{"title":"Khurshid Ahmad","author":{"id":2142,"name":"Khurshid Ahmad","slug":"khurshid_ahmad","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-08-04T08:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-08-04T08:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Khurshid Ahmad"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/2142?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/2142?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/2142?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/2142","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/2142?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/2142?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/2142?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/2142","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/2142?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/2142?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/2142?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/2142","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":574,"title":"How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths?","slug":"how-does-islam-differ-from-other-faiths","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:how-does-islam-differ-from-other-faiths","hint":"","body":"

How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths?<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"
<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (part 1 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Simplicity, Rationality and Practicality<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Islam is a religion without any mythology.  Its teachings are simple and intelligible.  It is free from superstitions and irrational beliefs.  The oneness of God, the prophethood of Muhammad, and the concept of life after death are the basic articles of its faith.  They are based on reason and sound logic.  All of the teachings of Islam flow from those basic beliefs and are simple and straightforward.  There is no hierarchy of priests, no farfetched abstractions, no complicated rites or rituals.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Everybody may approach the Quran directly and translate its dictates into practice.  Islam awakens in man the faculty of reason and exhorts him to use his intellect.  It enjoins him to see things in the light of reality.  The Quran advises him to seek knowledge and invoke God to expand his awareness:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Say ‘O, my Lord!  Advance me in knowledge.  (Quran 20: 114)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God also says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Are those who know equal with those who know not?  But only men of understanding will pay heed.” (Quran 39: 9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

It is reported that the Prophet, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, said that:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“He who leaves his home in search of knowledge (walks) in the path of God.” (At-Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

and that,<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim.” (Ibn Majah and al-Bayhaqi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

This is how Islam brings man out of the world of superstition and darkness and initiates him into the world of knowledge and light.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Again, Islam is a practical religion and does not allow indulgence in empty and futile theorizing.  It says that faith is not a mere profession of beliefs, but rather that it is the very mainspring of life.  Righteous conduct must follow belief in God.  Religion is something to be practiced and not an object of mere lip service.  The Quran says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Those who believe and act righteously, joy is for them, and a blissful home to return to.” (Quran 13: 29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet is also reported to have said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“God does not accept belief if it is not expressed in deeds, and does not accept deeds if they do not conform to belief.” (At-Tabarani<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Thus Islam’s simplicity, rationality and practicality are what characterize Islam as a unique and true religion.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Unity of Matter and Spirit<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

A unique feature of Islam is that it does not divide life into watertight compartments of matter and spirit.  It stands not for denial of life but for the fulfillment of life.  Islam does not believe in asceticism.  It does not ask man to avoid material things.  It holds that spiritual elevation is to be achieved by living piously in the rough and tumble of life, not by renouncing the world.  The Quran advises us to pray as follows:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Our Lord!  Give us something fine in this world as well as something fine in the Hereafter.” (Quran 2:201)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

But in making use of life luxuries, Islam advises man to be moderate and keep away from extravagance, God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…and eat and drink and be not extravagant; surely He does not love the extravagant.” (Quran 7:31)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

On this aspect of moderation, the Prophet said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Observe fasting and break it (at the proper time) and stand in prayer and devotion (in the night) and have sleep, for your body has its right over you, and your eyes have rights over you, and your wife has a claim upon you, and the person who pays a visit to you has a claim upon you.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Thus, Islam does not admit any separation between “material” and “moral,” “mundane” and “spiritual” life, and enjoins man to devote all of his energies to the reconstruction of life on healthy moral foundations.  It teaches him that moral and material powers must be welded together and that spiritual salvation can be achieved by using material resources for the good of man in the service of just ends and not by living a life of asceticism or by running away from the challenges of life.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The world has suffered at the hands of the one-sidedness of many other religions and ideologies.  Some have laid emphasis on the spiritual side of life but have ignored its material and mundane aspects.  They have looked upon the world as an illusion, a deception, and a trap.  On the other hand, materialistic ideologies have totally ignored the spiritual and moral side of life and have dismissed it as fictitious and imaginary.  Both of these attitudes have resulted in disaster, for they have robbed mankind of peace, contentment, and tranquility.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Even today, the imbalance is manifested in one or the other direction.  The French scientist Dr.  De Brogbi rightly says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“The danger inherent in too intense a material civilization is to that civilization itself; it is the disequilibria which would result if a parallel development of the spiritual life were to fail to provide the needed balance.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Christianity erred on one extreme, whereas modern western civilization, in both of its variants of secular capitalistic democracy and Marxist socialism has erred on the other.  According to Lord Snell:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“We have built a nobly-proportioned outer structure, but we have neglected the essential requirement of an inner order; we have carefully designed, decorated and made clean the outside of the cup; but the inside was full of extortion and excess; we used our increased knowledge and power to administer to the comforts of the body, but we left the spirit impoverished.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam seeks to establish equilibrium between these two aspects of life - the material and the spiritual.  It says that everything in the world is for man, but man was created to serve a higher purpose: the establishment of a moral and just order that will fulfill the will of God.  Its teachings cater for the spiritual as well as the temporal needs of man.  Islam enjoins man to purify his soul and to reform his daily life - both individual and collective - and to establish the supremacy of right over might and of virtue over vice.  Thus Islam stands for the middle path and the goal of producing a moral man in the service of a just society.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam, a Complete Way of Life<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Islam is not a religion in the common and distorted sense, for it does not confine its scope to one’s private life.  It is a complete way of life and is present in every field of human existence.  Islam provides guidance for all aspects of life - individual and social, material and moral, economic and political, legal and cultural, and national and international.  The Quran enjoins man to embrace Islam without any reservation and to follow God’s guidance in all areas of life.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In fact, it was an unfortunate day when the scope of religion was confined to the private life of man and its social and cultural role was reduced to naught, as has happened in this century.  No other factor, perhaps, has been more important in causing the decline of religion in the modern age than its retreat into the realm of private life.  In the words of a modern philosopher: “Religion asks us to separate things of God from those of Caesar.  Such a judicial separation between the two means the degrading of both the secular and the sacred ...  That religion is worth little if the conscience of its followers is not disturbed when war clouds are hanging over us all and industrial conflicts are threatening social peace.  Religion has weakened man’s social conscience and moral sensitivity by separating the things of God from those of Caesar.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam totally denounces this concept of religion and clearly states that its objectives are the purification of the soul and the reform and reconstruction of society.  As we read in the Quran:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“We verily sent Our messengers with clear proofs, and revealed with them the Scripture and the Balance, that mankind may observe right measure; and He revealed iron, wherein is mighty power and (many) uses for mankind, and that God may know him who helpeth Him and His messengers, though unseen.  Lo!  God is Strong, Almighty.” (Quran 57: 25)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God also says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“The decision rests with God only, Who hath commanded you that ye worship none save Him.  This is the right religion, but most men know not.” (Quran 12: 40)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Thus even a cursory study of the teachings of Islam shows that it is an all-embracing way of life and does not leave out any field of human existence to become a playground for the forces of evil.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 2 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Balance between the Individual and Society<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Another unique feature of Islam is that it establishes a balance between individualism and collectivism.  It believes in the individual personality of man and holds everyone personally accountable to God.  The Prophet, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Everyone of you is a guardian, and responsible for what is in his custody.  The ruler is a guardian of his subjects and responsible for them; a husband is a guardian of his family and is responsible for it; a lady is a guardian of her husband’s house and is responsible for it, and a servant is a guardian of his master’s property and is responsible for it.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

I heard that from God’s Apostle and I think that the Prophet also said, <\/strong>“A man is a guardian of is father’s property and is responsible for it, so all of you are guardians and responsible for your wards and things under your care.” (Saheeh Al-Bukhari, Saheeh Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam also guarantees the fundamental rights of the individual and does not permit anyone to tamper with them.  It makes the proper development of the personality of man one of the prime objectives of its educational policy.  It does not subscribe to the view that man must lose his individuality in society or in the state.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In Islam, all men are equal, regardless of color, language, race, or nationality.  It addresses itself to the conscience of humanity and banishes all false barriers of race, status, and wealth.  There can be no denying the fact that such barriers have always existed and continue to exist today in the so-called enlightened age.  Islam removes all of these impediments and proclaims the ideal of the whole of humanity being one family of God.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam is international in its outlook and approach and does not admit barriers and distinctions based on color, clan, blood, or territory, as was the case before the advent of Muhammad.  Unfortunately, these prejudices remain rampant in different forms even in this modern age.  Islam wants to unite the entire human race under one banner.  To a world torn by national rivalries and feuds, it presents a message of life and hope and of a glorious future.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The historian, A. J. Toynbee, has some interesting observations to make in this respect.  In Civilization on Trial, he writes: “Two conspicuous sources of danger - one psychological and the other material - in the present relations of this cosmopolitan proletariat, i.e., [westernized humanity] with the dominant element in our modern Western society are race consciousness and alcohol; and in the struggle with each of these evils the Islamic spirit has a service to render which might prove, if it were accepted, to be of high moral and social value.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The extinction of race consciousness between Muslims is one of the outstanding moral achievements of Islam, and in the contemporary world there is, as it happens, a crying need for the propagation of this Islamic virtue ... It is conceivable that the spirit of Islam might be the timely reinforcement which would decide this issue in favor of tolerance and peace.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As for the evil of alcohol, it is at its worst among primitive populations in tropical regions which have been ‘opened up’ by Western enterprise.  The fact remains that even the most statesmanlike preventive measures imposed by external authority are incapable of liberating a community from a social vice unless a desire for liberation and a will to carry this desire into voluntary action on its own part are awakened in the hearts of the people concerned.  Now Western administrators, at any rate those of ‘Anglo-Saxon’ origin, are spiritually isolated from their ‘native’ wards by the physical ‘color bar’ which their race-consciousness sets up; the conversion of the natives’ souls is a task to which their competence can hardly be expected to extend; and it is at this point that Islam may have a part to play.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In these recently and rapidly ‘opened up’ tropical territories, the Western civilization has produced an economic and political plenum and, in the same breath, a social and spiritual void.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Here, then, in the foreground of the future, we can remark two valuable influences which Islam may exert upon the cosmopolitan proletariat of a Western society that has cast its net around the world and embraced the whole of mankind; while in the more distant future we may speculate on the possible contributions of Islam to some new manifestation of religion.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Permanence and Change<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The elements of permanence and change coexist in human society and culture and are bound to remain so.  Different ideologies and cultural systems have erred in leaning heavily towards one or other of these ends of the equation.  Too much emphasis on permanence makes the system rigid and robs it of flexibility and progress, while a lack of permanent values and unchanging elements generate moral relativism, shapelessness, and anarchy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

What is needed is a balance between the two – a system that could simultaneously cater for the demands of permanence and change.  An American judge, Mr. Justice Cardozo, rightly says that “the greatest need of our time is a philosophy that will mediate between conflicting claims of stability and progress and supply a principle of growth.” Islam presents an ideology, which satisfies the demands of stability as well as of change.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Deeper reflection reveals that life has within it elements of permanence and change - it is neither so rigid and inflexible that it cannot admit of any change even in matters of detail, nor it is so flexible and fluid that even its distinctive traits have no permanent character of their own.  This becomes clear from observing the process of physiological change in the human body, for every tissue of the body changes a number of times in one’s lifetime even though the person remains the same.  A tree’s leaves, flowers, and fruits change but its character remains unchanged.  It is a law of life that elements of permanence and change must co-exist in a harmonious equation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Only such a system of life that can provide for both these elements can meet all of the cravings of human nature and all of the needs of human society.  The basic problems of life remain the same in all ages and climes, but the ways and means to solve them as well as the techniques of handling the phenomenon undergo change with the passage of time.  Islam brings to focus a new perspective on this problem and tries to solve it in a realistic way.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Quran and the Sunnah contain the eternal guidance given by the Lord of the universe.  This guidance comes from God, who is free from the limitations of space and time and, as such, the principles of individual and social behavior revealed by Him are based on reality and are eternal.  But God has revealed only broad principles and has endowed man with the freedom to apply them in every age in the way suited to the spirit and conditions of that age.  It is through ijtihad (intellectual effort to arrive at the truth) that people of every age try to implement and apply the divine guidance to the problems of their times.  Thus the basic guidance is of a permanent nature, while the method of its application can change in accordance with the peculiar needs of every age.  That is why Islam always remains as fresh and modern as tomorrow’s morn.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Complete Record of Teachings Preserved<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Last, but not least, is the fact that the teachings of Islam have been preserved in their original form.  As a result, God’s guidance is available without adulteration of any kind.  The Quran is the revealed book and word of God, which has been in existence for the last fourteen hundred years.  It is still available in its original form.  Detailed accounts of the life of the Prophet and of his teachings are available in their pristine purity.  There has not been even one change made in this unique historic record.  The sayings and the entire record of the life of the Prophet have been handed down to us with unprecedented precision and authenticity in works of the Hadith and the Sirah (the Prophet’s Biography).  Even a number of non-Muslim critics admit this eloquent fact.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

These are some of the unique features of Islam that establish its credentials as the religion of man the religion of today and the religion of tomorrow.  These aspects have appealed to millions of people in the past and the present and have made them affirm that Islam is the religion of truth and the right path for mankind.  There is no doubt that these aspects will continue to appeal to even more people in the future.  Men with pure hearts and sincere longing for truth will always continue to say:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “I affirm that there is none worthy of worship except God, that He is One, sharing His authority with no one, and I affirm that Muhammad is His Servant and His Prophet.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Here, we’d like to conclude with the following words that George Bernard Shaw is reported to have said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

I have always held the religion of Muhammad in high estimation because of its wonderful vitality.  It is the only religion, which appears to me to possess that assimilating capacity to the changing phases of existence, which can make itself appeal to every age.  I have studied him - the wonderful man - and in my opinion far from being an Antichrist, he must be called the Savior of Humanity.  I believe that if a man like him were to assume the dictatorship of the modern world, he would succeed in solving its problems in a way that would bring it much needed peace and happiness.  I have prophesied about the faith of Muhammad that it would be acceptable to the Europe of tomorrow as it is beginning to be acceptable to the Europe of today.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":20236,"lft":919,"rght":934,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-05T03:22:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T08:29:58.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":2142,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"Khurshid Ahmad","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-05","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.docx"},{"id":575,"title":"\u00bfC\u00f3mo difiere la fe del Islam de las de otras Religiones?","slug":"cmo-difiere-la-fe-del-islam-de-las-de-otras-religiones","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:cmo-difiere-la-fe-del-islam-de-las-de-otras-religiones","hint":"","body":"

¿Cómo difiere la fe del Islam de las de otras Religiones?<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"
<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Simplicidad, Racionalidad y Practicidad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El Islam es una religión sin ninguna mitología.  Sus enseñanzas son simples y comprensibles.  Libres de supersticiones y creencias irracionales.  La unicidad de Dios, la profecía de Muhammad y el concepto de vida después de la muerte son los artículos básicos de su fe.  Se basan en la razón y la lógica.  Todas las enseñanzas del Islam fluyen de esas enseñanzas básicas y son simples y sencillas.  No hay jerarquía de sacerdocio, ni abstracciones supersticiosas ni ritos o rituales complicados.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Todos pueden llegar al Corán directamente y llevar a la práctica sus instrucciones.  El Islam despierta en el hombre la facultad de la razón y lo obliga a utilizar el intelecto.  Lo lleva a ver cosas a la luz de la realidad.  El Corán le aconseja buscar el conocimiento e invocar a Dios para expandir su conocimiento:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

¡Oh, Señor mío! Acrecienta mi conocimiento.   (Corán 20: 114)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios también dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“¿Acaso son iguales quienes saben y quienes no saben? Por cierto que sólo reflexionan los dotados de intelecto.” (Corán 39: 9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Se dice que el Profeta, que la piedad y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él, dijo que:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Quien salga de su hogar buscando el conocimiento, camina por el camino de Dios” (At-Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Y que:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“La búsqueda del conocimiento es obligatoria para todo musulmán.” (Ibn Mayah and al-Bayhaqi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Es así como el Islam saca al hombre del mundo de la superstición y la oscuridad y lo transporta al mundo del conocimiento y la luz.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nuevamente, el Islam es una religión práctica y no busca el placer de las cosas vacías e inútiles.  El Islam establece que la fe no es una mera proclamación de las creencias, sino que es la fuente de la vida.  La fe en Dios debe ser seguida por la rectitud.  La religión es algo que se practica y no una mera afirmación.  El Corán dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Quienes creen y obran rectamente serán los bienaventurados, y tendrán un hermoso destino” (Corán 13: 29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Se dice que el Profeta dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Dios no acepta una creencia que no se expresa en obras virtuosas, así como tampoco acepta obras virtuosas si no están precedidas por una creencia.” (At-Tabarani<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

De este modo, la simplicidad, la racionalidad y la practicidad son lo que caracterizan al Islam como una religión verdadera y única.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Unidad de Materia y Espíritu<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Una característica única del Islam es que no divide la vida en compartimentos de materia o espíritu.  No se niega la vida sino que se busca su realización completa.  El Islam no cree en el abandono de los placeres de este mundo.  No le pide al hombre que renuncie a las cosas materiales.  Afirma que la elevación espiritual se debe lograr viviendo piadosamente en las dificultades y las caídas de la vida, no renunciando al mundo.  El Corán aconseja hacer la siguiente súplica:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“¡Señor nuestro! Danos bienestar en esta vida y en la otra, y presérvanos del tormento del fuego.” (Corán 2:201)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Pero acerca de los lujos de la vida, el Islam aconseja a los hombres ser moderados y mantenerse alejados de las extravagancias, Dios dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…Comed y bebed con mesura, porque Alá no ama a los extravagantes” (Corán 7:31)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

En este aspecto de moderación, el profeta dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Observa el ayuno y rompe el ayuno (en su tiempo indicado), ora durante la noche devotamente, pero duerme luego, porque tu cuerpo tiene derechos sobre ti, tus ojos tienen derecho sobre ti, y tu esposa tiene derechos sobre ti y tu huésped tiene derechos sobre ti.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

De este modo, el Islam no admite ninguna separación entre vida “material” y “moral”, “mundano” y “espiritual, y alienta al hombre a que utilice todas sus energías para la construcción de una vida moralmente sana.  Le enseña que los poderes morales y materiales deben ir juntos y que la salvación espiritual puede lograrse utilizando fuentes materiales para el bien del hombre en servicio de fines y no viviendo una vida de abandono o escapándose de los desafíos de la vida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El mundo ha sufrido en manos de la parcialidad de muchas otras religiones e ideologías.  Algunos han enfatizado el lado espiritual de la vida pero han ignorado sus aspectos mundanos y materiales.  Por otro lado, las ideologías materialistas han ignorado por completo el lado espiritual y moral de la vida y la han reducido a ficticia e imaginaria.  Las dos actitudes han resultado ser desastrosas, ya que han robado la paz, la complacencia y la tranquilidad del ser humano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cada día, el desequilibrio se manifiesta en una u otra dirección.  El Científico francés, Dr. De Brogbi bien dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“El peligro inherente en una civilización materialista tan intensa es la civilización misma; es el desequilibrio que puede resultar si un desarrollo paralelo de la vida espiritual no pudiese proveer el balance necesario”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Cristianismo erró en un extremo, mientras que la civilización moderna, en las dos variantes de la democracia capitalista secular y el socialismo marxista ha errado en la otra.  Según Lord Snell:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Hemos construido una estructura exterior proporcionada, pero hemos negado el requerimiento esencial de un orden interno; hemos diseñado cuidadosamente, decorado y limpiado la parte exterior de la copa; pero la interior estaba llena de extorsión y exceso; utilizamos  nuestro gran conocimiento y poder para administrar las comodidades del cuerpo, pero dejamos que el espíritu empobrezca”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Islam busca establecer el equilibrio entre estos dos aspectos de la vida, lo material y lo espiritual.  Dice que todo en el mundo es para el hombre, pero el hombre fue creado para servir un propósito mayor: el establecimiento de un orden moral y justo que cumpla con la voluntad de Dios.  Sus enseñanzas son para las necesidades espirituales así como también para las temporales necesidades del hombre.  El Islam alienta al hombre a purificar su alma y reformar su vida diaria, individual y colectiva, y a establecer la supremacía del bien sobre el mal y la virtud sobre el vicio.  De este modo el Islam significa el camino medio y la meta de producir un hombre moral en servicio de una sociedad justa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam, un modo Completo de Vida<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El Islam no es una religión en el sentido común y distorsionado de la palabra, porque no limita su alcance a la vida privada.  Es un modo de vida completo y está presente en cada campo de la existencia humana.  El Islam provee una guía para todos los aspectos de la vida, individual y social, material y moral, económica y política, legal y cultural, nacional e internacional.  El Corán llama al hombre abrazar el Islam sin ninguna reserva y seguir el consejo de Dios en todas las áreas de la vida. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

De hecho, fue un día poco afortunado cuando el alcance de la religión fue limitado a la vida privada de un hombre y su rol social y cultural fue reducido a nada, como ha sucedido en este siglo.  Ningún otro factor, tal vez, ha sido más importante en la causa de la disminución de la religión en la era moderna que su refugio en el reino de la vida privada.  Las palabras de un filósofo moderno expresan:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“la religión nos pide separar las cosas de Dios de las de Cesar.  Tal separación judicial significa la degradación de lo secular y lo sagrado… esa religión vale poco si la consciencia de sus seguidores no se disturba cuando nos azota la guerra y los conflictos industriales amenazan la paz social.  La religión ha debilitado la consciencia social del hombre y la sensibilidad moral separando las cosas de Dios de las de Cesar”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Islam denuncia totalmente este concepto de religión y afirma claramente que sus objetivos son la purificación del alma y la reforma y reconstrucción de la sociedad.  Como podemos leer en el Corán:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Por cierto que enviamos a nuestros Mensajeros con las pruebas evidentes e hicimos descender con ellos el Libro y la balanza de la justicia para que los hombres sean equitativos.  Hemos hecho descender el hierro, en el que hay gran poder y beneficio para los hombres.  Alá sabrá quiénes se esfuercen sinceramente por Su causa y la de Sus Mensajeros; Alá es Fortísimo, Poderoso.” (Corán 57:25)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios también dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“En verdad el juzgaros compete a Alá, Quien ordenó que no adoréis a nada ni nadie excepto a Él; ésta es la religión verdadera, pero la mayoría de los hombres lo ignoran.” (Corán 12:40)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

De este modo incluso un somero estudio acerca de las enseñanzas del Islam demuestra que es posible para todos abrazar el modo de vida del Islam y no dejar que ningún aspecto de la existencia humana se convierta en un campo de juego para las fuerzas del mal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Balance entre lo individual y la Sociedad<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Otra característica única del Islam es que establece un balance entre el individualismo y el colectivismo.  Cree en la personalidad individual del hombre y acerca a todos a Dios.  El Profeta, que las piedades y bendiciones de Dios estén con el, dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Cada uno de ustedes es un guardián, y es responsable de lo que custodia.  El gobernante es guardián de su pueblo y responsable de ellos; un esposo es guardián de su familia y responsable de ella; una mujer es la guardiana del hogar y responsable de él…”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

He escuchado eso del mensajero de Dios y creo que también dijo: “<\/strong>Un hombre es el guardián de la propiedad de su padre y responsable de ella, por lo tanto todos ustedes son responsables de las cosas que estén bajo su poder”.  <\/strong>(Sahih Al-Bujari, Sahih Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Islam garantiza los derechos fundamentales del individuo y no permite que nadie interfiera con ellos.  Hace al adecuado desarrollo de la personalidad del hombre uno de los principales objetivos de la política educacional.  No se adhiere al punto de vista de que el hombre debe perder su individualidad en la sociedad o en el estado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En el Islam, todos los hombres son iguales, sin importar el color, el idioma, la etnia o nacionalidad.  Se llama a si mismo como consciencia de la humanidad y hace desaparecer todas las falsas barreras  de la raza, estatus, y riqueza.  No puede negar el hecho de que tales barreras han existido siempre y continúan existiendo hoy en día en la reconocida era progresista.  El Islam remueve todos los impedimentos y proclama el ideal de la humanidad siendo una familia de Dios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Islam es internacional en su perspectiva y punto de vista y no admite barreras y distinciones basadas en el color, clan, sangre o territorio, como era el caso antes de la llegada de Muhammad.  Desafortunadamente, estos prejuicios continúan existiendo de diferentes maneras incluso en la edad moderna.  El Islam pretende unir la raza humana entera bajo un solo estandarte.  Para un mundo roto por las rivalidades nacionales y los fraudes, representa un mensaje de vida y esperanza y un glorioso futuro.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El historiador A.  J.  Toynbee ha desarrollado algunas interesantes observaciones al respecto.  En su libro ‘Civilization on Trial’<\/em>, escribe: “Existen dos Fuentes visibles de peligro (una psicológica y otra material) en las presentes relaciones de este proletariado cosmopolita, i.e., (humanidad occidentalizada) con el elemento dominante en nuestra moderna sociedad occidental son las distinciones de raza y el alcohol; y en la lucha con cada uno de estos demonios el espíritu islámico ofrece un servicio que podría probar, si fuese aceptado, ser un valor moral y social.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La extinción de la consciencia de raza entre los musulmanes es uno de los mayores logros del Islam, y en el mundo con temporáneo existe, como suele suceder, una necesidad urgente de propagación de esta virtud islámica… es imaginable que el espíritu del Islam sea la consolidación a tiempo que decide este asunto a favor de la tolerancia y la paz.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Con respecto al mal del alcohol, es como si fuese peor entre las poblaciones primitivas de las regiones tropicales que han sido abiertas a la compañía occidental.  El hecho es que incluso las medidas preventivas dignas de una estadística impuesta por una autoridad externa son incapaces de librar una comunidad de un vicio social a menos que el deseo de liberación y la voluntad de llevar este deseo a una acción voluntaria propia sean despertadas en los corazones de las personas involucradas.  Los administradores occidentales, y en alguna medida los de origen anglo-sajón, son espiritualmente aislados de sus actos ‘nativos’ por la barrera física de color que su consciencia de raza impone; la conversión de las almas de los nativos es una tarea a la cual su competencia no puede esperar que se extienda; y es en esta instancia donde el Islam puede interpretar un papel importante.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En estos recientes y rápidamente ‘abiertos’ territorios, la civilización occidental ha producido un pleno económico y político y, en el mismo aliento, un vacío social y espiritual.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aquí, entonces, en el primer plano del futuro, podemos remarcar dos influencias valiosas que el Islam puede ejercer en el proletariado cosmopolita de la sociedad occidental que ha moldeado su red alrededor del mundo y ha abrazado la humanidad entera; mientras que en el futuro distante podemos especular con las posibles contribuciones del Islam en algunas manifestaciones de la religión”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Permanencia y Cambio<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Los elementos de permanencia y cambio coexisten en la sociedad y cultura humana y están destinados a continuar de eso modo.  Las diferentes ideologías y sistemas culturales han errado en apoyarse sobre uno u otro de estos resultados de las ecuaciones.  Demasiado énfasis en la permanencia hace que el sistema sea rígido y le roba flexibilidad y progreso, mientras una carencia de valores permanentes y elementos sin cambios generan un relativismo moral, sin forma y anarquía.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Lo que se necesita en el balance entre los ambos, un sistema que puede encargarse simultáneamente de las demandas del desarrollo y el cambio.  Un juez americano, el Sr.  Justice Cardozo, dice correctamente que “la mayor necesidad de nuestros tiempos es una filosofía que mediara entre las quejas conflictivas de estabilidad y progreso y suministraran el principio del crecimiento”.  El Islam presenta una ideología, que satisface las demandas de estabilidad así como también los cambios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un reflejo mas profundo revela que la vida tiene dentro de sus elementos de desarrollo y cambio, no es ni muy rígido e inflexible que no puede admitir ningún cambio incluso en asuntos ínfimos, ni es tan flexible que incluso sus tratos distintivos no tienen carácter permanente por sus propios medios.  Esto es evidente al observar al proceso del cambio psicológico en el cuerpo humano, ya que cada tejido del cuerpo cambia una cantidad de veces a lo largo de la vida aunque la persona permanezca igual.  Las ramas de un árbol, las flores, y las frutas cambian pero sus características son las mismas.  Es una ley de vida que los elementos de permanencia y cambio deben coexistir en una ecuación harmoniosa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Solo un sistema de vida que suministra estos dos elementos puede satisfacer todas las ansias  de la naturaleza humana y todas las necesidades de la sociedad.  El problema básico de la vida continúa siendo el mismo en todas las edades y climas, pero las formas y medios para resolverlos así como también las técnicas de manejo del fenómeno sobrellevan cambios con el paso del tiempo.  El Islam enfoca una nueva perspectiva de este problema y trata de resolverlo de un modo realista.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Corán y la Sunnah contienen la eterna orientación del Señor del Universo.  Esta orientación viene de Dios, quien no tiene limitaciones de espacio y tiempo y, como tal, los principios del comportamiento individual y social revelados por Él se basan en la realidad y son eternos.  Pero Dios ha revelado solo los principios amplios y le ha otorgado al hombre la libertad de aplicarlos en cada edad de un modo adecuado al espíritu y condiciones de esa edad.  Es a través del iytihad<\/em> (el esfuerzo intelectual para llegar a la verdad) que las personas de cada época tratan de implementar y aplicar la orientación divina a los problemas de sus tiempos.  De este modo la orientación básica es una naturaleza permanente, mientras que el método de su aplicación puede cambiar de acuerdo a las peculiares necesidades de cada época.  Es así que el Islam siempre permanece fresco y moderno.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Record Completo de Enseñanzas Conservadas<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Y por último, pero no menos importante, está el hecho de que las enseñanzas del Islam han sido preservadas en su forma original.  Como resultado de esto, la orientación de Dios se puede encontrar sin ningún tipo de adulteración.  El Corán es el libro revelado y palabra de Dios, que ha existido por al menos mil cuatrocientos años.  Todavía lo podemos encontrar en su forma original.  Detalles de la vida del Profeta y de sus enseñanzas se pueden encontrar en su inmaculada pureza.  No ha habido ni siquiera un cambio en este histórico record.  Los dichos y la vida entera del Profeta han sido entregados a nosotros con una precisión y una autenticidad sin precedentes en las obras del Hadith y la Sirah (la biografía del Profeta).  Incluso algunos críticos no musulmanes admiten este elocuente hecho.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Algunas de las características únicas del Islam que establecen sus credenciales como la religión del hombre, la religión de hoy y del mañana.  Estos aspectos han sido apreciados por millones de personas en el pasado y en el presente y los han hecho afirmar que el Islam es la religión de la verdad y el camino adecuado para la humanidad.  No cabe duda que estos aspectos continuarán atrayendo a muchas personas en el futuro.  Los hombres con corazones puros y sinceros en busca de la verdad continuarán diciendo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “Afirmo que nadie merece ser adorado excepto por Dios, que Él es el Único, que no comparte su autoridad con nadie, y afirmo que Muhammad es Su Siervo y Su Profeta”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aquí, nos gustaría concluir con las siguientes palabras de George Bernard Shaw:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Siempre he estimado mucho a la religión de Muhammad debido a su maravillosa vitalidad.  Es la única religión, que me parece que posee la capacidad de asimilar las fases cambiantes de la existencia, que apelan a cada edad.  Lo he estudiado, al hombre maravilloso, y según mi opinión lejos de ser un anticristo, debería ser llamado el Salvador de la Humanidad.  Creo que si un hombre como él asumiera el gobierno del mundo moderno, resolvería con éxito sus problemas de un modo en el cual brindaría la paz y felicidad necesaria.  He dicho acerca de la fe de Muhammad que sería aceptable para la Europa del mañana como está comenzando a ser aceptable en la Europa de hoy en día.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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De quelle façon l’islam diffère-t-il des autres religions?<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"
<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (partie 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Simplicité, rationalité, aspect pratique<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

L’islam est une religion qui ne possède aucune mythologie.  Ses enseignements sont simples et intelligibles.  Il est dépourvu de superstitions et de croyances irrationnelles.  L’unicité de Dieu, la mission prophétique de Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) et le concept de la vie après la mort sont les articles de base de sa foi et ils sont fondés sur la raison et la logique pure.  Tous les enseignements de l’islam découlent de ces croyances de base et sont d’une grande simplicité.  En islam, point de clergé hiérarchique ni d’idées abstraites tirées par les cheveux ni rituels compliqués et incompréhensibles.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Coran est accessible à tous, et tous peuvent mettre en pratique ses commandements.  L’islam éveille en l’homme sa faculté de raisonner et l’exhorte à faire bon usage de son intellect.  Il l’enjoint de regarder et considérer les choses telles qu’elles sont réellement.  Le Coran conseille à l’homme de chercher à acquérir le savoir et d’invoquer Dieu afin d’élargir sa conscience :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Et dis : « Seigneur!  Accrois mes connaissances! » (Coran 20:114)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dieu dit également :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Sont-ils égaux, ceux qui savent et ceux qui ne savent pas?  Seuls les doués d’intelligence prêtent attention. » (Coran 39:9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il a été rapporté que le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Celui qui quitte sa maison à la recherche du savoir (marche) sur le sentier de Dieu. » (At-Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Et :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Chercher à acquérir le savoir incombe à chaque musulman. » (Ibn Majah et al-Bayhaqi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

C’est ainsi que l’islam fait sortir l’homme de l’obscurité dans laquelle le plonge la superstition et le fait entrer dans le monde du savoir et de la lumière.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’islam est une religion pragmatique et ne permet pas que l’homme se laisse absorber par des théories vides et futiles.  Il affirme que la foi ne se limite pas à une simple attestation, mais qu’elle est plutôt la source principale de nos vies.  Par ailleurs, la foi en Dieu doit nécessairement être accompagnée d’une conduite vertueuse.  La religion est un mode de vie qui doit être mis en application en tout temps et non faire partie de nos vies que pour la forme.  Le Coran dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Ceux qui croient et font de bonnes œuvres, à eux la béatitude et une heureuse issue. » (Coran 13:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

On rapporte également que le Prophète a dit :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Dieu n’accepte pas la foi si elle ne s’exprime dans les actions; et Il n’accepte pas les actions si elles ne sont conformes à la foi. » (at-Tabarani<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ainsi, la simplicité, la rationalité et l’aspect pratique de l’islam font partie des caractéristiques qui le rendent unique et qui en font une religion véridique.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’unité de la matière et de l’esprit<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Une des caractéristiques uniques à l’islam est qu’il ne divise pas la vie en compartiments hermétiques avec d’un côté la matière et de l’autre, l’esprit.  Il n’encourage pas le renoncement aux choses de la vie; au contraire, il encourage les gens à vivre pleinement, car l’ascétisme n’a pas sa place en son sein.  L’islam ne demande pas aux gens de renoncer aux choses matérielles.  Il soutient que, même à travers une vie mouvementée, l’élévation spirituelle peut être atteinte en gardant une attitude pieuse et non pas en renonçant à ce bas-monde.  Le Coran nous encourage à faire la prière suivante :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Seigneur!  Donne-nous ce qu’il y a de bon en ce monde et ce qu’il y a de bon dans l’au-delà. » (Coran 2:201)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mais l’islam appelle aussi les gens à la modération et les enjoint de ne pas sombrer dans l’extravagance.  Dieu dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Et mangez et buvez en évitant de commettre des excès.  Certes, Dieu n’aime point ceux qui commettent des excès. » (Coran 7:31)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Au sujet de la modération, le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Jeûnez et rompez votre jeûne (au bon moment); restez debout à prier (au milieu de la nuit), puis dormez, car votre corps a un droit sur vous, vos yeux ont un droit sur vous et votre épouse a un droit sur vous; et la personne qui vient vous visiter a un droit sur vous également. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’islam n’admet donc aucune séparation entre le matériel et le moral, le mondain et le spirituel, et il enjoint l’homme à concentrer ses efforts à la reconstruction de sa vie sur une base morale saine.  Il enseigne à l’homme que les pouvoirs moraux et matériels doivent être soudés ensemble.  Le salut spirituel peut parfaitement être atteint, entre autres, par l’utilisation de ressources matérielles et ce, pour le bien de l’homme et avec une intention noble, et pas uniquement en menant une vie d’ascète ou en vivant reclus, loin des défis et des obstacles de la vie quotidienne.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le monde a beaucoup souffert des inégalités créées par nombre de religions et idéologies.  Certaines mettent l’accent sur le côté spirituel de la vie tout en ignorant son côté matériel, car elles considèrent le monde comme une illusion, comme un piège.   Par ailleurs, des idéologies à tendance matérialiste ignorent complètement les aspects spirituel et moral de la vie en les décrivant comme irraisonnables et imaginaires.  Ces deux attitudes ont été désastreuses pour bien des gens, car elles les ont privés de la paix véritable, du contentement profond et de la tranquillité qui ne viennent qu’avec la vérité.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De nos jours encore, on retrouve ce genre de déséquilibre dans maintes religions et idéologies.  Le scientifique français De Broglie a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Un danger guette la civilisation trop matérialiste : c’est le déséquilibre qui résulte du manque de développement spirituel, en parallèle, car c’est lui qui apporte l’équilibre essentiel. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le christianisme s’est fourvoyé en allant vers une extrême, tandis que le monde moderne, à la fois dans sa démocratie laïque capitaliste et dans son socialisme marxiste, s’est fourvoyé en allant vers l’autre extrême.  Selon Lord Snell :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Nous avons bâti une structure extérieure bien proportionnée, mais nous avons ignoré la condition essentielle pour que l’intérieur soit bien ordonné; nous avons soigneusement conçu, décoré et nettoyé l’extérieur de la tasse, mais l’intérieur est souillé par l’extorsion et les excès; nous avons utilisé notre savoir sans cesse grandissant et notre pouvoir de gouverner pour augmenter notre confort, mais nous avons par le fait même appauvri notre esprit. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’islam apporte un équilibre entre ces deux aspects de la vie, c’est-à-dire le matériel et le spirituel.  Dieu a créé beaucoup de choses pour l’homme, en ce monde, mais l’homme a été créé pour remplir un objectif plus élevé qui est d’établir une structure sociale juste et morale, conforme à la volonté de Dieu.  Les enseignements de l’islam couvrent autant les besoins spirituels de l’homme que ses besoins temporels.  L’islam invite l’homme à purifier son âme et à réformer sa vie quotidienne – tant individuelle que sociale – et à établir la suprématie du droit sur le pouvoir et de la vertu sur le vice.  L’islam encourage donc à suivre la voie du milieu et cherche à faire de nous des personnes morales au service d’une société juste.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’islam, un mode de vie complet<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

L’islam n’est pas une religion au sens où on l’entend habituellement, car il ne se limite pas à la vie privée.  L’islam est un mode de vie complet et touche à tous les aspects de la vie, que ce soit au niveau individuel, social, matériel ou moral, économique et politique, légal et culturel, national et international.  Le Coran enjoint à l’homme d’embrasser l’islam sans réserve et de suivre les commandements de Dieu dans toutes les sphères de sa vie.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En fait, ce fut une grave erreur que d’avoir confiné la religion à la vie privée de l’homme, tout en réduisant à néant ses rôles social et culturel, comme ce fut le cas au cours du vingtième siècle.  Le retrait de la religion de la sphère publique et son confinement à la vie privée est sans doute le facteur principal ayant causé le déclin de la religion dans le monde moderne.  Un philosophe moderne a dit : « La religion nous demande de séparer le monde de Dieu de celui de César.  Mais une telle séparation judiciaire entre les deux ne peut que signifier la dégradation à la fois du profane et du sacré...  La religion vaut bien peu si la conscience de ses fidèles n’est pas troublée lorsque la menace de la guerre plane au-dessus de nous tous et que les conflits industriels menacent la paix sociale.  La religion a affaibli la conscience sociale de l’homme et sa sensibilité morale en séparant le monde de Dieu de celui de César. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’islam dénonce cette façon de concevoir la religion et affirme clairement que ses objectifs sont la purification de l’âme, ainsi que la réforme et la reconstruction de la société.  Dans le Coran, Dieu dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Nous avons effectivement envoyé Nos messagers avec des preuves évidentes, et Nous avons révélé, par leur intermédiaire, l’Écriture et la Balance, afin que les gens établissent la justice.  Et Nous avons fait descendre le fer, dans lequel il y a une force redoutable, mais aussi maintes utilités pour les gens, afin que Dieu reconnaisse ceux qui les soutiendront en secret, Lui et Ses messagers.  Dieu est certes Fort et Tout-Puissant. » (Coran 57:25)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dieu dit également :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Le pouvoir n’appartient qu’à Dieu, et Il vous a commandé de n’adorer que Lui.  Telle est la religion véritable, mais la plupart des gens ne le savent pas. » (Coran 12:40)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ainsi, une étude même sommaire des enseignements de l’islam démontre qu’il s’agit en fait d’un mode de vie complet qui s’étend à toutes les sphères de l’existence humaine sans en omettre aucune, de façon à ne laisser aucune porte d’entrée aux forces du mal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(partie 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Un équilibre entre l’individu et la société<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Une autre caractéristique unique à l’islam est qu’il établit un réel équilibre entre l’individualisme et le collectivisme.  L’islam reconnaît la personnalité individuelle de chaque être et considère chacun comme responsable de ses actes devant Dieu.  Le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Chacun de vous est comme le berger qui est responsable de son troupeau. Le dirigeant est responsable de ses sujets et il lui en sera demandé compte; l'homme est responsable de sa famille et il lui en sera demandé compte; la femme est responsable de la demeure de son mari et il lui en sera demandé compte; et le serviteur est responsable des biens de son maître et il lui en sera demandé compte. Chacun de vous est donc responsable et sera appelé à rendre des comptes. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il a également dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« L’homme est responsable des biens de son père et il lui en sera demandé compte.  Vous êtes tous des gardiens de biens ou de gens sous votre tutelle. » (Sahih al-Boukhari, Sahih Mouslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’islam garantit les droits fondamentaux de chaque individu et ne permet à personne de les manipuler, car l’épanouissement de chaque individu est l’un des principaux objectifs de ses enseignements.  L’islam ne souscrit nullement au point de vue selon lequel l’homme devrait perdre son individualité au détriment de la société ou de l’État.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En islam, tous les hommes sont égaux, sans égard à leur couleur, leur langue, leur race ou leur nationalité.  L’islam s’adresse à la conscience de l’humanité et rejette les fausses barrières érigées sur des critères raciaux, de statut social ou de richesse.  On ne peut nier que ces barrières ont toujours existé et continuent d’exister de nos jours encore, à notre époque soi-disant évoluée.  Mais l’islam abolit ces obstacles et propose l’idéal d’une communauté mondiale formant une grande famille de Dieu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’islam est international dans sa façon de voir les choses et dans son approche, et il n’admet aucune barrière ni distinction fondée sur la couleur, le clan, le sang ou le territoire, comme c’était le cas avant le venue de Mohammed.  Malheureusement, ces préjugés persistent sous toutes sortes de formes, même de nos jours.  L’islam cherche à unir la race humaine sous une seule et même bannière.  À un monde déchiré par des rivalités et querelles de toutes sortes, il apporte un message de vie et d’espoir et la promesse d’un avenir prometteur.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’historien A.J. Toynbee a fait d’intéressantes observations en ce sens.  Dans son ouvrage intitulé « Civilization on Trial », il écrit : « Deux sources de danger flagrantes – l’une psychologique et l’autre matérielle – au sein des relations entre ce prolétariat cosmopolite (i.e. le monde occidentalisé) et les éléments dominants de notre société moderne sont la conscience raciale et l’alcool; et dans sa lutte contre chacun de ces maux, l’esprit islamique a un service à rendre qui, s’il était accepté des hommes, se révélerait d’une grande valeur morale et sociale.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La disparition de la conscience raciale entre musulmans est l’un des exploits moraux de l’islam, et le monde contemporain a un besoin criant de se voir inculquer une telle vertu islamique.  Il est probable que l’esprit de l’islam soit le renforcement qui réglera ce problème en faveur de la tolérance et de la paix.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quant au problème de l’alcool, il est à son pire niveau parmi les populations indigènes des régions tropicales qui ont été « développées » par des entreprises occidentales.  Il demeure que même les mesures préventives les mieux pensées imposées par des autorités externes n’arriveront jamais à libérer une communauté d’un vice social tant qu’un profond désir de libération et une volonté de transposer ce désir en action ne s’éveillera pas dans le cœur des gens concernés.  Les administrateurs occidentaux, du moins ceux d’origine anglo-saxonne, sont spirituellement isolés des indigènes par la barrière raciale qu’ils établissent entre eux.  La conversion des indigènes est donc une tâche au-delà de leurs compétences, et c’est là que l’islam peut avoir un rôle à jouer. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dans ces territoires tropicaux récemment et rapidement « développés », la civilisation occidentale a produit un plénum économique et politique et, simultanément, un vide social et spirituel.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En ce moment, nous pouvons remarquer deux influences précieuses que pourrait exercer l’islam sur le prolétariat cosmopolite d’une société occidentale qui a jeté ses filets sur le monde entier, enveloppant toute l’humanité.  Tandis que pour le futur, nous pouvons spéculer sur les contributions possibles de l’islam à une nouvelle manifestation de la religion. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Permanence et changement<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Dans les sociétés et les cultures humaines coexistent certains éléments qui sont permanents et d’autres qui sont sujets au changement.  Divers systèmes culturels et idéologies ont souvent trop penché d’un côté ou de l’autre.  Parfois, l’accent est mis trop lourdement sur les éléments permanents, ce qui rend le système rigide et incapable de flexibilité ni de progrès, tandis qu’un manque de valeurs permanentes et d’éléments qui ne changent pas engendre le relativisme moral, l’inconstance et l’anarchie.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ce qu’il faut, c’est un équilibre entre les deux, un système qui pourrait répondre à la fois aux besoins de permanence et de changement.  Un juge américain, Justice Cardozo, a affirmé, avec raison, que « le plus grand besoin de notre époque, c’est une philosophie qui agisse comme médiatrice entre les demandes contradictoires de stabilité et de progrès et qui apporte un principe de croissance. »  L’islam présente une idéologie qui satisfait aux demandes de stabilité et de changement.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

À bien y réfléchir, la vie elle-même comprend des éléments permanents et des éléments de changement; elle n’est pas rigide et inflexible au point de ne pouvoir admettre aucun changement aussi petit soit-il, pas plus qu’elle n’est flexible au point que ses caractéristiques particulières ne possèdent pas de caractère permanent inhérent.  Nous pouvons le constater en observant les changements physiologiques du corps humain : tous les tissus du corps humain changent un certain nombre de fois au cours d’une vie et ce, même si la personne demeure sensiblement la même.  Les feuilles d’un arbre, ses fleurs et ses fruits changent, mais l’arbre, dans son essence, demeure le même.  C’est une loi de la vie que des éléments permanents et des éléments changeants coexistent de façon harmonieuse.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Seul un mode de vie qui s’adresse à tous ces éléments à la fois peut combler les besoins de la nature humaine et ceux de toutes les sociétés.  Les problèmes de base, au sein des sociétés, demeurent les mêmes partout et depuis toujours; ce sont les moyens utilisés pour les régler qui connaissent des changements avec le temps.  L’islam apporte une nouvelle perspective sur ces problèmes et tente de les régler de façon réaliste.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Coran et la sounnah sont des guides éternels que le Seigneur de l’univers a donnés à l’humanité.  Dieu n’est aucunement limité par l’espace ou le temps, ce qui fait que les principes qu’Il a établis relativement aux comportements des individus et des sociétés se fondent sur la réalité et sont éternels.  Mais Dieu n’a révélé que des principes généraux et a accordé à l’homme la liberté de les appliquer en tout temps et en tout lieu en prenant en considération les caractéristiques sociales propres à chaque époque.  C’est par l’ijtihad (c’est-à-dire l’effort intellectuel permettant d’établir la vérité) que les musulmans de chaque époque tentent d’appliquer les principes révélés par Dieu pour composer avec les problèmes de leur temps.  Les commandements de Dieu sont donc permanents, tandis que la méthode d’application peut changer en fonction des besoins propres à chaque époque.  C’est pourquoi l’islam est toujours aussi d’actualité et moderne, et qu’il demeure applicable en tout temps.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Enseignements soigneusement préservés<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Enfin, il est important de souligner que les enseignements de l’islam ont été préservés intégralement, dans leur forme originale, ce qui fait que la révélation de Dieu est, de nos jours encore, à la portée de tous.  Le Coran est la parole de Dieu et le Livre qu’Il a révélé il y a quatorze siècles.  Malgré le temps écoulé, il a conservé sa forme originale.  Par ailleurs, les récits détaillés sur la vie du Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) et ses enseignements circulent toujours parmi nous sans avoir subi aucune modification.  Les paroles et actions du Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) nous ont été transmises, dans les ouvrages de hadiths et de sirah (i.e. biographie du Prophète), avec une précision et une authenticité sans précédent.  Nombreux sont les critiques non-musulmans qui admettent ce fait.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

C’étaient là quelques-unes des caractéristiques uniques à l’islam qui en font la religion de l’homme, la religion d’aujourd’hui et la religion de demain.  Ce sont ces caractéristiques qui ont attiré, par le passé et de nos jours, des millions de personnes vers l’islam, car elles l’ont reconnu comme la religion de vérité et comme l’unique voie à suivre pour l’humanité.  Il ne fait aucun doute que ces caractéristiques continueront d’attirer de nombreuses personnes dans le futur.  Ceux qui ont un cœur pur et un désir sincère de vérité continueront toujours de dire :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 « J’atteste que nul ne mérite d’être adoré à part Dieu, qu’Il est Unique et ne partage son autorité avec personne, et j’atteste que Mohammed est Son serviteur et Son prophète. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nous aimerions conclure avec ces paroles de George Bernard Shaw:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« J’ai toujours tenu en haute estime la religion de Mohammed à cause de sa merveilleuse vitalité. C’est la seule religion qui me semble posséder cette capacité d’assimilation aux différentes étapes de l’existence.  J’ai étudié cet homme merveilleux qui, à mon avis, est loin d’être un Antéchrist, et qui devrait être appelé le Sauveur de l’humanité.  J’estime que si un homme comme lui devait exercer une hégémonie sur le monde moderne, il réussirait à résoudre ses problèmes de façon à lui apporter le bonheur et la paix.   J’ai prédit que la foi de Mohammed serait acceptée par l’Europe de demain comme elle commence déjà a être acceptée par l’Europe d’aujourd’hui. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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Wie unterscheidet sich der Islam von anderen Religionen?<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 (teil 1 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Einfachheit, Rationalität und Praktizierbarkeit  <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Islam ist eine Religion ohne jegliche Mythologie.  Seine Lehren sind einfach und verständlich.  Er ist frei von Aberglauben und unverständlichen Irrglauben.  Die Einheit Gottes, das Prophetentum Muhammads und das Konzept vom Leben nach dem Tod sind die Grundsätze seines Glaubens.  Sie basieren auf Verstand und einleuchtender Logik.  Alle Lehren des Islam gehen von diesen Glaubensgrundlagen aus und sind einfach und geradeheraus.  Hier gibt es keine Hierarchie von Priestern, keine weithergeholten Abstraktionen, keine komplizierten Riten oder Rituale. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jeder ist in der Lage, sich dem Qur´an direkt zu nähern und seine Gebote direkt in die Praxis umzusetzen.  Der Islam erweckt im Menschen die Fähigkeit, zu ergründen und drängt ihn, seinen Intellekt zu nutzen.  Er leitet ihn dazu an, die Dinge im Licht der Realität zu betrachten.  Der Qur´an rät ihm, Wissen zu Erlangen und Gott zu bitten, sein Bewusstsein zu erweitern.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"Sprich: ´O mein Herr, mehre mein Wissen.\"  (Quran 20: 114)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gott sagt auch: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Sind solche, die wissen, denen gleich, die nicht wissen?  Allein nur diejenigen lassen sich warnen, die verständig sind.” (Quran 39: 9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Es wird ebenfalls berichtet, dass der Prophet, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, gesagt hat, dass: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Derjenige, der sein Haus auf der Suche nach Wissen verlässt, (geht) auf dem Wege Gottes.” (At-Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Und:   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Die Suche nach Wissen ist für jedem Muslim eine Pflicht.” (Ibn Majah und al-Bayhaqi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Auf diese Weise führt der Islam den Menschen aus seiner Welt des Aberglaubens und der Dunkelheit  in die Welt des Wissens und des Lichts. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wieder erweist sich der Islam als eine praktische Religion und erlaubt keine Nachsicht bei leerem und nutzlosem Theoretisieren.  Er sagt, dass Glaube nicht bloßes Beteuern von Glaubensinhalten ist, sondern er ist vielmehr der Hauptquell des Lebens.  Rechtschaffenes Verhalten muss dem Glauben an Gott folgen.  Religion ist etwas, das praktiziert werden muss und nicht Gegenstand eines bloßen Lippenbekenntnisses.  Im Qur´an sagt Gott: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Denen, die da glauben und gute Werke tun, wird Glück und eine treffliche Heimstatt zuteil sein.” (Quran 13: 29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Es wird vom Propheten, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, berichtet, dass er sagte: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Gott nimmt den Glauben nicht an, wenn dieser nicht in den Taten Ausdruck findet, und Er nimmt die Taten nicht an, wenn sie nicht mit dem Glauben übereinstimmen.” (At-Tabarani<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Also sind es seine Einfachheit, Verständlichkeit und Anwendbarkeit, die den Islam als eine einzigartige und wahre Religion kennzeichnen.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Einheit von Materie und Geist  <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Ein einzigartiges Kennzeichen des Islam ist, dass er das Leben nicht in die wasserdichten Bestandteile von Materie und Geist zerteilt.  Er steht nicht für die Ablehnung des Lebens, sondern für die Erfüllung des Lebens.  Der Islam glaubt nicht an die Askese.  Er verlangt nicht von dem Menschen, auf materielle Dinge zu verzichten.  Nach dem Islam erlangt man spirituelle Höhen durch ein frommes Leben in den Höhen und Tiefen des Lebens und nicht, indem man der Welt entsagt.  Im Qur´an rät Gott uns, zu bitten:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Unser Herr!  Gib uns in dieser Welt Gutes und im Jenseits Gutes und verschone uns vor der Strafe des Feuers.” (Quran 2:201)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aber über den Luxus in diesem Leben, empfiehlt der Islam dem Menschen, bescheiden zu sein uns sich von Verschwendung fernzuhalten.  Gott sagt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…und esset und trinkt, doch überschreitet dabei das Maß nicht; wahrlich, Er liebt nicht diejenigen, die nicht maßhalten.” (Quran 7:31)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Über die Bescheidenheit sagte der Prophet:   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Halte das Fasten und brich es (zu der richtigen Zeit) und stehe im Gebet und Ergebenheit (in der Nacht) und schlafe, denn dein Körper hat Rechte an dir, und deine Augen haben Rechte an dir, und deine Frau hat einen Anspruch an dir, und die Person, die dich besucht, hat einen Anspruch an dir.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Also lässt der Islam keinerlei Trennung zwischen \"materiellem\" und \"moralischem\", \"weltlichem\" und \"spirituellem\" Leben zu, und er fordert den Menschen auf, all seine Energie aufzbringen, um ein Leben auf gesunden moralischen Grundsätzen aufzubauen.  Er lehrt ihn, dass moralische und materielle Kräfte zusammenwirken müssen und dass spirituelle Erlösung nur erreicht werden kann, wenn materielle Hilfsmittel, die dem Menschen zur Verfügung stehen, zum Guten genutzt werden, und nicht durch ein Leben in Askese oder wenn man vor den Herausforderungen des Lebens davonrennt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Welt hat unter den Händen der Einseitigkeit vieler anderer Religionen und Ideologien gelitten.  Manche haben die spirituelle Seite des Lebens besonders betont, aber die materiellen und weltlichen Aspekte ignoriert.  Sie haben die Welt wie eine Illusion, eine Täuschung und eine Falle betrachtet.  Andere materialistische Ideologien dagegen haben die spirituelle und moralische Seite des Lebens total außer Acht gelassen und haben sie  als erfunden und eingebildet aufgegeben.Diese beiden Einstellungen haben zu Katastrophen geführt, denn sie raubten der Menschheit den Frieden, die Zufriedenheit und die Ruhe. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Auch heutzutage noch ist das Gleichgewicht in die eine oder andere Richtung verschoben.  Der französische Wissenschaftler Dr. De Brogbi stellt richtig fest: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Die Gefahr, die von einer Zivilsation ausgeht, die zu sehr an materiellen Dingen hängt, ist die Gesellschaft selbst; es ist die Unausgeglichenheit, die daraus resultiert, wenn die parallele Entwicklung des spirituellen Lebens versäumt, das nötige Gleichgewicht herzustellen.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Das Christentum irrte sich in dem einen Extrem, wohingegen sich die modernen Zivilisationen beider Varianten, die der sekulären kapitalistischen Demokratie und die des marxistischen Sozialismus, in dem anderen irrten.  Gemäß Lord Snell:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Wir haben eine wohlproportionierte äußere Struktur, aber wir haben die unentbehrliche Notwendigkeit einer inneren Ordnung vernachlässigt.  Wir haben die Außenseite der Tasse sorgfältig designd, geschmückt und gereinigt, aber innendrin war voller Erpressung und Maßlosigkeit, wir nutzten unser fortgeschrittenes Wissen und unsere Fähigkeiten, um den Körper zu verwalten, aber wir ließen den Geist verarmen.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Islam zielt darauf, ein Gleichgewicht zwischen diesen beiden Aspekten des Lebens - dem materiellen und dem spirituellen - herzustellen.  Er sgt, dass alles in dieser Welt dem Menschen zur Verfügung steht, aber der Mensch wurde geschaffen, um einen höheren Zweck zu erfüllen: um eine sittliche und gerechte Ordnung zu errichten, die den Willen Gottes erfüllt.  Seine Lehren sorgen für das Spirituelle ebenso wie für die vergänglichen Bedürfnisse des Menschen.  Der Islam befiehlt dem Menschen, seine Seele zu reinigen und sein alltägliches Leben neu zu gestalten – sowohl das des Einzelnen als auch das der Gemeinschaft – und eine Überlegenheit des Rechts über Macht und der Tugend gegenüber der Sünde aufzustellen.  Also steht der Islam für den Mittelweg und das Ziel, einen rechtschaffenen Menschen im Dienst einer gerechten Gesellschaft hervorzubringen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam, eine vollständige Lebensweise<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Der Islam ist keine Religion im gewöhnichen und verdrehten Sinn, denn er richtet sein Augenmerk nicht nur auf den privaten Bereich.  Er ist eine vollständige Lebensweise und ist in jedem Bereich der menschlichen Existenz anwesend.  Islam hält für alle Aspekte des Lebens eine Anleitung bereit – individuell und gesellschaftlich, materiell und moralisch, ökonomisch und politisch, gesetzlich und kulturell, national und international.  Der Qur´an fordert den Menschen auf, den Islam ohne Vorbehalte anzunehmen und Gottes Leitung in allen Lebensbereichen zu befolgen.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Es war tatsächlich ein verhängnisvoller Tag, als der Begriff der Religion auf das private Leben des Menschen begrenzt wurde und seine gesellschaftliche und kulturelle Rolle auf Nichts reduziert wurde, wie es in diesem Jahrhundert geschehen ist.  Kein anderer Faktor war wahrscheinlich mehr an der Schwächung der Religion in der modernen Zeit beteiligt, als ihr Rücktritt in die Privatssphäre.  Mit den Worten eines modernen Philosophen: \"Religion bittet uns, die Angelegenheiten Gottes von denen Caesars zu trennen.  Eine derartige kritische Trennung zwischen den beiden bedeutet beide zu erniedrigen: das Weltliche und das Heilige... Jene Rreligion ist wenig wert, wenn das Gewissen ihrer Anhänger nicht beunruhigt ist, wenn über uns allen die Wolken des Krieges aufziehen und industrielle Konflikte den gesellschaftlichen Frieden beeinträchtigen.  Die Religion hat das soziale und moralische Bewusstsein des Menschen geschwächt, indem sie die Angelegenheiten Gottes von denen Caesars getrennt hat.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Islam lehnt diese Vorstellung von Religion vollkommen ab und erklärt deutlich, dass sein Ziel die Läuterung der Seele und die Neuordnung und der Wiederaufbau der Gesellschaft sind.  Wie wir im Qur´an lesen können: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Wahrlich, Wir schickten Unsere Gesandten mit klaren Beweisen und sandten mit ihnen das Buch und die Waagwerte herab, auf dass die Menschen Gerechtigkeit üben mögen.  Und Wir schufen das Eisen, worin (Kraft zu ) gewaltigem Krieg wie auch zu vielerlei Nutzen für die Menschheit ist, damit Gott die bezeichne, die Ihm und Seinem Gesandten, wenngleich ungesehen, beistehen.  Wahrlich, Gott ist Allmächtig, Erhaben.” (Quran 57: 25)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gott sagt ebenfalls:   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Die Entscheidung liegt einzig bei Gott.  Er hat geboten, Ihn allein zu verehren.  Das ist der richtige Glaube, jedoch die meisten Menschen wissen es nicht.” (Quran 12: 40)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sogar eine oberflächliche Studie der Lehren des Islam zeigt, dass er eine allumfassende Lebensweise darstellt und keinen Bereich der menschlichen Existenz den Kräften des Bösen überlässt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

(teil 2 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Gleichgewicht zwischen Individuum und Gesellschaft<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Eine andere einzigartige Eigenschaft des Islam ist, dass er ein Gleichgewicht zwischen dem Einzelnen und der Gesellschaft aufstellt.  Er trägt der individuellen Persönlichkeit des Menschen Rechnung und hält jeden Einzelnen vor Gott für verantwortlich.  Der Prophet, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, sagte:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Jeder von euch ist ein Hirte und verantwortlich für das, was unter seiner Obhut steht.  Der Führer ist der Hirte für seine Untergebenen, und er ist für sie verantwortlich; ein Ehemann ist der Hirte für seine Familie, und er ist für sie verantwortlich; eine Frau ist die Hirtin für das Haus ihres Ehemannes, und sie ist dafür verantwortlich; und ein Diener ist der Hirte für das Eigentum seines Herrn, und er ist dafür verantwortlich.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ich hörte dies vom Gesandten Gottes und ich glaube der Prophet sagte auch: <\/strong>“Ein Mann ist der Hirte über den Besitz seines Vaters, und er ist dafür verantwortlich; also seid ihr alle Hirten und verantwortlich für eure Schützlinge und die Dinge, die unter eurer Obhut stehen.” (Sahieh Al-Bukhari, Sahieh Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Islam garantiert ebenfalls die grundlegenden Rechte des Individuums und gestattet es niemandem sich da einzumischen.  Er macht die richtige Entwicklung der Persönlichkeit des Menschen zu einem Hauptziel der Erziehung.  Er unterstützt nicht die Ansicht, dass der Mensch seine Individualität in der Gesellschaft oder dem Staat aufgeben muss.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Im Islam sind alle Menschen gleich, egal welche Farbe, Sprache, Rasse oder Nationalität sie besitzen.  Er wendet sich an das Bewusstsein der Menschheitund verbannt alle falschen Schranken von Rasse, Stellung und Reichtum.  Man kann die Tatsache nicht leugnen, dass derartige Schranken immer existiert haben und auch heute in dem sogenannten erleuchteten Zeitalter noch immer existieren.  Der Islam räumt all diese Hindernisse beiseite und verkündet das Ideal der gesamten Menschheit als Familie Gottes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Islam ist in seiner Aussicht und seiner Annäherung international und lässt keine Einschränkungen oder Unterscheidungen aufgund der Hautfarbe, der Abstammung, des Blutes oder des Territoriums zu, wie es vor dem Erscheinen Muhammads der Fall war.  Unglücklicherweise bleiben diese Vorurteile sogar in diesem modernen Zeitalter auf unterschiedliche Arten bestehen.  Der Islam möchte die gesamte menschliche Rasse unter einem Banner vereinen.  Einer Welt zerrissen durch nationale Rivalitäten und Streitereien, präsentiert der Islam seine Botschaft des Lebens und der Hoffnung und von einer glorreichen Zukunft.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Historiker A.J. Toynbee hat hierzu einige interessante Beobachtungen gemacht.  In \"Civilization on Trial\" (Zivilisation auf der Probe) schreibt er: \"Zwei gut erkennbare Quellen der Gefahr – eine psychologische und eine materielle – in den gegenwärtigen Beziehungen dieses weltbürgerlichen Proletariats, d.h. (der verwestlichten Menschheit) mit dem dominanten Element in unserer modernen westlichen Gesellschaft sind das Rassenbewusstsein und der Alkohol; und im Kampf gegen jedes dieser Übel hat der islamische Geist einen Dienst zu erweisen, der beweisen könnte, wenn er angenommen würde, von hohem moralischen und gesellschaftlichem Wert zu sein.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Auslöschung des Rassenbewusstseins unter Muslimen ist eine der hervorstechendsten moralischen Errungenschaften des Islam, und in unserer zeitgenössischen Welt herrscht ein schreiender Bedarf an der Verkündung dieses islamischen Werts...  Es ist vorstellbar, dass der Geist des Islam die angebrachte Verstärkung sein könnte, die diese Angelegenheit zugunsten der Toleranz und des Friedens entscheidet.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Was das Übel des Alkohols angeht, es betrifft am schlimmsten die primitiven Bevölkerungen in tropischen Regionen, die sich den westlichen Unternehmen geöffnet haben.  Tatsache ist, dass sogar die besten staatsmännischen präventiven Maßnahmen, die von einer externen Autorität auferlegt worden sind, sich als untauglich erwiesen haben, eine Gesellschaft von einer sozialen Untugend zu befreien, solange nicht das Verlangen nach einer Befreiung besteht und ein Wille, dieses Verlangen in eine freiwillige Aktion umzusetzen, seinerseits in den Herzen der betroffenen Menschen erweckt wird.  Jetzt sind westliche Verwalter, auf alle Fälle jene ´angelsächsischen´ Ursprungs, spirituel von ihren ´angeborenen´ Schützlingen durch ihre physikalische ´Farbbarriere´ isoliert, die ihr Rassenbewusstsein anregen; die Umkehrung der Seelen ist eine Aufgabe, die ihre Fähigkeiten überschreitet; und an diesem Punkt könnte der Islam eine wichtige Rolle spielen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In diesen erst vor kurzem und schnell erschlossenen tropischen Territorien hat die westliche Zivilisation einen ökonomischen und politischen Raum produziert und im selben Atemzug eine soziale und spirituelle Leere.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Hier also, angesichts der Zukunft, können wir zwei wertvolle Einflüsse bemerken, die der Islam auf  das weltbürgerliche Proletariat einer westlichen Gesellschaft ausüben kann, die ihr Netz um die Welt gespannt und die gesamte Menschheit vereinnahmt hat, während wir über die ferne Zukunft über die möglichen Mitwirkungen des Islam an neuen Kundgebungen der Religion nur spekulieren dürfen.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Beständigkeit und Veränderung<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Die Elemente der Beständigkeit und der Veränderung existieren in der menschlichen Gesellschaft und Kultur nebeneinander und werden es bestimmt bleiben.  Verschiedene Ideologien und kulturelle Systeme irrten gewaltig, indem sie sich zu sehr auf die eine oder die andere Seite der Waage lehnten.  Zu starke Betonung der Beständigkeit macht das System starr und beraubt es seiner Flexibilität und seines Fortschritts, wohingegen ein Mangel an beständigen Werten und unveränderlichen Elementen moralischen Relativismus, Gestaltlosigkeit und Anarchie erzeugt.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Was gebraucht wird, ist ein Gleichgewicht zwischen den beiden – ein System, das gleichzeitig das Verlangen nach Beständigkeit und das nach Veränderlichkeit erfüllt.  Ein amerikanischer Richter, Mr. Justice Cardozo, stellte richtig fest, dass \"der größte Bedarf unserer Zeit an einer Philosophie besteht, die zwischen den widerstreitenden Forderungen nach Stabilität und Fortschritt ausgleicht und ein Prinzip des Wachstums bereithält.”  Der Islam präsentiert eine Ideologie, welche die Forderungen nach Stabilität ebenso wie die nach Fortschritt erfüllt.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Tieferes Nachdenken enthüllt, dass Leben an sich die Elemente der Beständigkeit und der Veränderung enthält – es ist weder so starr und unflexibel, dass es auch im Detail keinerlei Veränderung zulässt, noch ist es so flexibel und fließend, dass sogar seine charakteristischen Züge keine eigenen beständigen Kennzeichen hätten.  Dies wird deutlich, wenn man den Vorgang der physiologischen Veränderungen im menschlichen Körper beobachtet, denn jedes Gewebe des Körpers verändert sich vielfach im Lebensverlauf des Menschen, obgleich die Person immer dieselbe bleibt.  Die Blätter, die Blüten und die Früchte eines Baumes verändern sich, aber sein Charakter bleibt unverändert.  Es ist ein Gesetz des Lebens, dass die Elemente der Beständigkeit und der Veränderung in einem harmonischen Gleichgewicht nebeneinander existieren müssen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Einzig ein derartiges System des Lebens, dass diese beiden Elemente bereithalten kann, ist in der Lage, alle Sehnsüchte der menschlichen Natur zu erfüllen und alle Bedürfnisse der menschlichen Gesellschaft.  Die Grundprobleme des Lebens bleiben zu allen Zeiten und Klimazonen dieselben, aber die Mittel und Wege sie zu lösen und die Arten mit den Erscheinungen umzugehen, unterliegen im Laufe der Zeit Veränderngen.  Der Islam bringt eine neue Perspektive dieses Problems in den Mittelpunkt und versucht, es auf realistische Art und Weise zu lösen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Qur´an und Sunnah enthalten immerwährende Leitung durch den Herrn der Welten.  Diese Leitung stammt von Gott, der nicht den Grenzen von Zeit und Raum unterworfen ist und daher basieren die Prinzipien des individuellen und des sozialen Verhaltens, die Er offenbart hat, auf der Realität, und sie sind ewig.  Aber Gott hat nur breite Prinzipien offenbart und hat dem Menschen die Freiheit gewährt, sie in jedem Zeitalter auf die passende Art und Weise dem Geist und den Bedingungen der Zeit entsprechend anzuwenden.  Durch diesen Ijtihad (intellektuelle Anstrengung, um die Wahrheit zu erreichen) versuchen die Menschen eines jeden Zeitalters, die göttliche Leitung zu erfüllen und auf die Probleme ihrer Zeit anzuwenden.  Also ist die grundsätzliche Rechtleitung beständiger Natur, während sich die Methode ihrer Anwendung im Einklang mit den Erfordernissen der Zeit verändern kann.  Aus diesem Grund bleibt der Islam immer frisch und modern wie der Morgen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Vollständige Überlieferung der bewahrten Lehren<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Schließlich ist da noch die Tasache, dass die Lehren des Islam in ihrer ursprünglichen Form erhalten geblieben sind.  Das Ergebnis davon ist, dass Gottes Rechtleitung ohne jegliche Abänderung verfügbar ist.  Der Qur´an ist das offenbarte Buch und Wort Gottes, das seit vierzehn hundert Jahren existiert.  Und es ist noch immer in seiner Originalfassung verfügbar.  Detaillierte Berichte von dem Leben des Propheten und von seinen Lehren sind in ihrer unberührten Reinheit verfügbar.  In diesem einzigartigen historischen Bericht gab es keine einzige Abänderung.  Die Aussagen und die gesamte Überlieferung vom Leben des Propheten wurden mit nie gekannter Präzision und Glaubwürdigkeit in den Werken des Hadith und der Sirah (Biographie des Propheten) berichtet.  Selbst eine beträchtliche Zahl nicht-muslimischer Kritiker haben diese Tatsache zugegeben.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dies sind einige der einzigartigen Charakteristika des Islam, die ihn als Religion für den Menschen von heute und von morgen auszeichnen.  Diese Aspekte haben in der Vergangenheit und in der Gegenwart viele Menschen angezogen und haben sie bezeugen lassen, dass der Islam die Religion der Wahrheit ist und der Richtige Weg für die Menschheit.  Es besteht kein Zweifel daran, dass diese Aspekte auch zukünftig sogar noch mehr Menschen anziehen werden.  Menschen mit reinen Herzen und ersthaftem Bemühen um die Wahrheit werden immer wieder sagen:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “Ich bezeuge, dass niemand der Anbetung würdig ist, außer Gott, dass Er der Eine ist, Der Seine Herrschaft mit niemandem teilt, und ich bezeuge, dass Muhammad Sein Diener und Prophet ist.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Hier wollen wir mir den Worten George Bernard Shaw's abschließen, der gesagt hat:   .<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ich habe die Religion Muhammads immer wegen ihrer wunderbaren Vitalität hoch geschätzt.  Es ist die einzige Religion, die mir diese Fähigkeit zu haben scheint, sich den sich verändernden Phasen der Existenz anzupassen, die es ihr erlaubt, in jedem Zeitalter anwendbar zu sein.  Ich habe ihn studiert – diesen wunderbaren Mann – und meiner Mainung nach ist er weit davon entfernt, ein Antichrist zu sein, er muss der Erlöser der Menschheit genannt werden.  Ich glaube, wenn ein Mann wie er die Diktatur der modernen Welt übernehmen würde, könnte er ihre Probleme auf eine Art und Weise lösen, die den so sehr nötigen Frieden und Glücklichkeit bringen würde.  Ich habe dem Glauben Muhammads vorausgesagt, dass er für das Europa von morgen ebenso annehmbar sein wird, wie er es schon jetzt für das Europa von heute zu sein beginnt.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":14414,"lft":924,"rght":925,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-05T03:24:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T07:01:37.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":7,"author_id":2142,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":574,"author_name":"Khurshid Ahmad","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-05","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.docx"},{"id":578,"title":"\u0427\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0439?","slug":"sdh-----","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:sdh-----","hint":"","body":"

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\"\"<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

(\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1 \u0438\u0437 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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«…\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438: «\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0438! \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 20:114)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0410 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041d\u0435\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0438 \u0442\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442? \u0412\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043c…» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 39:9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430)  \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041a\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430»(\u0410\u0442-\u0422\u0438\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438).<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 – \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430» (\u0418\u0431\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430, \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0411\u0430\u0439\u0445\u0430\u043a\u044b).<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a, \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0420\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0422\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 13:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0410 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439» (\u0410\u0442-\u0422\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438).<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043c\u043e\u0439: \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043e\u043d \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0441\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e.  \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435, – \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, – \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u041d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448! \u041e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438…» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 2:201).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«…\u0415\u0448\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435, \u0438\u0431\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 7:31).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c (\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f), \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043d; \u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e, \u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e; \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e, \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e»<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c – \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439;  \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.  \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b  \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0441\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b. \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 – \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 – \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0437\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0414\u0435 \u0411\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0431\u0438:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0447\u0443\u0440 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435  \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438  (\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f  \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f  \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c)  – \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443\u044e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0441 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430; \u043c\u044b \u0442\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0447\u0430\u0448\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432; \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 – \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 – \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c – \u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438: \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f  \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e, \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e  \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044f\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0443 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c ­– \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f: \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e, \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e…  \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e, \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a-\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0439, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0430: «\u0420\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443: \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041c\u044b \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u041d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u044f\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u0441\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041c\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0415\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0447\u0438\u044e. \u0412\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 – \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u041c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 57:25)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0410 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«…\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u041d\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 12:40).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0433\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439  \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0437\u043b\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2 \u0438\u0437 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u0420\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0435\u043c\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c – \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0445;  \u043c\u0443\u0436 – \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438, \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0435; \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430 – \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e; \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0430 – \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e».<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0410 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 – \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435» (\u0421\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0445 \u0410\u043b\u044c-\u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438, \u041c\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043c).<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041e\u043d \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 – \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c. \u0412 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439, \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b, \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0422\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0431\u0438, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 «\u0426\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438» \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: «\u0412 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 - \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 - \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044e. \u0418 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043b \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0438\u0437\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430;<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 «\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438» \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c – \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b,  \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043b\u0430; \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 «\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c», \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 – \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c, \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u043e \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0410\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043a \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u044f \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0437\u043e: «\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f – \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 – \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0445, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442. \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435: \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043a\u0430\u043d\u044c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435, \u043a\u0435\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b. \u041b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432, \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0431\u044c\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435 (\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c, \u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u0410 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0418\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043b \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f,  \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0434\u0436\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0434 (\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u044b) \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438  \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f  \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0418 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430  (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430). \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043b \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434, \u0430 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 – \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0412\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430 (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u0434\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0440\u0435 (\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438). \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c – \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0442 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c. \u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0441 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0421\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430,  \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0415\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0430, \u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 – \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a».<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0428\u043e\u0443:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u042f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f, \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434, \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e [\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f] \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u042f \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c - \u043f\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u043e\u043d \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a - \u0443\u0436 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 – \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.  \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0430\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435, \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0431\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u0435: \u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0439, \u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":11264,"lft":926,"rght":927,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-05T03:24:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T07:23:15.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":7,"author_id":2142,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":574,"author_name":"Khurshid Ahmad","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-05","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.docx"},{"id":579,"title":"Como o Isl\u00e3 Difere de outras Cren\u00e7as?","slug":"como-o-isl-difere-de-outras-crenas","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:como-o-isl-difere-de-outras-crenas","hint":"","body":"

Como o Islã Difere de outras Crenças?<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Simplicidade, Racionalidade e Praticalidade<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

O Islã é uma religião sem qualquer mitologia.  Seus ensinamentos são simples e inteligíveis.  É livre de superstições e crenças irracionais.  A unicidade de Deus, a missão profética de Muhammad, e o conceito de vida após a morte são artigos básicos de sua fé.  São baseados na razão e lógica sólida.  Todos os ensinamentos do Islã fluem dessas crenças básicas e são simples e diretos.  Não existe hierarquia de sacerdotes, nem abstrações forçadas, nem ritos ou rituais complicados.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Todos podem abordar o Alcorão diretamente e aplicar seus ensinamentos na prática.  O Islã desperta no homem a faculdade da razão e o exorta a usar seu intelecto.  O encoraja a ver as coisas à luz da realidade.  O Alcorão o aconselha a buscar conhecimento e invocar a Deus para expandir sua consciência:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Dize: ‘Ó meu Senhor!  Aumente meu conhecimento.’” (Alcorão 20:114)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Deus também diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Poderão, acaso, equiparar-se os sábios com os insipientes?  Mas apenas homens de entendimento prestarão atenção.” (Alcorão 39:9)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

É relatado que o Profeta, que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele, disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Aquele que deixa sua casa em busca de conhecimento anda no caminho de Deus.” (At-Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

E que<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Buscar conhecimento é obrigatório para cada muçulmano ou muçulmana.” (Ibn Majah e al-Bayhaqi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

É assim que o Islã tira o homem do mundo de superstição e escuridão e o inicia no mundo do conhecimento e luz.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Islã é uma religião prática e não permite indulgência em teorização vazia e fútil.  Diz que a fé não uma mera profissão de crenças, mas o motivo principal da vida.  A conduta virtuosa deve vir acompanhada da crença em Deus.  A religião é algo a ser praticado e não algo da boca para fora.  O Alcorão diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Os crentes que praticam o bem terão a bem-aventurança e um feliz retorno.” (Alcorão 13:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Também é relatado que o Profeta disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Deus não aceita crença se não é expressa em ações, e não aceita ações se não estão em conformidade com a crença.” (At-Tabarani<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sendo assim, a simplicidade, racionalidade e praticalidade são o que caracterizam o Islã como uma religião verdadeira e única.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Unidade de Matéria e Espírito<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Uma característica única do Islã é que ele não divide a vida em compartimentos de matéria e espírito.  Não se posiciona pela negação da vida mas pelo seu preenchimento.  O Islã não acredita no ascetismo.  Não pede ao homem para evitar as coisas materiais.  Mantém que a elevação espiritual deve ser alcançada por uma vida virtuosa nas dificuldades da vida, não pela renúncia ao mundo.  O Alcorão nos aconselha a orar como se segue:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ó Senhor nosso! Concede-nos a graça deste mundo e do futuro, e preserva-nos do tormento infernal!” (Alcorão 2:201)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mas ao fazer uso dos luxos da vida, o Islã aconselha ao homem a ser moderado e se afastar da extravagância. Deus diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“...comei e bebei; porém, não vos excedais, porque Ele não aprecia os perdulários.” (Alcorão 7:31)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sobre esse aspecto de moderação, o Profeta disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Observe o jejum e o quebre (no momento certo) e ore e faça devoção (à noite) mas durma, porque seu corpo tem direitos sobre você e seus olhos têm direitos sobre você e sua esposa tem direito sobre você, e a pessoa que o visita tem direito sobre você.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Consequentemente, o Islã não admite qualquer separação entre “material” e “moral”, vida “mundana” e “espiritual”, e encoraja o homem a devotar todas as suas energias à reconstrução da vida com fundações morais saudáveis.  O ensina que poderes materiais e morais devem estar juntos e que a salvação espiritual pode ser alcançada usando recursos materiais para o bem do homem no serviço de fins justos e não vivendo uma vida de ascetismo ou fugindo dos desafios da vida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O mundo sofreu nas mãos dos unilaterais de muitas outras religiões e ideologias.  Alguns enfatizaram o lado espiritual da vida mas ignoraram seus aspectos material e mundano.  Olharam para o mundo como uma ilusão, uma fraude e uma armadilha.  Por outro lado, ideologias materialistas ignoraram totalmente o lado espiritual e moral da vida e o descartaram como se fosse fictício e imaginário.  Ambas as atitudes resultaram em desastre, porque destituíram a humanidade de paz, contentamento e tranquilidade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mesmo hoje o desequilíbrio se manifesta em uma direção ou outra.  O cientista francês, Dr. De Brogbi, diz de forma correta:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O perigo inerente em uma civilização material tão intensa é para a própria civilização; é o desequilíbrio que resultaria se um desenvolvimento paralelo da vida espiritual fracassasse em fornecer o equilíbrio necessário.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Cristianismo errou em um extremo, enquanto que a civilização ocidental moderna, em suas variantes de democracia capitalista secular e socialismo marxista, errou em outro. De acordo com Lorde Snell:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Construímos uma estrutura externa de proporções nobres, mas negligenciamos o requisito essencial de uma ordem interior; planejamos cuidadosamente, decoramos e limpamos o lado de fora da xícara, mas o interior está cheio de extorsão e excesso; usamos nosso conhecimento e poder aumentados para administrar os confortos do corpo, mas deixamos o espírito empobrecido.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Islã busca estabelecer o equilíbrio entre esses dois aspectos da vida – o material e o espiritual.  Diz que tudo no mundo é para o homem, mas o homem foi criado para servir a um propósito maior: o estabelecimento de uma ordem moral e justa que atenderá a vontade de Deus.  Seus ensinamentos atendem as necessidades espirituais e temporais do homem.   O Islã encoraja o homem a purificar sua alma e reformar sua vida diária – tanto individual quanto coletivamente – e a estabelecer a supremacia do certo sobre o poder e da virtude sobre o vício.  Sendo assim o Islã opta pelo caminho do meio e o objetivo de produzir um homem moral no serviço de uma sociedade justa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islã, um Estilo de Vida Completo<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

O Islã não é uma religião no sentido comum e distorcido, porque não restringe seu escopo à vida privada.  É um estilo de vida completo e está presente em todos os campos da existência humana.  O Islã provê orientação para todos os aspectos da vida – individual e social, material e moral, econômico e político, legal e cultural, e nacional e internacional.  O Alcorão encoraja o homem a abraçar o Islã sem qualquer reserva e a seguir a orientação de Deus em todas as áreas da vida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De fato, foi um dia infeliz quando o escopo da religião ficou confinado à vida privada do homem e seu papel social e cultural foi reduzido a nada, como aconteceu nesse século.  Talvez nenhum outro fator tenha sido mais importante na causa do declínio da religião nos tempos modernos do que seu afastamento para o campo da vida privada.  Nas palavras de um filósofo moderno: “A religião nos pede para separar as coisas de Deus das de César.  Tal separação judicial significa a degradação tanto do secular quanto do sagrado...  A religião não tem valor quando a consciência de seus seguidores não é perturbada quando a guerra paira sobre todos nós e conflitos industriais ameaçam a paz social.  A religião enfraqueceu a consciência moral e a sensibilidade moral do homem ao separar as coisas de Deus das de César.\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Islã denuncia totalmente esse conceito de religião e afirma de forma clara que seus objetivos são a purificação da alma e a reforma e reconstrução da sociedade.   Como lemos no Alcorão:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Enviamos os Nossos mensageiros com as evidências: e enviamos, com eles, o Livro e a balança, para que os humanos observem a justiça; e criamos o ferro, que encerra grande poder (para a guerra), além de outros benefícios para os humanos, para que Deus Se certifique de quem O secunda intimamente, a Ele e aos Seus mensageiros. Sabei que Deus é Poderoso, Fortíssimo.” (Alcorão 57: 25)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Deus também diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O juízo somente pertence a Deus, que vos ordenou não adorásseis senão a Ele.  Tal é a verdadeira religião; porém, a maioria dos humanos o ignora.” (Alcorão 12: 40)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Portanto, mesmo um estudo superficial dos ensinamentos do Islã mostra que é um estilo de vida abrangente que não permite que nenhum ramo da existência humana se torne um playground para as forças do mal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Equilibro entre o Indivíduo e a Sociedade<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Outra característica única do Islã é que estabelece um equilíbrio entre o individualismo e o coletivismo.  Acredita na personalidade individual do homem e torna todos pessoalmente responsáveis perante Deus.  O Profeta, que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele, disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Todos vocês são um guardião e responsáveis pelo que está em sua custódia.  O governante é um guardião de seus súditos e responsável por eles; um marido é um guardião de sua família e responsável por ela; uma mulher é uma guardiã da casa de seu marido e é responsável por ela, e um servo é um guardião da propriedade de seu amo e é responsável por ela.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ouvi do Apóstolo de Deus e acho que o Profeta também disse: “Um homem é um guardiã da propriedade de seu pai e é responsável por ela. Então todos vocês são guardiães e responsáveis por suas custódias e coisas sob seu cuidado.” (Saheeh Al-Bukhari, Saheeh Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Islã também garante os direitos fundamentais do indivíduo e não permite que ninguém os fraude.  Faz o desenvolvimento adequado da personalidade do homem um dos objetivos principais de sua política educacional.  Não concorda com a opinião de que o homem deve perder sua individualidade na sociedade ou no estado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No Islã todos os homens são iguais, independentemente de sua cor, língua, raça ou nacionalidade.  Dirige-se à consciência da humanidade e bane todas as falsas barreiras de raça, condição e riqueza.  Não se pode negar o fato de que essas barreiras sempre existiram e continuam a existir hoje na suposta época iluminada.  O Islã remove todos esses impedimentos e proclama o ideal de toda a humanidade em ser uma família de Deus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Islã é internacional em perspectiva e abordagem e não admite barreiras e distinções baseadas em cor, sangue ou território, como era o caso antes do advento de Muhammad.  Infelizmente esses preconceitos continuam rampantes em diferentes formas mesmo nessa época moderna.  O Islã quer unir a raça humana inteira sob uma bandeira.  Para um mundo dividido por rivalidades e feudos nacionais, apresenta uma mensagem de vida e esperança e um futuro glorioso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O historiador A. J. Toynbee tem algumas observações interessantes a fazer a esse respeito.  Em Civilização em Julgamento, ele escreve: “Duas fontes conspícuas de perigo - uma psicológica e outra material - nas relações atuais desse proletariado cosmopolita, ou seja, [humanidade ocidentalizada] com o elemento dominante em nossa sociedade ocidental moderna são consciência racial e álcool; e na batalha com cada um desses males o espírito islâmico tem um serviço a prestar que pode se provar, se aceito, ser de alto valor moral e social.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A extinção da consciência de raça entre os muçulmanos é um dos feitos morais de destaque do Islã, e no mundo contemporâneo existe uma clamorosa necessidade da propagação dessa virtude islâmica... É concebível que o espírito do Islã possa ser o reforço oportuno que decidiria essa questão em favor da tolerância e paz.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quanto ao mal do álcool, está no seu pior nível entre populações primitivas nas regiões tropicas que foram ‘abertas’ pelo empreendimento ocidental.  Permanece o fato de que mesmo as medidas preventivas mais políticas impostas por autoridades externas são incapazes de libertar uma comunidade de um vício social, a menos que um desejo de libertação e uma vontade de transformar esse desejo em ação voluntária sejam despertados nos corações das pessoas envolvidas.  Administradores ocidentais, principalmente aqueles de origem ‘anglo-saxônica’, estão espiritualmente isolados de seus tutelados ‘nativos’ pela ‘barreira física da cor’ que sua consciência racial estabelece; a conversão das almas dos nativos é uma tarefa para a qual suas competências dificilmente se estenderão; e é nesse ponto que o Islã pode ter um papel a desempenhar.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nesses territórios ‘abertos’ de forma recente e rápida, a civilização ocidental produziu um preenchimento econômico e político e, ao mesmo tempo, um vazio social e espiritual.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aqui, então, no primeiro plano do futuro, podemos destacar duas influências valiosas que o Islã pode exercer sobre o proletariado cosmopolita de uma sociedade ocidental que jogou sua rede em todo o mundo e abraçou toda a humanidade; enquanto que em um futuro mais distante podemos especular sobre as possíveis contribuições do Islã para alguma nova manifestação de religião.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Permanência e Mudança<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Os elementos de permanência e mudança coexistem na sociedade e cultura humanas e estão destinados a continuarem assim.  Ideologias e sistemas culturais diferentes erraram ao tenderem pesadamente para um ou outro lado da equação.  Muita ênfase na permanência faz com que o sistema seja rígido e rouba dele flexibilidade e progresso, enquanto que a falta de valores permanentes e elementos imutáveis geram relativismo moral, deformidade e anarquia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O que é necessário é um equilíbrio entre os dois – um sistema que pode atender simultaneamente as demandas de permanência e mudança.  Um juiz americano, sr. Justice Cardozo, corretamente diz que “a maior necessidade de nosso tempo é uma filosofia que mediará entre reivindicações conflitantes de estabilidade e progresso e suprir um princípio de crescimento.” O Islã apresenta uma ideologia que satisfaz as demandas de estabilidade e de mudança.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Uma reflexão mais profunda revela que a vida tem em si elementos de permanência e mudança – nem é tão rígida e inflexível que não possa admitir qualquer mudança até em questões de detalhes, nem é tão flexível e fluida que seus traços distintos não tenham características próprias.  Isso fica claro na observação do processo de mudança fisiológica no corpo humano, uma vez que cada tecido do corpo muda várias vezes ao longo da vida enquanto a pessoa permanece a mesma.  As folhas de uma árvore, flores e frutos mudam mas sua característica permanece imutável.  É uma lei da vida que elementos de permanência e mudança devam coexistir em uma equação harmoniosa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Apenas um sistema de vida capaz prover para ambos esses elementos pode atender todas as ânsias da natureza humana e todas as necessidades da sociedade humana.  Os problemas básicos da vida permanecem os mesmos em todas as épocas e climas, mas as formas e meios de resolvê-los e as técnicas para lidar com o fenômeno passam por mudanças com a passagem do tempo.  O Islã coloca em foco uma nova perspectiva sobre esse problema e tenta resolvê-lo de forma realista.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Alcorão e a Sunnah contêm a orientação eterna dada pelo Senhor do universo.  Essa orientação vem de Deus, que é livre de limitações de tempo e espaço e, como tal, os princípios de comportamento individual e social revelados por Ele são baseados na realidade e são eternos.  Mas Deus revelou apenas princípios gerais e capacitou o homem com a liberdade de aplicá-los em cada época da forma adequada ao espírito e condições daquela época.  É através do ijtihad (esforço intelectual para chegar à verdade) que as pessoas de todas as épocas tentam implementar e aplicar a orientação divina aos problemas de seus tempos.  Assim, a orientação básica é de natureza permanente, enquanto que o método de sua aplicação pode mudar de acordo com necessidades peculiares de cada época.  Por isso o Islã permanece sempre novo e moderno como a manhã.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Registro Completo dos Ensinamentos Preservado<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Por fim, mas não menos importante, existe o fato de que os ensinamentos do Islã foram preservados em sua forma original.  Como resultado, a orientação de Deus está disponível sem adulteração de qualquer tipo.  O Alcorão é o livro revelado e palavra de Deus, que existe pelos últimos mil e quatrocentos anos.  Continua disponível em sua forma original.  Relatos detalhados da vida do Profeta e de seus ensinamentos estão disponíveis em sua pureza primitiva.  Não houve nenhuma mudança nesse registro histórico único.  Os ditos e o registro inteiro da vida do Profeta foi trazido até nós com uma precisão e autenticidade sem precedentes nas obras de Hadith e na Sira (a biografia do Profeta).  Até críticos não-muçulmanos admitem esse fato eloquente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Existem algumas características únicas do Islã que estabelecem suas credenciais como religião do homem, a religião de hoje e a religião de amanhã.  Esses aspectos apelaram para milhões de pessoas no passado e no presente e as fez afirmar que o Islã é a religião da verdade e o caminho certo para a humanidade.  Não há dúvida de que esses aspectos continuarão a apelar para ainda mais pessoas no futuro.  Homens de coração puro e que buscam sinceramente pela verdade continuarão sempre a dizer:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “Afirmo que não existe ninguém merecedor de adoração exceto Deus, que é Único, sem compartilhar Sua autoridade, e afirmo que Muhammad é Seu Servo e Profeta.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gostaríamos de concluir com as seguintes palavras atribuídas a George Bernard Shaw:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sempre tive a religião de Muhammad em alta estima por causa de sua maravilhosa vitalidade.  É a única religião que me parece possuir aquela capacidade assimiladora para as fases em mutação da existência, fazendo-a apelar para todas as épocas.  Eu o estudei – o homem maravilhoso – e em minha opinião longe de ser um anticristo, ele deve ser chamado de Salvador da Humanidade.  Acredito que se um homem como ele assumisse a ditadura do mundo moderno, teria sucesso na solução de seus problemas de uma forma que traria a paz e a felicidade muito necessárias.  Profetizei sobre a fé de Muhammad de que seria aceitável para a Europa de amanhã como está começando a ser aceita para a Europa de hoje.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":13106,"lft":928,"rght":929,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-05T03:24:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T09:10:18.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":7,"author_id":2142,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":574,"author_name":"Khurshid Ahmad","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-05","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pt-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.docx"},{"id":580,"title":"\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u533a\u522b","slug":"dfshh","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:dfshh","hint":"","body":"

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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“<\/strong>\u4f60<\/strong>\u8bf4\uff1a<\/strong>‘<\/strong>\u6709\u77e5<\/strong>\u8bc6\u7684\u4e0e\u65e0\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u76f8\u7b49\u5417\uff1f\u60df\u6709\u7406\u667a\u7684\u4eba\u80fd\u89c9\u609f\u3002<\/strong>’”<\/strong> <\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>39<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>9<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“<\/strong>\u51e1\u662f\u79bb\u5bb6\u8ffd\u6c42\u77e5<\/strong>\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e86\u771f\u4e3b\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>(<\/strong>\u300a<\/strong>\u94c1\u5c14\u7c73\u6d4e\u5723\u8bad\u96c6\u300b<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“<\/strong>\u4fe1\u9053\u800c\u4e14\u884c\u5584\u8005\uff0c\u5f97\u4eab\u5e78\u798f\u548c<\/strong>\u4f18\u7f8e\u7684\u5f52\u5bbf\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong> <\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>13<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>29<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“<\/strong>\u771f\u4e3b\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u6ca1\u6709<\/strong>\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u6ca1\u6709\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u5854\u5df4\u62c9\u5c3c\u5723<\/strong>\u8bad\u96c6\u300b<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u4f0a\u65af\u5170——\u7269\u8d28\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u7edf\u4e00<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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“<\/strong>\u6211<\/strong>\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u554a\u3000\u6c42\u4f60\u5728\u4eca\u4e16\u8d4f\u8d50\u6211\u4eec\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\uff08\u751f\u6d3b\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u540e\u4e16\u4e5f\u8d4f\u8d50\u6211\u4eec\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\uff08\u751f\u6d3b\uff09\uff0c\u6c42\u4f60\u4fdd\u62a4\u6211\u4eec\u514d\u53d7\u706b\u72f1\u7684\u5211\u7f5a\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>2<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>201<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“<\/strong>\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u5403\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u559d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8981\u8fc7\u5206\uff0c\u771f\u4e3b\u786e\u662f\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u8fc7\u5206\u8005\u7684\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong> <\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>7<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>31<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u5728\u7269\u8d28\u4eab\u53d7\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u4eab\u53d7\uff08\u5982\u529f\u4fee\uff09\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u8fd8\u662f\u9002\u4e2d\u3002\u7a46\u5723\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u8981\u5c01<\/strong>\u658b\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u5f00\u658b\uff0c\u8981\u793c\u62dc\uff08\u5728\u665a\u95f4\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u7761\u89c9\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u6709\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u773c\u775b\u6709\u773c\u775b\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u4e5f\u6709\u5979\u5e94\u4eab\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u7269\u8d28\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4e0d\u53ef\u8c03\u548c\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u4eec\u5c3d\u5176\u6240\u80fd\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u79ef\u6781\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u4eec\u628a\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u878d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5584\u826f\u7684\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6761\u4ef6\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u540e\u4e16\u5f97\u6551\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u52ff\u9700\u8fdc\u79bb\u8212\u9002\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4e5f\u7528\u4e0d\u7740\u91c7\u7528\u7981\u6b32\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u6df1\u53d7\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u5f3a\u8c03\u7cbe\u795e\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u89c6\u7269\u8d28\u4eab\u53d7\u4e0e\u51e1\u4eba\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u4e16\u754c\u770b\u505a\u662f\u865a\u5e7b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u6b3a\u9a97\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u662f\u9677\u9631\u3002\u800c\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8ffd\u6c42\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u770b\u505a\u662f\u865a\u4f2a\u7684\u3001\u5047\u60f3\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8ff7\u4fe1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u622a\u7136\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u90fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u8981\u4e48\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u5b89\u5b81\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u548c\u4eab\u53d7\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u4f9d\u7136\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e2a\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5fb7·\u5e03\u6717\u57fa\u8bf4\u5f97\u597d\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u660e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u6587\u660e\u672c\u8eab\u9020\u6210\u5371\u5bb3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7cbe\u795e\u6587\u660e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0d\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7269\u8d28\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u800c\u73b0\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6240\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e5f\u514d\u4e0d\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u5c40\u3002\u52cb\u7235\u65af\u5948\u5c14\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u5341\u5206\u5408\u7406\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u597d\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u676f\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7cbe\u5fc3\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u88c5\u9970\u4e86\u676f\u5b50\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u676f\u5b50\u5185\u90e8\u5374\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u6572\u8bc8\u52d2\u7d22\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bb9\u5fcd\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5404\u79cd\u4eab\u53d7\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5374\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5904\u4e8e\u4e86\u8d2b\u56f0\u9965\u997f\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u8ffd\u6c42\u7269\u8d28\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u6309\u7167\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e16\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u800c\u88ab\u9020\u5316\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u9020\u5316\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u516c\u5e73\u5408\u7406\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u771f\u4e3b\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u5c65\u884c\u3002\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e0d\u4f46\u6ce8\u91cd\u6ee1\u8db3\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ce8\u91cd\u6ee1\u8db3\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u9700\u8981\u3002\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u544a\u8bc9\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fd8\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\uff0c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u51c0\u5316\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u65ad\u8c03\u6574\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u4e3b\u4e4b\u6743\u529b\u9ad8\u8fc7\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e4b\u6743\u529b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u7f8e\u5fb7\u6218\u80dc\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u826f\u597d\u793e\u4f1a\u98ce\u6c14\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u516c\u5e73\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u4eba\u4eec\u8d70\u4e00\u6761\u4e0d\u504f\u4e0d\u501a\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u7f14\u9020\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u5c1a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6ca1\u6709\u626d\u66f2\u4eba\u7c7b\u5171\u6709\u7684\u611f\u60c5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5b83\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fd8\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u3001\u7269\u8d28\u8fd8\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8fd8\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd8\u662f\u6587\u660e\u3001\u5bf9\u5185\u8fd8\u662f\u5bf9\u5916\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u6307\u5bfc\u3002\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u53f7\u53ec\u4eba\u4eec\u6beb\u65e0\u4fdd\u7559\u5730\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u9075\u4ece\u771f\u4e3b\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u751f\u6d3b\u53ea\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u79c1\u4eba\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u51e0\u4e4e\u51cf\u5c0f\u5230\u96f6\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u5b97\u6559\u9000\u56de\u5230\u79c1\u4eba\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fd9\u79cd\u503e\u5411\u66f4\u80fd\u5f31\u5316\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u7528\u4e00\u4f4d\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff1a“\u5b97\u6559\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5f52\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u51ef\u6492\u7684\u5f52\u51ef\u6492\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u6027\u3001\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5723\u795e\u6027……\u5f53\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u9634\u973e\u7b3c\u7f69\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u4e71\uff0c\u800c\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8005\u8fd8\u5fc3\u5b89\u7406\u5f97\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5c31\u6240\u5269\u65e0\u51e0\u4e86\u3002\u795e\u6743\u4e0e\u4e16\u4fd7\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5f31\u5316\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb\u611f\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5b8c\u5168\u5426\u8ba4\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\u89c2\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u5ba3\u544a\u5b83\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7eaf\u6d01\u4eba\u7684\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u3001\u91cd\u5efa\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u6211\u786e\u5df2\u6d3e\u9063\u6211\u7684\u4f17\u4f7f\u8005\uff0c\u53bb<\/strong>\u4f20\u8fbe\u6211\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u660e\u8bc1\uff0c\u5e76\u964d\u793a\u5929\u7ecf\u548c\u516c\u5e73\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4f17\u4eba\u8c28\u5b88\u516c\u9053\u3002\u6211\u66fe\u521b\u9020\u94a2\u94c1\uff0c<\/strong>\u5176\u4e2d\u6709<\/strong>\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u5211\u7f5a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f17\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u88e8\u76ca\uff1b\u4ee5\u4fbf\u771f\u4e3b\u77e5\u9053\u5728\u79d8\u5bc6\u4e2d\u76f8\u52a9\u4ed6\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f17\u4f7f\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u771f\u4e3b\u786e\u662f\u81f3\u521a\u7684\uff0c\u786e\u662f\u4e07\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>57<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>25<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u771f\u4e3b\u53c8\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u820d\u771f\u4e3b\u800c\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4f60\u4eec\u548c\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u7956\u5148\u6240\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\uff08\u5076\u50cf\u7684\uff09\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u771f\u4e3b\u5e76\u672a\u52a0\u4ee5\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u5224\u51b3\u53ea\u5f52\u771f\u4e3b\u3002\u4ed6\u547d\u4ee4\u4f60\u4eec\u53ea\u5d07\u62dc\u4ed6\u3002\u8fd9\u624d\u662f\u6b63\u6559\u3002\u4f46\u4e16\u4eba\u5927\u534a\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong> <\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>12<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>40<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5bf9\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u4e49\u7684\u7c97\u7565\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u878d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u4efb\u4f55\u90aa\u6076\u52bf\u529b\u7559\u4e0b\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff082\/2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u8861<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u662f\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5f3a\u8c03\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u8981\u5728\u771f\u4e3b\u9762\u524d\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u800c\u88ab\u95ee\u8d23\u3002\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\uff08\u613f\u4e3b\u8d50\u798f\u4e8e\u4ed6\uff09\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u7267\u7f8a\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7f8a\u7fa4\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u9886\u8896\u662f\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u7267\u7f8a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\uff1b\u4e08\u592b\u662f\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u7267\u7f8a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u5bf9\u5bb6\u5ead\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\uff1b\u59bb\u5b50\u662f\u4e08\u592b\u7684\u5bb6\u5c45\u7684\u7267\u7f8a\u4eba\uff0c\u5979\u8981\u5bf9\u4e08\u592b\u7684\u5bb6\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\uff1b\u4ec6\u4eba\u662f\u4e3b\u4eba\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u7267\u7f8a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4eba\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8be5\u6bb5\u5723\u8bad\u7684\u4f20\u8ff0\u4eba\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u8fd8\u542c\u89c1\u5148\u77e5\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u4e86\uff1a<\/strong>“<\/strong>\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u4ed6\u7236<\/strong>\u4eb2\u7684\u9057\u5631\u7684\u76d1\u62a4\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u5bf9\u9057\u5631\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u4f60\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u7267\u7f8a\u8005\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u90fd\u8981\u5bf9\u4f60\u4eec\u6240\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u5730\u65b9<\/strong>\u548c\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u6240\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u4eba\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u5e03\u54c8\u91cc\u5723<\/strong>\u8bad\u5b9e\u5f55\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5723\u8bad\u5b9e\u5f55<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“\u76ee\u524d\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u60f9\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u5371\u9669——\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u79cd\u65cf\u89c2\u5ff5\uff09\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5371\u9669\u5219\u5728\u7269\u8d28\u65b9\u9762\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u9157\u9152\uff09\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7cbe\u795e\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u4e24\u79cd\u5371\u9669\u5e26\u7ed9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5c06\u4f1a\u62e5\u6709\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u5b8c\u6574\u6559\u8bf2\u7684\u4fdd\u5b58<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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“\u6211\u5bf9\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6709\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u6d3b\u529b\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u6df1\u6df1\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u6211\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u63a5\u53d7\u65b0\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b97\u6559\u5438\u5f15\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u4e16\u9053\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u3002\u6211\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4ed6——\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u4f20\u5947\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u4eba——\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e94\u8be5\u79f0\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u62ef\u6551\u8005\u3002\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u628a\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e13\u653f\u7684\u6743\u529b\u8d4b\u4e88\u4ed6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u6210\u529f\u89e3\u51b3\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u5e78\u798f\u3002\u6211\u9884\u8a00\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4eca\u65e5\u6b27\u6d32\u63a5\u53d7\u4ed6\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4e5f\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":10749,"lft":930,"rght":931,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-05T03:24:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T04:41:55.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":7,"author_id":2142,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":574,"author_name":"Khurshid Ahmad","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-08-05","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.docx"},{"id":581,"title":"\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u3068\u3069\u3046\u7570\u306a\u308b\u304b\uff1f","slug":"vasdg","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-How Does Islam Differ from other Faiths.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:vasdg","hint":"","body":"

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u3068\u3069\u3046\u7570\u306a\u308b\u304b\uff1f<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

\uff08\u30d1\u30fc\u30c81\uff0f2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u7c21\u6f54\u3055\u30fb\u5408\u7406\u6027\u30fb\u5b9f\u8df5\u6027<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u7121\u6839\u62e0\u306a\u795e\u8a71\u3082\u5305\u542b\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5b97\u6559\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u6559\u7fa9\u306f\u7c21\u6f54\u304b\u3064\u660e\u77ad\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u8ff7\u4fe1\u3084\u975e\u5408\u7406\u7684\u306a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u304b\u3089\u3082\u7121\u7e01\u3067\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u6027\u3068\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u6027\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6b7b\u5f8c\u306e\u751f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u89b3\u5ff5\u304c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u9805\u76ee\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u9053\u7406\u3068\u5065\u5168\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u306b\u5247\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6559\u7fa9\u306f\u5168\u3066\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u304b\u3089\u6d3e\u751f\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3001\u7c21\u6f54\u304b\u3064\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u8056\u8077\u8005\u968e\u7d1a\u3084\u8352\u5510\u7121\u7a3d\u306a\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u3084\u3084\u3053\u3057\u3044\u5b97\u6559\u5100\u5f0f\u3084\u5178\u793c\u306a\u3069\u304c\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u3001\u8ab0\u3067\u3082\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u63a5\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5b9f\u8df5\u3078\u3068\u79fb\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u4eba\u306e\u5185\u306e\u7406\u77e5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u899a\u9192\u3055\u305b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u77e5\u6027\u306e\u6d3b\u7528\u3092\u4fc3\u3057\u3001\u307e\u305f\u7269\u4e8b\u3092\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u7167\u3089\u3057\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3066\u89b3\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7fa9\u52d9\u4ed8\u3051\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u4eba\u306b\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u8ffd\u6c42\u3057\u3001\u795e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u610f\u8b58\u306e\u62e1\u5f35\u3092\u7948\u9858\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3001\u52e7\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-<\/strong>\u305d\u3057\u3066\u8a00\u3048\u3001\u300c\u4e3b\u3088\u3001\u79c1\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u304a\u5897\u3084\u3057\u4e0b\u3055\u3044\u3002\u300d,<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u300020<\/strong>\uff1a114<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u3082\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-<\/strong>\u8a00\u3048\u3001\u300c\u4e00\u4f53\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8005\u3068\u77e5\u3089\u306a\u3044\u8005\u306f\u7b49\u3057\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u304b\uff1f\u300d\u5b9f\u306b\u8a13\u6212\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u7406\u77e5\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002,<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u300039<\/strong>\uff1a9<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\uff08\u5f7c\u306b\u795e\u304b\u3089\u306e\u795d\u798f\u3068\u5e73\u5b89\u3042\u308c\uff09\u306f\u3001\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3068\u4f1d\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u8ffd\u6c42\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u81ea\u5b85\u3092\u5f8c\u306b\u3059\u308b\u8005\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306e\u9053\u306e\u9014\u4e0a\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d\uff08\u30a2\u30c3\uff1d\u30c6\u30a3\u30eb\u30df\u30ba\u30a3\u30fc\u306e\u4f1d\u627f\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3082\u4f1d\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u8ffd\u6c42\u306f\u5168\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d\uff08\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d6\u30cf\u30fc\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u4f1d\u627f\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u308c\u304c\u4eba\u3092\u8ff7\u4fe1\u3068\u6697\u9ed2\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u304b\u3089\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u3068\u5149\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u3078\u3068\u5c0e\u304f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u624b\u6cd5\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u5b9f\u8df5\u7684\u306a\u5b97\u6559\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u865a\u3067\u7121\u99c4\u306a\u5b66\u8aac\u306b\u57cb\u6ca1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a31\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3080\u3057\u308d\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306f\u5358\u306a\u308b\u544a\u767d\u306a\u3069\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u63a8\u9032\u529b\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u632f\u308b\u821e\u3044\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u306f\u5b9f\u8df5\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u30ea\u30c3\u30d7\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-<\/strong>\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3057\u5584\u884c\u306b\u52b1\u3080\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b\u306f\u81f3\u798f\u3068\u3001\u3088\u304d\u9084\u308a\u6240\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002,<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u300013<\/strong>\uff1a29<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u306f\u3001\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3068\u4f1d\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u795e\u306f\u884c\u70ba\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u305d\u306e\u767a\u73fe\u3092\u898b\u306a\u3044\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3092\u3001\u304a\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306b\u305d\u3050\u308f\u306a\u3044\u884c\u70ba\u3082\u3001\u304a\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d\uff08\u30a2\u30c3\uff1d\u30bf\u30d0\u30e9\u30fc\u30cb\u30fc\u306e\u4f1d\u627f\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u7c21\u6f54\u6027\u3068\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3068\u5b9f\u8df5\u6027\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u72ec\u7279\u304b\u3064\u771f\u7406\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7279\u5fb4\u4ed8\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7269\u8cea\u3068\u7cbe\u795e\u306e\u548c\u5408<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u4eba\u751f\u3092\u7269\u8cea\u3068\u7cbe\u795e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5272\u308a\u5207\u3063\u305f\u533a\u5206\u306e\u4ed5\u65b9\u3092\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3082\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u72ec\u7279\u306e\u7279\u5fb4\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u4eba\u751f\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5b8c\u9042\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u7981\u6b32\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3092\u8aac\u3044\u3066\u3082\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u7269\u8cea\u306e\u5fcc\u907f\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u73fe\u4e16\u3092\u65ad\u3064\u3053\u3068\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u306e\u6d6e\u304d\u6c88\u307f\u3068\u96e3\u5100\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u656c\u8654\u306b\u751f\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5411\u4e0a\u3092\u9054\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7948\u9858\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u52e7\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-<\/strong>\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306e\u4e3b\u3088\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306b\u73fe\u4e16\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6765\u4e16\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3088\u304d\u3082\u306e\u3092\u304a\u6388\u3051\u4e0b\u3055\u3044\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u3092\u5730\u7344\u306e\u61f2\u7f70\u304b\u3089\u304a\u6551\u3044\u4e0b\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/strong>,<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3 <\/strong>2<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>201<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3057\u304b\u3057\u8d05\u6ca2\u306a\u751f\u6d3b\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u4eba\u306b\u7bc0\u5ea6\u3092\u4fdd\u3061\u3001\u6d6a\u8cbb\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u3088\u3046\u52e7\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-<\/strong>…<\/strong>\u305d\u3057\u3066\u98f2\u307f\u304b\u3064\u98df\u3079\u3088\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u6d6a\u8cbb\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5b9f\u306b\u304b\u308c\uff08\u795e\u306e\u3053\u3068\uff09\u306f\u6d6a\u8cbb\u3092\u611b\u3067\u8cdc\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3002<\/strong>,<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3 <\/strong>7<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>31<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u7bc0\u5ea6\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5074\u9762\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3001\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u65ad\u98df\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\uff08\u9069\u5207\u306a\u6642\u9593\u306b\uff09\u89e3\u304f\u306e\u3060\u3002\u307e\u305f\uff08\u591c\u306b\uff09\u793c\u62dd\u306b\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u732e\u8eab\u3057\u3001\u7761\u7720\u3082\u6442\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u65b9\u306e\u8089\u4f53\u306f\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u65b9\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u65b9\u306e\u76ee\u3082\u307e\u305f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u65b9\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u65b9\u306e\u59bb\u3082\u3042\u306a\u305f\u65b9\u306b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u65b9\u3092\u8a2a\u554f\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u3082\u307e\u305f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u65b9\u306b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/strong>\u300d<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u7269\u8cea\u3068\u502b\u7406\u3001\u4e16\u4fd7\u3068\u7cbe\u795e\u306e\u9694\u96e2\u3092\u8a31\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u4eba\u304c\u5065\u5168\u306a\u502b\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u76e4\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5168\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u3092\u4eba\u751f\u306e\u518d\u5efa\u306b\u6ce8\u304e\u8fbc\u3080\u3053\u3068\u3092\u547d\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u502b\u7406\u529b\u3068\u7269\u8cea\u529b\u306e\u548c\u5408\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3092\u8aac\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u306a\u6551\u3044\u306f\u7981\u6b32\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3092\u55b6\u3093\u3060\u308a\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u306e\u6311\u6226\u304b\u3089\u9003\u907f\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3000\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u3092\u3061\u3087\u3046\u3069\u9700\u8981\u306b\u5408\u3063\u305f\u5f62\u3067\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u798f\u5229\u306b\u8cbb\u3084\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u9054\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3001\u3068\u6559\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5b97\u6559\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u544a\u767a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u304c\u9b42\u306e\u6d44\u5316\u3068\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u6539\u5584\u30fb\u518d\u5efa\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u9ad8\u3089\u304b\u306b\u544a\u3052\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u306f\u3053\u3046\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-<\/strong>\u308f\u308c\u3089\uff08\u795e\uff09\u306f\u3001\u660e\u8a3c\u3068\u5171\u306b\u308f\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u305f\u3061\u3092\u9063\u308f\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5f7c\u3089\u3068\u5171\u306b\u5553\u5178\u3068\u79e4\u3082\u4e0b\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u516c\u6b63\u3092\u884c\u4f7f\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u308f\u308c\u3089\u306f\u9244\u3092\u4e0b\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u7d76\u5927\u306a\u529b\u3068\u4eba\u3005\u3078\u306e\u76ca\u304c\u6f5c\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u307e\u305f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u795e\u304c\u3001\u8ab0\u304c\u307e\u3060\u898b\u306c\u304b\u308c\u3068\u305d\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u305f\u3061\u3092\u63f4\u52a9\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3054\u89a7\u306b\u306a\u3089\u308c\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u795e\u306f\u5b9f\u306b\u5f37\u5927\u3067\u3001\u5a01\u529b\u4e26\u3073\u306a\u304d\u304a\u65b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/strong> <\/strong>,<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3 <\/strong>57<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>25<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u3082\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-<\/strong>\uff08\u771f\u306e\uff09\u88c1\u6c7a\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306b\u306e\u307f\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u304b\u308c\u306f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u65b9\u304c\u3001\u304b\u308c\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u62dd\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3068\u547d\u3058\u3089\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3053\u305d\u306f\u6b63\u3057\u304d\u5b97\u6559\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u3001\u77e5\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/strong> <\/strong>,<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f312<\/strong>\uff1a40<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6559\u3048\u3092\u901a\u308a\u4e00\u904d\u306b\u5b66\u3093\u3067\u307f\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3082\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u304c\u5168\u3066\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u751f\u306e\u898f\u7bc4\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u3053\u304c\u60aa\u306e\u529b\u306e\u904a\u6280\u5834\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u308f\u306c\u3088\u3046\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u306e\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u5206\u91ce\u3082\u653e\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5206\u304b\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u30d1\u30fc\u30c82\uff0f2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u500b\u4eba\u3068\u793e\u4f1a\u9593\u306e\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4ed6\u306e\u30e6\u30cb\u30fc\u30af\u306a\u7279\u5fb4\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3068\u96c6\u56e3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306e\u9593\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u78ba\u7acb\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u4eba\u306e\u500b\u6027\u3092\u5c0a\u91cd\u3057\u3001\u5168\u4eba\u304c\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u306b\u795e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8ca0\u3046\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\uff08\u5f7c\u306b\u795e\u306e\u795d\u798f\u3068\u5e73\u5b89\u3042\u308c\uff09\u306f\u3001\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c<\/strong>\u3042\u306a\u305f\u65b9\u306f\u7686\u5b88\u8b77\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u65b9\u304c\u4e16\u8a71\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u554f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u306f\u305d\u306e\u81e3\u6c11\u306e\u5b88\u8b77\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8ca0\u3046\u3002\u307e\u305f\u592b\u306f\u5f7c\u306e\u5bb6\u65cf\u306e\u5b88\u8b77\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8cac\u4efb\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u5973\u6027\u306f\u592b\u306e\u5bb6\u306e\u5b88\u8b77\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u8cac\u4efb\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u4eba\u306f\u4e3b\u4eba\u306e\u8ca1\u7523\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5b88\u8b77\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u554f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/strong>\u300d<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u4f1d\u627f\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u8005\u306f\u3001\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a\u300c\u79c1\u306f\u3053\u308c\u3092\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u304b\u3089\u805e\u3044\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3082\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3068\u601d\u3046\uff1a<\/strong>“<\/strong>\u7537\u306f\u305d\u306e\u7236\u306e\u8ca1\u7523\u306e\u5b88\u8b77\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8cac\u4efb\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3086\u3048\u306b\u3042\u306a\u305f\u65b9\u306f\u7686\u5b88\u8b77\u8005\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u65b9\u306e\u5f8c\u898b\u4e0b\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8005\u3068\u8cac\u4efb\u4e0b\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8cac\u4efb\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\u300d\uff08\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30d6\u30cf\u30fc\u30ea\u30fc\u3068\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e\u4f1d\u627f\uff09<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u6052\u4e45\u6027\u3068\u5909\u5bb9<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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\u300c\u79c1\u306f\u3001\u795e\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3082\u5d07\u62dd\u306b\u5024\u305b\u305a\u3001\u795e\u304c\u552f\u4e00\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3082\u305d\u306e\u6a29\u5a01\u3092\u5171\u6709\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a3c\u8a00\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u304c\u795e\u306e\u3057\u3082\u3079\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4f7f\u5f92\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a3c\u8a00\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306b\u6319\u3052\u308b\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30b8\u30fb\u30d0\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u30c9\u30fb\u30b7\u30e7\u30fc\u304c\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b\u3092\u7de0\u3081\u304f\u304f\u308a\u305f\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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