{"title":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","author":{"id":398,"name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","slug":"www_islamtoday_net_islam_today_website","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Publisher","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-02-04T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-02-04T09:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"title":"Who Should Perform Ijtihad?","slug":"who-should-perform-ijtihad-1432798900","image":"\/uploads\/books\/53b3c8e8-df20-4954-9655-68c6b8adb1fd-Who Should Perform Ijtihad.jpg","read_counter":11456,"is_volume":0,"created_at":"2014-02-04T09:00:00.000000Z","category_id":18,"volume_id":null,"id":1607,"volume_count":null,"volume_title":null,"category":{"id":18,"title":"Doctrine & 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621","book_title":"\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645","category_slug":"Muhammad-(PBUH)","category_name":"Muhammad (PBUH)"}],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/398?books_page=1","from":1,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/398?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/398?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/398","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":3,"total":3},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/398?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/398?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/398?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/398","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/398?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/398?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/398?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/mnd\/api\/authors\/398","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":141,"title":"A Literary Challenge: \u201cBring Something Like It\u201d","slug":"a-literary-challenge","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/A Literary Challenge.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/A Literary Challenge.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:a-literary-challenge","hint":"","body":"

A Literary Challenge: “Bring Something Like It”<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"\"<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Many people misunderstand the Quran’s literary challenge to produce something like it.  Many people assume it simply means writing something as “good” as the Quran.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Because of this, many skeptics point out – and rightly so – that literary value judgments are highly subjective.  If someone says that he thinks a certain selection of prose or poetry is better than the Quran, who can argue with him?  Isn’t it really a matter of personal judgment and taste?  Who is to be the arbiter?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Quran’s challenge, however, is not simply to write something of equal literary merit, but rather to produce something like the Quran.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

We can see this in all the verses of challenge.  God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Say (O Muhammad) if mankind and jinn were to come together to produce something like this Quran, they would not be able to do so, even if they were to help one another.” (Quran 17:88)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Or they say: ‘He has forged it.’  Say: ‘Then bring ten forged chapters like it and If then they do not answer you, know that it is sent down with the Knowledge of God, besides Whom there is no other God.  Will you then be Muslims?” (Quran 11:13)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Or do they say ‘He has forged it.’  Say: ‘Then bring a chapter like it and call whoever you can besides God if you are truthful’.” (Quran 10:38)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“And if you are in doubt concerning that which We have sent down to Our servant, then produce a chapter like it and call your witnesses besides God if you be truthful.  If you do not do so – and you will never do so – then fear a fire whose fuel is men and stones prepared for the disbelievers.” (Quran 2:23-24)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Therefore, it is not simply a matter of quality – it does not even have to be of equal merit! Similarity is all that matters.  What is required by the challenge is to achieve at least a comparable degree of the literary beauty, nobility, and sublimity of the Quran while at the same time emulating the Quran’s particular style.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

It is possible to superficially mimic the style of the Quran, and many people have been successful in doing so – but all such attempts from the days of Musailimah to the present have proven to be silly and absurd, and have often invoked laughter and derision.  This is the unanimous consensus of everyone who has ever heard or read those attempts.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

It is, likewise, possible for a person writing in Arabic to reach a great level of literary excellence and, in the most moving of poetry and prose, convey the noblest thoughts and sentiments – but nobody has ever done so using the Quran’s particular style.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

And what an elusive style it has proven to be! The Quran is neither in Arabic prose nor in what is acknowledged as Arabic verse.  It is not written in a combination of both prose and poetry, but in neither of those modes.  It is unique.  At the same time, the Quran is internally consistent in maintaining its unique style.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Only the Quran achieves the highest level of literary excellence – so much so that it brings people to ecstasy and tears – while maintaining this style.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

This, then, is the acid test: Write something in the exact same style as the Quran and in doing so produce something of arguably similar quality and sublimity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Still, one could argue that the evaluation of the results is still grounded in subjective literary tastes.  This is agreed.  However, the second part of the challenge is to bring witnesses to attest to the quality of that evaluation, not just to stand there and make the claim.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Throughout history, people have attempted to write in the style of the Quran.  The results have always been so laughable that no one would venture to say that he believes the effort equals the Quran in literary merit.  The reason why no one would dare do so is not the fear of reprisal – as some skeptics have suggested – but rather the fear of looking like a complete idiot.  One early example was:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al-Feel<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mal-Feel<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wa maa adraaka mal-feel<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Lahu dhanabun radheel, wa khurtoomun taweel<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

…which translates as:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Elephant –<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

What is the elephant?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

And what would have you know what the elephant is?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

It has a scraggly tail and a very long trunk.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

We can grant that this is a successful attempt at imitating the superficial style of the Quran.  It is clearly modeled after the opening verses of Surah al-Qaari`ah or Surah al-Haaqqah.  However, with such fare on offer, it is no surprise that people are unwilling to stake their reputation on attesting to its literary excellence.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

We should pause to consider: What other literary style can we think of which has produced an indisputably great work of literature but is at the same time guaranteed to bring the most wretched failure to anyone else who tries his hand at it?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Generally, it is not a bad idea for a writer to emulate a successful style.  However, a challenge to produce a single chapter like the Quran – the shortest chapter being merely three verses of modest length – has proven impossible to meet.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

We should remember that not all Arabic speakers are Muslim.  Many are Christians and Jews.  Some are atheists.  They live all over the world.  Among all of these non-Muslim Arabs, there are leading poets and prose writers and important literary critics.  None of them claim that they or anyone else has produced a literary work that resembles the Quran in both style and quality.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

For an Arabic speaker, this is an obvious thing.  Any Arab who looks at people’s attempts to write in the Quran’s style usually breaks out in laughter at its awkwardness or banality.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

For non-Arabic speakers, though they cannot experience this directly, they can ascertain that no serious literary claim has been made.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Granted, there is subjectivity in any literary evaluation.  This would pose a problem in a challenge with a single judge or a panel of judges, or if there is a biased criterion like “only Muslims scholars can be judges”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

However, there is no such restriction in the challenge.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The general consensus of the international Arabic literary community – and the Arab masses – is that nothing exists to meet the challenge.  This is an objective yardstick.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":24235,"lft":273,"rght":284,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-07-13T16:47:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T09:07:34.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-07-13","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/A Literary Challenge.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/A Literary Challenge.docx"},{"id":298,"title":"What is the Sunnah?","slug":"what-is-the-sunnah","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-What is the Sunnah.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-What is the Sunnah.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:what-is-the-sunnah","hint":"","body":"

What is the Sunnah?<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

A Revelation like the Quran<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

By The Editorial Team of Dr. Abdurrahman al-Muala<\/a> (translated by islamtoday.com)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\"
<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

The Sunnah, according to the scholars of hadeeth, is everything that has been related from the Messenger, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, of his statements, actions, tacit approvals, personality, physical description, or biography.  It does not matter whether the information being related refers to something before the beginning of his prophetic mission, or after it.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Explanation of this definition:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The statements of the Prophet include everything the Prophet said for various reasons on different occasions.  For example, he said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Verily deeds are but by intentions, and every person will have only what he intended.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The actions of the Prophet include everything that the Prophet did that was related to us by his Companions.  This includes how he made ablutions, how he performed his prayers, and how he made the Hajj pilgrimage.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The tacit approvals of the Prophet includes everything that his Companions said or did that he either showed his favor towards or at least did not object to.  Anything that had the tacit approval of the Prophet is as valid as anything that he said or did himself.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

An example of this is the approval that was given to the Companions when they used their discretion in deciding when to pray during the Battle of Bani Quraydhah.  God’s Messenger had said to them:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“None of you should perform your afternoon prayers until you arrive at Bani Quraydhah.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Companions did not arrive at Bani Quraydhah until after sunset.  Some of them took the Prophet’s words literally and postponed the afternoon prayer, saying: “We will not pray until we get there.”  Others understood that the Prophet was only indicating to them that they should hurry on their journey, so they stopped and prayed the afternoon prayer on time.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet learned about what the two groups had decided, but did not criticize either of them.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As for the Prophet’s personality, this would include the following statement of Aishah (may God be pleased with her):<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“God’s Messenger was never indecent or vulgar, nor was he loud at the marketplace.  He would never respond to the abuse of others with abuses of his own.  Instead, he would be tolerant and forgiving.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The physical description of the Prophet is found in statements like the one related by Anas (may God be pleased with him):<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“God’s Messenger was neither overly tall nor was he short.  He was neither exceedingly white nor black.  His hair was neither excessively curly nor lank.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Relationship between the Sunnah and Revelation<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The Sunnah is revelation from God to His Prophet.  God says in the Quran:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…We have sent down to him the Book and the Wisdom…” (Quran 2:231)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Wisdom refers to the Sunnah.  The great jurist al-Shafi’i said: “God mentions the Book, which is the Quran.  I have heard from people who I consider authorities on the Quran that the Wisdom is the Sunnah of God’s Messenger.”  God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Indeed, God conferred a great favor on the believers when He sent among them a Messenger from among themselves, reciting to them His signs and purifying them and instructing them in the Book and the Wisdom.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

It is clear from the preceding verses that God revealed to His Prophet both the Quran and the Sunnah, and that He commanded him to convey both to the people.  The Prophetic hadeeth also attest to the fact that the Sunnah is revelation.  It is related from Mak’hool that God’s Messenger said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“God gave me the Quran and what is like it from the Wisdom.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al-Miqdam b. Ma’dee Karab relates that God’s Messenger said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“I have been given the Book and with it something like it.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Hisan b. Atiyyah relates that Gabriel used to come the Prophet with the Sunnah just like he would come to him with the Quran.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

An opinion from the Prophet was not merely his own thoughts or deliberations on a matter; it was what God revealed to him.  In this way, the Prophet was different from other people.  He was supported by revelation.  When he exercised his own reasoning and was correct, God would confirm it, and if he ever made a mistake in his thinking, God would correct it and guide him to the truth.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

For this reason, it is related that the Caliph Umar said from the pulpit: “O people!  The opinions of God’s Messenger were correct only because God would reveal them to him.  As for our opinions, they are nothing but thoughts and conjecture.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The revelation that the Prophet received was of two types:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A.    Informative revelation:<\/strong> God would inform him of something by means of revelation in one form or another as mentioned in the following Quranic verse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“It is not for a human being that God should speak to him except as revelation or from behind a barrier, or by sending a Messenger who reveals by His leave whatever He wishes.  Verily, He is Exalted, All-Wise.” (Quran 42:51)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aishah related that al-Harith b. Hisham asked the Prophet how revelation came to him, and the Prophet answered:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Sometimes, the angel comes to me like the clanging of a bell, and this is the most difficult for me. It weighs upon me and I commit to memory what he says.  And sometimes the angel comes to me in the form of a man and speaks to me and I commit to memory what he says.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aishah said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“I had seen him when the revelation came to him on an extremely cold day.  When it was over, his brow was full of perspiration.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sometimes, he would be asked about something, but he would remain silent until revelation came to him.  For example, the Meccan pagans asked him about the soul, but the Prophet remained silent until God revealed:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

They ask you concerning the soul.  Say: ‘The soul is from the affairs of my Lord, and of knowledge you have but little’. (Quran 17:85)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

He had also been asked about how inheritance was to be divided, but he did not answer until God revealed:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“God commands you regarding your children…” (Quran 4:11)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

B.    Affirmative revelation:<\/strong> This is where the Prophet exercised his own judgment in a matter.  If his opinion was correct, revelation would come to him affirming it, and if it was incorrect, revelation would come to correct him, making it just like any other informative revelation.  The only difference here is that the revelation came as a result of an action that the Prophet first did on his own.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In such instances, the Prophet was left to use his own discretion in a matter.  If he chose what was right, then God would confirm his choice through revelation.  If he chose wrong, God would correct him to protect the integrity of the faith.  God would never allow His Messenger to convey an error to other people, because this would cause his followers to fall into error as well.  This would contravene the wisdom behind sending Messengers, which was that the people henceforth would have no argument against God.  In this way, the Messenger was protected from falling into error, for if he ever erred, revelation would come to correct him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet’s Companions knew that the tacit approval of the Prophet was actually the approval of God, because if they ever did something contrary to Islam during the Prophet’s lifetime, revelation would come down condemning what they did.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jabir said: “We used to practice coitus interruptus[1]<\/a>  back when God’s Messenger was alive.”  Sufyan, one of the narrators of this hadeeth, commented: “If something like this was forbidden, the Quran would have prohibited it.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Coitus Interruptus: Withdrawal of the penis before emission of sperm during sex. – IslamReligion.com<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Sunnah in Islamic Law<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

The Difference between the Sunnah and the Quran<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The Quran is the foundation of Islamic Law.  It is the miraculous speech of God that was revealed to the Messenger, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, by way of the angel Gabriel.  It has been transmitted to us with so many chains of authority that its historical authenticity is unquestionable.  It is written down in its own volume, and its recitation is a form of worship.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As for the Sunnah, it is everything besides the Quran that came from God’s Messenger.  It explains and provides details for the laws found in the Quran.  It also provides examples of the practical application of these laws.  It is also either direct revelation from God, or decisions of the Messenger that were then confirmed by revelation.  Therefore, the source of all the Sunnah is revelation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Quran is the revelation that is formally recited as an act of worship, and the Sunnah is revelation that is not formally recited.  The Sunnah, though, is just like the Quran in that it is revelation that must be followed and adhered to.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Quran takes precedence over the Sunnah in two ways.  For one thing, the Quran consists of the exact words of God, miraculous in nature, down to the last verse.  The Sunnah, however, is not necessarily the exact words of God, but rather their meanings as explained by the Prophet.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Position of the Sunnah in Islamic Law<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

During the Messenger’s lifetime the Quran and Sunnah were the only sources of Islamic Law.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Quran provides the general injunctions that formed the basis of the Law, without going into all the details and secondary legislation, with the exception of a few injunctions that are established along with the general principles.  These injunctions are not subject to change over time or with the changing circumstances of the people.  The Quran, likewise, comes with the tenets of belief, sets down acts of worship, mentions the stories of the nations of old, and provides moral guidelines.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Sunnah comes in agreement with the Quran.  It explains the meanings of what is unclear in the text, provides details for what is depicted in general terms, specifies what is general, and explains its injunctions and objectives.  The Sunnah also comes with injunctions that are not provided by the Quran, but these are always in harmony with its principles, and they always advance the objectives that are outlined in the Quran.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Sunnah is a practical expression of what is in the Quran.  This expression takes many forms.  Sometimes, it comes as an action performed by the Messenger.  At other times, it is a statement that he made in response to something.  Sometimes, it takes the form of a statement or action of one of the Companions that he neither prevented nor objected to.  On the contrary, he remained silent about it or expressed his approval for it.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Sunnah explains and clarifies the Quran in many ways.  It explains how to perform the acts of worship and carry out the laws that are mentioned in the Quran.  God commands the believers to pray without mentioning the times that the prayers had to be performed or the manner of performing them.  The Messenger clarified this through his own prayers and by teaching the Muslims how to pray.  He said: “Pray as you have seen me praying.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

God makes the Hajj pilgrimage obligatory without explaining its rites.  God’s Messenger explains this by saying:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Take the rites of Hajj from me.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God makes the Zakah tax obligatory without mentioning what types of wealth and produce it is to be levied against.  God also does not mention the minimum amount of wealth that makes the tax obligatory.  The Sunnah, though, makes all this clear.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Sunnah specifies general statements found in the Quran.  God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“God commands you regarding your children: to the male, a portion equal to that of two females…” (Quran 4:11)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

This wording is general, applying to every family and making every child an inheritor of his or her parents.  The Sunnah makes this ruling more specific by excluding the children of Prophets.  God’s Messenger said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“We Prophets leave behind no inheritance.  Whatever we leave behind is charity.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Sunnah qualifies unqualified statements in the Quran.  God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…and you find no water, then perform tayammum<\/em> (dry ablution) with clean earth and rub therewith your faces and hands… (Quran 5:6)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The verse does not mention the extent of the hand, leaving the question of whether one should rub the hands up to the wrist or the forearm.  The Sunnah makes this clear by showing that it is to the wrist, because this is what God’s Messenger did when he performed dry ablution.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Sunnah also comes emphasizing what is in the Quran or providing secondary legislation for a law stated therein.  This includes all the hadeeth that indicate that Prayer, the Zakah tax, fasting, and the Hajj pilgrimage are obligatory.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

An example of where the Sunnah provides subsidiary legislation for an injunction found in the Quran is the ruling found in the Sunnah that it is forbidden to sell fruit before it begins to ripen.  The basis for this law is the statement of the Quran:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Do not consume your property amongst you unjustly, except it be a trade among you by mutual consent.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Sunnah contains rulings that are not mentioned in the Quran and that do not come as clarifications for something mentioned in the Quran.  An example of this is the prohibition of eating donkey flesh and the flesh of predatory beasts.  Another example of this is the prohibition of marrying a woman and her aunt at the same time.  These and other rulings provided by the Sunnah must be adhered to.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Obligation of Adhering to the Sunnah<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

A requirement of believing in prophethood is to accept as true everything that God’s Messenger said.  God chose His Messengers from among His worshippers to convey His Law to humanity.  God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…God knows best with whom to place His Message…” (Quran 6:124)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God also says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…Are the Messengers charged with anything but to convey the clear Message?” (Quran 16:35)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Messenger is protected from error in all of his actions.  God has protected his tongue from uttering anything but the truth.  God has protected his limbs from doing anything but what is right.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

God has safeguarded him from showing approval for anything contrary to Islamic Law.  He is the most beautifully complete of God’s Creations.  This is clear from how God describes him in the Quran:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“By the star when it sets.  Your companion has neither gone astray nor has he erred.  Nor does he speak of his own desire.  It is only revelation that has been revealed.” (Quran 53:1-4)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

We see in the hadeeth that no circumstances, no matter how trying, could prevent the Prophet from speaking the truth.  Being angry never affected his speech.  He never spoke falsehood even when he was jesting.  His own interests never swayed him from speaking the truth.  The only goal that he sought was the pleasure of God Almighty.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Abdullah b. Amr b. al-Aas related that he used to write down everything that God’s Messenger said.  Then the tribe of Quraish forbade him from doing so, saying: “Do you write down everything that God’s Messenger says, and he is but a man who speaks in contentment and in anger?”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Abdullah b. Amr stopped writing and mentioned this to God’s Messenger who told him:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Write, for by Him in Whose hand is my soul, only truth comes forth from this.” …and pointed to his mouth.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Quran, the Sunnah, and the consensus of the jurists all point to the fact that obeying God’s Messenger is obligatory.  God says in the Quran:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O you who believe, obey God and obey His Messenger and those in authority among you.  If you fall into dispute about a matter, refer it back to God and His Messenger if you believe in God and the Last Day…” (Quran 4:59)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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¿Qué es la Sunnah? <\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Una revelación como el Corán<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"\"<\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Por El equipo editorial del Dr. Abdurrahman al-Muala<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (traducido por islamtoday.com)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Sunnah, de acuerdo con los eruditos del Hadiz, es todo aquello que ha sido relatado del Mensajero, que Dios exalte su mención, de sus declaraciones, acciones, aprobaciones tácitas, personalidad, descripción física o su biografía. No importa si la información relatada se refiere a algo anterior a su misión profética o a algo posterior a ella.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Explicación de esta definición:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las declaraciones del Profeta incluyen todo lo que el Profeta dijo, por varias razones y en diferentes ocasiones. Por ejemplo, él dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Las acciones dependen de las intenciones, y cada personas obtendrá acorde a lo que se propuso”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las acciones del Profeta incluyen todo lo que él hizo y que nos fue relatado por sus Compañeros. Esto incluye cómo él hacía las abluciones, cómo hacía sus oraciones y cómo hizo la peregrinación.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las aprobaciones tácitas del Profeta incluyen todo lo que sus Compañeros dijeron o hicieron, hacia lo cual él mostró su aprobación o al menos no objetó. Todo lo que tuvo la aprobación tácita del Profeta es tan válido como cualquier cosa que él mismo dijo o hizo. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un ejemplo de esto es la aprobación que fue dada a los Compañeros cuando ellos usaron su criterio para decidir cuándo orar durante la campaña de Bani Quraydhah. El Mensajero de Dios les dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ninguno de ustedes debe hacer sus oraciones de la tarde hasta que lleguen a Bani Quraydhah”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los Compañeros no llegaron a Bani Quraydhah sino hasta después de la puesta del sol. Algunos de ellos tomaron las palabras de Profeta de manera literal y pospusieron la oración de la tarde, diciendo: “No vamos a orar hasta cuando lleguemos allá”. Otros entendieron que el Profeta estaba sólo indicándoles que debían apresurarse en su viaje; por lo tanto, se detuvieron y realizaron la oración de la tarde en su tiempo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Profeta supo acerca de lo que los dos grupos habían decidido, pero no criticó a ninguno de los dos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En lo que tiene que ver con la personalidad del Profeta, esto incluiría la siguiente declaración de Aishah (que Dios esté complacido con ella):<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“El Mensajero de Dios nunca era indecente o vulgar ni gritaba en el mercado. Nunca respondía al abuso de los otros con abusos de su parte. En lugar de eso, era tolerante y perdonador”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La descripción física del Profeta se encuentra en declaraciones como la que es relatada por Anas (que Dios esté complacido con él):<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“El Mensajero de Dios no era ni muy alto ni era bajo. No era ni excesivamente blanco ni negro. Su pelo no era ni excesivamente rizado ni liso”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La relación entre la Sunnah y la Revelación<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

La Sunnah es revelación de Dios a Su Profeta, que Dios exalte su mención. Dios dice en el Corán:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…y [recordad] el Libro [el Corán] y la sabiduría [la tradición profética] que os reveló para exhortaros con ello…” (Corán 2:231)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Sabiduría se refiere a la Sunnah. El gran jurista Ash-Shafi’i dijo: “Dios menciona el Libro, el cual es el Corán. He oído de la gente que yo considero autoridades en el Corán que la Sabiduría es la Sunnah del Mensajero de Dios, que la misericordia y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él”. Dios dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“En verdad, Dios le confirió un gran favor a los creyentes cuando les envío a su Mensajero de entre ellos mismos, recitándoles Sus señales y purificándolos,  instruyéndolos en el Libro y la Sabiduría”. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Es claro de los versículos precedentes que Dios reveló a Su Profeta tanto el Corán como la Sunnah, y que Él le ordenó transmitir ambos a la gente. El Hadiz profético también atestigua sobre el hecho de que la Sunnah es revelación. Es relatado por Mak-hul que el Mensajero de Dios dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Dios me dio el Corán y algo similar de la Sabiduría”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al-Miqdam b. Ma’di Karab relata que el Mensajero de Dios dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Me ha sido dado el Libro y con él algo similar”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Hisan b. Atiyyah relata que Gabriel solía bajar ante el Profeta con la Sunnah, justo como lo hacía con el Corán.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Una opinión del Profeta no era simplemente sus propios pensamientos o sus deliberaciones sobre una materia; era lo que Dios le revelaba. De esta forma, el Profeta era diferente a otras personas. Él estaba apoyado por la revelación. Cuando él ejercía su propio razonamiento y estaba en lo correcto, Dios se lo confirmaba; y si alguna vez cometía un error, Dios lo corregía y lo guiaba hacia la verdad. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Por esta razón, es relatado que el Califa Umar dijo desde el púlpito: “¡Oh pueblo! Las opiniones del Mensajero de Dios eran correctas sólo debido a que Dios se las revelaba. Con respecto a nuestras opiniones, ella no son nada sino pensamientos y conjeturas”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La revelación que el Profeta recibía era de dos tipos:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A.    Revelación Informativa:<\/strong> Dios le informaría acerca de algo por medio de la revelación en una forma u otra, como es mencionado en el siguiente versículo coránico:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Dios no habla con los Mensajeros directamente, sino que lo hace detrás de un velo [como lo hizo con Moisés] o enviando un mensajero [el ángel Gabriel] para transmitirle por Su voluntad lo que Él quiera de la revelación o mediante inspiraciones divinas; porque es Sublime, Sabio”. (Corán 42:51)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aishah relató que al-Hariz b. Hisham le preguntó al Profeta cómo le llegaba la revelación, y el Profeta le respondió:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “Algunas veces, el ángel viene a mí como el tañido de una campana, y esto es lo más difícil para mí. Ello pesa sobre mí y yo memorizo lo que él dice. Y algunas veces el ángel viene a mí en la forma de un hombre y me habla y yo memorizo lo que él dice”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aishah dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Yo lo he visto cuando la revelación le venía en un día extremadamente frío. Cuando terminaba, su ceño estaba lleno de sudoración”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Algunas veces, él era preguntado acerca de algo, y permanecía en silencio hasta que la revelación le llegaba. Por ejemplo, los paganos de La Meca le preguntaron acerca del alma, pero el Profeta permaneció en silencio hasta cuando Dios le reveló:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Te preguntan acerca del espíritu. Diles: El espíritu es una de las creaciones de Dios, de las que sólo Él tiene conocimiento. Y no se os ha permitido acceder sino a una parte del inmenso conocimiento de Dios”. (Corán 17:85)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

También, le fue preguntado acerca de cómo debía ser dividida la herencia, pero él no contestó hasta cuando Dios le reveló:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Dios dictamina respecto a [la herencia de] vuestros hijos…” (Corán 4:11)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

B.    Revelación afirmativa:<\/strong> Aquí es donde el Profeta ejercitaba su propio juicio acerca de un asunto. Si su opinión era correcta, la revelación vendría  confirmándola; y si era incorrecta, la revelación vendría para corregirla, haciéndola justo como cualquier otra revelación informativa. La única diferencia aquí es que la revelación venía como el resultado de una acción que el Profeta había hecho primero por su propia cuenta. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

En tales instancias, el Profeta era dejado para que usara su propio criterio sobre un asunto. Si él escogía lo que era correcto, entonces Dios confirmaba su elección a través de la revelación. Si él escogía mal, Dios le corregía para proteger la integridad de la fe. Dios nunca permitiría que Su Mensajero transmitiera un error a la gente, debido a que esto causaría que sus seguidores cayeran en error también. Esto contravendría la sabiduría detrás de enviar Mensajeros, la cual es que la gente de allí en adelante no tendría excusa ante Dios. De esta forma, el Mensajero era protegido de caer en un error, pues si él alguna vez erraba, la revelación vendría a corregirlo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los Compañeros del Profeta sabían que la aprobación tácita del Profeta era de hecho la aprobación de Dios; debido a que si ellos hubieran alguna vez hecho algo en contra del Islam durante el tiempo de vida del Profeta, la revelación hubiera descendido condenando lo que ellos estaban haciendo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Yabir dijo: “Nosotros solíamos practicar el coitus interruptus<\/em>[1]<\/a> mientras el Mensajero de Dios estaba vivo”. Sufian, uno de los narradores de este Hadiz, comentó: “Si algo como esto fuera prohibido, el Corán lo hubiera prohibido”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Coitus Interruptus: Retiro del órgano genital masculino de dentro del femenino antes de la emisión de esperma durante el acto sexual. – IslamReligion.com<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

La Sunnah en la Ley Islámica<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

La diferencia entre la Sunnah y el Corán<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El Corán es el fundamento de la Ley Islámica. Es el milagroso discurso de Dios que fue revelado al Mensajero, que Dios exalte su mención, por medio del ángel Gabriel. Ha sido transmitido a nosotros con tantas cadenas de autoridad que su autenticidad histórica es incuestionable. Está registrado por escrito, y su recitación es una forma de adoración.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Sunnah es todo lo que vino del Mensajero de Dios aparte del Corán. Ella explica y provee los detalles para las leyes encontradas en el Corán. También, provee ejemplos de la aplicación práctica de estas leyes. Se trata de revelaciones directas de Dios o decisiones del Mensajero que eran luego confirmadas por la revelación. Por lo tanto, la fuente de toda la Sunnah es la revelación.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Corán es la revelación que es formalmente recitada como un acto de adoración, y la Sunnah es la revelación que no es formalmente recitada; aunque la Sunnah es justo como el Corán en el sentido de que es revelación cuya obediencia es obligatoria.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Corán toma precedencia sobre la Sunnah en dos formas. Por un lado, el Corán consiste en las palabras exactas de Dios, es milagroso por naturaleza, hasta el último versículo. La Sunnah, sin embargo, no son necesariamente las palabras exactas de Dios, sino que son sus significados explicados por el Profeta.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La posición de la Sunnah en la Ley Islámica<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Durante el tiempo de vida del Mensajero, el Corán y la Sunnah eran las únicas fuentes de la Ley Islámica.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Corán provee las órdenes generales que formaron la base de la Ley, sin entrar en todos los detalles y la legislación secundaria, con la excepción de unas pocas imposiciones que están establecidas junto con los principios generales. Estas órdenes no están sujetas a cambio en el tiempo o a las circunstancias cambiantes de la gente. El Corán, de la misma forma, tiene los principios de la creencia, establece actos de adoración, menciona las historias de las naciones de la antigüedad y provee los lineamientos morales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Sunnah concuerda con el Corán. Esta explica los significados de lo que no está claro en el texto, provee los detalles para lo que está descrito en términos generales, especifica lo que es general, y explica las órdenes y sus objetivos. La Sunnah también trae órdenes que no están provistas en el Corán, pero ellas están siempre en armonía con sus principios y avanzan sobre los objetivos que están señalados en el Corán.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Sunnah es una expresión práctica de lo que está en el Corán. Esta expresión toma muchas formas. Algunas veces, viene como una acción llevada a cabo por el Mensajero. Otras veces, es una declaración que él hizo en respuesta a algo. Algunas veces, toma la forma de una declaración o una acción de uno de los Compañeros que él no previno u objetó, sino que permaneció en silencio acerca de ella o expresó su aprobación por la misma.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Sunnah explica y clarifica el Corán en muchas formas. Explica cómo hacer los actos de adoración y cómo llevar a cabo las leyes que están mencionadas en él. Dios ordena a los creyentes orar sin mencionar el número de veces que las oraciones deben ser hechas o la manera de hacerlas. El Mensajero clarificó esto a través de sus propias oraciones y al enseñar a los musulmanes cómo orar. El dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Oren como me han visto orar”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios hace obligatoria la peregrinación sin explicar sus ritos. El Mensajero de Dios explica esto al decir:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Tomen de mí los ritos de la peregrinación”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios hace obligatorio el impuesto del Zakah sin mencionar ante qué tipos de riqueza y productos éste debe ser recaudado. Dios tampoco hace mención de la cantidad mínima de riqueza que hace el impuesto obligatorio. La Sunnah, a pesar de esto, lo aclara todo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Sunnah especifica las declaraciones generales halladas en el Corán. Dios dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “Dios dictamina respecto a [la herencia de] vuestros hijos: Al varón le corresponde lo mismo que a dos mujeres”. (Corán 4:11)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Esta redacción es general, se aplica a cada familia y hace a cada niño o niña un heredero o heredera de sus padres. La Sunnah hace esta regulación más específica al excluir a los hijos del Profeta. El Mensajero de Dios dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Nosotros los Profetas no dejamos detrás herencia alguna. Lo que sea que dejemos detrás es para caridad”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Sunnah califica declaraciones no calificadas en el Corán. Dios dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Y si estáis enfermos o de viaje, o alguno de vosotros viene de hacer sus necesidades o habéis tenido relaciones con vuestras mujeres y no encontráis agua, recurrid a tierra limpia y pasáosla por el rostro y las manos”. (Corán 5:6)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Este versículo no hace mención de la extensión de la mano, dejando la pregunta sobre si uno debe frotarse las manos hasta la muñeca o hasta el antebrazo. La Sunnah aclara esto al mostrar que es hasta la muñeca, debido a que esto es lo que el Mensajero de Dios hizo al realizar la ablución seca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Sunnah también está haciendo énfasis en lo que está en el Corán o proveyendo legislación secundaria para una ley estipulada allí. Esto incluye todos los Hadiz que indican que la oración, el Zakah, el ayuno y la peregrinación son obligatorios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un ejemplo de dónde la Sunnah provee legislación subsidiaria para un mandamiento encontrado en el Corán está la regulación hallada en la Sunnah de que está prohibido vender un fruto antes de que éste empiece a madurar. La base de esta ley es la declaración del Corán:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“No consuman su propiedad entre ustedes de manera injusta, excepto que ello sea un trato entre ustedes por consenso mutuo”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Sunnah contiene regulaciones que no están mencionadas en el Corán y que no vienen como aclaraciones para algo mencionado en él. Un ejemplo de esto es la prohibición de comer carne de burro y la carne de las bestias depredadoras. Otro ejemplo de esto es la prohibición de casarse con una mujer y con su tía al mismo tiempo. Estas y otras regulaciones que son provistas por la Sunnah deben ser acogidas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La obligación de adherirse a la Sunnah<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Un requerimiento de creer en la condición de profeta es aceptar como cierto todo lo que el Mensajero de Dios dijo. Dios escogió a Sus Mensajeros de entre Sus adoradores para llevar Su Ley a la humanidad. Dios dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “…Dios sabe mejor que nadie en quién confiar Su Mensaje…” (Corán 6:124)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios también dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…los Mensajeros sólo tienen la obligación de transmitir el Mensaje con claridad”. (Corán 16:35)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Mensajero está protegido del error en todas sus acciones. Dios ha protegido su lengua de no decir nada sino la verdad. Dios ha protegido sus miembros de no hacer nada sino lo que es correcto.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios lo ha salvaguardado de mostrar aprobación por algo contrario a la Ley Islámica. Él es la más hermosa creación de Dios. Esto está claro en la manera en la que Dios lo describe en el Corán:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Por la estrella cuando desaparece [al amanecer] que vuestro compañero [el Profeta Muhammad] no se ha extraviado ni está en un error ni habla de acuerdo a sus pasiones. Él sólo trasmite lo que le ha sido revelado”. (Corán 53:1-4)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nosotros vemos en el Hadiz que ninguna circunstancia, sin importar de qué se tratara, podía impedir que el Profeta hablara con la verdad. Tener ira nunca le impidió hablar la verdad. Tener ira nunca afectó su discurso. Nunca dijo una mentira, incluso cuando estaba bromeando. Sus propios intereses nunca le alejaron de hablar la verdad. La única meta que él buscaba era complacer al Dios Todopoderoso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Abdullah bin Amr bin al-Aas relató que él solía escribir todo lo que el Mensajero de Dios decía. Luego, la tribu de Quraish le prohibió que lo hiciera, diciéndole: “¿Tú escribes todo lo que el Mensajero de Dios dice, y no es él sino un hombre que habla por satisfacción y en momentos de ira?”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Abdullah bin Amr dejó de escribir y mencionó esto al Mensajero de Dios, quien le dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Escribe, pues por Aquel en cuyas manos está mi alma, sólo la verdad sale de mí”… y apuntó a su boca.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Corán, la Sunnah y el consenso de los juristas todos apuntan al hecho de que obedecer al Mensajero de Dios es obligatorio. Dios dice en el Corán:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“¡Oh, creyentes! Obedeced a Dios, obedeced al Mensajero y a aquellos de vosotros que tengan autoridad y conocimiento. Y si tenéis un conflicto, remitidlo al juicio de Dios y del Mensajero, si es que creéis en Dios y en el Día del Juicio, porque es lo preferible y el camino correcto”. (Corán 4:59)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":20271,"lft":368,"rght":369,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-07-27T23:16:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T07:25:22.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":298,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-07-27","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-What is the Sunnah.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-What is the Sunnah.docx"},{"id":300,"title":"Qu\u2019est-ce que la sounnah? ","slug":"quest-ce-que-la-sounnah-","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-What is the Sunnah.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-What is the Sunnah.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:quest-ce-que-la-sounnah-","hint":"","body":"

Qu’est-ce que la sounnah?<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Une révélation comme le Coran<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"\"<\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

par L’équipe éditoriale d’Abdurrahman al-Muala (Islamtoday)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Selon les érudits musulmans, la sounnah est constituée du recueil des paroles du prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui), de ses déclarations, de ses actions, de ses approbations tacites, des traits de sa personnalité qui ont été rapportés, de sa description physique et de sa biographie.  Ces informations peuvent provenir de l’époque précédent sa mission prophétique ou de l’époque de sa mission comme telle.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les déclarations du Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) incluent tout ce que ce dernier a dit au cours de diverses occasions.  Par exemple, on rapporte qu’il a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« En vérité, les actions ne valent que par leurs intentions; alors chaque personne n’obtiendra que ce pour quoi elle a fait une action. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les actions du Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) incluent toutes ces actions qu’il a faites et qui ont été rapportées par ses compagnons.  Cela inclut, entre autres, sa manière de faire ses ablutions, sa manière de prier, et la façon dont il a accompli le Hajj (pèlerinage à la Mecque).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ses approbations tacites incluent toutes les choses qu’ont dit ou fait ses compagnons et auxquelles il s’est montré favorable ou, à tout le moins, ne s’est pas objecté.  Toutes ces choses qu’il a tacitement approuvées sont aussi valides que ces choses qu’il a dites ou faites lui-même.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un exemple de cela est l’approbation du Prophète lorsque ses compagnons décidèrent à quel moment prier au cours de la bataille de Bani Qouraydhah.  Le messager de Dieu leur avait dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Nul d’entre vous ne doit accomplir sa prière de l’après-midi avant d’arriver à Bani Qouraydhah. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mais les compagnons n’arrivèrent à Bani Qouraydhah qu’après le coucher du soleil.  Certains prirent les paroles du Prophète au sens littéral et reportèrent leur prière d’après-midi, disant : « Nous ne prierons qu’après être arrivés là-bas. »  D’autres comprirent que le Prophète les poussait simplement à se dépêcher; ils s’arrêtèrent donc en chemin et firent leur prière de l’après-midi à l’heure.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quand le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) apprit que chaque groupe avait pris une décision différente, il ne critiqua ni l’un ni l’autre.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

On retrouve également des hadiths décrivant la personnalité du Prophète, tels que celui-ci, provenant de son épouse Aisha :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Le messager de Dieu n’était jamais vulgaire ni indécent, et n’élevait jamais la voix lorsqu’il se trouvait au marché.  Il ne répondait jamais aux abus d’autrui en les abusant à son tour.  Il était plutôt tolérant et indulgent. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La description physique du Prophète a été faite par plusieurs de ses compagnons, dont Anas :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Le messager de Dieu n’était ni grand ni petit.  Sa peau n’était ni très claire ni foncée.  Et ses cheveux n’étaient ni très bouclés ni raides. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le lien entre la sounnah et la révélation<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

La sounnah est la révélation de Dieu à Son prophète.  Dieu dit, dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« ... rappelez-vous le bienfait dont Dieu vous a gratifiés, ainsi que ce qu’Il vous a révélé du Livre et de la sagesse, par lesquels Il vous exhorte. » (Coran 2:231)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La sagesse dont il est question dans ce verset fait référence à la sounnah.  Le grand juriste ash-Shafi’i a dit : « Dieu mentionne le Livre, qui est le Coran.  J’ai entendu, de personnes que je considère comme des autorités en matière de Coran, que la sagesse est la sounnah du messager de Dieu (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui). »  Dieu a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Dieu a vraiment fait une faveur aux croyants en leur envoyant un messager issu d’eux-mêmes, qui leur récite Ses révélations, les purifie de leurs péchés et leur enseigne le Livre et la sagesse... » (Coran 3:164)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il est clair, à la lecture du verset ci-dessus, que Dieu a révélé à Son prophète à la fois le Coran et la sounnah, et qu’Il lui a ordonné de transmettre ces deux révélations aux hommes.  Des hadiths attestent du fait que la sounnah est une révélation.  Mak’hool a rapporté que le messager de Dieu a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Dieu m’a donné le Coran et ce qui lui ressemble de la sagesse. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al-Miqdam b.Ma’di Karab a rapporté que le messager de Dieu a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« J’ai reçu le Livre et quelque chose qui lui est similaire. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Hisan b.Atiyyah a rapporté que l’archange Gabriel venait voir le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) avec la sounnah, de la même façon qu’il venait le voir pour lui transmettre le Coran.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les opinions du Prophète ne se résumaient pas à ses pensées personnelles ou à son jugement sur une affaire; elles provenaient de la révélation de Dieu.  Le Prophète, on l’avait compris, était différent du commun des mortels; il était soutenu par la révélation.  Lorsqu’il usait de son raisonnement et que son jugement était bon, Dieu le confirmait; et s’il commettait une erreur, Dieu la corrigeait et le guidait vers la vérité.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

C’est pour cette raison que l’on rapporte qu’un jour, le calife ‘Omar dit, du haut de sa chaire : « Ô vous qui m’écoutez!  Les opinions du messager de Dieu étaient bonnes uniquement parce que Dieu les lui révélait.  Quant à nos opinions, elles ne constituent que des pensées personnelles et des conjectures. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La révélation reçue par le Prophète était de deux types :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A.    Révélation instructive<\/strong> : Dieu l’informait d’une chose par le biais de la révélation et ce, par divers moyens, tel que mentionné dans le verset coranique suivant :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Il n’a été (donné) à aucun mortel que Dieu s’adresse à lui autrement que par révélation ou de derrière un voile, ou encore par l’envoi d’un messager, [un ange], qui révèle, avec Sa permission, Ses volontés à l’homme.  Certes, (Dieu) est le Très-Haut, le Sage. » (Coran 42:51)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aisha a rapporté qu’al-Harith b.Hisham demanda un jour au Prophète de quelle façon il recevait la révélation.   Ce dernier lui répondit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Parfois, l’ange vient à moi dans un bruit de tintement de clochette et c’est la forme la plus éprouvante, pour moi.  Je sens comme un poids sur moi et je retiens ce que me dit l’ange.  Parfois encore, l’ange vient vers moi sous la forme d’un homme; il me parle et je mémorise tout ce qu’il me dit. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aisha dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Je l’ai vu, lors d’une journée très froide, alors que la révélation descendait sur lui.  Lorsque ce fut terminé, son front était couvert de sueur. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il arrivait que des gens viennent poser une question au Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) et qu’il demeure silencieux jusqu’à ce qu’une révélation descende au sujet de la question posée.  Par exemple, les païens de la Mecque l’interrogèrent au sujet de l’âme, mais il demeura silencieux jusqu’à ce que Dieu révèle :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Et ils t’interrogent au sujet de l’âme.  Dis : « L’âme relève de l’ordre de mon Seigneur; et on ne vous a donné que bien peu de connaissances. » (Coran 17:85)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

On l’interrogea aussi sur la façon dont devait être divisé l’héritage, mais il ne répondit rien, jusqu’à ce que Dieu révèle :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Voici ce que Dieu vous enjoint au sujet de (l’héritage à transmettre) à vos enfants... » (Coran 4:11-12)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

B.    <\/strong>Révélation affirmative : Ce sont les fois où le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a usé de son jugement personnel.  Si son jugement était bon, la révélation venait le confirmer; et s’il était mauvais, la révélation venait le corriger, devenant ainsi une révélation instructive.  La seule différence, dans ces cas, étant que la révélation était le résultat d’une action faite par le Prophète.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Lorsque le Prophète prenait une décision personnelle sur un cas particulier, Dieu approuvait sa décision par révélation si sa décision était bonne.  Et si Dieu n’aimait pas la décision qu’il avait prise, il la corrigeait par révélation afin de protéger l’intégrité de la religion.  Car jamais Dieu n’aurait permis à Son messager de transmettre aux gens une information erronée, qui les aurait menés vers l’erreur à leur tour.  Cela aurait contredit la sagesse d’envoyer des messagers aux gens, lesquels auraient alors eu des arguments contre Dieu.  Le Prophète était donc protégé contre ses propres erreurs, la révélation le corrigeant au fur et à mesure.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les compagnons du Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) savaient que son approbation tacite équivalait à l’approbation de Dieu, car du vivant du Prophète, s’ils faisaient quoi que ce soit de contraire à l’islam, la révélation descendait pour condamner leur acte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Par exemple, Jabir, un des compagnons du Prophète, raconte : « Nous avions l’habitude de pratiquer le coïtus interruptus[1]<\/a>  du temps du messager de Dieu. »  Soufyan, un des narrateurs de ce hadith, l’a ainsi commenté : « Si une chose comme celle-là avait été interdite, le Coran l’aurait prohibée. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Coïtus interruptus : durant l’acte intime, le retrait du pénis avant l’éjaculation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

La sounnah au sein de Loi islamique<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

La différence entre la sounnah et le Coran<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le Coran est le fondement de la Loi islamique.  C’est la parole miraculeuse de Dieu, révélée au prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui), par l’intermédiaire de l’archange Gabriel.  Il nous a été transmis par tant de sources fiables que son authenticité historique est incontestable.  Il forme un livre en soi, tandis que sa récitation constitue une forme d’adoration.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quant à la sounnah, elle est constituée de tout ce qui nous est parvenu du messager de Dieu en dehors du Coran.  Elle explique les lois du Coran ou les complète en les détaillant.  Elle fournit également des exemples pratiques sur l’application de ces lois.  On y retrouve des révélations directes de Dieu ou des décisions du Prophète qui furent confirmées ou approuvées par la révélation.  Par conséquent, la source de la sounnah est la révélation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Coran est une révélation dont la récitation constitue un acte d’adoration, tandis que la sounnah n’est jamais récitée.  Mais il demeure que la sounnah est une révélation au même titre que le Coran et qu’elle doit être suivie et appliquée comme telle.  Le Coran a cependant la priorité sur la sounnah.  Le Coran est composé des paroles miraculeuses de Dieu, du début à la fin.  Quant à la sounnah, elle n’est pas toujours composée des paroles exactes de Dieu, mais plutôt de leur signification, expliquée par le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La position de la sounnah au sein de la Loi islamique<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Du vivant du messager de Dieu, le Coran et la sounnah étaient les deux sources uniques de la Loi islamique. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Coran contient les injonctions qui ont constitué, au départ, le fondement de la Loi, mais sans aller dans les détails ni dans la législation secondaire, à l’exception de quelques rares injonctions qui furent établies avec les principes généraux.  Ces injonctions ne peuvent être modifiées ni en fonction du temps ni en fonction des circonstances.  De même, le Coran contient les principes de la foi, établit les actes d’adoration, raconte les histoires des anciens peuples et fournit aux hommes une ligne de conduite morale.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La sounnah ne va jamais à l’encontre du Coran.  Elle explique les passages du Coran qui peuvent prêter à confusion, fournit des détails sur les passages rédigés en termes généraux et explique les injonctions coraniques.  La sounnah contient par ailleurs des injonctions qui n’apparaissent pas dans le Coran mais qui sont toujours en harmonie avec les principes coraniques et qui poursuivent les mêmes objectifs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La sounnah est l’expression pratique du contenu du Coran et elle peut prendre plusieurs formes.  Parfois, elle se présente sous forme d’une action accomplie par le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui).  À d’autres moments, elle prend la forme d’une déclaration qu’il a faite en réponse à une situation donnée.  Parfois encore, elle prend la forme d’une déclaration ou d’une action d’un des compagnons qu’il n’a ni empêchée ni désapprouvée, sur laquelle il est demeuré silencieux ou au sujet de laquelle il a exprimé son approbation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La sounnah explique et clarifie le Coran de diverses façons.  Elle explique, entre autres, comment accomplir les actes d’adoration prescrits par le Coran, de même que la façon d’appliquer les lois qu’il contient.  Par exemples, Dieu ordonne aux croyants de prier, mais sans mentionner à quels moments de la journée ni de quelle manière.  C’est le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) qui a enseigné la façon de prier aux musulmans.  Il leur a dit : « Priez comme vous m’avez vu prier. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Par ailleurs, Dieu mentionne, dans le Coran, l’obligation du Hajj (pèlerinage) sans en expliquer les rites en détail.  Encore une fois, le Prophète a dit à ses fidèles :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Prenez de moi les rites du Hajj. » (i.e. observez ma façon de faire et suivez mon exemple).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aussi, dans le Coran, Dieu rend la zakat obligatoire sans préciser de quels biens, au juste, elle doit être prélevée.  Il ne mentionne pas non plus le montant minimal de biens à partir duquel la zakat devient obligatoire.  La sounnah, cependant, clarifie tout cela.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La sounnah précise certaines déclarations générales contenues dans le Coran.  Par exemple, Dieu dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Voici ce que Dieu vous enjoint au sujet de (l’héritage à transmettre) à vos enfants : au fils, une part équivalente à celle de deux filles. » (Coran 4:11)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il s’agit d’une règle générale, s’appliquant à chaque famille.  Mais la sounnah la précise davantage en y excluant les enfants des prophètes.  Le messager de Dieu a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Nous, prophètes, ne laissons aucun héritage.  Si nous laissons quelque chose, il s’agit d’une charité. »<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La sounnah délimite certaines déclarations dont la portée n’est pas limitée, dans le Coran.  Par exemple, Dieu dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« ...[et si] vous ne trouviez pas d’eau, alors ayez recours à de la terre pure et passez-en sur votre visage et vos mains... » (Coran 5:6)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le verset ne mentionne pas jusqu’à quelle hauteur des mains il faut passer de la terre; est-ce jusqu’aux poignets ou jusqu’aux avant-bras?  La sounnah clarifie ce point avec l’exemple du Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui); lorsqu’il se retrouva dans cette situation, il se passa de la terre jusqu’aux poignets.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Parfois aussi, la sounnah met l’accent sur certains contenus du Coran ou fournit une législation secondaire pour certaines de ses lois.  Cela inclut tous les hadiths qui indiquent que la prière, la zakat, le jeûne et le Hajj sont obligatoires.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un exemple où la sounnah apporte une législation secondaire pour une injonction coranique est la règle selon laquelle il est interdit de vendre des fruits avant qu’ils n’aient commencé à mûrir.  L’injonction coranique à la base de cette règle est la suivante :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Ô vous qui croyez!  Ne dilapidez pas vos biens, entre vous, par pure vanité; mais faites des affaires par consentement mutuel. » (Coran 4:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La sounnah contient des règles qui ne sont pas mentionnées dans le Coran et qui ne viennent pas nécessairement éclaircir des choses mentionnées dans le Coran.  Un exemple de cela est l’interdiction de manger la viande d’âne et des prédateurs.  Un autre exemple est l’interdiction d’avoir pour épouses une femme et sa tante en même temps.  Ces règles, de même que les autres que l’on retrouve dans la sounnah, doivent être respectées.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’obligation d’adhérer à la sounnah<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

L’une des conditions de la croyance en la prophétie est le fait d’accepter comme vrai tout ce que le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a dit.  Dieu a choisi Ses messagers parmi Ses adorateurs afin qu’ils transmettent Sa Loi aux hommes.  Dieu dit, dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Dieu est plus à même de savoir à qui confier Son message. » (Coran 6:124)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dieu dit également :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Quelle est la mission des messagers sinon de transmettre le message en toute clarté? » (Coran 16:35)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dieu a protégé Son messager de l’erreur, Il a protégé sa langue de toute parole qui irait à l’encontre de la vérité, et Il a protégé ses membres contre le fait de commettre toute mauvaise action.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De même, Dieu l’a protégé contre le fait d’approuver quoi que ce soit qui irait à l’encontre de la Loi islamique.  Il est la créature de Dieu la plus complète.  Cela est démontré par la façon dont Dieu le décrit, dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Par l’étoile à son déclin!  Votre compagnon ne s’égare point et n’a pas été induit en erreur.  Et il ne prononce rien selon ses propres désirs. » (Coran 53:1-4)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il est clair, à la lecture des hadiths, qu’en toutes circonstances, et même dans les circonstances les plus difficiles, jamais rien ne retenait le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) de dire la vérité.  Même s’il était fâché, il disait toujours la vérité.  Jamais il ne mentait, pas même par gestes, et jamais ses intérêts personnels ne le retenaient de dire la vérité.  Son seul et unique objectif était la satisfaction de Dieu, le Tout-Puissant.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Abdoullah bar al-Aas rapporte qu’il mettait par écrit tout ce que disait le messager de Dieu.  Puis, un jour, des hommes de la tribu de Qouraysh le lui interdirent en disant : « Quoi!  Tu écris tout ce que dit Mohammed alors que c’est un homme qui ne parle que sous l’effet de la colère et par satisfaction personnelle? »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Abdoullah b.Amr cessa alors d’écrire et rapporta leurs propos au messager de Dieu, qui lui dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 « Écris : car par Celui dans les mains duquel se trouve mon âme, rien d’autre que la vérité ne sort d’ici » (et il pointa sa bouche du doigt).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Coran, la sounnah et le consensus des juristes musulmans indiquent tous qu’obéir au messager de Dieu est obligatoire.   Dieu dit, dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Ô vous qui croyez !  Obéissez à Dieu et obéissez au messager, ainsi qu’à ceux d’entre vous qui détiennent l’autorité.  Et si vous vous disputez au sujet de quoi que ce soit, reportez-vous à Dieu et au messager si vous croyez (vraiment) en Dieu et au Jour dernier. » (Coran 4:59)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":19521,"lft":370,"rght":371,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-07-27T23:16:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T08:28:28.000000Z","language_id":9,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":298,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-07-27","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-What is the Sunnah.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-What is the Sunnah.docx"},{"id":301,"title":"Was ist die Sunnah?","slug":"was-ist-die-sunnah","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-What is the Sunnah.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-What is the Sunnah.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:was-ist-die-sunnah","hint":"","body":"

Was ist die Sunnah?<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Eine Offenbarung wie der Qur´an<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"\"<\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

von Die Herausgeber-Gemeinschaft von Dr. Abdurrahman al-Muala<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(übersetzt von islamtoday.com)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Sunnah ist gemäß den Hadith-Gelehrten, alles was vom Gesandten Gottes, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, berichtet worden ist; von seinen Aussagen, Taten, stillschweigenden Billigungen, seiner Persönlichkeit, Beschreibung seines Äußeren bis zu seiner Biographie.  Es spielt keine Rolle, ob die überlieferte Information sich auf etwas bezieht, das vor dem Beginn seiner prophetischen Mission stattgefunden hat oder danach. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Erklärung dieser Definition: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Aussagen des Propheten enthalten alles, was der Prophet aus unterschiedlichen Gründen bei verschiedenen Anlässen gesagt hat.  Zum Beispiel sagte er: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Wahrlich, die Taten entsprechen den Absichten, und jede Person erhält nur, was sie beabsichtigt hat.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Taten des Propheten beinhalten alles, was der Prophet getan hat, wovon uns seine Gefährten berichtet haben.  Dazu gehört, wie er die Waschungen vornahm, wie er die Gebete verrichtete und wie er Ha\u011f\u011f, die Pilgerfahrt, gemacht hat. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die stillschweigenden Billigungen des Propheten enthalten alles, was seine Gefährten sagten oder taten, dem er entweder zustimmte oder das er wenigstens nicht ablehnte.  Alles, das der Prophet stillschweigend gebilligt hat, ist genauso gültig, wie alles, das er selbst gesagt oder getan hat. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ein Beispiel für diese Billigung wurde den Gefährten gegeben, als sie im Kampf von Bani Quraidhah Rücksicht übten in ihrer Entscheidung, wann sie beten sollten.  Der Gesandte Gottes hatte zu ihnen gesagt:           <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Keiner von euch soll sein Nachmittagsgebet verrichten, bevor ihr bei Bani Quraidhah ankommt.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Gefährten erreichten Bani Quraidhah erst nach Sonnenuntergang.  Einige von ihnen nahmen die Worte des Propheten wörtlich und verschoben das Nachmittagsgebet, denn sie sagten: \"Wir werden nicht beten, bis wir dort ankommen.\"  Andere verstanden es so, dass der Prophet ihnen nur zeigen wollte, dass sie sich auf ihrer Reise beeilen sollten, daher hielten sie an und beteten pünktlich das Nachmittagsgebet.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Prophet erfuhr, wie die beiden Gruppen entschieden hatten, aber er kritisierte keine von beiden.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Was die Persönlichkeit des Propheten betrifft, gehört die folgende Aussage von Aischah (möge Gott Wohlgefallen mit ihr haben) dazu: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Der Gesandte Gottes war nie unanständig oder vulgar, auch auf dem Markt er war nicht laut.  Er antwortete nie auf die Beleidigungen durch andere mit Beleidigungen.  Statt dessen war er immer duldsam und verzeihend.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die äußerliche Beschreibung des Propheten findet man in Aussagen wie dieser von Anas (möge Gott Wohlgefallen mit ihm haben) berichteten:    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Der Gesandte Gottes war weder übermäßig groß noch war er klein.  Er war weder besonders weiß noch schwarz.  Sein Haar war weder überaus lockig noch glatt.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Beziehung zwischen der Sunnah und der Offenbarung<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Die Sunnah ist eine Offenbarung von Gott zu seinem Propheten, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm.  Im Qur´an sagt Gott: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…gedenkt der Gnade Gottes, die Er euch erwiesen hat und dessen, was Er euch vom Buch und  von der Weisheit herabgesandt hat...” (Quran 2:231)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mit der Weisheit ist die Sunnah gemeint.  Der große Jurist al-Schafi´i sagte: \"Gott erwähnt das Buch, welches der Qur´an ist.  Ich habe von Leuten gehört, die ich für Authoritäten in Qur´an halte, dass die Weisheit die Sunnah des Gesandten Gottes, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, ist.”  Gott sagt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wahrlich, huldreich war Gott gegen die Gläubigen, da Er unter ihnen einen Gesandten aus ihrer Mitte erweckte, um ihnen Seine Verse zu verlesen und sie zu reinigen und das Buch und die Weisheit zu lehren.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aus dem vorangegangenen Vers geht ganz deutlich hervor, dass Gott dem Propheten sowohl den Qur´an als auch die Sunnah offenbart hat, und dass Er ihm befohlen hat, beide den Menschen zu überbringen.  Auch die Hadithe des Propheten beweisen die Tatsache, dass die Sunnah eine Offenbarung ist.  Mak´huul berichtete, dass der Gesandte Gottes gesagt hat:   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Gott gab mir den Qur´an und was ihm ähnelt an Weisheit.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al-Miqdam b. Ma’die Karab überlieferte, dass der Gesandte Gottes gesagt hat:  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Mir wurde das Buch gegeben und mit ihm etwas Ähnliches.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Hisan b. Atiyyah berichtete, dass Gabriel genauso mit der Sunnah zum Propheten zu kommen pflegte, we er mit dem Qur´an zu ihm kam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Eine Meinung des Propheten entsprang nicht einfach nur seinen eigenen Gedanken oder Überlegungen in einer Angelegenheit; es war das, was Gott ihm offenbart hat.  In dieser Hinsicht unterschied sich der Prophet von anderen Menschen.  Er wurde durch Offenbarung unterstützt.  Wenn er seine eigene Urteilskraft anwandte und es war richtig, dann hätte Gott ihn bestätigt, und wenn ihm jemals ein Fehler in seinen Denkweise unterlaufen war, hätte ihn Gott berichtigt und zur Wahrheit geführt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aus diesem Grund wird berichtet, dass der Khalif Umar einmal auf der Kanzel gesagt hat: \"O ihr Menschen!  Die Meinungen des Gesandten Gottes waren richtig, denn Gott hat sie ihm offenbart.  Was unsere Meinungen betrifft, so sind sie nichts als Gedanken und Vermutung.\" <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Offenbarung, die der Prophet erhielt, war von zwei Arten: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

A.    Informative Offenbarung: <\/strong>Gott teilte ihm mittels Offenbarung der einen oder der anderen Art etwas mit, wie in folgenden Qur´anvers erwähnt wird:  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Und keinem Menschen steht es zu, dass Gott zu ihm sprechen sollte, außer durch Eingebung oder hinter einem Vorhang oder, indem Er einen Boten schickt, um durch Sein Geheiss zu offenbaren, was Er will.  Er ist Erhaben, Allweise.” (Quran 42:51)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aischa berichtete, dass al-Harith b. Hischam den Propheten danach fragte, wie die Offenbarung zu ihm kam, und der Prophet antwortete:   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Manchmal kommt der Engel zu mir wie das Läuten einer Glocke, und dies ist das schwierigste für mich.  Es lastet auf mir und ich präge mir in meinem Gedächtnis ein, was er sagt.  Und manchmal kommt der Engel in der Gestalt eines Mannes und spricht mit mir und ich präge mir in meinem Gedächtnis ein, was er sagt.\"<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aischa sagte:    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ich hatte ihn gesehen, als die Offenbarung an einem äußerst kalten Tag zu ihm kam.  Als es vorbei war, war seine Stirn voller Schweiß.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Manchmal wurde er etwas gefragt, aber er blieb still, bis die Offenbarung zu ihm kam.  Zum Beispiel als ihn die mekkanischen Götzendiener über die Seele befragten, blieb der Prophet still, bis Gott offenbarte: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Und sie befragen dich über die Seele.  Sprich: \"Die Seele ist eine Angelegenheit meines Herrn; und euch ist vom Wissen nur wenig gegeben.\"  (Quran 17:85)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Er wurde auch darüber befragt, wie das Erbe zu teilen sei, aber er antwortete nicht, bis Gott offenbarte: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Gott schreibt euch hinsichtlich eurer Kinder vor: …” (Quran 4:11)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

B.    Bestätigende Offenbarung: <\/strong>Hier traf der Prophet sein eigenes Urteil in einer Angelegenheit.  Wenn seine Meinung richtig war, kam eine Offenbarung, um sie zu bestätigen und wenn sie nicht richtig war, kam eine Offenbarung, um ihn zu verbessern, indem sie genau wie irgendeine andere informative Offenbarung kam.  Der einzige Unterschied hier ist, dass die Offenbarung als Ergebnis einer Tat kam, die der Prophet zuerst von sich aus getan hatte. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bei solchen Fällen war es dem Propheten überlassen, seine eigene Diskretion in einer Angelegenheit zu wahren.  Wenn das Richtige gewählt hatte, dann bestätigte Gott seine Wahl durch die Offenbarung.  Wenn er falsch gewählt hatte, dann berichtigte Gott ihn, um Unverletzlichkeit des Glaubens zu wahren.  Gott hätte Seinem Gesandten nie erlaubt, anderen Menschen einen Irrtum mitzuteilen, denn dies hätte seine Anhänger auch dem Irrtum verfallen lasssen können.  Dies hätte gegen die Weisheit hinter dem Schicken von Gesandten verstoßen, die darin bestand, dass die Menschen in Zukunft kein Argument mehr gegen Gott vorzubringen haben.  Auf diese Weise war der Gesandte davor beschützt, einem Irrtum zu verfallen, denn wenn er sich jemals irrte, wäre eine Offenbarung gekommen, die ihn korrigiert hätte. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Gefährten des Propheten wussten, dass das Stillschweigende Billigen durch den Propheten in der Tat die Billigung Gottes war, denn wenn sie jemals zu Lebzeiten des Propheten etwas getan haben, das nicht dem Islam entsprach, wäre eine Offenbarung gekommen, die das was sie getan hatten, verurteilt hätte. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jabir sagte: \"Wir pflegten Coitus interruptus[1]<\/a> zu Lebzeiten des Gesandten Gottes zu praktizieren.”  Sufyan, einer der Überlieferer dieses Hadith, kommentierte: \"Wenn etwas wie dies verboten wäre, dann hätte der Qur´an es untersagt.\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Coitus Interruptus: Zurückziehen des Penis vor dem Samenerguss beim Geschlechtsverkehr.     <\/em>– IslamReligion.com<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Sunnah im Islamischen Gesetz<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Der Unterschied zwischen der Sunnah und dem Qur´an<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Der Qur´an ist die Grundlage des islamischen Rechts.  Es ist die wunderbare Rede Gottes, die dem Gesandten, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, durch den Engel Gabriel offenbart worden ist.  Er wurde uns durch so viele zuverlässige Quellen übermittelt, dass seine historische Glaubwürdigkeit absolut unfragwürdig ist.  Er wurde als eigenes Buch aufgeschrieben und seine Rezitation ist eine Form des Gottesdienstes. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Was die Sunnah angeht, so ist das alles andere, das vom Gesandten Gottes stammt, außer dem Qur´an.  Sie erklärt und liefert Einzelheiten für die Gesetze, die im Qur´an stehen.  Sie liefert ebenfalls Beispiele für die praktische Anwendbarkeit dieser Gesetze.  Es handelt sich bei ihr also entweder um direkte Offenbarung von Gott oder um Entscheidungen des Gesandten, die dann durch Offenbarung bestätigt wurden.  Daher ist die Quelle aller Sunnahs die Offenbarung.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Qur´an ist die Offenbarung, der formell als ein Akt des Gottesdienstes rezitierte wird, und die Sunnah ist Offenbarung, die nicht rezitiert wird.  Die Sunnah ist also genau wie der Qur´an eine Offenbarung, der Folge geleistet und beibehalten werden muss. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dem Qur´an muss auf zwei Arten der Vorrang gegeben werden.  Einerseits besteht der Qur´an auf wunderbare Art bis zum letzten Vers aus den exakten Worten Gottes.  Die Sunnah allerdings muss nicht unbedingt aus dem exakten Worten Gottes bestehen, sondern in der Bedeutung, die uns durch den Propheten erklärt wurde. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Stellung der Sunnah im islamischen Recht<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Während der Lebenszeit des Gesandten waren der Qur´an und die Sunnah die einzigen Quellen der islamischen Gesetzgebung.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Qur´an liefert die allgemeinen Anordnungen, die die Grundlage des Rechts bilden, ohne auf alle Einzelheiten und die sekundäre Gesetzgebung einzugehen, mit Ausnahme weniger Anordnungen, die mit den allgemeinen Prinzipien einhergehen.  Diese Anordnungen sind nicht Subjekt der Veränderung im Lauf der Zeit oder der wechselnden Umstände der Menschen.  Der Qur´an kommt mit der Glaubenslehre, legt die gottesdienstlichen Handlungen fest, erwähnt die Geschichten der Früheren und liefert sittliche Richtlinien.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Sunnah steht in Übereinstimmung mit dem Qur´an.  Sie erläutert die Bedeutungen dessen, was im Text unklar ist, liefert Details für das, was allgemein beschrieben ist, spezifiziert, was allgemein gehalten ist und erklärt Anordnungen und Ziele.  Die Sunnah kommt ebenfalls mit Anordnungen, die der Qur´an nicht liefert, die aber immer mit seinen Prinzipien harmonieren, und sie fördern immer die Ziele, die im Qur´an hervorgehoben werden. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Sunnah ist ein praktischer Ausdruck dessen, was im Qur´an steht.  Dieser Ausdruck kann verschiedene Formen haben.  Manchmal ist es etwas, das der Gesandte Gottes getan hat.  Ein anderes Mal ist es eine Aussage, die er als Antwort auf eine Frage gegeben hat.  Manchmal ist es eine Aussage oder Handlung eines seiner Gefährten, die er weder unterbunden noch abgelehnt hat.  Im Gegenteil blieb er still oder drückte seine Zustimmung darüber aus. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Sunnah erklärt und verdeutlicht den Qur´an auf vielerlei Art.  Sie erklärt, wie die gottesdienstlichen Handlungen durchzuführen und die Gesetze anzuwenden sind.  Gott befiehlt den Gläubigen das Gebet, ohne die Zeiten, zu denen die Gebete verrichtet werden sollen oder die Art und Weise wie gebetet werden soll, zu erwähnen.  Der Gesandte verdeutlichte dies mit seinen igenen Gebeten und indem er die Muslime lehrte, wie sie beten sollen.  Er sagte: \"Betet, wie ihr mich beten gesehen habt.\"   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gott machte Ha\u011f\u011f, die Pilgerreise, zur Pflicht, ohne ihre Riten zu erklären.  Der Gesandte Gottes erklärte dies, indem er sagte:   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Übernehmt die Riten der Ha\u011f\u011f von mir.\"  <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gott machte die Zakat –Steuer zur Pflicht, ohne zu erwähnen, welche Arten von Vermögen und Produkten besteuert werden.  Gott erwähnt auch nicht die Mindestmenge an Vermögen, die zur Steuer verpflichtet.  Die Sunnah aber verdeutlicht all dies.                    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Sunnah spezifiziert allgemeine Aussagen aus dem Qur´an.  Gott sagt:  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Gott schreibt euch hinsichtlich eurer Kinder vor: auf eines männlichen Geschlechts kommt (bei der Erbteilung) gleichviel wie auf zwei weiblichen Geschlechts...  ” (Quran 4:11)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Wortlaut ist allgemein auf jede Familie anwendbar und macht jedes Kind zum Erben seiner oder ihrer Eltern.  Die Sunnah spezifiziert diese Regel weiter, indem die Kinder der Propheten ausgeschlossen werden.  Der Gesandte Gottes sagte:     <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Wir Propheten hinterlassen keine Erbschaft.  Was auch immer wir hinterlassen ist Almosen.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Sunnah beschreibt ungenaue Aussagen des Qur´an genauer.  Gott sagt: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…und wenn ihr kein Wasser findet, so sucht reinen Sand und reibt euch damit Gesicht und Hände ab… (Quran 5:6)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Vers erwähnt nicht das Ausmaß der Hand, lässt die Frage offen, ob man die Hände bis zum Handgelenk oder über den Unterarm reiben soll.  Die Sunnah verdeutlicht es und zeigt, dass es bis zum Handgelenk ist, denn der Gesandte Gotts tat es so, wenn er Tayammum machte. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Sunnah betont auch, was im Qur´an steht oder liefert sekundäre Gesetzgebungen für ein Gesetz, das darin erwähnt wird.  Dies enthält alle Hadith die darauf hinweisen, dass Gebet, Zakahsteuer, Fasten und Ha\u011f\u011f verpflichtend sind.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ein Beispiel dafür, wie die Sunnah untergeordnete Regelungen für eine Anordnung, die man im Qur´an findet, liefert, ist die Regel, dass es verboten ist, Früchte zu verkaufen, bevor sie beginnen, zu reifen.  Die Grundlage für dieses Gesetz bildet die Aussage des Qur´an: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Bringt euch nicht untereinander in betrügerischer Weise um euer Vermögen!  Anders ist es, wenn es sich um ein Geschäft handelt, das ihr in gegenseitigem Übereinkommen abschließt.” (Quran 4:29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Sunnah enthält Regelungen, die nicht im Qur´an erwähnt werden und die nicht verdeutlichen, was im Qur´an erwähnt wird.  Ein Beispiel hierfür ist das Verbot, Eselfleisch zu essen und das Fleisch von Raubtieren.  Ein weiteres Beispiel ist das Verbot, eine Frau und ihre Tante zur gleichen Zeit zu heiraten.  An diese und andere Regelungen, die die Sunnah liefert, muss man festhalten.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Verpflichtung, an der Sunnah festzuhalten <\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Ein Erfordernis des Glaubens an das Prophetentum ist, alles was der Gesandte Gottes gesagt hat, als wahr zu akzeptieren.  Gott wählt Seine Gesandten unter Seinen Dienern aus, um Sein Gesetz der Menschheit zu überbringen.  Gott sagt: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…Gott weiß am besten, wem Er Seine Botschaft anvertraut…” (Quran 6:124)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gott sagt auch:   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…sind die Gesandten für irgend etwas außer für die deutliche Verkündigung verantwortlich?” (Quran 16:35)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Gesandte war vor Irrtümern in allen seinen Handlungen beschützt.  Gott hat seine Zunge davor bewahrt, irgend etwas anderes als die Wahrheit zu sagen.  Gott hat seine Glieder davor geschützt, etwas zu tun, das nicht richtig ist. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gott hat ihn behütet, irgend etwas das dem islamischen Gesetz widerspricht, zu billigen.  Er ist das vollständigste Geschöpf Gottes.  Dies geht klar daraus hervor, wie Gott ihn im Qur´an beschreibt: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Beim Stern, wenn er heruntersaust!  Euer Gefährte ist weder verwirrt, noch befindet er sich im Unrecht, noch spricht er aus Begierde.  Vielmehr ist es eine Offenbarung, die (ihm) eingegeben wird.” (Quran 53:1-4)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wir sehen an den Hadithen, dass keine Umstände, egal welcher Art, den Propheten davon abhalten konnten, die Wahrheit zu sagen.  Auch wenn er wütend war, beeinträchtigte das seine Sprache nicht.  Er sagte nie etwas Falsches, auch wenn er scherzte nicht.  Seine eigenen Interessen ließen ihn nie schwanken.  Das einzige Ziel, das er verfolgte, war das Wohlgefallen Gottes. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Abdullah b. Amr b. al-Aas berichtete, dass er alles niederschrieb, was der Gesandte Gottes zu sagen pflegte.  Dann verbot der Stamm der Quraisch ihm, dies zu tun, als sie sagten: \"Schreibst du alles auf, was der Gesandte Gottes sagt, und er ist nur ein Mann, der mit Zufriedenheit und mit Ärger spricht?\" <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Abdullah b. Amr hörte auf zu schreiben und erzählte dies dem Gesandten Gottes, der ihm sagte:    <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Schreib´, denn bei Dem in Dessen Hand meine Seele ist, nur Wahrheit kommt hier heraus.” …und er zeigte auf seinen Mund.     <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Qur´an, die Sunnah und der Konsens der rechtsgelehrten betonen alle die Tatsache, dass es Pflicht ist, dem Gesandten Gottes zu gehorchen.  Gott sagt im Qur´an:   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O ihr, die ihr glaubt, gehorcht Gott und gehorcht dem Gesandten und denen, die unter euch Befehlsgewalt besitzen.  Und wenn ihr über etwas streitet, so bringt es vor Gott und den Gesandten, wenn ihr an Gott glaubt und an den Jüngsten Tag...” (Quran 4:59)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":18796,"lft":372,"rght":373,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-07-27T23:16:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T07:04:11.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":298,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-07-27","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-What is the Sunnah.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-What is the Sunnah.docx"},{"id":302,"title":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430?","slug":"--ze","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-What is the Sunnah.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-What is the Sunnah.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:--ze","hint":"","body":"

\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430?<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"\"<\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/strong> \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435.  \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f: \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430 «\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430», \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/span>
\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e: \u0420\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0434-\u0440 \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0430<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044b) \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443 «\u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430» \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442: \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438  \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430,<\/strong> <\/strong>\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442,<\/strong> <\/strong>\u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c».<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438<\/strong> <\/strong>– \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043e \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0441 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u044b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043b \u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436 (\u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e)…<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong> <\/strong>– \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432 \u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0441 \u0411\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u0438\u043c:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0411\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0430».<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0411\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0435\u0445\u0430\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0445\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0411\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u043e. \u0410 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432<\/strong> \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u0439\u0448\u0438, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0435\u044e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0431\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e… \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u043f\u043e \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438… \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b \u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e \u0437\u043b\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c» (\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0430\u0442-\u0422\u0438\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u043f\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438, \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043c \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c. \u041d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0447\u0443\u0440 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0443\u0433\u043b\u044b\u043c. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438»<\/strong>(\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438). <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«…\u041e\u043d \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043b \u0432\u0430\u043c \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c…» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 2:231)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0428\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b: «\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442. \u0435. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d. \u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u044f \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u044f\u0442\u0435 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u043a \u043d\u0438\u043c \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0430\u044f\u0442\u044b, \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438» (3:164).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0437 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0430\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043b \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043b \u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u043e, \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435. \u0412 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430  (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u043c\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0442 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0445\u0443\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a  (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b: «\u041c\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/strong>».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0442 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u041c\u0438\u043a\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0431\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a  (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041c\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0430 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c – \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c».<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043d \u0438\u0431\u043d \u0410\u0442\u044b\u0439\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443 (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430. \u0421 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b \u044d\u0442\u043e. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u0425\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444 \u0423\u043c\u0430\u0440 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b: «\u041e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438! \u041c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A.    \u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u043b \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0430\u044f\u0442\u0435:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b. \u041f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u041e\u043d - \u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u041c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u044b\u0439!» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 42:51)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0410\u0439\u0448\u0438 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0425\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0431. \u0425\u0438\u0448\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0418\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0443, \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044f \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e. \u0418\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0438 \u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442».<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0410\u0438\u0448\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u042f \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u043e\u0431 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c» (\u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u0447\u0435\u043c-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435, \u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b (\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435):<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043e \u0434\u0443\u0445\u0435. \u0421\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0438: \"\u0414\u0443\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u0414\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 17:85)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0430\u044f\u0442:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439…» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 4:11)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

B.<\/strong>     \u0423\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e – \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0433.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b \u0431\u044b \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0410 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043c.  \u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 (\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442), \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0414\u0436\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b: «\u041c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0436\u0438\u0432». \u0421\u0443\u0444\u044c\u044f\u043d, \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0442\u0430\u043a: «\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435, \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0431\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u044d\u0442\u043e».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435  \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0443, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 (\u0413\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0438\u043b\u0430). \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0427\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 – \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438? \u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u0430 \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b – \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0435, \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432, – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0412 \u041a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0418\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0441 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435, \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043e \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443  \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438. \u041a \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043b, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c, \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440. \u0412 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u041d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430? \u0412 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445! \u0418\u043c\u0435\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a , \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f»<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436<\/em> (\u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e). \u0418 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u0443 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f»<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u044f\u0442 (\u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043d\u044e), \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0418\u0437 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u044f\u0442. \u0418 \u043e\u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439: \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u044f,  \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 4:11)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041c\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412\u0441\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043d\u044f».<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412\u043e\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u044f\u0442:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«…\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0438…» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 5:6)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041e\u0431\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0438» – \u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e. \u041d\u0435 \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e – \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u044f\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c\u044f? \u0418 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u044f\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043c<\/em> (\u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435), \u043e\u0431\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u044f\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u044b, \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c, \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0421\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u044b, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u044f\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u044e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044e» (4:29).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0443 \u043c\u044f\u0441\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445; \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0435\u0451 \u0442\u0451\u0442\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e – \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043d \u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u0411\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0434\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«…\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435…» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 6:124)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0410 \u0435\u0449\u0435:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«…\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f?» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 16:35)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c. \u0421\u0430\u043c \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442  \u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043b \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 – \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041a\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442! \u041d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0448 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0449 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0441 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0438.\u042d\u0442\u043e – \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 53:1-4)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443. \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043b\u0433\u0430\u043b \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0448\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0443. \u041d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b, \u043d\u0438 \u0433\u043d\u0435\u0432 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0441\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0431. \u0410\u043c\u0440 \u0431. \u0430\u043b\u044c-`\u0410\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442. \u041d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044f \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0448 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432: «\u041d\u0435\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0448\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442? \u0412\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043e\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432  \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438!».<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0431. \u0410\u043c\u0440 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043b \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041f\u0438\u0448\u0438, \u0438\u0431\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0432 \u0447\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u044f \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430», – \u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e! \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041e \u0442\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438! \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0441. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0447\u0435\u043c-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c, \u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043a \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0443 \u0438 \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u0438 \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c…» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 4:59)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":17637,"lft":374,"rght":375,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-07-27T23:16:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T07:53:36.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":298,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-07-27","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-What is the Sunnah.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-What is the Sunnah.docx"},{"id":303,"title":"O que \u00e9 a Sunnah?","slug":"o-que--a-sunnah","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pr-O que \u00e9 a Sunnah.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pr-O que \u00e9 a Sunnah.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:o-que--a-sunnah","hint":"","body":"

O que é a Sunnah?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Uma Revelação como o Alcorão<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"\"<\/p>\r\n

A Sunnah, de acordo com os estudiosos de hadith, é tudo que foi relatado a partir do Mensageiro, que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele, de suas afirmações, ações, aprovações tácitas, personalidade, descrição física ou biografia.  Não importa se a informação sendo relatada se refere a algo antes ou depois do início de sua missão profética.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Explicação dessa definição:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As afirmações do Profeta incluem tudo que o Profeta disse por várias razões em diferentes ocasiões.  Por exemplo, ele disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Verdadeiramente as ações valem pelas intenções e toda pessoa receberá somente aquilo que intencionou.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As ações do Profeta incluem tudo que o Profeta fez que nos foi relatado por seus Companheiros.  Inclui como ele fez abluções, realizou as orações e como fez a peregrinação.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As aprovações tácitas do Profeta incluem tudo que seus Companheiros disseram ou fizeram que ele demonstrou estar a favor, ou pelo menos não fez objeção.  Qualquer coisa que teve a aprovação tácita do Profeta é tão válida quanto algo que ele próprio disse ou fez.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um exemplo é a aprovação que foi dada aos Companheiros quando usaram seu entendimento para decidir quando orar durante a Batalha de Bani Quraydhah.  O Mensageiro de Deus tinha lhes dito:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Nenhum de vocês deve orar a oração da tarde até que chegue a Bani Quraydhah.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os Companheiros só chegaram a Bani Quraydhah depois do pôr do sol.  Alguns deles adotaram as palavras do Profeta literalmente e adiaram a oração da tarde, dizendo: “Não oraremos até chegarmos lá.” Outros entenderam que o Profeta só estava indicando a eles que deviam correr durante sua viagem. Então pararam e oraram a oração da tarde no horário.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Profeta ficou sabendo do que os dois grupos tinham decidido, mas não criticou nenhum deles.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Com relação a personalidade do Profeta, incluiria a seguinte afirmação de Aisha (que Deus esteja satisfeito com ela):<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O Mensageiro de Deus nunca era indecente ou vulgar, nem era espalhafatoso. Nunca respondia com abusos aos abusos de outros. Ao contrário, era tolerante e perdoador.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A descrição física do Profeta é encontrada em afirmações como a relatada por Anas (que Deus esteja satisfeito com ele):<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O Mensageiro de Deus não era exageradamente alto nem baixo. Não era excessivamente branco nem negro. Seu cabelo não era excessivamente encaracolado nem liso.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Relação entre a Sunnah e Revelação<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

A Sunnah é revelação de Deus a Seu Profeta (que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele).  Deus diz no Alcorão:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“... vos revelou no Livro, com sabedoria,...” (Alcorão 2:231)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Sabedoria se refere a Sunnah.  O grande jurista al-Shafi disse: “Deus menciona o Livro, que é o Alcorão. Ouvi das pessoas que considero autoridades do Alcorão que a Sabedoria é a Sunnah do Mensageiro de Deus (que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele).” Deus diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De fato, Deus conferiu um grande favor aos crentes quando enviou um Mensageiro em seu meio, que recitasse para eles Seus sinais e os purificasse e instruísse no Livro e na Sabedoria.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

É claro dos versículos precedentes que Deus revelou a Seu Profeta tanto o Alcorão quanto a Sunnah e que Ele o ordenou a transmitir ambos para as pessoas.  O hadith profético também atesta o fato que a Sunnah é revelação.  Está relatado de Mak’hul que o Mensageiro de Deus disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Deus me deu o Alcorão e o que é semelhante a ele da Sabedoria.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al-Miqdam b. Ma’dee Karab relata que o Mensageiro de Deus disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Me foi dado o Livro e algo semelhante a ele.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Hisan b. Atiyyah relata que Gabriel costumava vir para o Profeta com a Sunnah da mesma maneira que vinha com o Alcorão.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Uma opinião do Profeta não era meramente seus próprios pensamentos ou deliberações sobre um assunto, era o que Deus revelou a ele.  Dessa forma, o Profeta era diferente de outras pessoas.  Era apoiado por revelação.  Quando exercício seu próprio raciocínio e estava correto Deus o confirmava, e se cometesse um erro em seu pensamento Deus o corrigia e o guiava para a verdade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Por essa razão é relatado que o Califa Omar disse no púlpito: “Ó povo! As opiniões do Mensageiro de Deus estavam corretas porque Deus as revelava a ele.Quanto às nossas opiniões, não são nada além de pensamentos e conjecturas.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A revelação que o Profeta recebeu foi de dois tipos:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A.    Revelação informativa: Deus o informava de algo através de revelação de uma forma ou outra como mencionado no seguinte versículo corânico:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“É inconcebível que Deus fale diretamente ao homem, a não ser por revelações, ou veladamente, ou por meio de um mensageiro, mediante o qual revela, com o Seu beneplácito, o que Lhe apraz; sabei que Ele é Prudente, Altíssimo.” (Alcorão 42:51)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aisha relatou que al-Harith b. Hisham perguntou ao Profeta como a revelação chegava até ele e o Profeta respondeu:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Às vezes o anjo vem para mim como o ressoar de um sino e é o mais difícil para mim. Joga seu peso sobre mim e memorizo o que ele diz. E às vezes o anjo vem para mim na forma de um homem, fala comigo e memorizo o que ele diz.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Aisha disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Eu o vi quando a revelação veio em um dia extremamente frio. Quando acabou, sua fronte estava cheia de suor.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Às vezes ele era consultado sobre algo, mas permanecia em silêncio até a revelação chegar.  Por exemplo, os pagãos de Meca perguntaram a ele sobre a alma, mas o Profeta permaneceu em silêncio até que Deus revelou:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Perguntar-te-ão sobre o Espírito. Responde-lhes: O Espírito está sob o comando do meu Senhor, e só vos tem sido concedida uma ínfima parte do saber.” (Alcorão 17:85)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Também foi consultado sobre como a herança devia ser dividida, mas não respondeu até que Gabriel revelou:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Deus vos prescreve acerca da herança de vossos filhos...”  (Alcorão 4:11)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

B.    Revelação afirmativa: Era quando o Profeta exercia seu próprio julgamento em uma questão.  Se a opinião dele fosse correta, a revelação vinha confirmando-a e se fosse incorreta a revelação vinha para corrigi-lo, como qualquer outra revelação informativa.  A única diferença aqui é que a revelação vinha como resultado de uma ação que o Profeta primeiro atuou por conta própria.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nessas situações o Profeta usava seu próprio critério.  Se escolhesse o que era correto então Deus confirmava sua escolha através de revelação.  Se escolhesse o que estava errado Deus o corrigia para proteger a integridade da fé.  Deus nunca permitia que Seu Mensageiro transmitisse um erro às pessoas, porque faria seus seguidores incorrerem em erro também.  Isso se oporia a sabedoria por trás do envio de Mensageiros, que era fazer com que as pessoas não tivessem nenhum argumento contra Deus.  Dessa forma, o Mensageiro era protegido de incorrer em erro, porque se ele errasse a revelação o corrigia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os Companheiros do Profeta sabiam que a aprovação tácita do Profeta era na verdade a aprovação de Deus, porque se fizessem algo contrário ao Islã durante a vida do Profeta a revelação viria condenando o que fizeram.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jabir disse: “Costumávamos praticar coitus interruptus[1]<\/a> quando o Mensageiro de Deus estava vivo.”  Sufyan, um dos narradores desse hadith, comentou: “Se algo desse tipo fosse proibido, o Alcorão teria proibido.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Coitus Interruptus: retirada do pênis antes da emissão de esperma durante a relação sexual.– IslamReligion.com<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

A Sunnah na Lei Islâmica<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

A Diferença entre a Sunnah e o Alcorão<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

O Alcorão é a base da Lei Islâmica.  É o discurso milagroso de Deus que foi revelado ao Mensageiro, que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele, através do anjo Gabriel.  Foi-nos transmitido com tantas cadeias de autoridade que sua autenticidade histórica é inquestionável.  É registrado em seu próprio volume e sua recitação é uma forma de adoração.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quanto a Sunnah, é tudo que veio de Deus para o Mensageiro além do Alcorão.   Explica e fornece detalhes para as leis encontradas no Alcorão.  Também fornece exemplos de aplicação prática dessas leis.  É revelação direta de Deus ou decisões do Mensageiro que foram confirmadas por revelação.  Sendo assim, a fonte de toda a Sunnah é revelação.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Alcorão é a revelação que é recitada formalmente como um ato de adoração e a Sunnah é revelação que não é recitada formalmente.  A Sunnah, entretanto, é como o Alcorão no sentido de que é revelação e deve ser seguida e aderida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Alcorão tem precedência sobre a Sunnah de duas maneiras.  De um lado, o Alcorão consiste nas palavras exatas de Deus, milagrosas em natureza, até o último versículo.   A Sunnah, entretanto, não é necessariamente as palavras exatas de Deus, mas seus significados explicados pelo Profeta.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Posição da Sunnah na Lei Islâmica<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Durante a vida do Mensageiro o Alcorão e a Sunnah eram as únicas fontes de Lei Islâmica.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Alcorão fornece injunções gerais que formaram a base da Lei, sem entrar em detalhes e legislação secundária, com exceção de umas poucas injunções que são estabelecidas junto com os princípios gerais.  Essas injunções não estão sujeitas a mudanças ao longo do tempo ou às alterações de circunstâncias das pessoas.  O Alcorão vem com os dogmas da crença, estabelece atos de adoração, menciona as histórias das nações antigas e fornece diretrizes morais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Sunnah está em concordância com o Alcorão.  Explica os significados do que não está claro no texto, fornece detalhes para o que é retratado em termos gerais, especifica o que é geral e explica suas injunções e objetivos.  A Sunnah também vem com injunções que não são fornecidas pelo Alcorão, mas essas estão sempre em harmonia com seus princípios, e sempre avançam os objetivos que são esboçados no Alcorão.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Sunnah é uma expressão prática do que está no Alcorão.  Essa expressão assume muitas formas.  Às vezes vem como uma ação executada pelo Mensageiro.  Outras vezes é uma afirmação feita por ele em resposta a algo.  E ainda outras vezes assume a forma de uma afirmação ou ação de um dos Companheiros que não foi impedida e nem objetada.  Ao contrário, ele permaneceu em silêncio ou expressou sua aprovação sobre o assunto.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Sunnah explica e esclarece o Alcorão em muitas formas.  Explica como realizar atos de adoração e implementar as leis que são mencionadas no Alcorão.  Deus ordena aos crentes que orem sem mencionar os horários dessas orações ou a forma de realizá-las.  O Mensageiro esclarece através de suas próprias orações e ensinando aos muçulmanos como orar.  Ele disse: “Orem como me viram orar.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Deus faz a peregrinação do Hajj obrigatória sem explicar seus rituais.  O Mensageiro de Deus explica dizendo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Aprendam os rituais do Hajj através de mim.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Deus faz o tributo do Zakat obrigatório sem mencionar que tipos de riqueza e produção devem ser tributados.  Deus também não menciona a quantia mínima de riqueza que deve sofrer taxação obrigatória.  A Sunnah, entretanto, deixa tudo isso claro.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Sunnah especifica afirmações genéricas encontradas no Alcorão.  Deus diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Deus vos prescreve acerca da herança de vossos filhos: Daí ao varão a parte de duas filhas...”  (Alcorão 4:11)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Essas palavras são gerais, aplicadas a toda família e transformando todos os filhos em herdeiros de seus pais.  A Sunnah faz essa regra mais específica ao excluir os filhos dos Profetas.  O Mensageiro de Deus disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Nós Profetas não deixamos herança.  O que quer que deixemos para trás é caridade.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Sunnah qualifica afirmações não qualificadas no Alcorão.  Deus diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“.... sem encontrardes água, servi-los do tayamum com terra limpa, e esfregai com ela os vossos rostos e mãos...” (Alcorão 5:6)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O versículo não menciona a extensão da mão, deixando a pergunta se devemos esfregar as mãos até o punho ou cotovelo.  A Sunnah esclarece mostrando que é até o punho, porque foi dessa forma que o Mensageiro de Deus realizou a ablução seca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Sunnah também enfatiza o que está no Alcorão ou fornece legislação secundária para uma lei contida nele.  Inclui todos os hadiths que indicam que oração, zakat, jejum e peregrinação são obrigatórios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um exemplo de onde a Sunnah fornece legislação subsidiária para uma injunção encontrada no Alcorão é a regra encontrada na Sunnah de que é proibido vender frutas antes que comecem a amadurecer.  A base para essa lei é a afirmação do Alcorão:  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Não consumam sua propriedade injustamente, exceto através de negócios ou consentimento mútuo.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Sunnah contém normas que não são mencionadas no Alcorão e que não vem como esclarecimentos para algo mencionado no Alcorão.  Um exemplo disso é a proibição de comer carne de jumento e de predadores.  Outro exemplo é a proibição de casar com uma mulher e com sua tia ao mesmo tempo.  Essas e outras normas fornecidas pela Sunnah devem ser observadas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A Obrigação de Observar a Sunnah<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Um requisito de crer na missão profética é aceitar como verdade tudo que o Mensageiro de Deus disse:  Deus escolheu Seus Mensageiros entre Seus adoradores para transmitir Sua Lei à humanidade.  Deus diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“... Deus sabe melhor do que ninguém a quem deve encomendar a Sua missão...” (Alcorão 6:124)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Deus também diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Acaso, incumbe aos mensageiros algo além da proclamação da lúcida Mensagem?” (Alcorão 16:35)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Mensageiro é protegido do erro em todas as suas ações.  Deus protegeu sua língua de proferir algo que não seja a verdade.  Deus protegeu seus membros de fazer algo que não seja o certo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Deus o protegeu de aprovar algo contrário à Lei Islâmica.  É a mais completa e bela das criações de Deus.  Isso está claro a partir de como Deus o descreve no Alcorão:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Pela estrela, quando cai. Que vosso camarada jamais se extravia, nem erra. Nem fala por capricho. Não é senão a inspiração que lhe foi revelada.” (Alcorão 53:1-4)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Vemos no hadith que nenhuma circunstância, por mais árdua que fosse, poderia impedir o Profeta de falar a verdade.  Estar zangado nunca afetou seu discurso.  Nunca falou falsidade nem quando estava sendo ironizado.  Seus próprios interesses nunca o afastaram de falar a verdade.  O único objetivo que buscou foi a satisfação de Deus Todo-Poderoso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Abdullah b. Amr b. al-Aas relatou que costumava registrar tudo que o Mensageiro de Deus dizia. Então a tribo dos coraixitas o proibiu de fazê-lo, dizendo: “Você escreve tudo que o Mensageiro de Deus fala, mas ele é um homem que fala movido pelo contentamento e raiva.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Abdullah b. Amr parou de escrever e mencionou isso ao Mensageiro de Deus que lhe disse:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Escreva porque, por Aquele em Cujas mãos está a minha alma, somente a verdade sai daqui.”... e apontou para sua boca.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O Alcorão, a Sunnah e o consenso dos juristas apontam para o fato de que obedecer ao Mensageiro de Deus é obrigatório.  Deus diz no Alcorão:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ó crentes, obedecei a Deus, ao Mensageiro e às autoridades, dentre vós! Se disputardes sobre qualquer questão, recorrei a Deus e ao Mensageiro, se crerdes em Deus e no Dia do Juízo Final...”  (Alcorão 4:59)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":20305,"lft":376,"rght":377,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-07-28T14:29:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T07:02:32.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":298,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-07-28","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pr-O que \u00e9 a Sunnah.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pr-O que \u00e9 a Sunnah.docx"},{"id":304,"title":"\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5723\u8bad\uff1f","slug":"sdaaf","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-O que \u00e9 a Sunnah.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-O que \u00e9 a Sunnah.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:sdaaf","hint":"","body":"

\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5723\u8bad\uff1f<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u662f\u5426\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u542f\u793a\uff1f<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u4e00\u3001\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5723\u8bad\uff1f<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u5185\u5bb9:<\/strong> \u672c\u6587\u6982\u8ff0\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f“\u5723\u8bad”\uff1f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5723\u8bad\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a“\u5723\u8bad”\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u79cd\u7c7b\u3002<\/span>
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\"\"
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“<\/strong>\u4e00\u5207\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ea\u51ed<\/strong>\u4e3e\u610f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c06\u5f97\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u4e3e\u610f\u7684\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u5e03\u54c8\u91cc\u5723<\/strong>\u8bad\u5b9e\u5f55\u300b<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u4f7f\u8005\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u5723\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4f7f\u8005\u540c\u610f\u3001\u6216\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5723\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5982\u4f7f\u8005\u66fe\u6d3e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f1f\u5b50\u53bb\u767d\u5c3c·\u53e4\u83b1\u7956\u90e8\u843d(Bani-Quraydhah)\u3002\u4e34\u884c\u524d\uff0c\u4f7f\u8005\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f1f\u5b50\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u4e0d\u8981\u793c\u54fa\u793c\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u8d76\u5230\u767d\u5c3c<\/strong>·<\/strong>\u53e4\u83b1\u7956\u90e8\u843d\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u81f3\u4e8e\u4f7f\u8005\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u683c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5723\u59bb\u963f\u4f9d\u838e\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u4f53\u9762\u7684\u7c97\u91ce\u7684\u884c<\/strong>\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u672a\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u5927\u58f0\u547c\u558a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u4ee5\u66b4\u529b\u5bf9\u4ed8\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u603b\u662f\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5927\u5ea6\uff0c\u5f6c\u5f6c\u6709\u793c\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u81f3\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4ed6\u5916\u8c8c\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5723\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u827e\u4e43\u65af\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u7684\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u4e2d\u7b49\u8eab\u6750\uff0c\u4e0d<\/strong>\u8fc7\u9ad8\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4f4e\u3002\u4ed6\u9762\u8272\u5300\u79f0\uff0c\u65e2\u975e\u96ea\u767d\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u68d5\u7ea2\u3002\u4ed6\u5934\u53d1\u5982\u6d6a\u3002\u65e2\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u5377\u66f2\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u758f\u76f4\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u5723\u8bad\u4e0e\u542f\u793a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u5723\u8bad\uff08\u900a\u4e43\uff09\u540c\u6837\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u7ed9\u4e88\u5148\u77e5\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u5728\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“……<\/strong>\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u5f53\u94ed\u8bb0\u5b89\u62c9\u6240\u8d50\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u6069\u60e0\uff0c\u94ed\u8bb0\u4ed6\u964d\u793a\u4f60\u4eec\u5929\u7ecf\u548c\u667a\u6167<\/strong>……”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>2<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>231<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc“\u667a\u6167”\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u5723\u8bad\uff08\u900a\u4e43\uff09\u3002\u4f0a\u739b\u76ee\u6c99\u83f2\u4eea\u8bf4\uff1a“\u5b89\u62c9\u5728\u7ecf\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u5c31\u662f\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u6211\u4ece\u7814\u7a76\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u90a3\u91cc\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u7ecf\u6587\u4e2d\u7684“\u667a\u6167”\u5c31\u662f\u5148\u77e5\u7684\u5723\u8bad\uff08\u900a\u4e43\uff09\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b89\u62c9\u53c8\u8bf4:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5b89\u62c9\u786e\u5df2\u65bd\u6069\u4e8e\u4fe1\u58eb<\/strong>\u4eec\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u66fe\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u6d3e\u9063\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u65cf\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5ba3\u8bfb\u4ed6\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u718f\u9676\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u4ed6\u4eec\u5929\u7ecf\u548c\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u786e\u662f\u5728\u660e\u663e\u7684\u8ff7\u8bef\u4e2d\u7684\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>3<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>164<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4ece\u524d\u9762\u7684\u7ecf\u6587\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u5b89\u62c9\u628a\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u548c\u667a\u6167\u542f\u793a\u7ed9\u4e86\u4f7f\u8005\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5b89\u62c9\u53c8\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u8005\u628a\u7ecf\u5178\u548c\u667a\u6167\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u4e16\u4eba\u3002\u7ecf\u6ce8\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5723\u8bad\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u628a“\u667a\u6167”\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4f7f\u8005\u7684\u5723\u8bad\uff08\u900a\u4e43\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u90fd\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u5723\u8bad\u4e5f\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9ea6\u514b\u80e1\u5c14\uff08Mak’hool\uff09\u4f20\u6765\u4e00\u6bb5\u5723\u8bad\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5b89\u62c9<\/strong>\u8d50\u4e88\u6211\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u53c8\u8d50\u4e88\u6211\u667a\u6167\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7c73\u683c\u8fbe\u59c6\uff08Al-Miqdam b. Ma’dee Karab\uff09\u4f20\u6765\u4e00\u6bb5\u5723\u8bad\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u6211\u88ab<\/strong>\u8d50\u4e88\u4e86\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u88ab\u8d50\u4e88\u4e86\u4e0e\u7ecf\u5178\u4e00\u6837\u7684<\/strong>(<\/strong>\u667a\u6167<\/strong>)<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5e0c\u5c71·\u672c·\u963f\u63d0\u4e9a\uff08Hisan b. Atiyyah\uff09\u7684\u4f20\u8ff0\uff1a\u54f2\u5e03\u4f9d\u52d2\u5929\u4f7f\u8c61\u4f20\u9001\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u90a3\u6837\u628a“\u900a\u4e43”\u4f20\u9001\u7ed9\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f7f\u8005\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u4e0d\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u6216\u5ff5\u5934\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002\u4f7f\u8005\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u8d85\u4e4e\u5e38\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5f97\u5230\u542f\u793a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u5c31\u52a0\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u8def\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u5c31\u4e88\u4ee5\u7ea0\u6b63\u5e76\u6307\u5f15\u4ed6\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u6b27\u9ed8\u5c14\u66fe\u5728\u8bb2\u6f14\u65f6\u8bf4\uff1a“\u4eba\u4eec\u554a\uff0c\u5148\u77e5\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u6b63\u786e\u65e0\u8bef\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5148\u77e5\u7684\u8a00\u884c\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u53ea\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u8003\u548c\u731c\u6d4b\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5148\u77e5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u542f\u793a\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u77e5<\/strong>\u8bc6\u6027\u7684\u542f\u793a<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b89\u62c9\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u542f\u793a\u544a\u8bc9\u5148\u77e5\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5728\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u914d\u4e0e\u5b89\u62c9<\/strong>\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u6216\u4ece\u5e37\u5e55\u7684\u540e\u9762\uff0c\u6216\u6d3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u8005\uff0c\u5949\u4ed6\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u800c\u542f\u793a\u4ed6\u6240\u6b32\u542f\u793a\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u786e\u662f\u81f3\u5c0a\u7684\uff0c\u786e\u662f\u81f3\u777f\u7684\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>42<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>51<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5723\u59bb\u963f\u4f9d\u838e\u4f20\u8ff0\uff1a\u54c8\u91cc\u65af·\u672c·\u5e0c\u6c99\u59c6\u5411\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u8be2\u95ee\u542f\u793a\u964d\u793a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4f7f\u8005\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u6709<\/strong>\u65f6\u5929\u4f7f\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u8eab\u8fb9\u597d\u8c61\u6709\u94c3\u58f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u6211\u662f\u6700\u8270\u96be\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u91cd\u7269\u538b\u8eab\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u5929\u4f7f\u79bb\u53bb\uff0c\u6211\u8bb0\u5176\u6240\u8a00\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5929\u4f7f\u5316\u4e3a\u4eba\u5f62\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u8bf4\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f20\u6388\u4e3b\u8c15\uff0c\u6211\u7262\u8bb0\u5728\u5fc3\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u963f\u4f9d\u838e\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u6211<\/strong>\u89c1\u5230\uff0c\u6bcf\u9022\u542f\u793a\u964d\u4e34\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u867d\u5728\u5bd2\u51ac\u814a\u6708\uff0c\u4f7f\u8005\u7684\u989d\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6e17\u51fa\u6c57\u73e0\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5411\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u8bf7\u6559\u600e\u6837\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u4f7f\u8005\u603b\u662f\u6c89\u9ed8\u4e0d\u8bed\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5b89\u62c9\u964d\u4e0b\u542f\u793a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u4e00\u4f4d\u9ea6\u52a0\u7684\u591a\u795e\u6559\u5f92\u5411\u4ed6\u8be2\u95ee\u7684\u6709\u5173\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f7f\u8005\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bdd\u4e5f\u6ca1\u8bf4\u76f4\u5230\u542f\u793a\u6765\u4e34\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4ed6<\/strong>\u4eec\u95ee\u4f60\u7075\u9b42\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4f60\u8bf4\uff1a<\/strong>‘<\/strong>\u7075\u9b42\u662f\u6211\u4e3b\u7684\u673a\u5bc6\u3002\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u53ea\u83b7\u5f97\u5f88\u5c11\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/strong>’”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>17<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>85<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6709\u4eba\u8fd8\u95ee\u5230\u5173\u4e8e\u9057\u4ea7\u5206\u914d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f7f\u8005\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u56de\u7b54\u76f4\u5230\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u542f\u793a\u964d\u4e34\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“……<\/strong>\u5b89\u62c9<\/strong>\u4e3a\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u5b50\u5973\u800c\u547d\u4ee4\u4f60\u4eec\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7537\u5b50\uff0c\u5f97\u4e24\u4e2a\u5973\u5b50\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ea1\u4eba\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5973\u5b50\uff0c\u90a3\u672b\uff0c\u5979\u4eec\u5171\u5f97\u9057\u4ea7\u7684\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c<\/strong>……”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>4<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>11<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

2\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u3001\u540c\u610f\u6027\u7684\u542f\u793a\uff1a<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u6765\u5224\u51b3\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u5c31\u4e0b\u964d\u542f\u793a\u80af\u5b9a\u5176\u6b63\u786e\u6027\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u662f\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u5c31\u4e0b\u964d\u542f\u793a\u6307\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\u5e76\u52a0\u4ee5\u7ea0\u6b63\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u53c8\u6210\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u6027\u542f\u793a\u3002\u4e24\u79cd\u542f\u793a\u4e4b\u95f4\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u542f\u793a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u9996\u5148\u81ea\u884c\u5904\u7406\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u6709\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u542f\u793a\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u8fd0\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u6765\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u901a\u8fc7\u542f\u793a\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4ed6\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff1b\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u4f1a\u7ea0\u6b63\u4ed6\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ed6\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u4f7f\u8005\u628a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u8baf\u606f\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u4e16\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u9677\u5165\u9519\u8bef\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u660e\u5b89\u62c9\u8d50\u4e88\u5148\u77e5“\u667a\u6167”\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u660e\u6d3e\u9063\u4f7f\u8005\u662f“\u4ee5\u514d\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u501f\u53e3\u6765\u8fdd\u6297\u5b89\u62c9”\u3002\u4f7f\u8005\u53d7\u5b89\u62c9\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u72af\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u72af\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u4e5f\u4f1a\u7acb\u5373\u4e0b\u964d\u542f\u793a\u6765\u7ea0\u6b63\u4ed6\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f7f\u8005\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u5f1f\u5b50\u4eec\u7684\u8a00\u884c\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u5f97\u5230\u5b89\u62c9\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u8a00\u884c\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f7f\u8005\u5728\u4e16\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u7684\u5f1f\u5b50\u4eec\u505a\u4e86\u6709\u8fdd\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u4e5f\u4e0b\u964d\u542f\u793a\u4e88\u4ee5\u8d23\u5907\u548c\u6307\u6b63\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u624e\u6bd4\u5c14\u7684\u4f20\u8ff0\uff1a“\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5148\u77e5\u65f6\u4ee3\u91c7\u53d6\u907f\u5b55\u63aa\u65bd\u3002”[1]<\/a> \u8fd9\u6bb5\u5723\u8bad\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u82cf\u798f\u626c\u8bf4\uff1a“\u5982\u679c\u6b64\u7c7b\u4e8b\u60c5\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u65e9\u5c31\u7981\u6b62\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u4e3a\u3002”\uff08\u8bd1\u8005\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u610f\u5473\u907f\u5b55\u884c\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7981\u6b62\uff09<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u5c04\u7cbe\u524d\u53d6\u51fa\u9634\u830e\uff0c\u628a\u7cbe\u6db2\u6392\u6cc4\u5728\u9634\u6237\u5916\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5723\u8bad\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u4e00\u3001\u5723\u8bad\u4e0e\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u901a\u8fc7\u5929\u4f7f\u54f2\u5e03\u4f9d\u52d2\u96f6\u661f\u542f\u793a\u7ed9\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7ecf\u6587\u662f\u65e0\u4ee5\u4f26\u6bd4\u7684\u5947\u8ff9\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u65e0\u53ef\u6000\u7591\u7684\u4f17\u4f20\u6027\u5386\u53f2\u4f20\u8ff0\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f20\u81f3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u8bb0\u5f55\u5728\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5377\u518c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bf5\u8bfb\u5b83\u7684\u7ecf\u6587\u662f\u5bf9\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u656c\u62dc\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08\u529f\u4fee\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u81f3\u4e8e\u5723\u8bad\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u7531\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u6240\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5723\u8bad\u662f\u5bf9\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u5f8b\u4f8b\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u6ce8\u91ca\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u5723\u8bad\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u4f7f\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u51b3\u8bae\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5b89\u62c9\u9996\u80af\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5723\u8bad\u4e4b\u6e90\u4e5f\u662f\u542f\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u793c\u62dc\u4e2d\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u8bf5\u8bfb\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7ecf\u6587\uff0c\u5723\u8bad\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u793c\u62dc\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf5\u8bfb\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bf5\u8bfb\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u662f\u529f\u4fee\uff0c\u8bf5\u8bfb\u5723\u8bad\u53ef\u5609\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u529f\u4fee\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u5723\u8bad\u4e0e\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e00\u6837\u90fd\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u90fd\u5e94\u91cd\u89c6\u5e76\u9075\u4ece\u3001\u575a\u5b88\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4ece\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u4f18\u8d8a\u4e8e\u5723\u8bad\uff08\u900a\u4e43\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u8bcd\u90fd\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff1b\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4ece\u5934\u81f3\u5c3e\u90fd\u662f\u5947\u8ff9\u3002\u800c\u5723\u8bad\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u8bcd\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e0e\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5148\u77e5\u5bf9\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u5723\u8bad\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u5148\u77e5\u5728\u4e16\u65f6\uff0c\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e0e\u5723\u8bad\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6cd5\u4ee4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u5bf9\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8f83\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6761\u4ee4\u4e0d\u56e0\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u53ea\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u8bba\u8ff0\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ec6\u8282\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b21\u8981\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u3002\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u7b3c\u7edf\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e94\u5927\u529f\u4fee\uff0c\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5723\u8bad\u4e0e\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u5185\u5bb9\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5b83\u5256\u6790\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u6781\u5177\u6982\u62ec\u6027\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u7ec6\u89e3\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7b3c\u7edf\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u6ce8\u89e3\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3001\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u5723\u8bad\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e9b\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u672a\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f46\u5723\u8bad\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0e\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u539f\u5219\u6beb\u4e0d\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u5723\u8bad\u4f18\u5148\u89e3\u91ca\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u9648\u8ff0\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5723\u8bad\u662f\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u5448\u73b0\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5723\u4eba\u7528\u884c\u52a8\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4ed6\u7528\u8c08\u8bdd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u56de\u7b54\u4eba\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u67d0\u4f4d\u5723\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u8bf4\u4e86\u67d0\u8bdd\uff0c\u505a\u4e86\u67d0\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f7f\u8005\u65e2\u4e0d\u963b\u6b62\u4ed6\u90a3\u6837\u8bf4\u6216\u90a3\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u8bf4\u4e0e\u505a\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u4fdd\u6301\u6c89\u9ed8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u52a0\u4ee5\u8ba4\u53ef\u6216\u8005\u4ed6\u7528\u8868\u626c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u80af\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4f4d\u95e8\u5f1f\u5b50\u7684\u8a00\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

    \u5723\u8bad\u4ece\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\u660e\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u5b83\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u793c\u62dc\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u8df5\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u5728\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u547d\u4ee4\u4fe1\u58eb\u793c\u62dc\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u793c\u62dc\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u793c\u62dc\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5148\u77e5\u5728\u5723\u8bad\u4e2d\u6559\u6388\u7ed9\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4“<\/strong>\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u770b\u6211\u600e\u6837\u793c\u62dc\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u600e\u6837\u793c<\/strong>\u62dc\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b89\u62c9\u5728\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u547d\u4ee4\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u671d\u89d0\u5929\u623f\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u671d\u89d0\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u53ca\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002\u662f\u5148\u77e5\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u671d\u89d0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u671d\u89d0\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a“<\/strong>\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u4ece\u6211\u8eab\u4e0a\u5b66\u4e60\u4f60\u4eec\u671d\u89d0\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b89\u62c9\u5728\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5929\u8bfe\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u8bf4\u660e\u54ea\u4e9b\u8d22\u4ea7\u9700\u8981\u51fa\u5929\u8bfe\uff1f\u8fbe\u5230\u591a\u5c11\u6570\u91cf\u9700\u8981\u51fa\u5929\u8bfe\uff1f\u51fa\u591a\u5c11\uff1f\u4f55\u65f6\u51fa\uff1f\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5728\u5723\u8bad\u4e2d\u6709\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5723\u8bad\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5b89\u62c9<\/strong>\u4e3a\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u5b50\u5973\u800c\u547d\u4ee4\u4f60\u4eec\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7537\u5b50\uff0c\u5f97\u4e24\u4e2a\u5973\u5b50\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ea1\u4eba\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5973\u5b50\uff0c\u90a3\u672b\uff0c\u5979\u4eec\u5171\u5f97\u9057\u4ea7\u7684\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5973\u5b50\uff0c\u90a3\u672b\uff0c\u5979\u5f97\u4e8c\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00<\/strong>……”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>4<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>11<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u770b\u4f3c\u5f88\u5177\u4f53\uff0c\u5f88\u8be6\u7ec6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u548c\u5973\u513f\u90fd\u662f\u9057\u4ea7\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u5723\u8bad\u4e2d\u5bf9\u9057\u4ea7\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u6709\u66f4\u52a0\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u53c8\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u9650\u5b9a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5723\u8bad\u89c4\u5b9a\u5148\u77e5\u7684\u513f\u5973\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ee7\u627f\u5148\u77e5\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u5148\u77e5\u8bf4\uff1a“<\/strong>\u6211<\/strong>\u4eec\u4f17\u5148\u77e5\u6ca1\u6709\u53ef\u9057\u7559\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u65bd\u820d\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5723\u8bad\u8fd8\u89e3\u91ca\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u6bd4\u8f83\u6a21\u7cca\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“……<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u6c34\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u5f53\u8d8b\u5411\u6e05\u6d01\u7684\u5730\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u7528\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u571f\u6478\u8138\u548c\u624b<\/strong>……”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>5<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>6<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fd9\u6bb5\u7ecf\u6587\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u6d17\u624b\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u6478\u624b\u81f3\u624b\u8155\u8fd8\u662f\u81f3\u624b\u81c2\uff1f\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u5723\u8bad\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u89e3\u7b54\uff1a\u571f\u51c0\u65f6\u6478\u624b\u81f3\u624b\u8155\u5373\u53ef\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5723\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u571f\u51c0\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5723\u8bad\u5728\u6307\u51fa\u793c\u62dc\u3001\u5929\u8bfe\u3001\u658b\u6212\u548c\u671d\u89d0\u4eea\u5f0f\u90fd\u662f\u4e3b\u547d\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u793c\u62dc\u3001\u5929\u8bfe\u3001\u658b\u6212\u3001\u671d\u89d0\u4eea\u5f0f\u7b49\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5723\u8bad\u4e0d\u4f46\u5f3a\u8c03\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u4f5c\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u867d\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4f9d\u7136\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8f85\u52a9\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5723\u8bad\u7981\u6b62\u51fa\u552e\u672a\u6210\u719f\u7684\u679c\u7269\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u4ee4\u5728\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u662f\u6709\u6839\u636e\u7684\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“……<\/strong>\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u501f\u8bc8\u672f\u800c\u4fb5\u8680\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u60df\u501f\u53cc\u65b9\u540c\u610f\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u9664\u5916\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>4<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>29<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u53c8\u5982\u5723\u8bad\u7981\u6b62\u5403\u5bb6\u9a74\u8089\u4e0e\u51f6\u731b\u79bd\u517d\u7684\u8089\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u540c\u65f6\u5a36\u4e00\u4e2a\u5973\u5b50\u548c\u5979\u7684\u59d1\u5988\u6216\u59e8\u5988\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u5728\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u3002\u4f46\u8bf8\u5982\u6b64\u7c7b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0d\u6298\u4e0d\u6263\u5730\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e09\u3001\u9075\u5723\u8bad\u5c31\u662f\u9075\u4e3b\u547d<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u4fe1\u4f7f\u8005\u610f\u5473\u7740\u63a5\u53d7\u4f7f\u8005\u6240\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u4ece\u4ed6\u7684\u4ec6\u4eba\u4e2d\u9009\u62d4\u4e86\u4f7f\u8005\uff0c\u4f7f\u8005\u5411\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f20\u8fbe\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b89\u62c9\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“……<\/strong>\u5b89\u62c9\u662f\u77e5\u9053\u8981\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u5730\u65b9\u7684<\/strong>……”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>6<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>124<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b89\u62c9\u53c8\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4f7f\u8005<\/strong>\u4eec\u53ea\u8d1f\u660e\u767d\u7684\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>16<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>35<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b89\u62c9\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f7f\u8005\u4e0d\u72af\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u4f7f\u8005\u7684\u53e3\u820c\u53ea\u8bf4\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u4f7f\u8005\u7684\u80a2\u4f53\u53ea\u505a\u6b63\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002\u4f7f\u8005\u4e0d\u4f1a\u505a\u51fa\u4e0e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u80cc\u9053\u800c\u9a70\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u6216\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u9020\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u5f53\u4e2d\u6700\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4ee5\u6ca1\u843d\u7684\u661f\u5bbf\u76df\u8a93\uff0c\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u8ff7\u8bef\u53c8\u4e0d\u8ff7\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u968f\u79c1\u6b32\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u4ed6\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u542f\u793a<\/strong>”<\/strong> <\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>53<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>1-4<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5723\u8bad\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u548c\u56f0\u96be\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u4ed6\u4f20\u64ad\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u4e3b\u6301\u6b63\u4e49\u3002\u6124\u6012\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u4ed6\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4ed6\u5f00\u73a9\u7b11\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ece\u4e0d\u8bf4\u865a\u4f2a\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5b89\u5371\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e5f\u4ece\u672a\u8ba9\u4ed6\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u6709\u5931\u516c\u6b63\u3002\u4ed6\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u5c31\u662f\u535a\u53d6\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u559c\u60a6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u963f\u5e03\u90fd\u62c9·\u672c·\u963f\u6155\u5c14\uff08Abdullah b. Amr b. al-Aas\uff09\u4f20\u8ff0\uff1a\u4ed6\u8bf4\u4ed6\u66fe\u8bb0\u5f55\u4f7f\u8005\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u8bdd\uff0c\u53e4\u83b1\u6c0f\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u9996\u9886\u4eec\u7981\u6b62\u4ed6\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\uff1a“\u4f60\u8bb0\u4e0b\u4f7f\u8005\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51e1\u4eba\uff0c\u4f60\u8fde\u4ed6\u751f\u6c14\u65f6\u8bf4\u7684\u8bdd\u4e5f\u8981\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\u5417\uff1f”\u963f\u5e03\u90fd\u62c9\u9042\u505c\u6b62\u8bb0\u5f55\u4f7f\u8005\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u6b64\u4e8b\u544a\u8bc9\u4e86\u4f7f\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4f7f\u8005\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4f60<\/strong>\u8bb0\u5f55\u5427\uff0c\u4ee5\u638c\u7ba1\u6211\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b89\u62c9\u53d1\u8a93<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff0c\u4f7f\u8005\u6307\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53e3<\/strong>\u8bf4\uff1a<\/strong>“<\/strong>\u4ece<\/strong>\u8fd9\u91cc\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u771f\u7406\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6839\u636e\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u3001\u5723\u8bad\u548c\u4f17\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u516c\u8bae\uff0c\u670d\u4ece\u4f7f\u8005\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e3b\u547d\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u5728\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4fe1\u9053\u7684\u4eba<\/strong>\u4eec\u554a\uff01\u4f60\u4eec\u5f53\u670d\u4ece\u5b89\u62c9\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u670d<\/strong>\u4ece\u4f7f\u8005\u548c\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u4e8b\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u800c\u4e89\u6267\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u4f7f\u90a3\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5f52\u5b89\u62c9\u548c\u4f7f\u8005<\/strong>[<\/strong>\u5224\u51b3<\/strong>]<\/strong>\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u786e\u4fe1\u5b89\u62c9\u548c\u672b\u65e5\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f60\u4eec\u662f\u88e8\u76ca\u66f4\u591a\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u7ed3\u679c\u66f4\u7f8e\u7684\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>4<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>59<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":16239,"lft":378,"rght":379,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-07-28T14:29:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T06:50:15.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":298,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-07-28","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-O que \u00e9 a Sunnah.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-O que \u00e9 a Sunnah.docx"},{"id":305,"title":"\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b","slug":"dsagsg","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-O que \u00e9 a Sunnah.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-O que \u00e9 a Sunnah.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:dsagsg","hint":"","body":"

\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\r\n

\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u5553\u793a<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u305d\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\uff1f\u7b2c\uff11\u90e8\uff1a\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3001\u305d\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5553\u793a\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u3002<\/span>
\u3088\u308a\u30a2\u30d6\u30c9\u30c3\u30e9\u30d5\u30de\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30e0\u30a2\u30e9\u30fc\u535a\u58eb<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 \"\"<\/p>\r\n

\u30cf\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30b9\u5b66\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3068\u306f\u4f7f\u5f92\uff08\u795e\u306e\u6148\u60b2\u3068\u795d\u798f\u3042\u308c\uff09\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u4f1d\u627f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5168\u3066\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a\u5f7c\u306e\u4f9b\u8ff0\u3001\u884c\u70ba\u3001\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\u3001\u6027\u683c\u3001\u5bb9\u8c8c\u306e\u63cf\u5199\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4f1d\u8a18\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4f1d\u627f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u3001\u5f7c\u304c\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u4f7f\u547d\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u3088\u308a\u524d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304b\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u306e\u8aac\u660e\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4f9b\u8ff0\u3068\u306f\u3001\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u7406\u7531\u3084\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u5f7c\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5b9f<\/strong>\u306b<\/strong>\u884c\u70ba\u306f<\/strong>\u610f\u56f3<\/strong>\u306b\u57fa<\/strong>\u3065\u3044\u3066\u304a\u308a<\/strong>\u3001\u8ab0\u3082\u304c<\/strong>\u81ea\u5206<\/strong>\u306e\u610f\u56f3<\/strong>\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092<\/strong>\u884c\u306a\u3046\u306e\u3060<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u6559\u53cb\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u884c\u306a\u3044\u5168\u3066\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u306f\u5f7c\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30a6\u30c9\u30a5\u30fc\uff08\u5c0f\u6d44\uff09\u3092\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u793c\u62dd\u3084\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8\uff08\u5927\u5de1\u793c\uff09\u3092\u884c\u306a\u3063\u305f\u304b\u306a\u3069\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u6559\u53cb\u305f\u3061\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f7c\u304c\u652f\u6301\u3082\u53cd\u5bfe\u3082\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u5168\u3066\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u81ea\u8eab\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a00\u884c\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u5408\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u5b9f\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30af\u30e9\u30a4\u30b6\u65cf\u3068\u306e\u6226\u3044\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u304c\u6559\u53cb\u305f\u3061\u306b\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u81ea\u7531\u88c1\u91cf\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4ef6\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3044\u3064\u793c\u62dd\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5f7c\u3089\u81ea\u8eab\u3067\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u306f\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u3053\u3046\u547d\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u30af\u30e9\u30a4<\/strong>\u30b6<\/strong>\u65cf\u306e\u571f\u5730\u306b\u5230\u7740\u3059\u308b\u307e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5348\u5f8c\u306e\u793c\u62dd\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6559\u53cb\u305f\u3061\u304c\u30af\u30e9\u30a4\u30b6\u65cf\u306e\u571f\u5730\u306b\u5230\u7740\u3057\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u6ca1\u5f8c\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u547d\u4ee4\u3092\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306b\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u3001“\u6211\u3005\u306f\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u6240\u306b\u5230\u7740\u3059\u308b\u307e\u3067\u793c\u62dd\u3092\u3057\u306a\u3044”\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u3001\u5348\u5f8c\u306e\u793c\u62dd\u3092\u9045\u3089\u305b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u4ed6\u306e\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u547d\u4ee4\u306f\u65c5\u8def\u3092\u6025\u3050\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3068\u306e\u6697\u793a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u3001\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u6642\u9593\u5185\u306b\uff0d\u3064\u307e\u308a\u5230\u7740\u524d\u306b\uff0d\u5348\u5f8c\u306e\u793c\u62dd\u3092\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u5404\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5224\u65ad\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u77e5\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3092\u548e\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3055\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u6027\u683c\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306b\u793a\u3059\u30a2\u30fc\u30a4\u30b7\u30e3\uff08\u5f7c\u5973\u306b\u795e\u306e\u6148\u3057\u307f\u3042\u308c\uff09\u306e\u4f9b\u8ff0\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u795e<\/strong>\u306e<\/strong>\u4f7f\u5f92\u306f<\/strong>\u6c7a<\/strong>\u3057\u3066\u4e0d\u4f5c\u6cd5<\/strong>\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f<\/strong>\u3001\u4e0b\u54c1\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>\u5f7c<\/strong>\u306f<\/strong>\u5e02\u5834<\/strong>\u3067<\/strong>\u5927\u58f0<\/strong>\u3092<\/strong>\u51fa<\/strong>\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/strong>\u3002\u5f7c<\/strong>\u306f<\/strong>\u4ed6\u4eba<\/strong>\u306e<\/strong>\u86ee\u884c<\/strong>\u3092<\/strong>\u3001\u81ea<\/strong>\u3089\u306e<\/strong>\u86ee\u884c<\/strong>\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066<\/strong>\u5fdc<\/strong>\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f<\/strong>\u6c7a<\/strong>\u3057\u3066\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f<\/strong>\u3001\u5f7c<\/strong>\u306f<\/strong>\u5bdb\u5bb9<\/strong>\u3067<\/strong>\u6148\u60b2\u6df1<\/strong>\u3044<\/strong>\u65b9<\/strong>\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u5bb9\u8c8c\u306e\u63cf\u5199\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30ca\u30b9\uff08\u5f7c\u306b\u795e\u306e\u6148\u3057\u307f\u3042\u308c\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4f9b\u8ff0\u304b\u3089\u898b\u3066\u53d6\u308c\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u795e<\/strong>\u306e<\/strong>\u4f7f\u5f92\u306f<\/strong>\u80cc<\/strong>\u304c\u9ad8\u904e<\/strong>\u304e\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/strong>\u3001\u4f4e\u304f\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>\u5f7c<\/strong>\u306e<\/strong>\u808c<\/strong>\u306f<\/strong>\u767d<\/strong>\u3059\u304e\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f<\/strong>\u3001\u9ed2<\/strong>\u304f\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/strong>\u3002\u5f7c<\/strong>\u306e<\/strong>\u9aea<\/strong>\u306f\u3046\u306d\u308a<\/strong>\u904e<\/strong>\u304e\u3067\u306a\u304f<\/strong>\u3001\u771f<\/strong>\u3063<\/strong>\u76f4<\/strong>\u3050\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3068\u5553\u793a\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3068\u306f\u795e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9810\u8a00\u8005\uff08\u795e\u306e\u6148\u60b2\u3068\u795d\u798f\u3042\u308c\uff09\u3078\u306e\u5553\u793a\u3067\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u3053\u3046\u4ef0\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb<\/strong>\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/strong>\u65b9\u306b\u6388<\/strong>\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f<\/strong>\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/strong>\u65b9<\/strong>\u306b\u52e7\u544a<\/strong>\u3059\u308b<\/strong>\u5553\u5178\u3068<\/strong>\u82f1\u77e5<\/strong>\u3092\u60f3\u8d77<\/strong>\u305b\u3088<\/strong>\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u8056<\/strong>\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>2<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>231<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u3053\u3067\u8a00\u3046\u82f1\u77e5\u3068\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5049\u5927\u306a\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u30a2\u30c3\uff1d\u30b7\u30e3\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30a4\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u3053\u3046\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a“\u795e\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u5553\u5178\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u53ca\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u3001\u79c1\u304c\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u6a29\u5a01\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3059\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u3001\u300c\u82f1\u77e5\u300d\u304c\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\uff08\u5f7c\u306b\u795e\u306e\u6148\u60b2\u3068\u795d\u798f\u3042\u308c\uff09\u306e\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3092\u805e\u3044\u305f\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u795e\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4ef0\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u672c\u5f53<\/strong>\u306b\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u306f<\/strong>\u3001\u4fe1\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b<\/strong>\u5bfe<\/strong>\u3057\u3066\u8c4a<\/strong>\u304b\u306b<\/strong>\u6075\u307f\u3092<\/strong>\u6388<\/strong>\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3001\u5f7c<\/strong>\u3089\u306e<\/strong>\u4e2d\u304b\u3089<\/strong>\u3001\u4e00\u4eba<\/strong>\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92<\/strong>\u3092\u3042\u3052\u3066<\/strong>\u3001\u5553\u793a\u3092<\/strong>\u5f7c<\/strong>\u3089\u306b\u8aad\u8aa6<\/strong>\u3055\u305b<\/strong>\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u3092<\/strong>\u6e05<\/strong>\u3081\u3001<\/strong>\u307e\u305f<\/strong>\u5553\u5178\u3068<\/strong>\u82f1\u77e5<\/strong>\u3092\u6559<\/strong>\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>3\uff1a164<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u7bc0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3078\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3092\u5553\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u795e\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3089\u53cc\u65b9\u3092\u4eba\u3005\u3078\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u547d\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u30cf\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30b9\u3067\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u304c\u5553\u793a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304c\u8a3c\u660e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6559\u53cb\u306e\u6b21\u4e16\u4ee3\u306e\u5b66\u8005\u30de\u30af\u30d5\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u304c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u4f1d\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u795e\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u308c<\/strong>\u3068<\/strong>\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u82f1\u77e5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6388\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30df\u30af\u30c0\u30fc\u30e0\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30de\u30a2\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u304c\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3068\u4f1d\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u79c1\u306f\u5553\u5178\u3068\u5171\u306b<\/strong>\u305d\u308c\u3068<\/strong>\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u6388\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u30d2\u30b5\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u30e4\u306f\u3001\u5929\u4f7f\u30b8\u30d6\u30ea\u30fc\u30eb\uff08\u30ac\u30d6\u30ea\u30a8\u30eb\uff09\u304c\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3092\u3082\u643a\u3048\u3066\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3092\u8a2a\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u5831\u544a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u898b\u89e3\u306f\u3001\u305f\u3060\u5f7c\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u8003\u3048\u3084\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u554f\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u719f\u8003\u306e\u672b\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u795e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e0b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3044\u3063\u305f\u70b9\u3067\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3068\u7570\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u5f7c\u306f\u5553\u793a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u63f4\u52a9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u304c\u81ea\u5df1\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u99c6\u4f7f\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u795e\u306f\u78ba\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u3082\u3057\u3082\u305d\u306e\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306b\u9593\u9055\u3044\u304c\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u795e\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u3066\u771f\u5b9f\u3078\u3068\u5c0e\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u7406\u7531\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u3060\u3063\u305f\u30a6\u30de\u30eb\u304c\u8aac\u6559\u58c7\u304b\u3089\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u4f1d\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a“\u4eba\u3005\u3088\uff01\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u306e\u898b\u89e3\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u306e\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u795e\u304c\u5553\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u6211\u3005\u306e\u898b\u89e3\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u601d\u8003\u3068\u63a8\u6e2c\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u904e\u304e\u306a\u3044\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u304c\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u5553\u793a\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u7a2e\u985e\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A.    <\/strong>\u958b\u793a\u7684\u5553\u793a\uff1a<\/strong>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u7bc0\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u795e\u306f\u4f7f\u5f92\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u5553\u793a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4f55\u3089\u304b\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u795e<\/strong>\u304c<\/strong>\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306b<\/strong>\uff08\u76f4\u63a5\uff09\u8a9e<\/strong>\u308a\u304b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5553\u793a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u304b\u3001\u5e33\u306e\u9670\u304b\u3089\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4f7f\u5f92\uff08\u5929\u4f7f\uff09\u3092\u9063\u308f\u3057\u3001\u304b\u308c\u304c\u547d\u4ee4\u3092\u4e0b\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5fa1\u671b\u307f\u3092\u660e\u304b\u3059\u3002\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u304b\u308c\u306f\u3001\u81f3\u9ad8\u306b\u3057\u3066\u82f1\u660e\u3067\u3042\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>42\uff1a51<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a2\u30fc\u30a4\u30b7\u30e3\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30cf\u30fc\u30ea\u30b9\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30d2\u30b7\u30e3\u30fc\u30e0\u304c\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306b\u3057\u3066\u5553\u793a\u304c\u4e0b\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u8cea\u554f\u3057\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u304c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u6642<\/strong>\u306b\u306f<\/strong>\u9418\u304c<\/strong>\u9cf4<\/strong>\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u97f3<\/strong>\u304c\u3057\u3066<\/strong>\u5929\u4f7f\u304c\u3084\u3063\u3066<\/strong>\u6765<\/strong>\u308b\u304c\u3001<\/strong>\u3053\u308c\u306f<\/strong>\u79c1\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066<\/strong>\u6975<\/strong>\u3081\u3066\u8f9b<\/strong>\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3060<\/strong>\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u79c1\u306b\u91cd\u304f\u306e\u3057\u304b\u304b\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u304b\u308c\u306e\u8a00\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a18\u61b6\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6642\u306b\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u5f62\u3092\u3057\u305f\u5929\u4f7f\u304c\u3084\u3063\u3066\u6765\u3066\u79c1\u306b\u8a71\u3057\u304b\u3051\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u304b\u308c\u306e\u8a00\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6697\u8a18\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff8f\uff80\u30a2\u30fc\u30a4\u30b7\u30e3\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3082\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u79c1<\/strong>\u306f\u3068\u3066\u3082<\/strong>\u5bd2\u3044<\/strong>\u65e5<\/strong>\u306b\u5f7c<\/strong>\u306b<\/strong>\u5553\u793a\u304c<\/strong>\u4e0b<\/strong>\u308b\u69d8\u5b50<\/strong>\u3092<\/strong>\u898b\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>\u305d\u308c\u304c<\/strong>\u7d42<\/strong>\u308b\u3068<\/strong>\u3001\u5f7c<\/strong>\u306e<\/strong>\u984d<\/strong>\u306f<\/strong>\u6c57<\/strong>\u3060\u304f\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6642\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u4f55\u304b\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5553\u793a\u304c\u4e0b\u308b\u307e\u3067\u6c88\u9ed9\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30c3\u30ab\u306e\u591a\u795e\u6559\u5f92\u305f\u3061\u304c\u9b42\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u8cea\u554f\u3057\u305f\u6642\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u969b\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u795e\u304c\u6b21\u306e\u5553\u793a\u3092\u4e0b\u3059\u307e\u3067\u9ed9\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5f7c<\/strong>\u3089\u306f<\/strong>\u9b42\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066<\/strong>\u6c5d<\/strong>\u306b\u554f<\/strong>\u3046<\/strong>\u3002\u8a00\u3048\uff1a\u300c\u9b42\u306f\u4e3b\u306e\u547d\u4ee4\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6765\u308b\u3002\uff08\u4eba\u3005\u3088\uff09\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/strong>\u65b9<\/strong>\u306e\u6388\u304b\u3063\u305f\u77e5\u8b58\u306f\u3054\u304f\u5fae\u5c11\u306b\u904e\u304e\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300d<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>17\uff1a85<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u76f8\u7d9a\u306e\u5206\u914d\u6cd5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8cea\u554f\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u795e\u306e\u5553\u793a\u304c\u4e0b\u308b\u307e\u3067\u306f\u305d\u308c\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u306f<\/strong>\u6c5d<\/strong>\u3089\u306e\u5b50\u5973<\/strong>\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3053\u3046<\/strong>\u547d\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb<\/strong>” <\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>4\uff1a11<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

B.    <\/strong>\u78ba\u8a3c\u7684\u5553\u793a\uff1a<\/strong>\u3053\u308c\u306f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u304c\u3042\u308b\u554f\u984c\u306b\u969b\u3057\u3066\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u884c\u4f7f\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3082\u3057\u3082\u5f7c\u306e\u898b\u89e3\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u78ba\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u5553\u793a\u304c\u4e0b\u308a\u3001\u3082\u3057\u3082\u9593\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6b63\u3059\u5553\u793a\u304c\u4e0b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u306b\u306f\u958b\u793a\u7684\u5553\u793a\u3068\u540c\u3058\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u62c5\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u5553\u793a\u304c\u4e0b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4e8b\u4f8b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u88c1\u91cf\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3082\u3057\u5f7c\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u9078\u629e\u3092\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u795e\u306f\u305d\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3092\u5553\u793a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u78ba\u8a3c\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3082\u3057\u5f7c\u304c\u9593\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u795e\u306f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u6027\u3092\u8b77\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5f7c\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u304b\u308c\u306e\u8af8\u4f7f\u5f92\u304c\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u9593\u9055\u3044\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u4e8b\u3092\u6c7a\u3057\u3066\u8a31\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u8ffd\u5f93\u8005\u305f\u3061\u304c\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306b\u9593\u9055\u3044\u306b\u9665\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u8af8\u4f7f\u5f92\u304c\u9063\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u795e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5f01\u89e3\u306e\u4f59\u5730\u3092\u6b8b\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53e1\u667a\u306b\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u4f7f\u5f92\u306f\u9593\u9055\u3044\u306b\u9665\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u4fdd\u8b77\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u3082\u3057\u3082\u9593\u9055\u3044\u3092\u72af\u305b\u3070\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6b63\u3059\u5553\u793a\u304c\u4e0b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u6559\u53cb\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306f\u795e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u627f\u8a8d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u5b58\u547d\u4e2d\u306b\u5f7c\u3089\u304c\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4e00\u5ea6\u3067\u3082\u884c\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5553\u793a\u304c\u4e0b\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u884c\u3044\u304c\u548e\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6559\u53cb\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30d3\u30eb\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a“\u6211\u3005\u306f\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u306e\u5b58\u547d\u4e2d\u3001\u81a3\u5916\u5c04\u7cbe[1]<\/a>  \u3092\u884c\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002”\u3053\u306e\u30cf\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30b9\u306e\u4f1d\u627f\u8005\u306e\u4e00\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30b9\u30d5\u30e4\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u3053\u3046\u30b3\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a“\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304c\u7981\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7981\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306f\u305a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u81a3\u5916\u5c04\u7cbe\uff1a\u6027\u884c\u70ba\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5c04\u7cbe\u524d\u306b\u9670\u830e\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u629c\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3002\u3000\u30fc\u3000IslamReligion.com<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3068\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u9055\u3044<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u306e\u6839\u5e79\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5929\u4f7f\u30b8\u30d6\u30ea\u30fc\u30eb\uff08\u30ac\u30d6\u30ea\u30a8\u30eb\uff09\u3092\u4ef2\u4ecb\u3057\u3001\u4f7f\u5f92\uff08\u795e\u306e\u6148\u60b2\u3068\u795d\u798f\u3042\u308c\uff09\u306b\u5553\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5947\u8de1\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u306f\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u591a\u304f\u306e\u771f\u6027\u306a\u4f1d\u627f\u7d4c\u8def\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7591\u3044\u306e\u4f59\u5730\u306e\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u4e00\u518a\u306e\u672c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6717\u8aa6\u306f\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u5d07\u62dd\u884c\u70ba\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3068\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u5168\u3066\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u6307\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8af8\u6cd5\u306e\u8a73\u7d30\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6cd5\u3092\u5b9f\u8df5\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5b9f\u4f8b\u3082\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u795e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u76f4\u63a5\u306e\u5553\u793a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5553\u793a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u78ba\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u4f7f\u5f92\u306e\u88c1\u6c7a\u3082\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306e\u6e90\u6cc9\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5168\u3066\u304c\u5553\u793a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u5100\u793c\u4e0a\u3001\u5d07\u62dd\u884c\u70ba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6717\u8aa6\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306f\u5553\u793a\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u6717\u8aa6\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u9075\u5b88\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u5553\u793a\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u512a\u8d8a\u6027\u306b\u306f\u4e8c\u70b9\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u795e\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7d42\u59cb\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5947\u8de1\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306f\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u795e\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306e\u6ce8\u91c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306e\u7acb\u5834<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u4f7f\u5f92\u306e\u5b58\u547d\u4e2d\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6e90\u6cc9\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u539f\u5247\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u8a13\u4ee4\u4ee5\u5916\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\u306a\u7acb\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u3084\u7169\u7463\u306a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7d4c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6cd5\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u3092\u6210\u3059\u4e00\u822c\u8a13\u4ee4\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8a13\u4ee4\u306f\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u7d4c\u904e\u3068\u5171\u306b\u5909\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f\u6027\u8cea\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u72b6\u6cc1\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3068\u5171\u306b\u4eba\u306e\u624b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5909\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u307e\u305f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7b87\u6761\u3001\u5d07\u62dd\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u8af8\u56fd\u5bb6\u306e\u9038\u8a71\u3084\u502b\u7406\u7684\u6307\u91dd\u3092\u5305\u542b\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u5408\u610f\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u6587\u4f53\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u660e\u78ba\u3067\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3001\u6982\u62ec\u7684\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u5316\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u3001\u307e\u305f\u4f55\u304c\u6982\u62ec\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u8a13\u4ee4\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306f\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3044\u8a13\u4ee4\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306b\u8abf\u548c\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u6982\u8981\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3068\u306f\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u5b9f\u7528\u7684\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u306f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5f62\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6642\u306b\u306f\u4f7f\u5f92\u306b\u3088\u308b\u884c\u70ba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5f62\u3092\u3068\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u6642\u306b\u306f\u4f55\u3089\u304b\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u7b54\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u4f9b\u8ff0\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u3092\u3068\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6642\u306b\u306f\u5f7c\u304c\u7981\u6b62\u3082\u53cd\u5bfe\u3082\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3001\u6559\u53cb\u305f\u3061\u306e\u8ab0\u304b\u306b\u3088\u308b\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u5f62\u3092\u3068\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306f\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5d07\u62dd\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3084\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306b\u3057\u3066\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u8a00\u53ca\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6cd5\u306e\u9042\u884c\u3092\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u793c\u62dd\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3082\u3001\u305d\u306e\u56de\u6570\u3084\u793c\u62dd\u4f5c\u6cd5\u306b\u306f\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4f7f\u5f92\u306f\u5f7c\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u793c\u62dd\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u305f\u3061\u306b\u793c\u62dd\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u6559\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a“\u79c1\u304c\u884c\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u793c\u62dd\u3092\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u795e\u306f\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8\u5de1\u793c\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a73\u7d30\u306a\u5100\u793c\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u306f\u3053\u308c\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u79c1\u304b\u3089\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8\u306e\u5100\u793c\u3092\u5b66\u3076\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u795e\u306f\u30b6\u30ab\u30fc\uff08\u7fa9\u52d9\u306e\u6d44\u8ca1\uff09\u7fa9\u52d9\u3068\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u8ca1\u7523\u3084\u8fb2\u7523\u7269\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u306b\u306f\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3057\u3001\u3002\u307e\u305f\u30b6\u30ab\u30fc\u304c\u305d\u306e\u8ca1\u7523\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8ab2\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6700\u4f4e\u984d\u3082\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3089\u5168\u3066\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6982\u62ec\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u5316\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u795e\u306f\u6c5d\u3089\u306e\u5b50\u5973\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u547d\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/strong>\u7537\u5150<\/strong>\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5973\u5150<\/strong>\u306e<\/strong>\u4e8c\u4eba\u5206\u3068<\/strong>\u540c\u984d<\/strong>\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>4\uff1a11<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u6982\u62ec\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306e\u5bb6\u65cf\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5b50\u4f9b\u306f\u5168\u54e1\u305d\u306e\u4e21\u89aa\u306e\u76f8\u7d9a\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306f\u3053\u306e\u88c1\u5b9a\u3092\u66f4\u306b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u3057\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u5b50\u5b6b\u306f\u3053\u306e\u9650\u308a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u306f\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u6211\u3005\u9810\u8a00\u8005<\/strong>\u306f<\/strong>\u907a\u7523\u3092<\/strong>\u907a<\/strong>\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/strong>\u6211\u3005\u304c\u907a\u3059\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u4f55\u3067\u3042\u308c\u65bd\u3057\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5dee\u3057\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3092\u3088\u308a\u4e00\u5c64\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u8ff0\u3079\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\u305d\u3057\u3066<\/strong>\u6c34<\/strong>\u3092<\/strong>\u898b<\/strong>\u3064\u3051\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044<\/strong>\u5834\u5408<\/strong>\u306f<\/strong>\u3001\u6e05\u6d44<\/strong>\u306a<\/strong>\u571f<\/strong>\u306b<\/strong>\u89e6<\/strong>\u308c<\/strong>\u3001\u6c5d<\/strong>\u3089\u306e<\/strong>\u9854<\/strong>\u3068<\/strong>\u4e21\u624b<\/strong>\u3092<\/strong>\u64ab<\/strong>\u3067\u308b\u306e\u3060\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>5\uff1a6<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u7bc0\u3067\u306f\u64ab\u3067\u308b\u624b\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u624b\u9996\u307e\u3067\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u8155\u307e\u3067\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7591\u554f\u3092\u751f\u3058\u3055\u305b\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305d\u308c\u304c\u624b\u9996\u307e\u3067\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u3001\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u304c\u3001\u6c34\u306e\u306a\u3044\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u306e\u5c0f\u6d44\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u5f37\u8abf\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u307e\u305f\u305d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6cd5\u3078\u306e\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5f79\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u306f\u793c\u62dd\u3001\u30b6\u30ab\u30fc\u3001\u658e\u6212\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30cf\u30c3\u30b8\u5de1\u793c\u304c\u7fa9\u52d9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u5168\u3066\u306e\u30cf\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30b9\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u8a13\u4ee4\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u88dc\u8db3\u7684\u306a\u7acb\u6cd5\u306e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u679c\u7269\u304c\u719f\u308c\u521d\u3081\u308b\u524d\u306b\u58f2\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7981\u3058\u308b\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u6c5d<\/strong>\u3089\u306e<\/strong>\u8ca1\u7523\u3092<\/strong>\u3001\u4e0d\u6b63<\/strong>\u306b\u6c5d<\/strong>\u3089\u306e<\/strong>\u9593\u3067<\/strong>\u6d6a\u8cbb<\/strong>\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3060\u304c\u304a\u4e92\u3044\u306e\u5584\u610f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3001\u5546\u58f2\u4e0a\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306f\u5225\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>4\uff1a29<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306b\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u88c1\u5b9a\u3084\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u88c1\u5b9a\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30ed\u30d0\u3068\u8089\u98df\u7363\u306e\u8089\u3092\u98df\u3079\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u7981\u6b62\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u5225\u306e\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u5973\u6027\u3068\u305d\u306e\u53d4\u6bcd\u3092\u4e00\u7dd2\u306b\u5a36\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u7981\u6b62\u306a\u3069\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u306b\u3088\u308a\u63d0\u4f9b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u88c1\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u9075\u5b88\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u9075\u5b88\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u6027\u3092\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u306b\u3042\u305f\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u3092\u5168\u3066\u771f\u5b9f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u304b\u308c\u306e\u6cd5\u3092\u4eba\u985e\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u304b\u308c\u306e\u3057\u3082\u3079\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u8af8\u4f7f\u5f92\u3092\u304a\u9078\u3073\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u795e<\/strong>\u306f<\/strong>\u4f55\u51e6\u3067<\/strong>\uff08\u8ab0<\/strong>\u306b\uff09<\/strong>\u304b\u308c\u306e<\/strong>\u6559\u3048\u3092<\/strong>\u636e<\/strong>\u3048\u308b\u304b\u3092\u3001\u6700<\/strong>\u3082\u3088\u304f<\/strong>\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u304a\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>6\uff1a124<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u3082\u4ef0\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u8af8\u4f7f\u5f92\uff08<\/strong>\u306e<\/strong>\u52d9\u3081<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u660e\u767d<\/strong>\u306a<\/strong>\uff08\u5553\u793a\u306e<\/strong>\uff09\u5e03\u6559<\/strong>\u306e\u4ed6<\/strong>\u306b<\/strong>\u4f55\u304c\u3042\u308d\u3046\u304b<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>16\uff1a35<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f7f\u5f92\u306f\u305d\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3042\u308a\u3068\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u9593\u9055\u3044\u304b\u3089\u4fdd\u8b77\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u304c\u771f\u5b9f\u4ee5\u5916\u3092\u8a71\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u4fdd\u8b77\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u795e\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u56db\u80a2\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u884c\u70ba\u304b\u3089\u5916\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3082\u4fdd\u8b77\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u305f\u795e\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u304c\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u627f\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u3001\u5f7c\u3092\u8b77\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u795e\u306e\u5275\u9020\u7269\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3082\u3001\u6700\u3082\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u306a\u5b58\u5728\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u795e\u304c\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306b\u5f7c\u3092\u63cf\u5199\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u898b\u308c\u3070\u660e\u767d\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u6c88\u307f\u3086\u304f\u661f\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3002\u6c5d\u3089\u306e\u540c\u80de\u306f\u3001\u8ff7\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u307e\u305f\u9593\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u671b\u3080\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5f7c\u306b\u5553\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u5553\u793a\u306b\u4ed6\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>53\uff1a1−4<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30cf\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30b9\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u72b6\u6cc1\u4e0b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u8a66\u307f\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3082\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u8a9e\u308b\u771f\u5b9f\u3092\u963b\u6b62\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5206\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u6012\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5f7c\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u5197\u8ac7\u3092\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u304d\u3067\u3055\u3048\u3001\u865a\u507d\u3092\u8a9e\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u5f7c\u306e\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u306a\u95a2\u5fc3\u4e8b\u3082\u3001\u5f7c\u3092\u771f\u5b9f\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u304b\u3089\u963b\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u305f\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306e\u3054\u6e80\u60a6\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u307f\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6559\u53cb\u30a2\u30d6\u30c9\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30e0\u30eb\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\uff1d\u30a2\u30fc\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u306e\u8a9e\u308b\u3053\u3068\u5168\u3066\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u7559\u3081\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u4f1d\u627f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3001\u30af\u30e9\u30a4\u30b7\u30e5\u65cf\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u5f7c\u3092\u963b\u6b62\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a“\u5f7c\u306f\u559c\u6012\u3057\u3066\u8a71\u3059\u5358\u306a\u308b\u4eba\u9593\u3060\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u306e\u306b\u3001\u304a\u524d\u306f\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u306e\u8a71\u3059\u3053\u3068\u5168\u3066\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u7559\u3081\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff1f”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30a2\u30d6\u30c9\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u30fb\u30d6\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30e0\u30eb\u306f\u66f8\u304d\u7559\u3081\u308b\u306e\u3092\u6b62\u3081\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u66f8\u304f\u306e\u3060\u3002\u79c1\u306e\u9b42\u304c\u305d\u306e\u624b\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5fa1\u65b9\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3001\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u306f\u771f\u5b9f\u3057\u304b\u51fa\u3066\u6765\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb<\/strong>\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5f7c\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u53e3\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u795e\u306e\u4f7f\u5f92\u3078\u306e\u8ffd\u5f93\u306f\u7fa9\u52d9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306f\u3001\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u30b9\u30f3\u30ca\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306e\u5408\u610f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u6c5d\u3089\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3088\u3001\u795e\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u4f7f\u5f92\u3068\u6c5d\u3089\u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u6a29\u80fd\u3092\u3082\u3064\u8005\u306b\u5f93\u3048\u3002\u6c5d\u3089\u306f\u4f55\u4e8b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u7570\u8ad6\u304c\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u795e\u3068\u7d42\u672b\u306e\u65e5\u3092\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u306e\u306a\u3089\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u795e\u3068\u4f7f\u5f92\u306b\u59d4\u306d\u3088\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> <\/strong>4\uff1a59<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":18594,"lft":380,"rght":381,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-07-28T14:29:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T09:15:50.000000Z","language_id":16,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":298,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-07-28","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-O que \u00e9 a Sunnah.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-O que \u00e9 a Sunnah.docx"},{"id":315,"title":"Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective","slug":"biological-evolution--an-islamic-perspective","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:biological-evolution--an-islamic-perspective","hint":"","body":"

Biological Evolution – An Islamic Perspective<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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 \"\"<\/p>\r\n

Many people wonder about the theory of biological evolution – the theory that living species on Earth today are descended from others in the past, and that the present diversity of living species we see is a result of descent with modification over the course of numerous generations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muslims also wonder about one of the main processes that evolutionary theory proposes to explain how evolution takes place – the process of natural selection.  This is the idea that the individuals within a populations of living organism vary in their individual traits – they are not exactly alike – and that the organisms which are most successful at leaving descendants will pass on their unique traits to the next generation at the expense of the traits possessed by less successful organisms in the population, thereby contributing to a long-term gradual change in the suite of traits found within the population.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

To start with, it is not our intention in this article to discuss the scientific implications of evolutionary theory.  We wish to explore the issue from the perspective of Islamic teachings.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

We must ask:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Does the theory of evolution – and likewise the theory of natural selection as a mechanism of evolution – conform to Islamic teachings or conflict with them?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Is a Muslim allowed to believe in evolution as a scientific theory as long as he or she accepts that God is behind it?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Is a Muslim allowed to believe in human evolution?  If not, how can we explain the fossils of upright, bipedal, tool-using apes with large brains that have been discovered?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

We wish to re-emphasize that our concern here is not with examining the scientific merits of the theory of evolution.  What we want to know is what Islamic teachings have to say about the idea.  Whether evolution is true or false scientifically is another matter altogether.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

When we look at the sources of Islam – the Quran and Sunnah – we see that, with respect to human beings living on the Earth today, they are all descendants of Adam and Eve.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

God also says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O mankind!  We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another.  Verily, the most honorable of you with God is the one who is the most God-fearing.” (Quran 49:13)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, identified the \"male\" mentioned in this verse as being Adam.  He said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Human beings are the children of Adam and Adam was created from Earth.  God says: ‘O mankind!  We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another.  Verily, the most honorable of you with God is the one who is the most God-fearing’.” (Al-Tirmidhî<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

We also see that God created Adam directly without the agency of parents.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“The similitude of Jesus before God is as that of Adam; He created him from dust, then said to him: ‘Be’ and he was.” (Quran 3:59]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

We also know that Eve was created from Adam without the agency of parents.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In the Quran, God states clearly:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O mankind!  Be careful of your duty to your Lord Who created you from a single soul and from it created its mate and from them twain hath spread abroad a multitude of men and women.” (Quran 4:1)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Therefore, the Quran tells us that Adam and his wife were the father and mother of all human beings living on the Earth today.  We know about this by way of direct revelation from God.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The direct creation of Adam (peace be upon him) can neither be confirmed nor denied by science in any way.  This is because the creation of Adam (peace be upon him) was a unique and singular historical event.  It is a matter of the Unseen and something that science does not have the power to confirm or deny.  As a matter of the Unseen, we believe it because God informs us about it.  We say the same for the miracles mentioned in the Quran.  Miraculous events, by their very nature, do not conform to scientific laws and their occurrence can neither be confirmed nor denied by science.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

What about other living things, besides the human beings living on the Earth today?  What about plants, animals, fungi, and the like?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

When we turn our attention to this question, we find that the Quran and Sunnah do not tell us much about the flora and fauna that was present on the Earth before or at the time of Adam and Eve’s arrived upon it.  The sacred texts also do not tell us how long ago Adam and Eve arrived upon the Earth.  Therefore, these are things we cannot ascertain from the sacred texts.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The only thing that the Quran and Sunnah require us to believe about the living things on Earth today is that God created them in whatever manner He decided to create them.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“God is the Creator of all things and over all things He has authority.” (Quran 39:62)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Indeed, God states specifically that He created all life forms:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“And We made from water all living things.” (Quran 21:30)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

We know that “God does what He pleases.” God can create His creatures in any manner that He chooses.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Therefore, with respect to other living things, the Quran and Sunnah neither confirm nor deny the theory of biological evolution or the process referred to as natural selection.  The question of evolution remains purely a matter of scientific enquiry.  The theory of evolution must stand or fall on its own scientific merits – and that means the physical evidence that either confirms the theory or conflicts with it.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The role of science is only to observe and describe the patterns that God places in His creation.  If scientific observation shows a pattern in the evolution of species over time that can be described as natural selection, this is not in itself unbelief.  It is only unbelief for a person to think that this evolution took place on its own, and not as a creation of God.  A Muslim who accepts evolution or natural selection as a valid scientific theory must know that the theory is merely an explanation of one of the many observed patterns in God’s creation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

As for the fossil remains of bipedal apes and the tools and artifacts associated with those remains, their existence poses no problem for Islamic teachings.  There is nothing in the Quran and Sunnah that either affirms or denies that upright, brainy, tool using apes ever existed or evolved from other apelike ancestors.  Such animals may very well have existed on Earth before Adam’s arrival upon it.  All we can draw from the Quran and Sunnah is that even if those animals once existed, they were not the forefathers of Adam (peace be upon him).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":17441,"lft":401,"rght":410,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-07-30T00:35:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T04:49:03.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-07-30","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.docx"},{"id":316,"title":"Evoluci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica \u2013 La Perspectiva Isl\u00e1mica","slug":"evolucin-biolgica--la-perspectiva-islmica","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:evolucin-biolgica--la-perspectiva-islmica","hint":"","body":"

Evolución Biológica – La Perspectiva Islámica<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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 \"\"<\/p>\r\n

Mucha gente se asombra con la Teoría de la Evolución biológica —la teoría de que las especies que viven hoy en la Tierra descienden de otras del pasado, y que la diversidad que vemos de especies vivientes en el presente es un resultado de la descendencia con modificaciones a través del curso de numerosas generaciones.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los musulmanes también se asombran con uno de los principales procesos que la teoría evolutiva propone para explicar cómo la evolución tiene lugar: el proceso de la selección natural. Esta es la idea de que los individuos, dentro de poblaciones de organismos vivos, varían en sus características individuales —no son exactamente iguales— y que los organismos que son más exitosos en dejar descendencia viva pasarán sus rasgos únicos a la siguiente generación a costa de las características poseídas por organismos menos exitosos en la misma población, contribuyendo así a un cambio gradual a largo plazo en el conjunto de rasgos encontrados dentro de la población.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Para comenzar, no es nuestra intención en este artículo discutir las implicaciones científicas de la teoría evolutiva. Queremos explorar el asunto desde la perspectiva de las enseñanzas Islámicas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Debemos preguntar:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

¿La Teoría de la Evolución —y por tanto, la teoría de la selección natural como mecanismo de evolución— se ajusta a las enseñanzas Islámicas o entra en conflicto con ellas?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

¿Puede un musulmán creer en la evolución como una teoría científica siempre que acepte que Dios está detrás de ella?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

¿Puede un musulmán creer en la evolución humana? Si no, ¿cómo pueden explicar los fósiles de simios erguidos, bípedos, que usaban herramientas, con grandes cerebros, que han sido descubiertos?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Queremos enfatizar que no nos concierne aquí examinar los méritos científicos de la Teoría de la Evolución. Lo que queremos es saber qué tienen que decir las enseñanzas Islámicas sobre esta idea. Si la evolución es cierta o falsa científicamente, es otro asunto aparte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cuando miramos a las fuentes del Islam —el Corán y la Sunnah— vemos que, con respecto a los humanos que viven hoy en la Tierra, todos son descendientes de Adán y Eva.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios también dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“¡Oh, humanos! Os hemos creado a partir de un hombre [Adán] y una mujer [Eva], y [de su descendencia] os congregamos en pueblos y tribus para que os conozcáis unos a otros. En verdad, el más honrado de vosotros ante Dios es el más piadoso. Ciertamente Dios es Omnisciente y está bien informado de lo que hacéis”. (Corán 49:13)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Profeta, que la misericordia y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él, identificó al “hombre” mencionado en este versículo con Adán. Él dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Los seres humanos son los hijos de Adán; y Adán fue creado de tierra. Dios dice: ‘¡Oh, humanos! Os hemos creado a partir de un hombre [Adán] y una mujer [Eva], y [de su descendencia] os congregamos en pueblos y tribus para que os conozcáis unos a otros. En verdad, el más honrado de vosotros ante Dios es el más piadoso. Ciertamente Allah es Omnisciente y está bien informado de lo que hacéis’”. (Tirmidhi<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Además, vemos que Dios creó a Adán directamente sin la mediación de padres.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Por cierto que el ejemplo de Jesús ante Dios es semejante al de Adán, a quien creó de barro y luego le dijo: ¡Sé!, y fue”. (Corán 3:59]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

También, sabemos que Eva fue creada de Adán sin la mediación de padres.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En el Corán, Dios afirma claramente:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“¡Oh, humanos! Temed a vuestro Señor Quien os ha creado a partir de un solo ser, del que creó a su esposa e hizo descender de ambos muchos hombres y mujeres…” (Corán 4:1)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Por lo tanto, el Corán nos dice que Adán y su esposa fueron el padre y la madre de todos los seres vivientes que hoy habitan la tierra. Esto lo sabemos por revelación directa de Dios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La creación directa de Adán (la paz sea con él) no puede ser confirmada ni negada por la ciencia en modo alguno. Esto se debe a que la creación de Adán (la paz sea con él) fue un evento histórico singular y único. Es un asunto del Oculto (lo No Visto), y algo que la ciencia no tiene el poder de confirmar o negar. Como asunto del Oculto, creemos en ello porque Dios nos lo ha informado. Decimos lo mismo respecto a los milagros mencionados en el Corán. Los eventos milagrosos, por su misma naturaleza, no se ajustan a las leyes científicas, y su existencia no puede ser tampoco confirmada o negada por la ciencia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

¿Qué hay respecto a otros seres vivos, además de los seres humanos, que viven en la Tierra hoy día? ¿Qué hay de las plantas, animales, hongos y demás?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cuando volvemos nuestra atención a este asunto, encontramos que el Corán y la Sunnah no nos dicen mucho acerca de la flora y la fauna que estaban presentes antes o en el momento en que Adán y Eva aparecieron sobre la Tierra. Los textos sagrados tampoco nos dicen hace cuánto tiempo aparecieron Adán y Eva sobre la Tierra. Por lo tanto, estas son cosas que no podemos determinar a partir de los textos sagrados.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La única cosa que el Corán y la Sunnah nos piden que creamos respecto a los seres vivos en la Tierra hoy día, es que Dios los creó en la forma que Él decidió crearlos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Dios es el Creador de todas las cosas, y Él es su Amparador”. (Corán 39:62)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

En efecto, Dios declara específicamente que Él ha creado todas las formas de vida:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“… y que creamos del agua a todo ser vivo…” (Corán 21:30)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sabemos que “Dios hace lo que Él desea”. Dios puede crear Sus criaturas en cualquier forma que Él elija.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Por lo tanto, con respecto a otros seres vivos, el Corán y la Sunnah no confirman ni niegan la Teoría de la evolución biológica o el proceso denominado selección natural. El asunto de la evolución permanece como una mera materia de investigación científica. La Teoría de la evolución debe mantenerse o caer por sus propios méritos científicos, y ello implica la evidencia científica que confirme la teoría o choque con ella.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El papel de la ciencia es sólo observar y describir los patrones que Dios puso en Su creación. Si la observación científica muestra un patrón en el tiempo en la evolución de las especies que puede ser descrito como selección natural, esto no es en sí mismo incredulidad. Sólo es incredulidad para una persona creer que esta evolución tuvo lugar por su propia cuenta, y no como un proceso en la creación de Dios. Un musulmán que acepta la evolución o la selección natural como una teoría científica válida, debe saber que dicha teoría es apenas una explicación de uno de los muchos patrones observados en la creación de Dios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En cuanto a los restos fósiles de simios bípedos, y las herramientas y artefactos asociados con dichos restos, su existencia no representa ningún problema para las enseñanzas Islámicas. No hay nada en el Corán o la Sunnah que afirme o niegue que simios erguidos, inteligentes y que usaban herramientas hayan existido o hayan evolucionado de otros ancestros simiescos. Tales animales bien pudieron haber existido en la Tierra antes que Adán llegara a ella. Todo lo que podemos extraer del Corán y la Sunnah es que aún si estos animales existieron, no fueron los ancestros de Adán (la paz sea con él).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":15467,"lft":402,"rght":403,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-07-30T00:40:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T05:54:47.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":315,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-07-30","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.docx"},{"id":317,"title":"Biologische Evolution \u2013 Eine islamische Perspektive","slug":"biologische-evolution--eine-islamische-perspektive","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:biologische-evolution--eine-islamische-perspektive","hint":"","body":"

Biologische Evolution – Eine islamische Perspektive<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

Viele Menschen wundern sich über die Theorie der biologischen Evolution – die Theorie, dass heute auf der Erde lebende Spezies in der Vergangenheit von anderen abstammten, und dass die gegenwärtige Vielfältigkeit der Lebewesen, wie wir sie jetzt sehen, ein Ergebnis der Abstammung mit Modifikationen im Verlaufe von zahlreichen Generationen gewesen sei.  Auch Muslime wundern sich über einen der Hauptvorgänge, wie die Evolutionstheorie vorschlägt, wie Evolution stattfindet – der Vorgang der natürlichen Auslese.  Dies ist die Vorstellung, dass die Individuuen innerhalb von Populationen als lebende Organismen Unterschiede in ihren individuellen Zügen besitzen –sie sind nicht genau gleich – und dass die Organismen, die die erfolgreichsten dabei sind, Nachkommen zu hinterlassen, ihre  einzigartigen Züge der nächsten Generation auf Kosten der Züge nicht so erfolgreicher Organismen der Population weitervererben, wobei sie auf Dauer eine Veränderung der Züge, die in der Population zu finden sind, herbeiführen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um es gleich am Anfang zu sagen. Es ist nicht die Absicht dieses Artikels, die wissenschaftlichen Bedeutungen der Evolutionstheorie zu diskutieren.  Wir wollen dieses Thema aus der Sicht der islamischen Lehren angehen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wir müssen fragen:   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Passt die Evolutionstheorie  - und dementsprechend die Theorie der natürlichen Auslese als ein Mechanismus der Evolution – zu den islamischen Lehren oder steht sie mit ihnen im Konflikt?  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ist es einem Muslim gestattet, an die menschliche Evolution als wissenschaftliche Theorie zu glauben, solange er oder sie akzeptiert, dass Gott dahinter steht?  Wenn nicht, wie können wir dann die Fossilien von aufrechten, zweifüßigen, Werkzeug nutzenden Affen mit großen Gehirnen erklären, die entdeckt worden sind? <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wir möchten nochmals darauf hinweisen, dass es nicht unser Anliegen ist, die wissenschaftlichen Vorzüge der Evolutionstheorie zu untersuchen.  Was wir wissen wollen, ist, was die islamischen Lehren über die Vorstellung sagen.  Ob die Evolution wissenschaftlich wahr oder falsch ist, ist eine ganz andere Sache. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wenn wir die Quellen des Islam – den Qur´an und die Sunna - betrachten, sehen wir, im Hinblick auf die Menschen, die heute auf der Erde leben, dass sie alle Nachkommen Adams und Evas sind.  Gott sagt auch:  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O ihr Menschen, Wir haben euch aus Mann und Frau erschaffen und euch zu Völkern und Stämmen gemacht, auf dass ihr einander erkennen möget.  Wahrlich, vor Allah ist von euch der Angesehenste, welcher der Gottesfürchtigste ist.” (Quran 49:13)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Prophet, Gottes Segen und Frieden seien auf ihm, unterrichtete uns darüber, dass mit “Mann” in diesem Vers Adam gemeint ist.  Er sagte:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Die Menschen sind die Kinder Adams und Adam wurde aus Erde erschaffen.  Gott sagt: „O ihr Menschen, Wir haben euch aus Mann und Frau erschaffen und euch zu Völkern und Stämmen gemacht, auf dass ihr einander erkennen möget.  Wahrlich, vor Allah ist von euch der Angesehenste, welcher der Gottesfürchtigste ist.” (Al-Tirmidhî<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wir können auch erkennen, dass Gott Adam direkt erschaffen hat, ohne Eltern.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gott sagt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Wahrlich, Jesus ist vor Allah gleich Adam; Er erschuf ihn aus Erde, als dann sprach Er zu ihm: “Sei!” und da war er.” (Quran 3:59]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wir wissen auch, dass Eva ohne Eltern aus Adam erschaffen wurde.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Im Qur´an sagt Gott deutlich:.   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O ihr Menschen, fürchtet euren Herrn, Der euch erschaffen hat aus einem einzigen Wesen; und aus ihm erschuf Er seine Gattin, und aus den beiden ließ Er viele Männer und Frauen entstehen.  Und fürchtet Gott, in Dessen Namen ihr einander bittet, sowie (im Namen eurer) Blutsverwandtschaft.  Wahrlich, Gott wacht über euch.” (Quran 4:1)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Also informiert uns der Qur´an darüber, dass Adam und seine Frau der Vater und die Mutter aller menschlichen Wesen waren, die heute auf der Erde leben.  Wie besitzen die Kenntnis darüber durch die direkte Offenbarung Gottes. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die direkte Erschaffung Adams (Friede sei mit ihm) kann von der Wissenschaft in keiner Weise bestätigt oder geleugnet werden.  Und zwar weil die Erschaffung Adams (Friede sei mit ihm) ein einzigartiges und einziges historisches Ereignis war.  Es gehört zu den Dingen des Verborgenen und es ist etwas, dessen Bestätigung oder Verleugnung nicht in der Macht der Wissenschaft liegt.  Als Angelegenheit des Verborgenen glauben wir daran, weil Gott uns darüber aufgeklärt hat.  Dasselbe sagen wir über andere Wunder, die im Qur´an erwähnt werden.  Wunderbare Ereignisse gehorchen aus ihrer Natur heraus keinen wissenschaftlichen Gesetzen und ihr Auftreten kann von der Wissenschaft weder bestätigt noch geleugnet werden. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Was ist mit den anderen Lebewesen, die neben dem Menschen heutzutage auf der Erde Leben?  Was ist mit den Pflanzen, den Tieren, den Pilzen und ähnlichen?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wenn wir unsere Aufmerksamkeit dieser Frage zuwenden, finden wir heraus, dass der Qur´an und die Sunna uns nicht so viel über die Flora und Fauna auf der Erde erzählen, die vor oder in der Zeit als Adam und Eva darauf ankamen, vorhanden war.  Die heiligen Texte sagen auch nichts darüber aus, vor wie langer Zeit Adam und Eva auf der Erde angekommen sind.  Daher sind dies Dinge, die wir von den heiligen Texten nicht sicher bestimmen können. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Das einzige, das der Qur´an und die Sunna von uns über die heutigen Lebewesen auf der Erde zu glauben verlangen, ist, dass Gott sie in der Art, die Er für sie bestimmte, geschaffen hat.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gott sagt:  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Gott ist der Schöpfer aller Dinge, und Er ist dr Erhalter aller Dinge.” (Quran 39:62)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Tatsächlich betont Gott, dass Er alle Lebensformen erschaffen hat: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Und Wir machten aus dem Wasser alles Lebendige.” (Quran 21:30)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wir wissen, dass “Gott macht, was Er will”.  Er kann Seine Geschöpfe so gestalten, wie es Ihm gefällt.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Was daher die Lebewesen betrifft, kann man sagen, dass Qur´an und Sunna die die Theorie der biologischen Evolution oder den Prozess der natürlichen Auslese weder bestätigen noch widerlegen.  Die Frage nach der Evolution bleibt eine rein wissenschaftliche Angelegenheit.  Die Theorie von der Evolution steht oder fällt mit ihren eigenen wissenschaftlichen Vorzügen – und das bedeutet, mit den Mitteln physikalischer Beweise, die sie entweder bestätigen oder widerlegen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Rolle der Wissenschaft ist, die Muster, die Gott in Seiner Schöpfung eingesetzt hat, nur zu beobachten und zu beschreiben.  Wenn die wissenschaftliche Beobachtung das Muster der Evolution einer Spezies über einen Zeitraum zeigt, was als natürliche Auslese bezeichnet werden kann, so ist dies selbst nicht Unglaube.  Es ist nur Unglaube, wenn jemand denkt, dass Evolution von alleine stattgefunden habe und nicht im Rahmen der Schöpfung Gottes.  Ein Muslim, der Evolution oder natürliche Auslese als gültige wissenschaftliche Theorie akzeptiert, muss wissen, dass diese Theorie lediglich eine Erklärung für eines der vielen Muster in der Schöpfung Gottes ist. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Was die Fossilien der zweifüßigen Affen angeht und die Werkzeuge und Artifakte, die damit im Zusammenhang stehen, ihre Existenz stellen für die islamischen Lehren kein Problem dar.  Es gibt im Qur´an und in der Sunna nichts, das die Existenz aufrechter, vernunftbegabter, Werkzeug nutzender Affen oder affenähnliche Vorgänger, die irgendwann gelebt haben, bestätigt oder widerlegt.  Derartige Tiere können sehr wohl auf der Erde exitiert haben, bevor Adam darauf angekommen ist.  Alles, was wir aus dem Qur´an und der Sunna schließen können, ist, dass selbst wenn solche Tiere einmal existiert haben, sie nicht die Vorfahren von Adam (Friede sei mit ihm) gewesen sind.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":14505,"lft":404,"rght":405,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-07-30T00:40:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T05:07:40.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":315,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-07-30","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.docx"},{"id":318,"title":"\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e","slug":"----sadvad","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:----sadvad","hint":"","body":"

\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"BiologicalEvolution\"<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u0443 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c, \u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0415\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c – \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u043c\u0443?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438,  \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e? \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445, \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043e\u043c?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f: \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041c\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430. \u041d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 – \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0443 – \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u044b.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438! \u0412\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u041c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430, \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0441 – \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0431\u043e\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439…» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 49:13).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434 «\u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439» \u0432 \u0430\u044f\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 – \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0430 \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442: -\u041e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438! \u0412\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u041c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430, \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0441 – \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0431\u043e\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439…» (\u0410\u0442 \u0422\u0438\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0412\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0418\u0441\u0430 (\u0418\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0441) \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0443. \u041e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u0435\u043c\u0443: «\u0411\u0443\u0434\u044c!» – \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 3:59).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0415\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438! \u0411\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u041a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\u0445…» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 4:1).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c, \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0446\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044c\u044e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430 (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443), \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0421\u0430\u043c \u0411\u043e\u0433. \u0422\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0447\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435: \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435, \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0411\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u041e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 – \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0446 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438. \u041e\u043d – \u041f\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0425\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 39:62).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0414\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«…\u041c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b…» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 21:30).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u044b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c: \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u043e\u0440. \u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 – \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u044f, \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 «\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u043e\u0440» –  \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0436\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0439 – \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438  \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u044b. \u0412\u0441\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b – \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430 (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":18122,"lft":406,"rght":407,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-07-30T00:40:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T02:09:16.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":315,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-07-30","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.docx"},{"id":319,"title":"Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o Biol\u00f3gica - Uma Perspectiva Isl\u00e2mica","slug":"evoluo-biolgica---uma-perspectiva-islmica","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pr-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pr-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:evoluo-biolgica---uma-perspectiva-islmica","hint":"","body":"

Evolução Biológica - Uma Perspectiva Islâmica<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 \"\"<\/p>\r\n

Muitas pessoas se perguntam sobre a teoria da evolução biológica - a teoria de que espécies vivendo na Terra hoje descendem de outras do passado e que a atual diversidade de espécies que vemos é resultado de descendência com modificações, no curso de numerosas gerações.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Os muçulmanos também se perguntam sobre um dos principais processos que a teoria evolucionária propõe para explicar como a evolução ocorre - o processo de seleção natural.  Essa é a ideia de que os indivíduos em populações de organismo vivo variam em suas características individuais - não são exatamente idênticas - e que os organismos que são mais bem-sucedidos em deixar descendentes passarão suas características únicas para a próxima geração, às custas das características que os organismos menos bem-sucedidos na população possuem. Dessa forma, contribuem para uma mudança gradual de longo prazo no conjunto de características encontradas na população.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Para começar, não é nossa intenção nesse artigo discutir as implicações científicas da teoria evolucionária.  Desejamos explorar o assunto a partir da perspectiva dos ensinamentos islâmicos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Devemos perguntar:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A teoria da evolução - e de forma semelhante a teoria da seleção natural como mecanismo de evolução - estão em conformidade com os ensinamentos islâmicos ou em conflito com eles?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um muçulmano pode acreditar na evolução como teoria científica desde que ele ou ela aceite que Deus está por trás dessa evolução?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Um muçulmano pode acreditar na evolução humana?  Se não, como podemos explicar os fósseis de símios eretos, bípedes, que usavam ferramentas e possuíam grandes cérebros que têm sido descobertos?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Desejamos enfatizar mais uma vez que nossa preocupação aqui não é examinar os méritos científicos da teoria da evolução.  O que queremos é saber o que os ensinamentos islâmicos têm a dizer sobre a ideia.  Se a evolução é verdadeira ou falsa cientificamente é outra questão.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quando examinamos as fontes do Islã - o Alcorão e a Sunnah - vemos que, em relação aos seres humanos que vivem na Terra hoje, são todos descendentes de Adão e Eva.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Deus também diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ó humanos!  <\/strong>Nós vos criamos de um homem e de uma mulher, e vos fizemos como nações e tribos, de modo que vos conheçais uns aos outros.<\/strong>  Verdadeiramente, o mais honrado dentre vós perante Deus é o mais temente.” (Alcorão 49:13)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

O profeta, que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele, identificou o “homem” mencionado nesse versículo como sendo Adão.  He said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Os seres humanos são os filhos de Adão e Adão foi criado da terra.  Deus diz: “Ó humanos!  Nós vos criamos de um homem e de uma mulher, e vos fizemos como nações e tribos, de modo que vos conheçais uns aos outros.  Verdadeiramente, o mais honrado dentre vós perante Deus é o mais temente.” (Al-Tirmidhî<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Também vemos que Deus criou Adão diretamente, sem a existência de pais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Deus diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O exemplo de Jesus, ante Deus, é idêntico ao de Adão, que Ele criou do pó, então lhe disse: Seja! e foi.” (Alcorão 3:59)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Também vemos que Eva foi criada de Adão, sem a existência de pais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

No Alcorão Deus afirma claramente:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Ó humanos!  <\/strong>Temei a vosso Senhor, que vos criou de um só ser, do qual criou a sua companheira e, de ambos, fez descender inumeráveis homens e mulheres.” (Alcorão 4:1)<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Consequentemente, o Alcorão nos diz que Adão e sua esposa foram o pai e a mãe de todos os seres humanos que vivem na Terra hoje.  Sabemos disso através de revelação direta de Deus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A criação direta de Adão (que a paz esteja sobre ele) não pode ser confirmada ou negada pela ciência.  Isso porque a criação de Adão (que a paz esteja sobre ele) foi um evento histórico único.  É uma questão do Oculto e algo que a ciência não tem poder de confirmar ou negar.  Como uma questão do Oculto, acreditamos nela porque Deus nos informou a respeito.  Dizemos o mesmo dos milagres mencionados no Alcorão.  Eventos milagrosos, por sua própria natureza, não estão em conformidade com leis científicas e suas ocorrências não podem ser confirmadas ou negadas pela ciência.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

E os outros seres vivos, além dos seres humanos que vivem na Terra hoje?  E as plantas, animais, fungos e semelhantes?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quando voltamos nossa atenção a essa questão, encontramos que o Alcorão e a Sunnah não nos dizem muito sobre a flora e a fauna que estava presente na terra antes ou na época de Adão e Eva.  Os textos sagrados também não nos dizem há quanto tempo Adão e Eva chegaram na Terra.  Sendo assim, essas são coisas que não podemos afirmar a partir dos textos sagrados.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A única coisa que nos é exigida pelo Alcorão e a Sunnah é que acreditemos que as coisas vivas na terra foram criadas por Deus, da maneira que Ele decidiu criá-las.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Deus diz:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Deus é o Criador de tudo e é de tudo o Guardião.” (Alcorão 39:62)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

De fato, Deus afirma especificamente que criou todas as formas de vida:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“E criamos todos os seres vivos da água.” (Alcorão 21:30)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sabemos que “Deus faz o que Lhe agrada.” Deus pode criar Suas criaturas de qualquer maneira que escolher.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Assim, com relação aos outros seres vivos, o Alcorão e a Sunnah não confirmam ou negam a teoria da evolução biológica ou o processo chamado de seleção natural.  A questão da evolução permanece puramente um assunto de pesquisa científica.  A teoria da evolução deve se erguer ou cair com base em seus próprios méritos científicos - e isso significa evidência física que a confirme ou negue.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

O papel da ciência é de apenas observar e descrever os padrões que Deus coloca em Sua criação.  Se a observação científica mostra um padrão na evolução das espécies ao longo do tempo que pode ser descrito como seleção natural, isso não é, por si só, descrença.  Só é descrença pensar que essa evolução ocorreu por conta própria, e não como uma criação de Deus.  Um muçulmano que aceita a evolução ou seleção natural como uma teoria científica válida deve saber que a teoria é meramente uma explicação de um dos muitos padrões observados na criação de Deus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quanto a existência de fósseis de símios bípedes e as ferramentas e artefatos associados a esses fósseis, ela não apresenta problema para os ensinamentos islâmicos.  Não há nada no Alcorão e na Sunnah que afirme ou negue que símios eretos, com intelecto e que usavam ferramentas nunca existiram ou evoluíram de outros ancestrais símios.  Tais animais podem muito bem ter existido na terra antes da chegada de Adão.  Tudo que podemos concluir do Alcorão e da Sunnah é que mesmo que esses animais tenham existido, não foram os antepassados de Adão (que a paz esteja sobre ele).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":15050,"lft":408,"rght":409,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-07-30T00:40:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T07:42:09.000000Z","language_id":15,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":315,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-07-30","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pr-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/pr-Biological Evolution \u2013 An Islamic Perspective.docx"},{"id":716,"title":"Islamic Monotheism","slug":"islamic-monotheism","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Islamic Monotheism.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Islamic Monotheism.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:islamic-monotheism","hint":"","body":"

Islamic Monotheism<\/span><\/h1>\r\n


<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"IslamicMonotheism.jpg\"<\/p>\r\n

Monotheism is the message that all of the Prophets came with.  People then deviated from the truth.  Then Prophet Muhammad, may God praise him, came as the final Messenger and restored true monotheism to humanity.  Below is a detailed explanation of monotheism in Islam. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Monotheism in Islam<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The concept of monotheism (known as tawhîd in Arabic) is the single most important concept in Islam.  Everything in Islam is built upon it.  Islam calls to the absolute oneness of God.  No act of worship or devotion has any meaning or value if this concept is in any way compromised.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Monotheism can be looked at from the following three angles:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1.     The Oneness of God in His Lordship<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.     Devotion of All Worship to God Alone<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3.     The Oneness of God in His Names and Attributes<\/span><\/p>\r\n

These three angles can be elaborated upon as follows:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Oneness of God in His Lordship<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The oneness of God in His Lordship means that God has complete mastery over the universe in every way.  He alone is the Creator of all things.  He alone causes everything to happen.  He is All-Powerful.  No one shares in His dominion.  None can resist His decree. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

This concept is one that most people on Earth would agree with.  Most people recognize that the Creator of the universe is One and He has no partner.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Devotion of All Worship to God Alone<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

No one has the right to be worshipped except for God (Allah).  This concept is the central idea that was proclaimed by all the Prophets throughout the ages.  It is the most important creedal belief in Islam.  The purpose of Islam is to call people away from the worship of creation and call them towards the worship of the Creator.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

This is where Islam differs greatly from most other religions.  Though most religions teach that there is a Supreme Being who created all that exists, they are rarely free of some form of polytheism with respect to worship.  These religions either call on their adherents to worship other beings as gods besides God (Allah) – though usually placing these other gods on a lower level than the Supreme Being – or they demand that their adherents call on other beings as intercessors between them and God.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

All the Prophets and Messengers, from Adam to Muhammad (may God praise them all) called people to worship God alone.  This is the purest, simplest, most natural faith.  Islam rejects the notion of the cultural anthropologists that the early religion of human beings was polytheism, and then slowly the idea of monotheism evolved from that.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The truth is that the natural religion of humanity is to worship God alone.  People later came along and corrupted this religion, introducing into it the worship of other beings.  People seem to have a tendency to want to focus their devotions on something tangible, something imaginable, even though they have an instinctive knowledge that the Creator of the universe is far beyond their imaginations.  Throughout human history, God sent Prophets and Messengers to call the people back to the worship of the One True God, and repeatedly, people returned to the worship of created beings.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

God created human beings to worship Him alone.  The greatest possible sin is to worship anyone other than God (Allah).  It is no less sinful if the worshipper intends to get nearer to God by offering devotions to another being.  God does not need intercessors or intermediaries.  He hears all of our prayers and has complete knowledge of everything that happens.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

At the same time, God does not need our worship.  He is completely independent of all things.  If every person in the world were to come together to worship God alone, they would not benefit God in the least.  They would not add an atom’s weight to His dominion.  Conversely, if all creation abandoned the worship of God, this would not decrease His dominion in the least.  By worshipping God, we benefit our own souls and fulfill the purpose for which we were created.  We do not fulfill any need of God.  He is needless.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Oneness of God in His Names and Attributes<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The oneness of God (Allah) in His names and attributes implies that God does not share in the attributes of created beings, nor do they share in any of His.  God is unique in every way.  Muslims believe in all of the attributes that God asserts for Himself and that His Prophet ascribes to Him with the understanding that those attributes are not the same as the attributes of created things.  Likewise, we negate any name or attribute for God that God and His Messenger negate for Him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

God’s attributes are all attributes of perfection and completeness.  Human deficiencies cannot be ascribed to God.  God has no deficiency or weakness whatsoever.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

It is a form of polytheism to ascribe to God attributes of created things.  It is likewise a form of polytheism to ascribe to created things attributes that belong to God alone.  Anyone who believes that another being is, for instance, All-Knowledgeable or All-Powerful has committed the sin of polytheism, which is the greatest of all sins in Islam. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":17825,"lft":1203,"rght":1204,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-07T04:18:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T08:11:02.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":18,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"Doctrine & Sects","category_slug":"Doctrine-and-Sects","get_date":"2014-08-07","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Islamic Monotheism.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Islamic Monotheism.docx"},{"id":1293,"title":"\u201cSpeak a good word or remain silent\u201d","slug":"speak-a-good-word-or-remain-silent","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Speak a good word or remain silent.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-Speak a good word or remain silent.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:speak-a-good-word-or-remain-silent","hint":"","body":"

“Speak a good word or remain silent”<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"ProphetMuhammadsSmile.jpg\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

Abu Hurayrah relates that God’s Messenger, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, said:“Whoever believes in God and the Last Day should speak a good word or remain silent.  And whoever believes in God and the Last Day should show hospitality to his neighbor.  And whoever believes in God and the Last Day should show hospitality to his guest.”<\/strong>[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The importance of this Hadith[2]<\/a><\/span><\/h2>\r\n

This hadith discusses some of the ways a Muslim’s faith should affect the way he relates to others.  Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani writes: “This hadith speaks about three matters, and in doing so it brings together everything that good manners entail with respect to both word and deed.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Whoever believes in God and the Last Day…<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

This is a conditional sentence.  It is repeated three times in this hadith, each time with a different condition.  The first of these three conditions is to either speak a good word or remain silent, the second is to show hospitality to one’s neighbors, and the third is to show hospitality to one’s guests.  This hadith is showing us that these three qualities are among the many qualities of faith.  A person who fails to fulfill any of these conditions is a person whose faith is incomplete and in want of improvement. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Speaking a good word or remaining silent<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

This is an encouragement to speak what is good and beneficial; at the same time it is a warning, cautioning us to be careful in what we say, lest we say something that is harmful or false.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

It is part of a Muslim’s faith to speak the truth and to say things that bring about benefit to others. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O you who believe! Fear God and speak a word that is right.  He will set right for you your deeds and forgive you your sins.  And whoever obeys God and His Messenger has certainly attained a great achievement.” (Quran 33:70-71)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God informs us in the Quran some of what constitutes good in our speech and benefits other people. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

He says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“No good is there in much of their private conversation, except for those who enjoin charity or that which is right, or bring reconciliation between people.  And whoever does that seeking God’s pleasure, then we shall grant him a great reward.” (Quran 4:114)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

When we have nothing beneficial to say, silence is golden.  Once, Mu`âdh b.  Jabal asked the Prophet to inform him of some good work that would admit him into Paradise and distance him from the Hellfire.  The Prophet mentioned to him the virtues of many good deeds, then said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Shall I inform you of the foundation of all of that?”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muadh said: “Certainly.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet took hold of his tongue and said: “Restrain yourself from this.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muadh then asked: “O Prophet of God!  Are we held to task for the things that we say?”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet replied: “May your mother be bereaved of you, O Mu`âdh! Does anything topple people headlong into the Hellfire save the harvests of their tongues?”[3]<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

We should avoid speaking ill of others.  We should rather remain silent unless we are seeking justice for some wrong that has been perpetrated against us. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“God does not like that evil should be mentioned in public except by one who has been done injustice.  And God is all-hearing, all-knowing.” (Quran 4:148)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Our tongues are like double-edges swords.  They can work for us and against us, both in this world and the Hereafter.  We will be held accountable for what we say. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

God tells us:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“He does not utter a statement except that there is an observer by him ready to record it.” (Quran 50:18)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet said: “Indeed a servant will speak a word pleasing to God that he thinks to be insignificant, but because of it God raises him by many degrees.  And indeed a servant will speak a word displeasing to God that he thinks to be insignificant, but because of it, He will consign him to the Hellfire.”[4]<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

We must be vigilant not to speak falsehood.  We must think about what we are saying and the possible consequences of our words before we go ahead and speak. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet said: “A man might speak a word without thinking about its implications, but because of it, he will plunge into the Hellfire further than the distance between the east and west.”[5]<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al-Nawawi comments on the meaning of this hadith, saying: “This hadith encourages us to guard our tongues.  A person who wants to speak should think upon what he is about to say before he utters it.  If it then shows itself to have some benefit to it, he may speak it; otherwise he should refrain from doing so.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Showing hospitality to the neighbor and the guest<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

From the perfection of a person’s faith is his showing kindness to those with whom he has dealings, especially his neighbors and his guests.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Worship God and associate nothing with Him, and show kindness to parents, relatives, orphans, the poor, the near neighbor, the distant neighbor, the companion at your side, the traveler, and those whom your right hands possess.  Indeed, God does not like those who are conceited and boastful.” (Quran 4:36)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam emphasizes the right of the neighbor.  The Prophet said: “Gabriel continued to impress upon me the rights of the neighbor until I thought that he would soon confer upon him the right of inheritance.”<\/strong>[6]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

There are many forms that this hospitality can take.  It can take the form of help in times of need.  The Prophet said: “He is not a believer who lets himself be satiated while his neighbor goes hungry.”<\/strong>[7]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

It can mean making allowances for the neighbor’s needs, even by waiving some of one’s own rights.  The Prophet said: “None of you should prevent his neighbor from placing his rafter in his wall.”<\/strong>[8]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

It can take the form of gift giving.  The Prophet said: “O Muslim women!  None of you should consider insignificant a gift that you give to your neighbor, even if it is but the trotters of a sheep.”<\/strong>[9]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam teaches us to be generous and hospitable to those who come to us as guests.  Indeed, those who come to our homes have a right over us. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet said: “Whoever believes in God and the Last Day should show hospitality to his guest according to his right.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

He was asked: “What is his right, O Messenger of God?”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet answered: “It is (to offer the best) for a day and a night, and hospitality extends for three days.  What is beyond that is charity.”[10]<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Footnotes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Saheeh Al-Bukhari, Saheeh Muslim<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Hadiths<\/em> are narrations of the words, deeds, appearance, and tacit approvals of Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Sunan Ibn Majah<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> Saheeh Al-Bukhari<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[5]<\/a> Saheeh Al-Bukhari, Saheeh Muslim<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[6]<\/a> Saheeh Al-Bukhari, Saheeh Muslim<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[7]<\/a> Mustadrak al-Hakim<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[8]<\/a> Saheeh Al-Bukhari, Saheeh Muslim<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[9]<\/a> Saheeh Al-Bukhari, Saheeh Muslim<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

[10]<\/a> Saheeh Al-Bukhari, Saheeh Muslim<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":18219,"lft":2361,"rght":2362,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-08-19T22:43:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T08:58:21.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":17,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"Morals & Ethics","category_slug":"Morals-and-Ethics","get_date":"2014-08-19","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Speak a good word or remain silent.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-Speak a good word or remain silent.docx"},{"id":2990,"title":"The Nature of Revelation?","slug":"the-nature-of-revelation","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-The Nature of Revelation.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-The Nature of Revelation.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:the-nature-of-revelation","hint":"","body":"

The Nature of Revelation?<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"\"<\/p>\r\n

Revelation is where God imparts whatever knowledge He wills to those whom He chooses to receive it.  God gives this knowledge to them in order for them to convey it to whomever else He wishes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

All the Messengers of God experienced revelation.  God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Verily, We have sent Revelation to you (O Muhammad) as We have sent Revelation to Noah and the prophets who came after him.  We had sent revelation to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, the Tribes, Jesus, Job, Jonah, Aaron, and Solomon.  And to David We gave the Psalms.  And Messengers We have told you about before, and Messengers We have not told you about – and to Moses We spoke directly.” (Quran 4:163)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The possibility of divine revelation cannot be denied by anyone who believes in the existence of God and in His omnipotence.  God maintains His creation in any manner that pleases Him.  The connection between the Creator and his Creation is by way of His Messengers, and these Messengers only know what God wants from them by way of revelation, either directly or indirectly.  The rational mind cannot dismiss the possibility of revelation, since nothing is difficult for the all-powerful Creator.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Nature of Revelation<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Revelation is not a personal experience that a Prophet brings forth from within himself.  It is not a spiritual state that a person can attain by doing certain meditations or spiritual exercises.  Quite the contrary, revelation is a communication between two beings: one that speaks, commands, and gives, and another who is addressed, commanded, and receives.  Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him – as with every Prophet – never confused himself with the One who gave the revelation to him.  As a human being, he felt his weakness before God, feared God’s wrath if he should disobey, and hoped for God’s mercy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

He sought help from God, submitted to what he was commanded to do, and was on occasion even sternly reprimanded by God.  The Prophet admitted his absolute inability to alter even one word of God’s Book.  God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“And when Our clear signs are recited to them, those who hope not for a meeting with Us say: ‘Bring a Quran other than this or change it.’  Say (O Muhammad): ‘It is not for me to change it of my own accord.  I only follow what is revealed to me.  I fear, if I were to disobey my Lord, the punishment of an awful day.’  Say: ‘If God had willed, I would not have recited it to you nor would He have made it known to you.  I have lived with you a whole lifetime before it came to me.  Have you no sense?’” (Quran 10:15-16)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

This should make perfectly clear the difference between the essence, attributes, and ways of the Creator and those of His Creation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet took great care to maintain a distinction between his own speech (the Hadeeth) and the direct speech of God, though both were the result of revelation.  For this reason, in the early period of revelation, he used to prohibit anything that he uttered to be written down except for the Quran.  This preserved for the Quran its distinctiveness as being the very word of God, unmixed with the speech of people.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet would also make a distinction in his own speech between his own opinions and what came from God as revelation. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

He said: “I am only a human being like yourselves.  Opinions can be right or wrong.  But, when I say to you that God said something, then know that I will never attribute something false to God.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Prophet had no hand in the revelation that he received.  Revelation is a force external to the being of the Prophet.  He was not able to manipulate it in any way.  This is supported by the fact that certain crises would befall the Prophet or one of those around him that required an immediate solution, but he found no verse of Quran to recite to the people.  He had to remain silent and wait, sometimes in desperation, until God, in His wisdom, revealed what was needed.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A good example of this is the time when Aishah, the wife of the Prophet was accused of adultery by some of the hypocrites, though she was innocent.  People began to say things that were painful for the Prophet until his heart was about to burst.  He was unable to prohibit this.  All he could say was:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O Aishah, I have heard this or that.  If you are innocent, then God will show your innocence, and if you fell into sin, then seek God’s forgiveness.”<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

A whole month passed like this before the revelation came down declaring Aishah’s innocence and exonerating the household of the Prophet.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In brief, revelation has nothing to do with the choices and wishes of the one who receives it.  It is an unusual, external occurrence.  It is a force of knowledge, because it gives knowledge.  It is free from error.  It comes only with the truth and guides only to what is right.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

How revelation comes to the angels and to the Messengers<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

In the Quran it is mentioned that God speaks to the angels.  God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“And (remember) when your Lord revealed to the angels: ‘Verily I am with you, so keep firm those who have believed’…” (Quran 8:12)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Revelation to the angels happens by God speaking to them and the angels hearing from Him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Revelation comes to God’s human Messengers either directly or through an intermediary.  In the case of an intermediary, it is the angel Gabriel who brings the revelation.  There are two ways that this occurs:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1.    The angel would come to him with a voice like the clanging of a bell.  This is the severest way revelation would come to the Messenger.  Such a harsh sound demands the full attention of the one being addressed with it.  When the revelation came in this manner, it was extremely demanding upon all of the Messenger’s faculties.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.    The angel would come to him in the form of a man.  This was easier than the previous way, since the form of the angelic Messenger was familiar to the human Messenger and easier to relate to.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Both of these ways are mentioned by the Prophet in his answer to al-Haarith b. Hishaam when he asked how the revelation came to him.  God’s Messenger said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Sometimes he comes to me like the clanging of a bell, and this is the most difficult for me.  It weighs upon me and I commit to memory what he says.  And sometimes the angel comes to me in the form of a man and speaks to me and I commit to memory what he says.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Revelation without an intermediary happens in two ways:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1.    A good dream: Aishah relates:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“It began as a good dream during sleep.  He would not have a dream except that it would come as clear as day.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

This was to prepare God’s Messenger to receive revelation while awake.  The whole Quran was revealed while the Prophet was awake.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The story of Abraham when he was commanded to sacrifice his son demonstrates how a dream can be revelation that must be acted upon.  God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“So We gave him glad tidings of a forbearing boy.  And when he was old enough to walk with him, he said: ‘My son, I have seen in a dream that I am sacrificing you.  So look, what do you think?’  He said: ‘O my father, do what you are commanded.  By God’s will, you shall find me to be among those who are patient.’  Then, when they had both submitted themselves and he had laid him prone on his forehead, We called out to him: ‘O Abraham, you have fulfilled the dream.’  Thus do We reward the righteous.  That was indeed a manifest trial.  And We ransomed him with a great sacrifice.  And We left for him a goodly remembrance for later generations.  Peace be upon Abraham!  Thus indeed do We reward the righteous.  Verily, he was one of Our believing servants.” (Quran 37:101-111)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

If that dream had not been revelation that had to be obeyed, Abraham would never have gone forward to sacrifice his son, but in fact he almost did so.  He was only stopped because God commanded him to stop and ordered him to sacrifice something else instead.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The good dream is not only for the Prophets.  It remains for the believers, even though it is not revelation.  God’s Messenger said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Nothing remains of prophecy except for glad tidings.”  When he was asked what these glad tidings were, he said: “Dreams.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.    God speaking directly from behind a barrier: This happened to Prophet Moses.  God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“When Moses came to Our appointed meeting, his Lord spoke to him…” (Quran 7:143)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God also says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…And God spoke to Moses directly.” (Quran 4:164)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

This also happened to Prophet Muhammad on the night of his Journey and Ascension when he was taken up into the heavens and his Lord spoke to him.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

All of these ways of receiving revelation are mentioned in the Quran.  God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“It is not for a human being that God should speak to him except as revelation or from behind a barrier, or by sending a Messenger who reveals by His leave whatever He wishes.  Verily, He is All-Knowing, All-Wise.” (Quran 42:51)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":20811,"lft":5803,"rght":5814,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-09T22:55:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T07:50:26.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":13,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-12-09","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-The Nature of Revelation.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-The Nature of Revelation.docx"},{"id":2991,"title":"La naturaleza de la Revelaci\u00f3n","slug":"la-naturaleza-de-la-revelacin","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-The Nature of Revelation.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-The Nature of Revelation.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:la-naturaleza-de-la-revelacin","hint":"","body":"

La naturaleza de la Revelación<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

La revelación se da cuando Dios imparte el conocimiento que Él desea a aquellos que ha elegido para que lo reciban. Dios les da este conocimiento para que lo divulguen a quienes Él desea.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Todos los mensajeros de Dios experimentaron revelaciones. Dios dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Por cierto que te hemos concedido la revelación como lo hicimos con Noé y con los Profetas que le sucedieron. Asimismo revelamos a Abraham, Ismael, Isaac, Jacob, a las doce tribus, Jesús, Job, Jonás, Aarón y Salomón. Y concedimos a David los Salmos. Te mencionamos [¡Oh, Muhammad!] algunos de los Mensajeros que enviamos y otros no. Y sabe que en verdad Dios habló con Moisés directamente”. (Corán 4:163)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La posibilidad de la revelación divina no puede ser negada por nadie que crea en la existencia de Dios y su omnipotencia. Dios mantiene a Su creación en la manera en que a Él le complace. La conexión entre el Creador y Su creación es a través de Sus mensajeros, y los mensajeros conocen de Dios sólo lo que Él desea a través de la revelación, ya sea directa o indirectamente. La racionalidad de la mente no puede rechazar la posibilidad de la revelación porque nada es difícil para el Creador Todopoderoso.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La naturaleza de la revelación<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

La revelación no es una experiencia personal que los profetas experimentan por sí mismos. No es un estado espiritual que las personas alcanzan haciendo algún tipo de meditación o ejercicio espiritual.  Por el contrario, la revelación es una comunicación entre dos: Uno que habla, ordena y da; y el otro que es al que se dirige, el que obedece y recibe. El Profeta Muhammad, que la paz y las bendiciones de Allah sean con él (como con todos los profetas de Dios), siempre tuvo claro Quién era el origen de la revelación. Como un ser humano, él sintió su debilidad ante Dios, sintió temor de Dios en caso de desobedecerle, y anhelaba la misericordia de Dios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Él buscó la ayuda de Dios, sometiéndose a las órdenes que debía cumplir, y en ocasiones fue severamente reprendido por Dios. El Profeta admitió su absoluta inhabilidad para alterar siquiera una palabra del libro de Dios. Dios dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Cuando se les recitan Nuestros claros preceptos, quienes no esperan comparecer ante Nosotros dicen: Tráenos otro Corán distinto o modifícalo. Diles [¡Oh, Muhammad!]: No me es permitido modificarlo, sólo sigo lo que me ha sido revelado. Por cierto que temo que si desobedezco a mi Señor me azote el castigo de un día terrible. Di: [Acaso no reflexionáis que] Si Dios no hubiera querido no os lo habría dado a conocer [el Corán], y yo no os lo habría recitado. Vosotros bien conocéis mi lealtad y confiabilidad, puesto que viví muchos años entre vosotros antes de la revelación”. (Corán 10:15-16)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Esto debe dejar perfectamente clara la diferencia entre la esencia, atributos y las acciones del Creador y las de su creación.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Profeta tomó gran cuidado en distinguir entre sus propias palabras (el hadiz) y las palabras directas de Dios, aunque ambas eran el resultado de la revelación. Por esta razón, en el periodo temprano de la revelación él prohibió que cualquier cosa que él dijera fuera escrita, excepto el Corán. Esto preservó para el Corán su particularidad de ser la absoluta palabra de Dios, sin ser mezclada con las palabras de las personas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Profeta también hizo una distinción entre sus palabras que eran su opinión y las que eran parte de la revelación de Dios.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Él dijo: <\/strong>“Yo soy sólo un ser humano. Las opiniones pueden ser correctas o equivocadas. Pero cuando yo les digo que Dios dice algo, sepan que yo jamás atribuiría algo falso a Dios”. <\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\r\n

El profeta no tuvo intervención en la revelación que recibía. La revelación fue una fuerza externa a la persona del Profeta. Él no era capaz de manipularla en ninguna forma. Esto está evidenciado por el hecho de que en ciertas crisis que le sucedieron al Profeta o a aquellos alrededor de él que requerían solución inmediata, el Profeta no tenía versículos del Corán para recitar a su gente. Tuvo que mantenerse en silencio y esperar, algunas veces desesperado, hasta que Dios, en Su gran sabiduría, reveló lo que era necesario.   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un buen ejemplo de esto es cuando Aisha, la esposa del Profeta, fue acusada de adulterio por los hipócritas aunque ella era inocente. La gente comenzó a decir cosas que eran dolorosas para el Profeta, al punto que su corazón estaba a punto de estallar. Él no pudo prohibir esto. Lo único que pudo decir fue:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Oh Aisha, he escuchado esto y aquello. Si eres inocente, Dios mostrará tu inocencia, y si has caído en pecado, pide el perdón de Dios”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un mes completo pasó antes de que la revelación llegara declarando la inocencia de Aisha y exonerara al hogar del Profeta.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En resumen, la revelación no tiene nada que ver con las elecciones o deseos de quien las recibe. Es un evento externo e inusual. Es una fuerza de conocimiento, porque da conocimiento. Libre de error, viene sólo con la verdad y sólo guía hacia la verdad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Cómo la revelación llega a los ángeles y los profetas<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

En el Corán está mencionado que Dios le habla a los ángeles. Dios dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Y cuando tu Señor les dijo a los ángeles: Yo estoy con vosotros, inspiradles valor a los creyentes…”. (Corán 8:12)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La revelación a los ángeles ocurre cuando Dios les habla a ellos y los ángeles escuchan de Él.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La revelación a los mensajeros humanos de Dios llega directamente o a través de un intermediario. En el caso de que haya un intermediario, es el ángel Gabriel quien trae la revelación. Hay dos formas en que esto ocurre:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1.    El ángel vendría a él con una voz que asemeja el sonido de una campana. Esta es la forma más severa en que la revelación venía a un mensajero. La fuerza de tal sonido demandaba la atención completa de la persona a la cual había sido dirigida. Cuando las revelaciones llegaban de esta manera, eran extremadamente exigentes con las facultades de los mensajeros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.    El ángel vendría en la forma de un hombre. Esta forma era más fácil que la anterior, porque la forma del mensajero angelical era familiar al mensajero humano y, por lo tanto, más fácil de relacionarse.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ambas formas fueron mencionadas por el Profeta a Al-Hariz b. Hisham cuando este le preguntó cómo le llegaba la revelación. El Mensajero de Dios dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“A veces viene a mí como el sonido de una campana, y esta es la más difícil para mí. Pesa sobre mí y yo me empeño en memorizar lo que dice. Y otras veces el ángel viene a mí en forma de hombre y me habla, y yo me esfuerzo por memorizar lo que él dice”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las revelaciones sin intermediario ocurren de dos formas:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1.    Un sueño agradable. Aishah relató:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Comenzó como un sueño agradable mientras dormía. No tendría un sueño sin que se concretara como la luz clara del día”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Esto fue para preparar al Mensajero de Dios para recibir la revelación en despierto. Todo el Corán fue revelado mientras el Profeta estaba despierto.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La historia de Abraham, cuando fue ordenado sacrificar a su hijo, demuestra cómo el sueño puede ser una forma de revelación sobre la que es obligatorio actuar. Dios dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Y le albriciamos con un niño que sería paciente y tolerante. Y cuando éste alcanzó la pubertad, [Abraham] le dijo: ¡Oh, hijito mío! En verdad he visto en el sueño que te sacrificaba; mira pues, qué opinas. Dijo: ¡Oh, padre mío! Haz lo que te es ordenado; por cierto que me encontrarás, si Allah quiere, entre los pacientes. Y luego que ambos se resignaron y lo echó sobre la frente [para sacrificarlo], le llamamos: ¡Oh, Abraham! Has realizado tu visión. Y por cierto que así retribuimos a los benefactores. En verdad, esta es una verdadera prueba. Y lo rescatamos [a su hijo], ordenando a Abraham que sacrificara en su lugar un animal e hiciera una gran ofrenda. Y dejamos su historia [la de Abraham] para la posteridad, para que cuando Abraham sea recordado entre Mis criaturas, digan: ¡La paz sea con Abraham! Así es como recompensamos a los benefactores. En verdad, él era uno de Nuestros siervos creyentes”. (Corán 37:101-111)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Si ese sueño no hubiera sido una revelación a la que se tuviera que obedecer, Abraham nunca hubiera procedido a sacrificar a su hijo, pero, de hecho, casi lo hizo. Él sólo se detuvo porque Dios se lo ordenó y le ordenó sacrificar otra cosa en su lugar.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los sueños agradables no son sólo para los profetas. También ocurren a los creyentes, aunque no son una revelación. El mensajero de Dios dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Nada queda de la profecía excepto las visiones verídicas”  Cuando fue preguntado sobre las visiones verídicas, dijo: “Los sueños”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.    Dios habla directamente detrás de un velo: Esto sucedió al Profeta Moisés. Dios dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Y cuando Moisés acudió al encuentro y su Señor le habló…”. (Corán 7:143)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios también dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Te mencionamos [¡Oh, Muhammad!] algunos de los Mensajeros que enviamos y otros no. Y sabe que en verdad Dios habló con Moisés directamente”. (Corán 4:164)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Esto también le pasó al Profeta Muhammad en su viaje nocturno y ascenso a los cielos, y su Señor le habló.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Todas estas formas de revelación están mencionadas en el Corán. Dios dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Dios no habla con los Mensajeros directamente, sino que lo hace detrás de un velo [como lo hizo con Moisés], o enviando un mensajero [el ángel Gabriel] para transmitirle por Su voluntad lo que Él quiera de la revelación, o mediante inspiraciones divinas; porque es Sublime, Sabio”. (Corán 42:51)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":18036,"lft":5804,"rght":5805,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-09T22:55:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T02:06:29.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":13,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":2990,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-12-09","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-The Nature of Revelation.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-The Nature of Revelation.docx"},{"id":2992,"title":"Das Wesen der Offenbarung?","slug":"das-wesen-der-offenbarung","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-The Nature of Revelation.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-The Nature of Revelation.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:das-wesen-der-offenbarung","hint":"","body":"

Das Wesen der Offenbarung?<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Offenbarung ist, wenn Gott Wissen, das Er will, denen, die Er aussucht, zukommen zu läßt.  Gott gibt ihnen dieses Wissen, damit sie es denen übermitteln, die Er bestimmt. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Alle Gesandten Gottes haben die Offenbarung erfahren.  Gott sagt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>Wahrlich, Wir haben dir offenbart, wie Wir Noah und den Propheten nach ihm offenbart haben. Und Wir offenbarten Abraham, Ismael, Isaak, Jakob, den Stämmen (Israels), Jesus, Hiob, Jonas, Aaron und Salomo; und Wir haben David einen Zabur gegeben.” (Quran 4:163)<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Möglichkeit göttlicher Offenbarung kann von keinem geleugnet werden, der an die Existenz Gottes und Seine Allmächtigkeit glaubt.  Gott erhält Seine Schöpfung auf jegliche Art, die Ihm gefällt.  Die Verbindung zwischen dem Schöpfer und Seiner Schöpfung besteht aus dem Weg Seiner Gesandten und diese Gesandten wissen nur, was Gott von ihnen will, durch den Weg der Offenbarung, sei sie direkt oder indirekt.  Der rationale Verstand kann die Möglichkeit der Offenbarung nicht leugnen, denn für den Allmächtigen Schöpfer ist nichts zu schwer. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Das Wesen der Offenbarung<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Offenbarung ist keine persönliche Erfahrung, die ein Prophet aus sich selbst heraus hervorbringt.  Es ist kein spiritueller Zustand, den eine Person erreichen kann, indem sie bestimmte Meditationen oder spirituelle Übungen macht.  Ganz im Gegenteil – Offenbarung ist eine Kommunikation zwischen zwei Wesen: eines das spricht, befiehlt und gibt und ein anders, das angesprochen wird, dem befohlen wird und das erhält.  Der Prophet Muhammad hat sich nie, so wie es auch bei jedem Propheten der Fall gewesen war, mit dem Einen, Der ihm die Offenbarung gab, gemischt.  Als menschliches Wesen fühlte er seine Schwäche vor seinem Gott, fürchtete den Fluch Gottes, wenn er Ihm ungehorsam wäre, und hoffte auf die Gnade Gottes. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Er ersuchte Hilfe von Gott, unterwarf sich dem, was ihm befohlen wurde, und gelegentlich wurde er streng von Gott zurechtgewiesen.  Der Prophet gab seine absolute Unfähigkeit zu, auch nur ein Wort am Buch Gottes zu verändern.  Gott sagt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>Und wenn ihnen Unsere deutlichen Verse verlesen werden, sagen jene, die nicht mit der Begegnung mit Uns rechnen: \"Bring einen Quran, der anders ist als dieser oder ändere ihn.\" Sprich: \"Es steht mir nicht zu, ihn aus eigenem Antrieb zu ändern. Ich folge nur dem, was mir offenbart wurde. Ich fürchte, falls ich meinem Herrn ungehorsam bin, die Strafe eines gewaltigen Tages.\"<\/strong> <\/strong>Sprich (O Muhammad): \"Hätte Gott es gewollt so hätte ich ihn euch nicht verlesen, noch hätte Er ihn euch kundgetan. Ich habe doch wahrlich ein Menschenalter unter euch gelebt, bevor (der Quran da war) Wollt ihr denn nicht begreifen?\"”<\/strong> <\/strong>(Quran 10:15-16)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dies sollte den Unterschied zwischen dem Wesen, den Eigenschaften und der Art des Schöpfers und seiner Schöpfung vollkommen deutlich machen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Prophet hat Sorge getragen, eine Unterscheidung zwischen seiner eigenen Sprache (den Hadith) und der direkten Sprache Gottes zu machen, obwohl beide das Ergebnis von Offenbarung waren.  Aus diesem Grund pflegte er in der frühen Periode der Offenbarung zu verbieten, dass irgendetwas, das er sagte, niedergeschrieben wurde, mit Ausnahme des Qur´an.  Dies garantierte die Unterscheidbarkeit des Qur´an als Wort Gottes, unvermischt mit den Aussagen von Menschen.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der Prophet machte ebenfalls eine Unterscheidung in seiner eigenen Sprache zwischen seinen eigenen Ansichten und dem, was von Gott als Offenbarung kam.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Er sagte: “Ich bin nur ein menschliches Wesen wie ihr selbst.  Ansichten können richtig oder falsch sein.  Aber wenn ich euch sage, Gott sagte etwas, dann wisst, dass ich nie etwas Falsches Gott anmaßen würde.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Er hatte bei der Offenbarung, die er erhielt, keinen Einfluss.  Offenbarung ist eine Kraft von außen, die auf das Dasein des Propheten einwirkt.  Er war nicht dazu in der Lage, sie in irgendeiner Weise zu manipulieren.  Dies wird durch die Tatsache bestätigt, dass bestimmte Krisensituationen den Propheten oder diejenigen, die um ihn herum waren, befielen und eine sofortige Lösung benötigten, aber er fand keinen Vers des Qur´an, den er den Menschen hätte vortragen können.  Er musste still bleiben und warten, manchmal verzweifelt, bis Gott in Seiner Weisheit, offenbarte, was gebraucht wurde.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ein gutes Beispiel hierfür ist die Zeit, als Aischa, die Frau des Propheten, von einigen der Heuchler des Ehebruchs beschuldigt wurde, obwohl sie unschuldig war.  Die Leute fingen an, Dinge zu sagen, die schmerzlich für den Propheten waren, bis sein Herz fast platzte.  Er konnte dies nicht verbieten.  Alles, das er sagen konnte, war:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O Aischa, ich habe dieses oder jenes gehört.  Wenn du unschuldig bist, wird Gott deine Unschuld zeigen, und wenn du gesündigt hast, dann ersuche Gottes Vergebung.”<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

Ein ganzer Monat verging so, bevor die Offenbarung kam, die Aischas –Unschuld erklärte und die Ehre des Haushalt des Propheten wiederherstellte. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Kurz gesagt, hat Offenbarung nichts zu tun mit der Auswahl und den Wünschen desjenigen, der sie erhält.  Es ist eine außergewöhnliche, externe Erscheinung.  Es ist eine Kraft des Wissens, denn sie gibt Wissen.  Sie ist frei von Irrtum.  Sie kommt nur mit der Wahrheit und leitet zu dem, was richtig ist. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wie die Offenbarung zu den Engeln und den Gesandten kommt<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Im Qur´an wird erwähnt, dass Gott zu den Engeln spricht.  Gott sagt: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>Da gab dein Herr den Engeln ein: \"Ich bin mit euch; so festigt denn die Gläubigen…” (Quran 8:12)<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Offenbarung zu den Engeln geschieht dadurch, dass Gott zu ihnen spricht und die Engel hören von Ihm.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Offenbarung gelangt zu Gottes menschlichen Gesandten entweder direkt oder durch einen Vermittler.  Im Falle des Vermittlers ist es der Engel Gabriel, der die Offenbarung bringt.  Es gibt zwei Arten, wie dies geschieht: <\/span><\/p>\r\n

1.    Der Engel kommt zu ihm mit einer Stimme wie das Läuten einer Glocke.  Dies ist die schwerste Art, wie die Offenbarung zum Gesandten gelangt.  Ein solcher barscher Ton verlangt die volle Aufmerksamkeit dessen, an den er gerichtet ist.  Wenn die Offenbarung auf diese Weise kam, war das für alle Kräfte des Gesandten außerordentlich anstrengend. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.    Der Engel kam in der Gestalt eines Menschen zu ihm.  Dies war leichter als die vorige Art, denn die Gestalt des gesandten Engels war dem menschlichen Gesandten geläufiger und es war einfacher zu reden. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Diese beiden Arten wurden von dem Propheten in seiner Antwort auf al-Haarith b. Hishaam erwähnte, als er gefragt hatte, wie die Offenbarung zu ihm komme.  Der Gesandte Gottes sagte:.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Manchmal kommt sie wie das Läuten einer Glocke, und das ist für mich das schwerste.  Es lastet auf mir und ich versuche, mir zu merken, was er sagt.  Und manchmal kommt der Engel in der Gestalt eines Mannes und spricht zu mir und ich versuche mir zu merken, was er sagt.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Offenbarung ohne Vermittler geschieht auf zwei Arten:   <\/span><\/p>\r\n

1.    Ein guter Traum:  Aischa berichtet:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Es begann als ein guter Traum während des Schlafs.  Er hatte keinen Traum, der sich nicht so klar wie der Tag bewahrheitet hätte.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dies war, um den Gesandten Gottes darauf vorzubereiten, Offenbarungen zu empfangen, wenn er wach war.  Der gesamte Qur´an wurde offenbart, während der Prophet wach war.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Die Geschichte von Abraham als ihm befohlen wurde, seinen Sohn zu opfern, zeigt, wie ein Traum eine Offenbarung sein kann, nach der gehandelt werden muss.  Gott sagt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>Dann gaben Wir ihm die frohe Botschaft von einem sanftmütigen Sohn.<\/strong> <\/strong>Als er alt genug war, um mit ihm zu arbeiten, sagte er. O mein Sohn, ich sehe im Traum, daß ich dich schlachte. Nun schau, was meinst du dazu?\" Er sagte: \"O mein Vater, tu, wie dir befohlen wird; du sollst mich - so Gott will - unter den Geduldigen finden.\"<\/strong> <\/strong>Als sie sich beide (Gottes Willen) ergeben hatten und er ihn mit der Stirn auf den Boden hingelegt hatte<\/strong> <\/strong>da riefen Wir ihm zu: \"O Abraham<\/strong> <\/strong>du hast bereits das Traumgesicht erfüllt.\" So belohnen Wir die, die Gutes tun.<\/strong> <\/strong>Wahrlich, das ist offenkundig eine schwere Prüfung.<\/strong> <\/strong>Und Wir lösten ihn durch ein großes Schlachttier aus.<\/strong> <\/strong>Und Wir bewahrten seinen Namen unter den künftigen Geschlechtern.<\/strong> <\/strong>Friede sei auf Abraham!<\/strong> <\/strong>So belohnen Wir die, die Gutes tun.<\/strong> <\/strong>Er gehörte zu Unseren gläubigen Dienern.”<\/strong> <\/strong>(Quran 37:101-111)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Wenn dieser Traum keine Offenbarung gewesen wäre, dann hätte ihm nicht gehorcht werden müssen, Abraham wäre nicht ausgezogen, um seinen Sohn zu opfern, aber Tatsache ist, dass er es fast getan hätte.  Er hielt nur inne, weil Gott ihm befahl, einzuhalten und anordnete, er solle etwas anderes an seiner Stelle opfern. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Der gute Traum ist nicht nur für die Propheten.  Er bleibt auch für die Gläubigen, auch wenn es keine Offenbarung ist.  Der Gesandte Gottes sagte:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Nichts bleibt von der Prophezeihung außer gute Nachrichten.”  Als er gefragt wurde, was diese guten Nachrichten sind, sagte er: „Träume.“<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.    Gott spricht direkt von hinter einer Wand: dies geschah dem Propheten Moses.  Gott sagt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>Und als Moses zu Unserem Termin gekommen war und sein Herr zu ihm gesprochen hatte…” (Quran 7:143)<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gott sagt auch:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…<\/strong>und Gott hat mit Moses wirklich gesprochen.”<\/strong> <\/strong>(Quran 4:164)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dies geschah dem Propheten Muhammad auf seiner Nachtreise und Himmelfahrt, wo sein Herr zu ihm sprach.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

All diese Arten Offenbarungen zu erhalten, werden im Qur´an erwähnt.  Gott sagt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>Und keinem Menschen steht es zu, daß Gott zu ihm sprechen sollte, außer durch Eingebung oder hinter einem Vorhang oder, indem Er einen Boten schickt, um durch Sein Geheiß zu offenbaren, was Er will; Er ist Erhaben, Allweise.” (Quran 42:51)<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":16063,"lft":5806,"rght":5807,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-09T22:55:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T07:42:33.000000Z","language_id":7,"user_id":13,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":2990,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-12-09","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-The Nature of Revelation.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/de-The Nature of Revelation.docx"},{"id":2993,"title":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435","slug":"--dthttttt","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-The Nature of Revelation.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ru-The Nature of Revelation.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:--dthttttt","hint":"","body":"

\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u041e\u043d \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0412\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u041c\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 [\u0435\u0433\u043e] \u041d\u0443\u0445\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u041c\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0443, \u0418\u0441\u043c\u0430'\u0438\u043b\u0443, \u0418\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043a\u0443, \u0419\u0430'\u043a\u0443\u0431\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0445, '\u0418\u0441\u0435, \u0410\u0439\u0439\u0443\u0431\u0443, \u0419\u0443\u043d\u0443\u0441\u0443, \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0443, \u0421\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0443, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u041c\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u0443\u0434\u0443 \u041f\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0440\u044c» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, 4:163).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0414\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 – \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e – \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440. \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f – \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0449\u044c, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043c\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043e \u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0412\u0421\u0401.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u0438 \u0443\u0436 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a (\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a) \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438-\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442: \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 – \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 (\u044d\u0442\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433), \u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 (\u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a). \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430) \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0441 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043e\u043d \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0435, \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u044f\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u044f\u0442\u044b \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0443 \u0441 \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442: \"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e!\" \u0421\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0438: \"\u041d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u042f \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u044e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044f \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\"» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, 10:15-16).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u044b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435, \u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0438 \u0442\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u042f \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043c. \u041c\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u0442\u0430\u043a-\u0442\u043e, \u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044f \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435».<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e. \u0415\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0441 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0410\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0437\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043d\u0438 \u043a \u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430. \u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443. \u041d\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c, \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b, – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043b \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041e \u0410\u0439\u0448\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435, \u0442\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u0410 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u044b \u0432\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043c»<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

\u0421\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430? \u041d\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446! \u0420\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437, \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0410\u0438\u0448\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438 \u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043c, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u0412 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0412\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c: \"\u042f – \u0441 \u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438! \u042f \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044e \u0443\u0436\u0430\u0441 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0446\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442. \u0420\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0446\u044b\"» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 8:12).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u043b\u044b\u0448\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c), \u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e, \u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044c, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1.    \u0410\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0421\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.    \u0410\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u0412 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0438\u0431\u043d \u0425\u0438\u0448\u0430\u043c\u0430:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f. \u041d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u044e. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0438 \u044f \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c».<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0411\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1.    \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u044b. \u0410\u0438\u0448\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043b\u0430:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u0421\u043d\u044b, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043c \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0443. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u044f\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442»<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0441\u043d\u0435, \u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0443, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041d\u043e, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043c, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0435.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c, \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b: \"\u0421\u044b\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0439! \u042f \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443 \u0432\u043e \u0441\u043d\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0431\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u044b \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0448\u044c?\" \u041e\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b: \"\u041e\u0442\u0435\u0446 \u043c\u043e\u0439! \u0421\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0439 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0448\u044c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445\".<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0443\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043a, \u041c\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443: \"\u041e \u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c (\u0410\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0430\u043c)!<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b [\u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435] \u0432\u043e \u0441\u043d\u0435\". \u0412\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u041c\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418 \u041c\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u043c\u0443 [\u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430] \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0443.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0432\u0443.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041c\u0438\u0440 \u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0443!<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a \u041c\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 37:101-111).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438. \u0410 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0441\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0431\u044b \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043b \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439». \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b: «\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u044b».<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.    \u0415\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0439, \u043e \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0430 (\u041c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c…» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 7:143).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0410 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«…\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0441 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d 4:164).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u0441 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u0438 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041e\u0431\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

«\u041d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0443. \u0418\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435 \u041e\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041e\u043d \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442. \u0412\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u041e\u043d – \u0412\u043e\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u041c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u044b\u0439» (\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d, 42:51).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":15880,"lft":5808,"rght":5809,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-09T22:55:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T07:00:18.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":13,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":2990,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-12-09","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-The Nature of Revelation.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-The Nature of Revelation.docx"},{"id":2994,"title":"\u542f\u793a\u7684\u672c\u8d28","slug":"llllllkkk","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-The Nature of Revelation.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/zh-The Nature of Revelation.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:llllllkkk","hint":"","body":"

\u542f\u793a\u7684\u672c\u8d28<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u5185\u5bb9:<\/strong> \u5148\u77e5\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u542f\u793a\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/span>
\u7531 \u963f\u535c\u675c\u62c9\u54c8\u66fc\u542f\u793a\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d50\u4e88\u4ed6\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f20\u8fbe\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u610f\u613f\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u90fd\u63a5\u53d7\u8fc7\u542f\u793a\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u6211\u786e\u5df2\u542f\u793a\u4f60\uff0c\u72b9\u5982\u6211\u542f\u793a\u52aa\u54c8\u548c\u5728\u4ed6\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4f17\u5148\u77e5\u4e00<\/strong>\u6837\uff0c<\/strong> <\/strong>\u4e5f\u72b9\u5982\u6211\u542f\u793a\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u3001\u6613\u53f8<\/strong>\u9a6c\u4eea\u3001\u6613\u53f8\u54c8\u683c\u3001\u53f6\u5c14\u5b64\u767d\u5404\u652f\u6d3e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c14\u6492\u3001\u5b89\u4f18\u535c\u3001<\/strong> <\/strong>\u4f18\u52aa<\/strong>\u53f8\u3001\u54c8<\/strong>\u4f26\u3001\u7d20\u83b1\u66fc\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u6211\u4ee5\u300a\u5bb0\u900b\u535c\u300b\u8d4f\u8d50\u8fbe\u4e94\u5fb7\u3002\u6211\u786e\u5df2\u6d3e\u9063\u8bb8\u591a\u4f7f\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u6709\u6211\u5728\u4ee5\u524d\u5df2\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u7684\uff0c<\/strong> <\/strong>\u6709\u6211\u672a\u544a<\/strong>\u8bc9\u4f60\u7684\u3002\u771f\u4e3b\u66fe\u4e0e\u7a46\u8428\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002<\/strong>”(<\/strong>\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>4:163-164)<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u795e\u5723\u542f\u793a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5b89\u62c9\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5176\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u5426\u8ba4\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u4ee5\u610f\u6b32\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u652f\u6301\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0e\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u8005\u6765\u8054\u7edc\uff0c\u4f7f\u8005\u53ea\u77e5\u9053\u5b89\u62c9\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002\u7406\u6027\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5426\u8ba4\u542f\u793a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u662f\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u542f\u793a\u7684\u672c\u8d28<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u542f\u793a\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u77e5\u968f\u4fbf\u62ff\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u51a5\u60f3\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u4fee\u70bc\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u542f\u793a\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4f20\u8fbe\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bb2\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u7ed9\u4e88\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u542c\uff0c\u53d7\u547d\u548c\u83b7\u53d6\u3002\u50cf\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u7a46\u5723\u4ece\u672a\u5bf9\u7ed9\u4ed6\u542f\u793a\u7684\u5b89\u62c9\u611f\u5230\u56f0\u60d1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u5728\u5b89\u62c9\u9762\u524d\u7684\u5351\u5fae\uff0c\u5bb3\u6015\u56e0\u65e0\u610f\u6216\u6709\u610f\u7684\u8fdd\u6297\u88ab\u5b89\u62c9\u607c\u6012\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5f97\u5230\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u8d50\u60af\u3002\u4ed6\u65f6\u523b\u5bfb\u6c42\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u5ba5\u52a9\uff0c\u670d\u4ece\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u751a\u81f3\u88ab\u5b89\u62c9\u8d23\u5907\u3002\u7a46\u5723\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u65e0\u529b\u6539\u53d8\u5b89\u62c9\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/strong>“<\/strong>\u6709\u4eba<\/strong>\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5ba3\u8bfb\u6211\u7684\u660e\u663e\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u4f1a\u89c1\u6211\u7684\u4eba\u8bf4\uff1a\u8bf7\u4f60\u53e6\u62ff\u4e00\u90e8\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u6765\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf7\u4f60\u4fee\u6539\u8fd9\u90e8\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u3002\u4f60\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u64c5\u81ea\u4fee\u6539\u5b83\u3002<\/strong>\u6211\u53ea\u80fd\u9075\u4ece\u6211\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211<\/strong>\u8fdd\u6297\u6211\u7684\u4e3b\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u786e\u754f\u60e7\u91cd\u5927\u65e5\u7684\u5211\u7f5a\u3002\u4f60\u8bf4\uff1a\u5047\u82e5<\/strong>\u771f\u4e3b\u610f\u6b32\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e0d\u5411\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u5ba3\u8bfb\u8fd9\u90e8\u7ecf\uff0c\u771f\u4e3b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f7f\u4f60\u4eec\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u964d\u793a\u8fd9\u90e8\u7ecf\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u786e\u5df2\u5728\u4f60\u4eec\u4e2d\u95f4\u5ea6\u8fc7\u4e86\u5927\u534a\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u4f60\u4eec\u4e0d\u660e\u7406\u5417\uff1f<\/strong>”<\/strong>(<\/strong>\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>10:15-16)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fd9\u5e94\u8be5\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u4e0e\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0e\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7a46\u5723\u975e\u5e38\u7ec6\u5fc3\u5730\u533a\u5206\u5723\u6d01\u5723\u8bad\u4e0e\u53e4\u5170\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002\u542f\u793a\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u5f1f\u5b50\u4eec\u8bb0\u5f55\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u51c6\u8bb0\u5f55\u4ed6\u7684\u8a00\u8bed\u3002\u8fd9\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\u53e4\u5170\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e0e\u72ec\u7279\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u63ba\u6742\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u7a46\u5723\u4e5f\u4f1a\u7ec6\u5fc3\u533a\u5206\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u548c\u53e4\u5170\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a“\u6211\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u610f\u89c1\u6709\u5bf9\u6709\u9519\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u4eec\u90a3\u662f\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u8bdd\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u51b3\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u628a\u9519\u8bef\u5f52\u4e8e\u5b89\u62c9\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u542f\u793a\u662f\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5230\u6765\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7a46\u5723\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u80fd\u638c\u63a7\u7684\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u7d27\u6025\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7acb\u5373\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u542f\u793a\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u544a\u8bc9\u4eba\u4eec\u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u53ea\u6709\u8010\u5fc3\u7b49\u5f85\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u65e0\u53ef\u5948\u4f55\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7b49\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u5b89\u62c9\u542f\u793a\u4ed6\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u963f\u4f0a\u838e\u88ab\u4f2a\u541b\u5b50\u6c61\u8511\u6e05\u767d\uff0c\u6d41\u8a00\u871a\u8bed\u8ba9\u7a46\u5723\u975e\u5e38\u96be\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e0\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u6d41\u8a00\u871a\u8bed\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c“\u963f\u4f0a\u838e\u554a\uff0c\u6211\u90fd\u542c\u8bf4\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u662f\u6e05\u767d\u7684\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u4f1a\u5c55\u73b0\u4f60\u7684\u6e05\u767d\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u72af\u9519\u4e86\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u5bfb\u6c42\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u9976\u6055\u5427\u3002”\u8bc1\u660e\u963f\u4f0a\u838e\u6e05\u767d\u7684\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u6574\u6574\u7b49\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u624d\u964d\u793a\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u542f\u793a\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3a\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e0d\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7ed9\u4e88\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u5b83\u65e0\u9519\u8bef\u63ba\u6742\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u771f\u7406\u548c\u6307\u5f15\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u542f\u793a\u5982\u4f55\u5230\u8fbe\u5929\u4f7f\u548c\u4f7f\u8005<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u63d0\u5230\u5b89\u62c9\u4e0e\u5929\u4f7f\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5f53<\/strong>\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u4e3b\u542f\u793a\u4f17<\/strong>\u5929\u4f7f\uff1a\u6211\u662f\u4e0e\u4f60<\/strong>\u4eec\u540c\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u6545\u4f60\u4eec\u5f53\u4f7f\u4fe1\u9053\u8005\u575a\u5b9a\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong> 8:12<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7ed9\u5929\u4f7f\u7684\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u76f4\u63a5\u964d\u7ed9\u5929\u4f7f\uff0c\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f7f\u8005\u7684\u542f\u793a\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u901a\u8fc7\u5929\u4f7f\u95f4\u63a5\u9001\u8fbe\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u95f4\u63a5\u65f6\u901a\u8fc7\u54f2\u535c\u4f9d\u52d2\u5929\u4f7f\u4f20\u8fbe\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1\u3001\u5929\u4f7f\u5e26\u7740\u542f\u793a\u5230\u6765\u65f6\u4f34\u968f\u6709\u94c3\u58f0\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u96be\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u63a5\u53d7\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u523a\u8033\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u9700\u8981\u5168\u795e\u8d2f\u6ce8\u3002\u5f53\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5230\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u7a46\u5723\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u8003\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2\u3001\u5929\u4f7f\u4ee5\u4eba\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u542f\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5929\u4f7f\u548c\u4f7f\u8005\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u4f20\u8fbe\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u90fd\u5728\u54c8\u91cc\u65af·\u672c·\u5e0c\u6c99\u59c6\u8be2\u95ee\u7a46\u5723\u65f6\u7a46\u5723\u544a\u8bc9\u4e86\u4ed6\uff0c\u7a46\u5723\u8bf4\uff1a“\u6709\u65f6\u5b83\u50cf\u94c3\u58f0\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u662f\u6700\u56f0\u96be\u7684\uff0c\u538b\u7740\u6211\u7262\u8bb0\u4ed6\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u4ee5\u4eba\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u4ea4\u8c08\uff0c\u6211\u7262\u8bb0\u4ed6\u7684\u8bdd\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u542f\u793a\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1\u3001\u7f8e\u68a6\u3002\u963f\u4f0a\u838e\u4f20\u8ff0\uff1a“\u5b83\u59cb\u4e8e\u7f8e\u68a6\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u505a\u68a6\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u542f\u793a\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u5230\u6765\u3002”\u800c\u9192\u65f6\uff0c\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u51c6\u5907\u63a5\u53d7\u542f\u793a\u3002\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u5c31\u662f\u9192\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u542f\u793a\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u53d7\u547d\u727a\u7272\u513f\u5b50\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u8bc1\u660e\uff1a\u5148\u77e5\u4eec\u5728\u68a6\u4e2d\u4e5f\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u542f\u793a\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u6211\u5c31\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a<\/strong>\u5bbd\u539a\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u5411\u4ed6\u62a5\u559c\u3002\u5f53\u4ed6\u957f\u5230\u80fd\u5e2e\u7740\u4ed6\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a<\/strong>‘<\/strong>\u6211\u7684\u5c0f\u5b50\u554a\uff01\u6211\u786e\u5df2\u68a6<\/strong>\u89c1\u6211\u5bb0\u4f60\u4e3a\u727a\u7272\u3002\u4f60\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e0b\uff01\u4f60\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u89c1\uff1f<\/strong>’<\/strong>\u4ed6<\/strong>\u8bf4\uff1a<\/strong>‘<\/strong>\u6211\u7684\u7236<\/strong>\u4eb2\u554a\uff01\u8bf7\u4f60\u6267\u884c\u4f60\u6240\u5949\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5427\uff01\u5982\u679c\u771f\u4e3b\u610f\u6b32\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u53d1\u73b0\u6211\u662f\u575a\u5fcd\u7684\u3002<\/strong>’<\/strong>\u4ed6<\/strong>\u4eec\u4fe9\u65e2\u5df2\u987a\u670d\u771f\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4fa7\u5367\u7740\u3002\u6211\u558a\u53eb\u8bf4\uff1a<\/strong>‘<\/strong>\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u554a\uff01\u4f60\u786e\u5df2<\/strong>\u8bc1\u5b9e\u90a3\u4e2a\u68a6\u4e86\u3002<\/strong>’<\/strong>\u6211\u5fc5\u5b9a\u8981<\/strong>\u8fd9\u6837\u62a5\u916c\u884c\u5584\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u3002\u8fd9\u786e\u662f\u660e\u663e\u7684\u8003\u9a8c\u3002\u6211\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u727a\u7272\u8d4e\u4e86\u4ed6\u3002\u6211\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u4ee4\u540d\uff0c\u6c38\u5b58\u4e8e\u540e\u4ee3<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong> <\/strong>‘<\/strong>\u795d\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u5e73\u5b89\uff01<\/strong>’<\/strong>\u6211\u8981<\/strong>\u8fd9\u6837\u62a5\u916c\u884c\u5584\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u786e\u662f\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u9053\u7684\u4ec6\u4eba\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong>\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>37:101-111)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5982\u679c\u68a6\u4e2d\u7684\u542f\u793a\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5c65\u884c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u727a\u7272\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u513f\u5b50\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e4e\u5c31\u90a3\u6837\u505a\u4e86\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u88ab\u5b89\u62c9\u53eb\u505c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b89\u62c9\u547d\u4ee4\u5b83\u7528\u7f8a\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7f8e\u68a6\u4e0d\u53ea\u4f7f\u8005\u6709\uff0c\u4fe1\u58eb\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6709\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u4f1a\u662f\u542f\u793a\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u8bf4\uff1a“\u9664\u4e86\u4f73\u97f3\u6ca1\u6709\u9884\u8a00\u3002\u5f53\u88ab\u95ee\u53ca\u4f73\u97f3\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u662f\u68a6\u3002”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2\u3001\u5b89\u62c9\u5728\u5c4f\u969c\u540e\u76f4\u63a5\u4ea4\u8c08\u3002\u66fe\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u8428\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u5b89\u62c9\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u5f53\u7a46<\/strong>\u8428\u4e3a\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u4f1a\u671f\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6<\/strong>\u7684\u4e3b<\/strong>\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8bf4\u4e86\u8bdd\u7684\u65f6\u5019<\/strong>…” (<\/strong>\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>7:143)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…<\/strong>\u771f\u4e3b\u66fe\u4e0e\u7a46<\/strong>\u8428\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong> <\/strong>(<\/strong>\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>4:164)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u767b\u9704\u591c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u63a5\u4ea4\u8c08\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7a46\u5723\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u542f\u793a\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u90fd\u6709\u63d0\u5230\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u914d\u4e0e\u771f\u4e3b<\/strong>\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u542f\u793a<\/strong>\u6216\u4ece\u5e37\u5e55\u7684\u540e\u9762\uff0c\u6216\u6d3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u8005\uff0c\u5949\u4ed6\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u800c\u542f\u793a\u4ed6\u6240\u6b32\u542f\u793a\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u786e\u662f\u81f3\u5c0a\u7684\uff0c\u786e\u662f\u81f3\u777f\u7684\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong> <\/strong>(<\/strong>\u300a\u53e4<\/strong>\u5170\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong>42:51)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":14086,"lft":5810,"rght":5811,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-09T22:55:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T08:18:03.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":13,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":2990,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-12-09","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-The Nature of Revelation.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-The Nature of Revelation.docx"},{"id":2995,"title":"\u5929\u5553\u306e\u6027\u8cea","slug":"uuufff","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-The Nature of Revelation.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-The Nature of Revelation.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:uuufff","hint":"","body":"

\u5929\u5553\u306e\u6027\u8cea<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 \"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u5929\u5553\u3068\u306f\u795e\u304c\u9078\u3093\u3060\u8005\u306b\u795e\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u5206\u3051\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3044\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u304c\u305d\u306e\u8005\u306b\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8005\u304c\u305d\u308c\u3092\u4ed6\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5168\u3066\u306e\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u304c\u5929\u5553\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u308f\u308c\u306f\uff0c\u30cc\u30fc\u30d5\u3084\u304b\u308c\u4ee5\u5f8c\u306e\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b\u5553\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\uff0c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306b\u5553\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u308f\u308c\u306f\u307e\u305f\u30a4\u30d6\u30e9\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u30e0\uff0c\u30a4\u30b9\u30de\u30fc\u30a4\u30fc\u30eb\uff0c\u30a4\u30b9\u30cf\u30fc\u30af\uff0c\u30e4\u30a2\u30b3\u30fc\u30d6\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8af8\u652f\u65cf\u306b\uff08\u5553\u793a\u3057\uff09\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u30a4<\/strong>\u2015<\/strong>\u30b5<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\uff0c\u30a4\u30b9\u30cf<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\u30af\uff0c\u30e6<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\u30cc\u30b9\uff0c\u30cf<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\u30eb<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\u30f3\u306a\u3089\u3073\u306b\u30b9\u30e9\u30a4\u30de<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\u30f3\u306b\u3082\uff08\u5553\u793a\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3002\u307e\u305f\u308f\u308c\u306f\u30c0<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\u30a6<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\u30c9\u306b\u8a69\u7bc7\u3092\u6388\u3051\u305f\u3002\u3042\u308b\u4f7f\u5f92\u305f\u3061\u306b\u5c31\u3044\u3066\u306f\uff0c\u5148\u306b\u308f\u308c\u306f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306b\u544a\u3052\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u672a\u3060\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306b\u544a\u3052\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u4f7f\u5f92\u305f\u3061\u3082\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30e0<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\u30b5<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u89aa\u3057\u304f\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\u306f\u8a9e\u308a\u304b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002”<\/strong> <\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>4\u7ae0<\/strong>163\u304b\u3089<\/strong>164\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u795e\u3068\u5f7c\u306e\u5168\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u4eba\u306f\u8ab0\u3082\u3001\u795e\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5929\u5553\u3092\u7591\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u795e\u306f\u597d\u304d\u306a\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5f7c\u306e\u5275\u9020\u7269\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5275\u9020\u4e3b\u3068\u5275\u9020\u7269\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306e\u307f\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u307e\u305f\u306f\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u5929\u5553\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u795e\u304c\u4f55\u3092\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5168\u80fd\u306a\u308b\u795e\u306b\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306a\u3069\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7406\u6027\u7684\u306a\u898b\u8b58\u3092\u6301\u3064\u4eba\u306a\u3089\u5929\u5553\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5929\u5553\u306e\u6027\u8cea<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

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\u5f7c\u306f\u795e\u304b\u3089\u306e\u52a9\u3051\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u547d\u306b\u670d\u5f93\u3057\u3001\u3068\u304d\u306b\u306f\u795e\u306b\u53b3\u3057\u304f\u53f1\u8cac\u3055\u308c\u3082\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u3001\u795e\u306e\u5553\u5178\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u4e00\u6587\u5b57\u3082\u5909\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8a8d\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u308f\u308c\u306e\u660e\u77ad\u306a\u5370\u304c\uff0c\u304b\u308c\u3089\u306b\u8aad\u307f\u805e\u304b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6642\uff0c\u308f\u308c\u3068\u4f1a\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u671b\u307e\u306a\u3044\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300c\u3053\u308c\u3068\u306f\u5225\u306e\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u6765\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u3053\u308c\u3092\u6539\uff08\u9f20\uff1f\uff09\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u300d\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3084\u308b\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3002\u300c\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u88c1\u91cf\u3067\u3053\u308c\u3092\u6539\uff08\u9f20\uff1f\uff09\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u51fa\u6765\u306a\u3044\u3002\u53ea\uff0c\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306b\u5553\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306b\u5f93\u3046\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u304c\u3082\u3057\u4e3b\u306b\u80cc\u3044\u305f\u306a\u3089\u3070\uff0c\u5049\u5927\u306a\u65e5\u306e\u61f2\u7f70\u3092\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u6050\u308c\u308b\u3002\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3084\u308b\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3002\u300c\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u306e\u5fa1\u5fc3\u306a\u3089\uff0c\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306b\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8aad\u8aa6\u305b\u305a\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u304b\u308c\u306f\uff0c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306b\u6559\u3048\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u305d\u306e\uff08\u5553\u793a\uff09\u524d\u306b\uff0c\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u78ba\u304b\u306b\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306e\u9593\u3067\uff0c\u4e00\u751f\u307b\u3069\u306e\uff08<\/strong>40<\/strong>\u5e74\u306e\uff09<\/strong>\u6b73<\/strong>\u6708\u3092\u904e\u3054\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306f\u672a\u3060\u609f\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u3002\u300d”<\/strong> \uff08<\/strong>\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>10\u7ae015\u301c<\/strong>16\u7bc0\uff09 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u308c\u3067\u5275\u9020\u4e3b\u3068\u5275\u9020\u7269\u3068\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u6027\u8cea\u3001\u3084\u308a\u65b9\u306e\u9055\u3044\u304c\u306f\u3063\u304d\u308a\u3068\u5206\u304b\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u300c\u30a2\u30fc\u30a4\u30b7\u30e3\u3088\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8033\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3082\u3057\u7121\u5b9f\u306a\u3089\u3001\u795e\u304c\u305d\u308c\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3082\u3057\u7f6a\u3092\u72af\u3057\u305f\u306a\u3089\u3001\u795e\u306b\u8d66\u3057\u3092\u4e5e\u3044\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u300d<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u4e00\u30f6\u6708\u304c\u904e\u304e\u3001\u3064\u3044\u306b\u30a2\u30fc\u30a4\u30b7\u30e3\u306e\u7121\u5b9f\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306e\u5bb6\u65cf\u3092\u89e3\u653e\u3059\u308b\u5929\u5553\u304c\u4e0b\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3066\u8a00\u3048\u3070\u3001\u5929\u5553\u306f\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u308b\u5074\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3084\u9858\u3044\u3068\u306f\u4e00\u5207\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5916\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u304f\u308b\u975e\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u306a\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u529b\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u9593\u9055\u3044\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u771f\u5b9f\u3068\u3001\u4f55\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5c0e\u304d\u3057\u304b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5929\u5553\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u5929\u4f7f\u3084\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306b\u4e0b\u308b\u304b<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u795e\u304c\u5929\u4f7f\u305f\u3061\u306b\u8a9e\u308a\u304b\u3051\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u63cf\u5199\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u3044\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u4e3b\u304c\uff0c\u5929\u4f7f\u305f\u3061\u306b\u5553\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6642\u3092\u601d\u3044\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u300c\u308f\u308c\u306f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u3068\u4e00\u7dd2\u306b\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3059\u308b\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3092\u5805\u56fa\u306b\u305b\u3088\u3002\u300d\u308f\u308c\u306f\u4e0d\u4fe1\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306e\u5fc3\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\uff0c\u6050\u308c\u3092\u67d3\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3002\u305d\u306e\u6642\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u305f\u306f\u304b\u308c\u3089\u306e\u9996\u3092\u520e\u306d\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u6307\u5148\u3092\u6253\u3061\u5207\u308c\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong> \uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>8\u7ae012\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5929\u4f7f\u3078\u306e\u5929\u5553\u306f\u3001\u795e\u304c\u5929\u4f7f\u305f\u3061\u306b\u8a9e\u308a\u304b\u3051\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u3067\u8d77\u3053\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u795e\u306e\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b\u4e0b\u308b\u5929\u5553\u306f\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u304b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5a92\u4f53\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u8d77\u3053\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5a92\u4ecb\u3092\u901a\u3059\u3068\u304d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5929\u5553\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u5929\u4f7f\u30ac\u30d6\u30ea\u30a8\u30eb\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u884c\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u306f2\u3064\u306e\u8d77\u3053\u308a\u65b9\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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   \u305d\u306e1\u3002\u826f\u3044\u5922\u3002\u30a2\u30fc\u30a4\u30b7\u30e3\u306f\u3053\u3046\u4f1d\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u3053\u308c\u306f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u3066\u3001\u5929\u5553\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6e96\u5099\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5168\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306b\u4e0b\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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“<\/strong>\u305d\u308c\u3067\u308f\u308c\u306f\uff0c\u512a\u3057\u3044\u601d\u3044\u3084\u308a\u306e\u3042\u308b\u7537\u5150\u3092\uff08\u6388\u3051\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\uff09\u6614\u5831\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u305f\u3002\uff08\u3053\u306e\u5b50\u304c\uff09\u304b\u308c\u3068\u5171\u306b\u50cd\u304f\u5e74\u9803\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u6642\uff0c\u304b\u308c\u306f\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300c\u606f\u5b50\u3088\uff0c\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u3092\u72a0\u7272\u306b\u6367\u3052\u308b\u5922\u3092\u898b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3055\u3042\uff0c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u3069\u3046\u8003\u3048\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002\u300d\u304b\u308c\u306f\uff08\u7b54\u3048\u3066\uff09\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300c\u7236\u3088\uff0c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u547d\u3058\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u4e0b\u3055\u3044\u3002\u3082\u3057\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u304c\u5fa1\u671b\u307f\u306a\u3089\u3070\uff0c\u308f\u305f\u3057\u304c\u8010\u3048\u5fcd\u3076\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5fa1\u5206\u308a\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u304b\u308c\u3089\u4e21\u4eba\u306f\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306b\uff09\u670d\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u304b\u308c\uff08\u5b50\u4f9b\uff09\u304c\u984d\u3092\uff08\u5730\u306b\u4ed8\u3051\uff09\u3046\u3064\u4f0f\u305b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u6642\uff0c\u308f\u308c\u306f\u544a\u3052\u305f\u3002\u300c\u30a4\u30d6\u30e9\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u30e0\u3088\u3002\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u78ba\u304b\u306b\u3042\u306e\u5922\u3092\u5b9f\u8df5\u3057\u305f\u3002\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u308f\u308c\u306f\uff0c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u884c\u3044\u3092\u3059\u308b\u8005\u306b\u5831\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u8a66\u307f\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300d\u308f\u308c\u306f\u5927\u304d\u306a\u72a0\u7272\u3067\u304b\u308c\u3092\u8d16\u3044\uff0c\u672b\u6c38\u304f\u304b\u308c\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\uff08\u3053\u306e\u795d\u798f\u3092\uff09\u7559\u3081\u305f\u3002\u300c\u30a4\u30d6\u30e9\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u5e73\u5b89\u3042\u308c\u3002\u300d\uff08\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\uff09\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u308f\u308c\u306f\uff0c\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u884c\u3044\u3092\u3059\u308b\u8005\u306b\u5831\u3044\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u304b\u308c\u306f\uff0c\u308f\u304c\u4fe1\u5fc3\u6df1\u3044\u3057\u3082\u3079\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300d<\/strong>”<\/strong> \uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>37\u7ae0101\u301c<\/strong>111\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3082\u3057\u305d\u306e\u5922\u304c\u3001\u5f93\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u5929\u5553\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u306f\u6c7a\u3057\u3066\u606f\u5b50\u3092\u6bba\u305d\u3046\u3068\u306f\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u5b9f\u969b\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u606f\u5b50\u3092\u6bba\u3057\u304b\u3051\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u795e\u304c\u606f\u5b50\u306e\u4ee3\u308f\u308a\u306b\u5225\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u72a0\u7272\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u547d\u3058\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30e0\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6b62\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u826f\u3044\u5922\u306f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u3060\u3051\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u5929\u5553\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u306b\u305b\u3088\u3001\u826f\u3044\u5922\u306f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u9810\u8a00\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u300c\u5409\u5831\u4ee5\u5916\u306b\u9810\u8a00\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b8b\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u300d\u5409\u5831\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\u805e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306b\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u5922\u3067\u3059\u3002\u300d<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u305d\u306e2\u3002\u969c\u58c1\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u795e\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u8a9e\u308a\u304b\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u30e2\u30fc\u30bc\u306b\u8d77\u3053\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u30e0\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u304c\u308f\u308c\u306e\u7d04\u675f\u3057\u305f\u6642\u306b\u6765\u3066\uff0c\u4e3b\u304c\u304b\u308c\u306b\u8a9e\u308a\u304b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6642\uff0c\u300d<\/strong>”<\/strong> \uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>7\u7ae0143\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u795e\u306f\u307e\u305f\u3001\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u305d\u3057\u3066<\/strong>\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u306f\u30e0<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\u30b5<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\u306b\uff0c\u8a9e\u308a\u304b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2<\/strong>\u30fc<\/strong>\u30f3<\/strong>4\u7ae0<\/strong>164\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong>”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u308c\u306f\u9810\u8a00\u8005\u304c\u591c\u306e\u65c5\u3067\u6607\u5929\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306b\u3082\u8d77\u3053\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u5929\u307e\u3067\u306e\u307c\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u4e3b\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u8a71\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5168\u3066\u306e\u5929\u5553\u306e\u4e0b\u308a\u65b9\u306f\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u8a00\u53ca\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u795e\u306f\u3053\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“<\/strong>\u30a2\u30c3\u30e9\u30fc\u304c\uff0c\u4eba\u9593\u306b\uff08\u76f4\u63a5\uff09\u8a9e\u308a\u304b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5553\u793a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u304b\uff0c\u5e33\u306e\u9670\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4f7f\u5f92\uff08\u5929\u4f7f\uff09\u3092\u9063\u308f\u3057\uff0c\u304b\u308c\u304c\u547d\u4ee4\u3092\u4e0b\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u5fa1\u671b\u307f\u3092\u660e\u304b\u3059\u3002\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u304b\u308c\u306f\uff0c\u81f3\u9ad8\u306b\u3057\u3066\u82f1\u660e\u3067\u3042\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/strong>”<\/strong> \uff08\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong>42\u7ae051\u7bc0\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":16199,"lft":5812,"rght":5813,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-09T22:55:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T09:33:32.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":13,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":15,"parent_id":2990,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"About Qur'an & Hadith","category_slug":"About-Quran-and-Hadith","get_date":"2014-12-09","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-The Nature of Revelation.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ja-The Nature of Revelation.docx"},{"id":3435,"title":"The Judicial System in Islam","slug":"the-judicial-system-in-islam","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-The Judicial System in Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/en-The Judicial System in Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:the-judicial-system-in-islam","hint":"

\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644:<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631:<\/span> \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n


<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\r\n

 <\/p>","body":"

The Judicial System in Islam<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"The Editorial Team of Dr. Abd Arrahman al-Muala<\/span><\/strong>
<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 1 of 2): Introduction<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Man is a social being by nature.  He cannot live perpetually on his own, completely independent of others.  People are interdependent.  Consequently, friction arise between them when their personal interests come into conflict with each other, or when what they perceive as their individual rights infringe upon those of others.  Conflicts between them inevitably break out.  In some cases, one party to the conflict might be strong and aggressive while the other is weak and condescending, incapable of defending his rights.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Because of this, it becomes necessary for there to be a way to prevent people from oppressing one another, to ensure that the weaker members of society receive justice, and to determine right from wrong when issues get complicated or uncertain.  This can only be realized through a judge that has the power to give legal verdicts in cases of dispute.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

For this reason, we find that the existence of a judge is considered by Islamic law and the laws of all the other revealed religions to be both a religious obligation and a necessity of human life.  God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“We have sent Messengers with clear proofs, and sent down with them the Scripture and the Balance that mankind can establish justice…” (Quran 57:25)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islam – the religion that God wants for mankind from the time that He sent Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him until the Day of Judgment – shows great concern for the judicial system and those appointed to carry out its responsibilities.  Islam prescribes for it many legal injunctions.  How else could it be, when Islam is the religion of mercy, equality, and justice?  It is the religion that comes to free people from worshipping Creation and bring them to the worship of God.  It is the religion that comes to remove people from oppression and iniquity and bring them to the highest degree of justice and freedom.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

God’s Messenger was the greatest of judges.  He used to act in the capacity of judge in the city of Medina, which was the first Islamic state.  He used to appoint people to be judges in other cities.  Among these were `Utâb b. Asyad who was sent to Mecca, Ali b. Abu Talib and Muadh b. Jabal, both of whom were sent to Yemen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, the head of state continued to be the one to appoint judges, govern their affairs, protect their independence, and keep the governors and political appointees – and even the Caliphs – subject to the judges’ verdicts.  Umar b. al-Khattaab, the second Caliph, was the first person to make the judge an independent entity, distinct from the Caliph and the governors.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In this way, the judicial system continued to evolve throughout the early Islamic era, during the Umayyad era, and well into the Abbasid era.  The office of Chief Justice came into being at this time.  The Chief Justice became responsible for appointing and removing judges.  He was responsible for supervising their behavior and monitoring their performance.  The first person to be appointed to this post was the justice Abu Yusuf, the student of the great jurist Abu Haneefah (may God have mercy on them both).  Thereafter, this office became widespread throughout the Muslim lands.  It continued to exist up to the fall of the Ottoman Empire.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The names of many just judges have been preserved in Islamic History.  Their names have become like synonyms for justice and integrity.  Many pages in the history books are devoted to the lives and careers of eminent judges like Iyâs b. Muawiyah, Shurayh b. Abdallah, al-`Izz b. `Abd al-Salam and others who applied the teachings of Islam in the best possible manner.  They give us a living example of how a Muslim judge is supposed to conduct himself.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

We should mention, since we are discussing the Islamic judicial system, that Islam sets down broad guidelines and basic principles concerning the affairs of life and rarely concerns itself with the particular details of life.  This is so these guidelines can stay relevant for every time and place.  One of these guidelines is that establishing justice among people is an obligation that has to be carried out.  As for the manner of achieving this objective, this has not been detailed by the sacred texts.  This has been left for the people of each generation to deal with in a way most suited to their unique set of circumstances.  The only condition is that whatever methods are chosen must not run contrary to Islamic Law.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 2 of 2): Its Legal Basis and Islam Ruling<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Defining the Judicial System and its Legal basis<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The judicial system in Islam is a system for deciding between people in litigation with the aim of settling their disputes in accordance with the injunctions of the Divine Law, injunctions that are taken from the Quran and Sunnah.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

All of the Messengers of God (peace be upon them) acted as judges.  God says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“And remember David and Solomon, when they gave judgment concerning the field when people’s sheep had browsed therein at night, and We were witness to their judgment.  And We made Solomon to understand the case.  And to each of them We gave good judgment and knowledge.” (Quran 21:78-79)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God also says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O David, verily we have placed you as a successor on Earth, so judge between people in truth, and do not follow your desires for it will mislead you from the path of God.  Verily, those who stray from the path of God have a severe punishment because they forgot the day of reckoning.” (Quran 38:26)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Prophet Muhammad, who came with the final and eternal Message, was ordered by God to pass judgment in disputes just as he was ordered to spread the word of God and call people to Islam.  This is mentioned in the Quran in a number of places.  God says, for instance:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“So judge (O Muhammad) between them by what God has revealed and do not follow their vain desires, but beware of them lest they turn you away from some of what God has sent down to you.” (Quran 5:49)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God also says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…And if you judge (O Muhammad), judge between them with justice.  Verily, God loves those who act justly.” (Quran 5:42)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

And He says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“But no, by your Lord, they shall have no faith until they make you (O Muhammad) judge in all their disputes and find in themselves no resistance against your decisions and accept them with full submission.” (Quran 4:65)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Sunnah also provides for the legal basis of the Islamic judicial system.  It is related by Amr b. al-Aas that the Prophet said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“If a judge gives a judgment using his best judgment and is correct, then he receives a double reward (from God).  If he uses his best judgment but makes a mistake, then he receives a single reward.” (Ahmed<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

God’s Messenger  said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“You should not wish to be like other people, except in two cases: a man who God has given wealth and he spends it on Truth and another who God has granted wisdom and he gives verdicts on its basis and teaches others.” (Saheeh Al-Bukhari, Saheeh Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Many scholars have related to us that there is consensus among Muslims on the legal status of the judicial system in Islam.  Ibn Qudamah says:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“The Muslims are unanimously agreed that a judicial system must be established for the people.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The Islamic Ruling Concerning the Judiciary<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

The jurists agree that the duties of the judge are an obligation that must be carried out by society.  If some members of society carry out this duty, it is sufficient for everyone.  If, on the other hand, everyone neglects it, then everyone in society is sinful.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The proof that these duties are obligatory comes from the Quran:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“O you who believe!  Stand out firmly for justice...” (Quran 4:135)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

It is only necessary for a small number of individuals to perform judicial duties since judicial concerns come under the broad duty of enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong.  It is not obligatory for every individual to carry out this duty as long as some people are doing so.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The affairs of the people will not be correct and upright without a judicial system.  It is, consequently, obligatory for one to exist, just like it is necessary to have a military.  Imam Ahmad, one of the greatest and most well-known scholars of Islam said:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“People have to have a judicial authority or their rights will disappear.”<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The duties of the judiciary include enjoining what is right, helping the oppressed, securing people’s rights, and keeping oppressive behavior in check.  None of these duties can be performed without the appointment of a judiciary.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A judicial system is a necessity for the prosperity and development of nations.  It is needed to secure human happiness, protect the rights of the oppressed, and restrain the oppressor.  It is the way to resolve disputes and ensure human rights.  It facilitates enjoining what is right, forbidding what is wrong, and curbing immoral behavior.  In this way, a just social order can be enjoyed by all sectors of society, and every individual can feel secure in his life, property, honor, and liberty.  In this environment, nations can progress, civilization can be achieved, and people are free to pursue what will better them both spiritually and materially.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":23859,"lft":6711,"rght":6726,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-12-25T21:13:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T09:35:15.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":13,"author_id":398,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":1,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"www.islamtoday.net - Islam Today Website","category_name":"Introducing Islam","category_slug":"Introducing-islam","get_date":"2014-12-25","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-The Judicial System in Islam.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/en-The Judicial System in Islam.docx"},{"id":3436,"title":"El Sistema Judicial en el Islam","slug":"el-sistema-judicial-en-el-islam","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-The Judicial System in Islam.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-The Judicial System in Islam.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:el-sistema-judicial-en-el-islam","hint":"","body":"

El Sistema Judicial en el Islam<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"The Editorial Team of Dr. Abd Arrahman al-Muala<\/strong>
<\/span><\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

(parte 1 de 2): Introducción<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

El hombre es un ser social por naturaleza. No puede vivir enteramente por su cuenta, totalmente independiente de los demás. La gente es interdependiente. En consecuencia, surge fricción entre ellos cuando sus intereses personales entran en conflicto con los de otro, o cuando lo que perciben como sus derechos individuales infringen los de los demás. Los conflictos entre ellos surgen inevitablemente. En algunos casos, una de las partes en conflicto puede ser más fuerte y agresiva, mientras la otra es débil y condescendiente, incapaz de defender sus derechos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Por ello, se hace necesario que exista una forma de evitar que unas personas opriman a otras, para asegurar que los miembros débiles de la sociedad reciban justicia, y determinar lo correcto de lo incorrecto cuando los asuntos se tornan complicados o inciertos. Esto sólo puede realizarse a través de un juez que tenga el poder de dar veredictos legales en casos de disputa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Por esta razón, encontramos que la existencia de un juez es considerada por la Ley Islámica, y las leyes de todas las demás religiones reveladas, como una obligación religiosa y una necesidad de la vida humana. Dios dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “Por cierto que enviamos a nuestros Mensajeros con las pruebas evidentes, e hicimos descender con ellos el Libro y la balanza de la justicia para que los hombres sean equitativos…”. (Corán 57:25)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Islam -el sistema de vida que Dios quiere para la humanidad y que reveló a Muhammad, que la misericordia y las bendiciones de Dios sean con él, hasta el Día del Juicio- muestra gran preocupación por el sistema judicial y por los encargados de llevar a cabo sus responsabilidades. El Islam prescribe para esto muchos requerimientos judiciales. ¿De qué otra forma podría ser, cuando el Islam es la religión de la misericordia, la igualdad y la justicia? Es la religión que viene para liberar a la gente de adorar a la creación y llevarlos a la adoración de Dios. Es la religión que viene a quitar a la gente de la opresión y la iniquidad para llevarlos al más alto grado de justicia y libertad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Mensajero de Dios fue el más grande de los jueces. Él solía actuar en calidad de juez en la ciudad de Medina, que fue el primer Estado Islámico. Solía nombrar personas para que actuaran como jueces en otras ciudades. Entre ellos estaba `Utab b. Asyad, que fue enviado a La Meca; Ali b. Abu Talib y Muadh b. Jabal, que fueron enviados a Yemen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En la época de los Califas Bien Guiados, el jefe de estado continuó siendo el que nombraba jueces, gobernaba sus asuntos, protegía su independencia y mantenía a los funcionarios gubernamentales y políticos -y aún a los Califas- sujetos a los veredictos de los jueces. Umar b. al-Jattaab, el segundo Califa, fue la primera persona en hacer del juez una entidad independiente, distinto del Califa y de los gobernadores.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

De esta forma, el sistema judicial continuó evolucionando a través de la era Islámica temprana, durante la época omeya, y también durante la era abasí. En esta última apareció el cargo de Presidente del Tribunal, que se convirtió en el responsable de nombrar y remover jueces. Tenía la responsabilidad de supervisar su comportamiento y controlar su rendimiento. La primera persona en ser nombrada en este cargo fue Abu Yusuf, el discípulo del gran jurista Abu Hanifah (que Dios tenga misericordia de ambos). A partir de entonces, este cargo se extendió por todas las tierras musulmanas. De hecho, continuó existiendo hasta la caída del Imperio Otomano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los nombres de muchos jueces han sido preservados en la historia islámica. Sus nombres se hicieron sinónimos de justicia e integridad. Muchas páginas en los libros de historia están dedicadas a las vidas y carreras de jueces eminentes, como Iyas b. Mua’wiyah, Shurayh b. Abdallah, al-`Izz b. `Abd al-Salam y otros, que aplicaron las enseñanzas del Islam en la mejor manera posible. Ellos nos dan un ejemplo de cómo se supone que debe comportarse un juez musulmán.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Debemos mencionar, ya que estamos discutiendo el sistema judicial islámico, que el Islam establece orientaciones generales y principios básicos relativos a los asuntos de la vida y rara vez se ocupa de los detalles particulares de esta. Es por ello que estas directrices pueden permanecer relevantes para toda época y lugar. Una de estas directrices es que establecer la justicia entre la gente es una obligación que ha de llevarse a cabo. La manera de lograr este objetivo no ha sido detallada por los textos sagrados. Esto ha sido dejado para que la gente de cada generación lidie con ello de la forma más adecuada a su conjunto único de circunstancias. La única condición es que cualquier método que sea elegido no puede ser contrario a la Ley Islámica.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 2): Sus Bases Legales y las Reglas del Islam<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Definiendo el sistema judicial y sus bases legales<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

El sistema judicial en el Islam es un sistema para decidir entre las personas en litigio, con el fin de resolver sus disputas de conformidad con los preceptos de la Ley Divina, mandamientos judiciales que se toman del Corán y la Sunna.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Todos los Mensajeros de Dios (la paz sea con todos ellos) actuaron como jueces. Dios dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Y cuando David y Salomón emitieron su fallo sobre un campo labrado en el que las ovejas de su vecino [habían ingresado arruinándolo], y fuimos testigos de su sentencia. Le hicimos comprender a Salomón [cuál era el veredicto más justo], y a ambos les concedimos conocimiento y sabiduría. Sometimos a David las montañas y las aves para que glorificaran a Dios junto a él; así lo decretamos”. (Corán 21:78-79)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios también dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“¡Oh, David! Te hemos puesto como representante Nuestro en la Tierra; juzga con equidad entre los hombres y no sigas tus pasiones [cometiendo injusticias al juzgar], pues ellas te desviarán del sendero de Dios; y quienes se desvíen del sendero de Dios sepan que recibirán un severo castigo por haberse olvidado del Día del Juicio”. (Corán 38:26)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Profeta Muhammad, que vino con el Mensaje último y eterno, recibió órdenes de Dios para juzgar los litigios del mismo modo que se le ordenó divulgar la palabra de Dios y llamar a la gente al Islam. Esto se menciona en el Corán en varios pasajes. Dios dice, por ejemplo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “Juzga entre ellos conforme a lo que Dios ha revelado, y no sigas sus pasiones. Sé precavido con ellos, no sea que te seduzcan desviándote en algo de lo que Dios te ha revelado”. (Corán 5:49)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dios también dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“…Y si se presentan ante ti [para que juzgues entre ellos], hazlo o no intervengas [si no quieres]. Si no intervienes, no podrán perjudicarte en absoluto; y si juzgas entre ellos, hazlo con equidad. Dios ama a los justos”. (Corán 5:42)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Y Él dice:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Pero no, [juro] por tu Señor que no creerán a menos que te acepten como juez de sus disputas; y no se resistan a aceptar tu decisión y se sometan completamente”. (Corán 4:65)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Sunna también provee bases legales para el sistema judicial islámico. Amr b. al-Aas relató que el Profeta dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “Si un juez dicta sentencia con su mejor criterio y es correcto, entonces recibirá doble recompensa (de Dios). Si utiliza su mejor juicio pero comete un error, entonces recibirá una sola recompensa”. (Ahmad<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

El Mensajero de Dios dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“No quieras ser como otras personas, excepto en dos casos: un hombre a quien Dios le ha dado riqueza y la gasta en la Verdad, y otro a quien Dios ha concedido la sabiduría y da veredictos con base en ella y enseña a los demás”. (Sahih Al-Bujari, Sahih Muslim<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muchos eruditos nos han relatado que hay consenso entre los musulmanes sobre el estado legal del sistema judicial en el Islam. Ibn Qudamah dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

“Los Musulmanes están en acuerdo unánime sobre la necesidad de establecer un sistema judicial para la gente”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las reglas islámicas sobre el Poder Judicial<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Los juristas coinciden en que los deberes del juez son una obligación que debe ser realizada por la sociedad. Si algunos miembros de la sociedad llevan a cabo este deber, es suficiente para todos. Por otro lado, si todos lo dejan de lado, entonces todos en la sociedad están en pecado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La prueba de que estos deberes son obligatorios proviene del Corán:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “¡Oh, creyentes! Sed realmente justos...”. (Corán 4:135)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sólo es necesario que un pequeño número de individuos realice las funciones judiciales, ya que las inquietudes judiciales vienen bajo el deber general de ordenar lo correcto y prohibir lo que está mal. No es obligación de cada individuo llevar a cabo esta labor, siempre y cuando algunas personas la estén realizando.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los asuntos de la gente no serán correctos e íntegros sin un sistema judicial. En consecuencia, es obligatorio que exista uno, tanto como es obligatorio contar con un sistema militar. El Imam Ahmad, uno de los más grandes y reconocidos eruditos del Islam, dijo:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 “La gente debe tener una autoridad judicial o sus derechos desaparecerán”.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Los deberes del Poder Judicial incluyen ordenar lo que es correcto, ayudar al oprimido, garantizar los derechos de las personas, y mantener bajo control el comportamiento opresivo. Ninguno de estos deberes puede ser realizado sin el nombramiento de un Poder Judicial.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un sistema judicial es una necesidad para la prosperidad y el desarrollo de las naciones. Es necesario para asegurar la felicidad de las personas, proteger los derechos de los oprimidos y restringir al opresor. Es la forma de resolver disputas y asegurar los derechos humanos. Facilita ordenar lo que es correcto, prohibir lo que está mal y poner freno a la conducta inmoral. En esta forma, un orden social justo puede ser disfrutado por todos los sectores de la sociedad, y cada individuo puede sentirse seguro en su vida, sus propiedades, su honor y su libertad. En este ambiente, las naciones pueden progresar, alcanzar la civilización, y la gente es libre de perseguir lo que es mejor para ellos, tanto espiritual como materialmente.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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Le système judiciaire en islam<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"The Editorial Team of Dr. Abd Arrahman al-Muala<\/strong>
<\/span><\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>\r\n

(partie 1 de 2) : Introduction<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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L’homme est un être social de nature.  Il ne peut vivre continuellement seul, sans jamais dépendre des autres car, de façon générale, les gens sont interdépendants.  Il est donc normal que des frictions apparaissent entre eux lorsque leurs intérêts personnels entrent en conflit ou lorsque ce qu’ils perçoivent comme leurs droits individuels empiètent sur ceux des autres.  Et dans certains cas, il arrive qu’une des parties, dans le conflit, soit plus puissante ou agressive, tandis que l’autre est faible et incapable de défendre ses droits.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dans ces cas, il devient nécessaire d’établir des moyens pour empêcher des gens d’en opprimer d’autres, afin de s’assurer que justice soit rendue aux membres les plus faibles de la société et pour déterminer le vrai du faux lorsque les conflits se compliquent ou que le doute s’installe.  Cela ne peut se faire que par l’intermédiaire d’un juge qui a le pouvoir de prononcer des verdicts en cas de litige.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

C’est pour cette raison que l’existence d’un juge est considérée, par la loi islamique et par les lois de toutes les religions révélées, à la fois comme une obligation religieuse et une nécessité de la vie humaine.  Dieu dit, dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Nous avons effectivement envoyé Nos messagers avec des preuves évidentes, et Nous avons révélé, par leur intermédiaire, l’Écriture et la Balance, afin que les gens établissent la justice. » (Coran 57:25)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’islam – la religion que Dieu a choisie pour l’humanité depuis l’époque où Il a envoyé le prophète Mohammed jusqu’au Jour du Jugement – accorde une grande importance au système judiciaire et à ceux qui sont nommés pour le faire fonctionner.  Au sein de ce système, l’islam prescrit plusieurs injonctions légales.  Comment pourrait-il en être autrement alors que l’islam est la religion de miséricorde, d’égalité et de justice?  L’islam a été révélé pour libérer les gens de l’adoration de la création et pour les amener à n’adorer que Dieu, pour libérer les gens de l’oppression et de l’injustice et les amener vers la meilleure des justices et vers la liberté.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Messager de Dieu (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) était le meilleur des juges.  Il était d’ailleurs juge de la ville de Médine, la première ville musulmane de l’histoire.  Plus tard, il nomma des juges dans d’autres villes.  Parmi eux, ‘Outab ibn Asyad, qui fut envoyé à la Mecque, puis Ali ibn Abou Talib et Mouadh ibn Jabal, qui furent tous deux envoyés au Yémen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

À l’ère des califes, c’était le chef d’État qui nommait les juges, qui gouvernait leurs affaires, protégeait leur autonomie et s’assurait que les gouverneurs et candidats politiques – incluant les califes – n’échappaient pas à la justice et aux sentences des juges.  ‘Omar ibn al-Khattab, le second calife, fut le premier à faire des juges des entités indépendantes et soumises ni aux califes ni aux gouverneurs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

C’est donc de cette façon que le système judiciaire continua d’évoluer durant les débuts de l’ère islamique, puis au cours des Omeyyades et des Abbassides.  C’est durant cette dernière époque que le Bureau du juge en chef fut établi.  Le juge en chef fut alors responsable de la nomination des juges ou de leur destitution, de même que de superviser leur comportement et d’évaluer leur travail.  La première personne nommée juge en chef fut Abou Youssouf, étudiant du grand juriste Abou Hanifah (que Dieu soit miséricordieux avec eux).  Par la suite, des bureaux de juges en chef se multiplièrent à travers les contrées musulmanes et continuèrent d’exister jusqu’à la chute de l’empire ottoman.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

L’histoire islamique se souvient des noms de nombreux juges équitables, qui sont devenus synonymes de justice et d’intégrité.  Maintes pages, dans les livres d’histoire, sont dédiées à la biographie et à la carrière de ces juges éminents, tels Iyâs ibn Mouawiyah, Shourayh ibn Abdallah, al-‘Izz ibn ‘Abd as-Salam et d’autres, qui appliquèrent tous les enseignements de l’islam au meilleur de leurs connaissances.  Ils étaient des exemples vivants de la façon dont doit se comporter un juge musulman.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il est bon de mentionner, puisque nous parlons du système judiciaire islamique, que l’islam énonce des directives générales et des principes de base pour juger des affaires de la vie courante, mais ne se penche que rarement sur les détails particuliers.  Cela pour que ces directives et principes généraux puissent demeurer applicables en tout temps et en tous lieux.  Une de ces directives stipule qu’appliquer la justice au sein de la population est une obligation qui doit être remplie.  Quant à la façon d’atteindre cet objectif, elle n’a pas été élaborée par les textes sacrés.  Elle a donc été laissée à la discrétion des gens de chaque génération afin qu’ils puissent l’appliquer selon leur époque et leurs circonstances particulières, à la seule condition que la méthode choisie n’aille pas à l’encontre de la loi islamique.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(partie 2 de 2) : Sa base légale et la jurisprudence islamique<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Définir le système judiciaire et sa base légale<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Le système judiciaire, en islam, est un système servant à juger lors de litiges entre diverses parties et ce, conformément aux injonctions de la loi divine, qui proviennent directement du Coran et de la sounnah.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Tous les messagers de Dieu ont joué le rôle de juges.  Dieu dit, dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« (Et rappelle-toi quand) David et Salomon eurent à rendre un jugement au sujet d’un champ où des moutons appartenant à certaines personnes s’étaient égarés, de nuit, et avaient pâturé.  Nous fûmes témoin de leur jugement.  Et Nous donnâmes à Salomon la capacité de comprendre (la situation).  Et à tous deux, Nous donnâmes jugement et savoir. » (Coran 21:78-79)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Il dit également :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« (Et il lui fut dit) : « Ô David, Nous avons fait de toi un calife sur terre.  Juge donc en toute équité entre les gens et ne suis pas tes passions; elles risquent de t’égarer du sentier de Dieu.  Certes, ceux qui s’égarent du sentier de Dieu recevront un terrible châtiment pour avoir oublié le Jour des Comptes. » (Coran 38:26)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le prophète Mohammed (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui), qui nous a transmis le dernier et éternel message de Dieu, reçut l’ordre, de Celui-ci, de juger entre les gens, lors de litiges, tout comme il lui fut ordonné de prêcher la parole de Dieu et d’inviter les gens à l’islam.  Le Coran en fait mention à quelques reprises.  Dieu dit, par exemple :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Alors juge entre eux sur la base de ce que Dieu a révélé, et ne suis par leurs vaines passions, loin de la vérité qui t’est venue. » (Coran 5:49)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Dieu dit également :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Et si tu te détournes d’eux, jamais ils ne pourront te faire de mal.  Mais si tu juges entre eux, alors que ce soit en toute équité car certes, Dieu aime ceux qui jugent de façon équitable. » (Coran 5:42)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Et Il dit encore :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Mais non!  Par ton Seigneur!  Ils ne croiront pas (réellement) tant qu’ils ne t’auront pas demandé de juger leurs disputes tout en ne trouvant, au fond d’eux-mêmes, aucun mécontentement à l’égard de ce que tu auras décidé, et qu’ils ne se  soumettront pas totalement [à ta sentence]. » (Coran 4:65)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

La base légale du système judiciaire islamique se fonde également sur la sounnah.  Il fut rapporté par Amr ibn al-Aas que le Prophète (que la paix et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui) a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Si un juge prononce une sentence en utilisant son meilleur jugement et qu’il a raison, alors il reçoit une double rétribution (de la part de Dieu).  S’il utilise son meilleur jugement et que, ce faisant, il commet une erreur, il reçoit quand même une rétribution. » (Ahmed<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le Messager de Dieu a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Vous ne devriez envier d’autres personnes que dans deux cas : un homme que Dieu a comblé de richesses qu’il dépense pour faire triompher la vérité, et un homme à qui Dieu a accordé une sagesse par laquelle il prononce des sentences et qui enseigne [le savoir] aux autres. »  (Sahih al-Boukhari, Sahih Mouslim)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Selon la majorité des érudits musulmans, il existe un consensus, chez les musulmans, sur le statut légal du système judiciaire, en islam.  Ibn Qoudamah a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Les musulmans sont unanimes sur la nécessité d’établir un système judiciaire pour les peuples. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Le décret islamique sur le système judiciaire<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Les juristes s’entendent sur le fait que les obligations d’un juge peuvent être remplies par un groupe de citoyens, au sein d’une société.  Mais si chacun se désiste et que la tâche n’est remplie par personne, tous sont responsable de ce péché.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La preuve que cette tâche est obligatoire pour tous se trouve dans le Coran :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Ô vous qui croyez!  Observez strictement la justice... » (Coran 4:135)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Seul un petit groupe d’individus peut s’acquitter des tâches judiciaires puisque les affaires judiciaires font partie du devoir plus général d’enjoindre le bien et de décourager le mal.  Il n’est donc pas obligatoire pour chaque individu de s’acquitter de cette tâche si quelques personnes en prennent la responsabilité.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les gens ne peuvent régler leurs litiges correctement en l’absence d’un système judiciaire.  Il est donc obligatoire d’en établir un, comme il est nécessaire d’avoir une armée.  L’imam Ahmad, l’un des plus grands et des plus illustres érudits de l’islam, a dit :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

« Les gens doivent avoir une autorité judiciaire, sinon ils perdront leurs droits. »<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Les devoirs des responsables du système judiciaire incluent le fait d’enjoindre le bien, d’aider les opprimés, d’assurer les droits des gens et de surveiller les comportements afin de prévenir l’oppression.  Aucune de ces tâches ne peut être acquittée sans l’établissement d’un système judiciaire et la nomination de personnes responsables.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Un système judiciaire est une nécessité pour le développement des nations.  Il est essentiel pour garantir le bien-être des gens et la protection des droits des opprimés, de même que pour empêcher les oppresseurs d’agir.  Il est nécessaire pour régler les conflits et assurer les droits humains.  Il facilite la répression des comportements immoraux.  De cette façon, tous les acteurs de la société peuvent apprécier un certain ordre social et chaque individu sent que sa vie, ses biens, son honneur et sa liberté sont en sécurité.  Dans un tel environnement, les nations peuvent progresser et les individus sont libres de se livrer aux activités susceptibles de les mener au progrès spirituel et matériel.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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