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Dr Zaghloul Al Najjar<\/strong><\/span>

Full Name: Dr. Zaghloul Ragheb Mohamed Al-Najjar
(Professor of Geology)
Place of Birth: Gharbiyab, Egypt.
Dte of Birth: November 17th, 1933
Citizenship: Egypt

Current Position: Chairman, Committee on Scientific Notions in the Glorious Qur'an, Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs, Cairo, Egypt

DEGREES:
Ph.D. (Geology), University of Wales, UK (1963)
B. Sc. (Hons), Cairo University, Egypt (1955)

HONOURS, AWARDS AND SCIENTIFIC AFFILIATIONS:
1. “Secondary Education Competition Award” Ministry of Education, Egypt (1951)
2. “Baraka Geology Award”. Cairo University, Egypt (1955)
3. The “Robertson Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth Cards, UK, (October 1963 to September 1966)
4. The Seventh Arab Petroleum Congress 'Best Papers Award' (1970)
5. Laureate of the Presidential Order of Merit, Sudan (2005)
6. Laureate, Golden Badge of Honor for Sciences, Literature and Arts, Sudan (2005)
7. Elected Fellow of the Islamic Academy of Sciences, Amman, Jordan, and member of its Board of Directors
8. Founding Member and Member of the Board of Directors, The International Islamic Charitable Organization, Kuwait
9. Founding Member and Member of the Board of Directors, The International Organization on Scientific Notions in the Qur'än and Sunnah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
10. Associate Editor, Al - Rayyan Scientific Journal, Doha, Qatar
11. Member of the Advisory Board, MAAS Journal of Islamic Science, The Muslim Association for the Advancement of Science, Aligarh, India
12.  X-Associate Editor, Journal of Foraminiferal Research (Ithaca \/ New York, U.S.A.).
13. X-Member of the Editorial Board of the J. of African Earth Sciences and the Middle East. (Paris, France)
14. Scientific Consultant for The Indian Magazine \"Islamic Science\", The contemporary Muslim Magazine of Egypt, Al-Iâjaz Magazine, Mecca, and Al-Rayyan Magazine of Qatar
15.  X- Fellow of the Geological Society of London
16.  X- Fellow of the Institute of Petroleum, London
17.  X- Member of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (Tulsa\/Oklahoma)
18.  X- Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
19.  X- Member of the International Paleonitological Union
20.  X- Member of the Geological Society of Egypt (Cairo)
21. Weekly Writer to the Main Egyptian Daily Newspaper Al-Ahram since 2001
22. Consultant for:

    Robertson Research Laboratories, North Wales, U K
    Arab Petroleum Consultants, Kuwait
    Arabian Oil, Khafji, Saudi Arabia
    Dubai Islamic Bank, U A E

23. Member of the Board of Directors, the International Council for Islamic Research,
Cairo, Egypt.
24. Member of the Board of Trustees, the Islamic Information Organization,
London, U K
25. Scientific Consultant, Mus'ee de la Civilization Musulmane en Suisse; Avenue le'opold Robert, 109, 2300- Institut Culturel Musulmam; La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland

PROFESSIONAL CAREER:

    Chairman, Committee on Scientific Notions in the Glorious Qur'än, Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs, Cairo, Egypt
    Rector, Al- Ahqaf University, Yemen
    Director, Markfield Institute of Higher Education, Markfield, Leicester, U K (2000-01)
    Consultant for Higher Education, Arab Institute for Development (1996-2000)
    Professor of Geology, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia (1979- 1996)
    Professor of Geology and Chairman, Department of Geology, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (1978 - 1979)
    Professor of Geology, Kuwait University, Kuwait (1972 -1978)
    On sabbatical leave at U C L A, Los Angeles, California 90024, U S A (1977- 1978)
    Associate Professor of Geology Kuwait University, Kuwait (1967 -1972)
    Assistant Professor of Geology. King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: (1964 - 1967)
    Research Assistant, then Research Fellow, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Cards, U K (1961 - 1964)
    Research Fellow, Robertson Research Laboratories, Llandulas Abergele, North Wales, U K (1963-1966).
    Instructor, Department of Geology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (1959 -1961)
    Senior Geologist, Five Year Plan Project, Egypt, (Coal Project, Sinai, Egypt) (March-November 1959)
    Geologist, Barramiya Gold Mines, Eastern Desert, Egypt (1958- 1959).
    Instructor, Department of Geology, Ain Shams University, Cairo (1956 - 1958).
    Geologist, A.K.F.A.C. Phosphate Mines, Nile Valley, Egypt (1955 - 1956).
    Research Assistance, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt (September, 1955 -November 1955)
    Geologist, Conrada (Sahara) Oil Company, Cairo, Egypt, (June 1955 - Aug. 1955)<\/p>","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-02-03T09:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-02-03T09:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"pivot":{"book_id":9597,"author_id":360},"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Zaghlol El-Naggar"}],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/books\/zagh.jpg","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/","author_id":"","author_name":"Zaghlol El-Naggar","book_title":"MOKSLINIAI FAKTAI, ATSKLEISTI \u0160LOVINGAJAME \u0160V. 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KAS YRA ISLAMAS?<\/strong><\/span>
<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Visuminis vaizdas<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\"Kaba,<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Kaba, Mekka, Saudo Arabija<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Kas yra musulmonai?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Galvojate, kad galite atpa\u017einti musulmon\u0105 pagal aprang\u0105 ar tautyb\u0119? Pagalvokite dar kart\u0105. Beveik ketvirtadalis pasaulio gyventoj\u0173 yra musulmonai. Ir nors kai kurie \u017emon\u0117s klaidingai tiki - jog visi musulmonai yra arabai (arba atvirkš\u010diai) - arabai sudaro tik 18% pasaulio musulmon\u0173. Musulmon\u0173 yra visur nuo pat Vakar\u0173 Afrikos iki Ryt\u0173 Europos, Kinijos ir Filipin\u0173, ir j\u0173 skai\u010dius Vakaruose vis did\u0117ja. Musulmon\u0173 yra vis\u0173 rasi\u0173 ir odos spalv\u0173, \u012fvairiausi\u0173 profesij\u0173 ir visuomenini\u0173 pad\u0117\u010di\u0173. Nuo Islamo prad\u017eios jie yra reikšmingai prisid\u0117j\u0119 prie kiekvienos \u017emogaus siekimo srities, pradedant tiksliaisiais mokslais, baigiant menu ir humanitariniais mokslais. Šiandieniniame „pasauliniame kaime“ n\u0117ra tokios vietos \u017eem\u0117je, kur jie nedaryt\u0173 \u012ftakos. Be to, nepaisant \u017einiasklaidos šališkumo, did\u017eioji dauguma musulmon\u0173 gyvena stabiliose, mylin\u010diose šeimose ir neturi nieko bendra su terorizmu ir kitais prievartos aktais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Kas yra Islamas?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u017dodis „Islamas“ yra kil\u0119s iš arab\u0173 kalbos \u017eod\u017eio šaknies „salama“, kas reiškia ramyb\u0119 ir nuolankum\u0105; praktikuojantis musulmonas stengiasi iš visos širdies paklusti Dievui, taip pasiekdamas ramyb\u0119 šiame ir Pomirtiniame gyvenime. Nuolankumas Dievo valiai nereiškia, jog asmuo gali daugiau nebegalvoti arba kad jis privalo atsisakyti savo laisvos valios rinktis; ties\u0105 sakant, kaip \u012fstatymus gerbiantis pilietis, asmuo, kuris laikosi Dievo \u012fsakym\u0173, padeda sau ir kitiems gerbdamas Dievo \u012fstatymus ir išmintingai naudodamas savo laisv\u0119. Islame nuolankumo samprata yra aktyvi; musulmonas iš vis\u0173 j\u0117g\u0173 stengiasi gilinti savo \u017einias, tobulinti savo charakter\u012f ir daryti tai, kas yra dora, kiek tik tai yra jam \u012fmanoma – po viso to, jis pripa\u017e\u012fsta, kad jo veiklos rezultatai visiškai yra Dievo rankose.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Kuo musulmonai tiki?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Vienas Dievas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islamo pagrindas yra tik\u0117jimas Aukš\u010diausia Galia, Maloningu Viešpa\u010diu ir Visatos K\u016br\u0117ju, neturin\u010diu šeimos ir partneri\u0173 ir vadinamu „Allah“. Musulmonai Dievui \u012fvardinti teikia pirmenyb\u0119 arabiškam \u017eod\u017eiui Allah, nes jis neturi daugiskaitos, moteriškosios ar ma\u017eybin\u0117s form\u0173, kurios gal\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti siejamos su stabmeldyste (t.y. dievais, deiv\u0117mis ar pusdieviais). Nors kalb\u0117dami apie Allah\u0105, mes vartojame „Jis“, yra suprantama, jog Dievas yra Savarankiškas ir neturi bendrinink\u0173 ir n\u0117ra nieko panašaus \u012f J\u012f; 99 Allaho vardai, minimi Šv. Korane, apima savybes tokias kaip U\u017ejau\u010diantis ir Visagalis. Dievas yra Maloningas ir Teisingas, Visa \u017dinantis ir Visa Matantis, Draugas ir Vedlys, bei vienintelis vertas m\u016bs\u0173 garbinimo ir atsidavimo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Pranašavimas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Islamas moko, jog tik\u0117jimas Allaho Aukš\u010diausia Galia kartu su visuotiniu etikos kodeksu (k\u0105 galima apibendrinti paprastu aforizmu „tik\u0117k Dievu ir b\u016bk geras“) yra nat\u016brali \u017emonijos religija. Šios religijos (arba gyvenimo b\u016bdo) su \u012fvairiapus\u0117mis jos apraiškomis mok\u0117 pranašai, kurie tam tikru laiku buvo atsi\u0173sti Dievo kiekvienai tautai ir gen\u010diai. Pranašai kviet\u0117 \u017emones \u012f asmeninius santykius su j\u0173 Viešpa\u010diu ir teik\u0117 palaimint\u0105 pavyzd\u012f kaip gyventi. Kada \u017emon\u0117s pamiršdavo ar iškraipydavo \u017eini\u0105, Jis atsi\u0173sdavo kit\u0105 pranaš\u0105 j\u0105 atnaujinti. Šv. Koranas mini 25 pranaš\u0173 vardus; iš j\u0173 penki buvo didieji Pasiuntiniai: Nojus, Abraomas, Moz\u0117, J\u0117zus ir Muhammedas „teb\u016bnie jiems taika ir Dievo palaima“.Kiekvienas pranašas gavo Dievišk\u0105 apreiškim\u0105 (atskleidim\u0105), o kai kuriems buvo duoti Šventraš\u010diai. Musulmonai tiki, kad Dievas atskleid\u0117 \u017eyd\u0173 ir krikš\u010dioni\u0173 Šventraš\u010dius j\u0173 originaliose versijose, ta\u010diau jog j\u0173 tekstai nuo to laiko buvo iškraipyti. Šv. Koranas, atskleistas Muhammedui per Angel\u0105 Gabrieli\u0173, u\u017eim\u0105 unikali\u0105 pozicij\u0105 kaip Dievo galutin\u0117 \u017einia \u017emonijai, ir Jis yra pa\u017ead\u0117j\u0119s išlaikyti j\u0105 nesugadint\u0105 iki pabaigos. \u012edomu, jog mokslininkai patvirtino, jog Šv. Koranas yra vienintelis pasaulio šventraštis, kuris turi tik vien\u0105 versij\u0105 (arab\u0173 kalba), identišk\u0105 tekstui, kuris buvo atskleistas prieš daugiau nei 1400 met\u0173. Tai taipogi vienintelis šventraštis, kuris gali b\u016bti išmoktas mintinai vis\u0173 laik\u0173 \u017emoni\u0173, nepaisant j\u0173 gimtosios kalbos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Gyvenimas po Mirties<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nors \u017emon\u0117s yra link\u0119 \u012f u\u017emiršim\u0105 ir nuod\u0117m\u0119, Islamas teigia bendr\u0105 teigiam\u0105 po\u017ei\u016br\u012f \u012f \u017emog\u0173 – kuris buvo sukurtas kaip Dievo atstovas \u017eem\u0117je – ir moko, kad tik\u0117jimas ir g\u0117rio vertinimas yra \u017emogaus prigimtyje. Be to, vaikai gimsta tyri ir „nepaveldi“ nuod\u0117m\u0117s. Gyvenimo išbandymas yra \u017emogui daryti, kas geriausia, ir priešintis blogiui pasaulyje ir savyje, kad jis gal\u0117t\u0173 Teismo Dien\u0105 stov\u0117ti prieš Diev\u0105 švaria širdimi. Tie, kuriems pasiseks, bus apdovanoti Rojumi, bet tie, kurie nesir\u016bpino savo sielomis bus pasmerkti Pragarui. Kiekvienas individas yra atsakingas u\u017e savo paties veiksmus ir negali kliautis, jog kit\u0173 gerumas išteisins j\u012f d\u0117l jo nuod\u0117mi\u0173. Nors galiausiai niekas negali pasiekti išsigelb\u0117jimo, išskyrus per Dievo malon\u0119, normalios prielaidos bus tik\u0117jimas, lyd\u0117tas gerais darbais, kurie kartu svers daugiau palyginus su padarytomis klaidomis. Atlygis bus paskirtas atitinkamai pastangoms. Rojus yra fizinio ir dvasinio gro\u017eio ir tobulumo vieta, kur \u017emon\u0117s išpildys savo šird\u017ei\u0173 troškimus ir bus apdovanoti Dievo Aukš\u010diausiojo reg\u0117jimu.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Kokios yra musulmon\u0173 religin\u0117s pareigos?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

(1) (Šahada) -<\/strong> Pirmas \u017eingsnis yra išpa\u017einti \u012fsitikinim\u0105, kad „n\u0117ra nieko verto garbinti išskyrus Allah\u0105 (Diev\u0105 vien\u0105)“ ir kad „Muhammedas yra Allaho Pasiuntinys“ . Tai yra pirmasis Islamo pagrindas. Toks liudijimas (esant liudininkams) \u017eymi asmens \u012f\u017eengim\u0105 \u012f Islam\u0105. Nuoširdus musulmonas taip pat \u012fsipareigoja atlikti keturis garbinimo aktus, kurie u\u017ebaigia Penkis Pagrindinius stulpus. Jie yra:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(2) Malda (saliat) -<\/strong> kiekvienas tikintysis tur\u0117t\u0173 kasdien melstis penkis kartus tam tikru laiku (auštant, vidurdien\u012f, popiet, saulei leid\u017eiantis ir vakare); privaloma malda trunka 5-10 minu\u010di\u0173, apjungia k\u016bn\u0105, prot\u0105 ir siel\u0105 bei yra atliekama drauge su kitais, kai tik tai yra \u012fmanoma. Reguliarios maldos padeda \u017emogui \u012ftvirtinti tiesiogin\u012f ryš\u012f su Dievu ir yra priemon\u0117s apvalyti šird\u017eiai; jos gali b\u016bti palygintos su prisijungimu prie maitinimo šaltinio ir pakartotiniu buvimo pasikrovimu. Maldos grup\u0117se, kur tikintieji nuolankiai stovi petys \u012f pet\u012f, taip pat padeda \u017emon\u0117ms per\u017eengti ras\u0117s, etnin\u0117s priklausomyb\u0117s ir klasi\u0173 barjerus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(3) Labdara (zakat) -<\/strong> iš musulmon\u0173 yra laukiamasi bent 2.5% nuo bendr\u0173 metini\u0173 santaup\u0173 dyd\u017eio aukos labdarai pinigais ar daiktais. Bendruomen\u0117 surenka šias aukas kart\u0105 metuose ir padalina vargstantiems. \u017dodis „zakat“<\/strong> reiškia apsivalym\u0105 ir augim\u0105: turtas n\u0117ra tyras savininko naudojimuisi, kol jis n\u0117ra pasidalinamas su ma\u017eiau laimingais; buvimas dosniu veda \u012f dvasin\u012f augim\u0105.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(4) Pasninkavimas (sawm Ramadan) -<\/strong> m\u0117nulio kalendoriaus Ramadano m\u0117nesio metu tikintieji susilaiko nuo maisto, g\u0117rim\u0173 ir lytini\u0173 santyki\u0173 nuo aušros iki saul\u0117lyd\u017eio. Iš j\u0173 taip pat yra tikimasi rimties ir savitvardos. Valgoma prieš aušr\u0105 ir po saul\u0117lyd\u017eio. Pasninkavimas Ramadano m\u0117nes\u012f moko sant\u016brumo ir u\u017euojautos vargšams, ugdo vali\u0105 ir s\u0105moningum\u0105 Dievo at\u017evilgiu. Tai laikas, kuomet musulmonai sustiprina savo ryšius su bendruomene ir savo K\u016br\u0117ju.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(5) Piligrimin\u0117 kelion\u0117 \u012f Mekk\u0105 (Had\u017e) - <\/strong>kiekvienas finansiškai ir fiziškai paj\u0117gus musulmonas kart\u0105 per savo gyvenim\u0105 turi aplankyti Mekk\u0105 Had\u017e sezono metu. Piligrimin\u0117 kelion\u0117 leid\u017eia pa\u017ei\u016br\u0117ti \u012f \u017emogaus gyvenimo realyb\u0119 iš kito taško: ji pasitarnauja kaip gyvas pranaš\u0173 patirt\u0173 sunkum\u0173 ir auk\u0173 priminimas; ji stiprina brolyst\u0117s saitus tarp tarptautin\u0117s musulmon\u0173 bendruomen\u0117s, kurios nariai atvyksta iš vis\u0173 pasaulio pakraš\u010di\u0173 prisijungti prie šio unikalaus „kasmetinio susirinkimo“, ir ji paruošia piligrim\u0105 sud\u0117tingai kelionei iš šio pasaulio \u012f pomirtin\u012f gyvenim\u0105, kuri\u0105 mes kiekvienas b\u016btinai patirsime.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ne tik „religija“, bet gyvenimo b\u016bdas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Yra daugyb\u0119 kitoki\u0173 Islamo rekomenduojam\u0173 garbinimo akt\u0173, toki\u0173 kaip asmenin\u0117s maldos ir meldimai, Šv. Korano skaitymas, savanoryst\u0117 tarnaujant visuomenei ir t.t.; viskas, k\u0105 asmuo daro nor\u0117damas \u012ftikti Dievui yra laikoma garbinimo aktu. Priešingi jiems yra dalykai, kuriuos Dievas u\u017edraud\u0117 d\u0117l individams ir visuomenei keliamos \u017ealos; jie apima melavim\u0105, vogim\u0105, t\u0117v\u0173 negerbim\u0105, nesantuokinius meil\u0117s ryšius, narkotikus, alkohol\u012f, lošim\u0105 ir kitok\u012f pragaišting\u0105 ar neetišk\u0105 elges\u012f. Ši\u0173 \u012fsakym\u0173 gaires galima rasti Šari‘ah arba kitaip Šventajame \u012estatyme, kuris yra išvestas iš Šv. Korano ir Pranašo Muhammedo mokym\u0173. Šari'ah yra unikali tuo, jog vadovauja ne tik „religiniuose reikaluose“, bet ir nukreipia kiekvienu gyvenimo aspektu, \u012fskaitant socialinio teisingumo, politikos, verslo, tarptautini\u0173 santyki\u0173, šeimos gyvenimo ir netgi gyv\u016bn\u0173 teisi\u0173 ir aplinkos klausimais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Šiandienos problem\u0173 sprendimas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Nepaisant neigiamo vaizdo, kur\u012f apie musulmonus piešia \u017einiasklaida, daugyb\u0117 \u017emoni\u0173 po gilesnio pasidom\u0117jimo nustemba, kad Islamas pateikia sprendim\u0105 j\u0173 dvasiniams, asmeniniams ir socialiniams poreikiams. Jis si\u016blo tik\u0117jim\u0105, pagr\u012fst\u0105 protu, neturint\u012f prietar\u0173 ar tarpinink\u0173 tarp \u017emogaus ir Dievo poreikio; jis aktyviai skatina rasin\u0119 brolyst\u0119 ir harmonij\u0105, o jo ekonominiai nurodymai remia s\u0105\u017einingus mainus tarp turting\u0173j\u0173 ir neturting\u0173, kapitalo ir darbo. Jo politin\u0117 sistema (originalioje, tyroje formoje) yra pagr\u012fsta dideliu teisingumo ir \u017emogaus teisi\u0173 r\u016bpinimusi, ir jis pateikia gaires, kaip skirting\u0173 tik\u0117jim\u0173 \u017emon\u0117s gali gyventi vieni su kitais harmonijoje. Be to, jo šeimos gyvenimo modelis si\u016blo alternatyv\u0105 dabartin\u0117ms šeim\u0173 skyryboms Vakar\u0173 visuomen\u0117je ir iš to išplaukian\u010diai socialinei dezintegracijai ir chaosui.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Visk\u0105 sudedant: „gero med\u017eio“ alegorija<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Sveiko, visada \u017ealiuojan\u010dio, suteikian\u010dio pav\u0117s\u012f ir duodan\u010dio skanius ir kvapnius vaisius med\u017eio \u012fvaizdis yra harmoningo musulmono alegorija. Šios alegorijos šaltinis yra Šv. Koranas, kuris sako:<\/span><\/p>\r\n