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-05T12:47:56.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":7,"author_id":3157,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":10,"parent_id":2490,"author_name":"Michael Wolfe","category_name":"Why I became a Muslim!","category_slug":"Why-I-became-a-Muslim!","get_date":"2014-10-16","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.docx"},{"id":2495,"title":"\u30de\u30a4\u30b1\u30eb \u30a6\u30a9\u30eb\u30d5\u3001\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30ca\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8 \u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab","slug":"--hdh","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Michael Wolfe, Journalist, USA.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:--hdh","hint":"","body":"

\u30de\u30a4\u30b1\u30eb \u30a6\u30a9\u30eb\u30d5\u3001\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30ca\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8 \u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

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