{"title":"Ebrahim A. Bawany","author":{"id":3166,"name":"Ebrahim A. Bawany","slug":"ebrahim_a_bawany","image":"\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","role":"Author","about":"","promote":0,"status":1,"created_at":"2014-10-16T08:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2014-10-16T08:00:00.000000Z","language_id":1,"parent_id":null,"i18ns":[],"image_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/users\/non-profile.jpg","get_name":"Ebrahim A. Bawany"},"books":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/soo\/api\/authors\/3166?books_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/soo\/api\/authors\/3166?books_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/soo\/api\/authors\/3166?books_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/soo\/api\/authors\/3166","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"videos":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/soo\/api\/authors\/3166?videos_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/soo\/api\/authors\/3166?videos_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/soo\/api\/authors\/3166?videos_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/soo\/api\/authors\/3166","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"audios":{"current_page":1,"data":[],"first_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/soo\/api\/authors\/3166?audios_page=1","from":null,"last_page":1,"last_page_url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/soo\/api\/authors\/3166?audios_page=1","links":[{"url":null,"label":"« Previous","page":null,"active":false},{"url":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/soo\/api\/authors\/3166?audios_page=1","label":"1","page":1,"active":true},{"url":null,"label":"Next »","page":null,"active":false}],"next_page_url":null,"path":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/soo\/api\/authors\/3166","per_page":25,"prev_page_url":null,"to":null,"total":0},"articles":{"current_page":1,"data":[{"id":2508,"title":"Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria","slug":"leopold-weiss-statesman-and-journalist-austria","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:leopold-weiss-statesman-and-journalist-austria","hint":"","body":"

Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"
<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (part 1 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Muhammad Asad was born Leopold Weiss in July 1900 in the city of Lvov (German Lemberg), now in Poland, then part of the Austrian Empire. He was the descendant of a long line of rabbis, a line broken by his father, who became a barrister. Asad himself received a thorough education that would qualify him to keep alive the family’s rabinnical tradition.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In 1922 Weiss left Europe for the Middle East for what was supposed to be a short visit to an uncle in Jerusalem. At that stage, Weiss, like many of his generation, counted himself an agnostic, having drifted away from his Jewish moorings despite his religious studies. There, in the Middle East he came to know and like the Arabs and was struck by how Islam infused their everyday lives with existential meaning, spiritual strength and inner peace.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

At the young age of 22, Weiss became a correspondent for the Franfurter Zeitung, one of the most prestigious newspapers for Germany and Europe. As a journalist, he traveled extensively, mingled with ordinary people, held discussions with Muslim intellectuals, and met heads of state in Palestine, Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

During his travels and through his readings, Weiss’ interest in Islam increased as his understanding of its scripture, history and peoples grew. In part, curiosity propelled.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhammad Asad, Leopold Weiss, was born in Livow, Austria (later Poland) in 1900, and at the age of 22 made his visit to the Middle East. He later became an outstanding foreign correspondent for the Franfurtur Zeitung, and after his conversion to Islam travelled and worked throughout the Muslim world, from North Africa to as far East as Afghanistan. After years of devoted study he became one of the leading Muslim scholars of our age. After the establishment of Pakistan, he was appointed the Director of the Department of Islamic Reconstruction, West Punjab and later on became Pakistan’s Alternate Representative at the United Nations. Muhammad Asad’s two important books are: Islam at the Crossroads and Road to Mecca. He also produced a monthly journal Arafat and an English translation of the Holy Quran.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Let us now turn to Asad’s own words on his conversion:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(part 2 of 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

In 1922 I left my native country, Austria, to travel through Africa and Asia as a Special Correspondent to some of the leading Continental newspapers, and spent from that year onward nearly the whole of my time in the Islamic East. My interest in the nations with which I came into contact was in the beginning that of an outsider only. I saw before me a social order and an outlook on life fundamentally different from the European; and from the very firs,t there grew in me a sympathy for the more tranquil -- I should rather say: more mechanized mode of living in Europe. This sympathy gradually led me to an investigation of the reasons for such a difference, and I became interested in the religious teachings of the Muslims. At the time in question, that interest was not strong enough to draw me into the fold of Islam, but it opened to me a new vista of a progressive human society, of real brotherly feeling. The reality, however, of present day Muslim life appeared to be very far from the ideal possibilities given in the religious teachings of Islam. Whatever in Islam had been progress and movement, had turned among the Muslims into indolence and stagnation; whatever there had been of generosity and readiness for self-sacrifice, had become, among the present-day Muslims, perverted into narrow-mindedness and love of an easy life.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Prompted by this discovery and puzzled by the obvious in congruency between Once and Now, I tried to approach the problem before me from a more intimate point of view: that is, I tried to imagine myself as being within the circle of Islam. It was a purely intellectual experiment; and it revealed to me, within a very short time, the right solution. I realized that the one and only reason for the social and cultural decay of the Muslims consisted in the fact that they had gradually ceased to follow the teachings of Islam in spirit. Islam was still there; but it was a body without soul. The very element which once had stood for the strength of the Muslim world was now responsible for its weakness: Islamic society had been built, from the very outset, on religious foundations alone, and the weakening of the foundations has necessarily weakened the cultural structure -- and possibly might cause its ultimate disappearance.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The more I understood how concrete and how immensely practical the teachings of Islam are, the more eager became my questioning as to why the Muslims had abandoned their full application to real life. I discussed this problem with many thinking Muslims in almost all the countries between the Libyan Desert and the Pamirs, between the Bosphorus and the Arabian Sea. It almost became an obsession which ultimately overshadowed all my other intellectual interests in the world of Islam. The questioning steadily grew in emphasis -- until I, a non-Muslim, talked to Muslims as if I were to defend Islam from their negligence and indolence. The progress was imperceptible to me, until one day -- it was in autumn 1925, in the mountains of Afghanistan -- a young provincial Governor said to me: “But you are a Muslim, only you don’t know it yourself.” I was struck by these words and remained silent. But when I came back to Europe once again, in 1926, I saw that the only logical consequence of my attitude was to embrace Islam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

So much about the circumstances of my becoming a Muslim. Since then I was asked, time and again: “Why did you embrace Islam ?  What was it that attracted you particularly ?” -- and I must confess: I don’t know of any satisfactory answer. It was not any particular teaching that attracted me, but the whole wonderful, inexplicably coherent structure of moral teaching and practical life program. I could not say, even now, which aspect of it appeals to me more than any other. Islam appears to me like a perfect work of architecture. All its parts are harmoniously conceived to complement and support each other: nothing is superfluous and nothing lacking, with the result of an absolute balance and solid composure. Probably this feeling that everything in the teachings and postulates of Islam is “in its proper place,” has created the strongest impression on me. There might have been, along with it, other impressions also which today it is difficult for me to analyze. After all, it was a matter of love; and love is composed of many things; of our desires and our loneliness, of our high aims and our shortcomings, of our strength and our weakness. So it was in my case. Islam came over me like a robber who enters a house by night; but, unlike a robber, it entered to remain for good.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Ever since then I endeavored to learn as much as I could about Islam. I studied the Quran and the Traditions of the Prophet (may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him); I studied the language of Islam and its history, and a good deal of what has been written about it and against it. I spent over five years in the Hijaz and Najd, mostly in al-Madinah, so that I might experience something of the original surroundings in which this religion was preached by the Arabian Prophet. As the Hijaz is the meeting centre of Muslims from many countries, I was able to compare most of the different religious and social views prevalent in the Islamic world in our days. Those studies and comparisons created in me the firm conviction that Islam, as a spiritual and social phenomenon, is still, in spite of all the drawbacks caused by the deficiencies of the Muslims, by far the greatest driving force mankind has ever experienced; and all my interest became, since then, centered around the problem of its regeneration.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":9743,"lft":4799,"rght":4814,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-10-16T20:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T10:00:44.000000Z","language_id":1,"user_id":7,"author_id":3166,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":10,"parent_id":null,"author_name":"Ebrahim A. Bawany","category_name":"Why I became a Muslim!","category_slug":"Why-I-became-a-Muslim!","get_date":"2014-10-16","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.docx"},{"id":2509,"title":"Leopold Weiss, Estadista y Periodista, Austria","slug":"leopold-weiss-estadista-y-periodista-austria","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:leopold-weiss-estadista-y-periodista-austria","hint":"","body":"

Leopold Weiss, Estadista y Periodista, Austria<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Muhammad Asad nació como Leopold Weiss en Julio de 1900 en la cuidad de Lvov (German Lemberg), ahora Polonia, luego parte del Imperio Australiano. Era descendiente de un largo linaje de rabinos, una línea rota por su padre, que se convirtió en abogado. Asad mismo recibió una extensa educación que lo calificaría para mantener la tradición familiar rabínica.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En 1922 Weiss dejó Europa  por el Medio Oriente por lo que se suponía seria una corta visita a un tío en Jerusalén. A estas alturas, Weiss, como muchos de su generación, se llamaría a si mismo agnóstico, habiendo rechazado sus amarras judías a pesar de sus estudios religiosos. Allí, en el Medio Oriente llegó a conocer y simpatizar con los árabes y le sorprendió como los musulmanes sumergían cada día sus vidas en un profundo significado, fuerza espiritual y paz interior.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

A la temprana edad de 22 años, Weiss se convirtió en un corresponsal del Franfurter Zeitung, uno de los más prestigiosos periódicos de Alemania y Europa. Como periodista, viajó mucho, mezclándose con personas ordinarias, mantuvo discusiones con intelectuales musulmanes, y conoció a los mandatarios de Palestina, Egipto, Transjordania, Siria, Irak, Irán y Afganistán.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Durante sus viajes y sus lecturas, el interés de Weiss en el Islam fue creciendo al mismo tiempo que su comprensión por las escrituras, la historia y las personas. En parte, fue debido a la curiosidad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Después de su conversión al Islam viajó y trabajó en el mundo musulmán, desde el norte de África hasta Afganistán. Después de años de estudio se convirtió en uno de los eruditos musulmanes de nuestra época. Después del establecimiento de Pakistán, fue nombrado Director del Departamento de Reconstrucción Islámica, en West Punjab y más tarde se convirtió en el representante alterno de Pakistán en las Naciones Unidas. Los dos libros más importantes de Muhammad Asad son: “El Islam en la Encrucijada” y “Camino a la Meca”. También produjo un diario mensual, Arafat y una traducción al inglés del Sagrado Corán.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Veamos las palabras propias de Asad acerca de su conversión:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

“En 1922 dejé mi país nativo, Austria, para viajar por África y Asia como corresponsal especial de algunos periódicos importantes continentales, y pasé casi el resto de mi vida en el oriente Islámico. Mi interés en las naciones con el cual entré en contacto, fue al principio el de un extraño. Vi ante mí un orden social y una mirada de la vida fundamentalmente diferente de la europea; y desde el comienzo eso hizo crecer un deseo de tranquilidad, debería decir: es un modo de vida más mecanizado en Europa. Esta simpatía me llevó gradualmente a la investigación de las razones de tal diferencia, y comencé a interesarme en las enseñanzas religiosas del Islam. En ese momento, ese interés no era lo suficientemente fuerte como para transformarme en musulmán, pero abrió en mí una nueva mirada de la progresiva sociedad humana, de sentimientos reales. La realidad, sin embargo, de la vida presente del musulmán parecía muy diferente de las posibilidades ideales de las enseñanzas del Islam. Todo el progreso y movimiento del Islam, se ha vuelto contra los musulmanes en forma de indolencia y estancamiento; toda la  generosidad y preparación para el auto sacrificio, se ha transformado entre los musulmanes de hoy en día, en perversión de una mente cerrada y gusto por la vida fácil.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Provocado por este descubrimiento y perplejo por la obvia congruencia entre el antes y el después, trate de enfocar el problema desde un punto de vista más íntimo: es decir, traté de imaginarme a mi mismo en el círculo del Islam. Era un experimento puramente espiritual; y pronto se reveló ante mí la solución correcta. Me percaté de que la única razón para la decadencia social y cultural de los musulmanes consistía en el hecho de que no seguían las enseñanzas musulmanas desde el espíritu. El Islam estaba todavía allí; pero era un cuerpo sin alma. El mismo elemento que una vez estuvo allí para la fuerza del mundo musulmán era ahora responsable de su debilidad: la sociedad islámica había sido construida desde el principio, sobre bases religiosas solamente, y el flaqueo de sus bases ha debilitado la estructura cultural, y podría causar su posible desaparición.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mas entendía cuan concretas e inmensamente prácticas eran las enseñanzas del Islam, mas me intrigaba saber por qué los musulmanes habían abandonado su aplicación en la vida real. Hablé de esto con muchos musulmanes pensantes en casi todos los países entre el Desierto Libio y las Pamires, entre el Bósforo y el Mar Árabe. Se convirtió casi en una obsesión que opacaba todos los demás intereses del mundo del Islam. El cuestionamiento creció en énfasis, hasta que yo un no-musulmán, llegué a hablar con los musulmanes como si estuviera defendiendo el Islam de la negligencia e indolencia. El progreso fue imperceptible para mi, hasta que un día, otoño del 1925, en las montañas de Afganistán, un joven gobernador de una provincia me dijo: “Tu eres musulmán, solo que no te has dado cuenta”. Estas palabras me sorprendieron y quedé en silencio. Pero cuando regresé a Europa, en 1926, vi que la única consecuencia lógica de mi actitud era abrazar el Islam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las consecuencias de mi conversión al Islam. Desde ese momento, me preguntaron una y otra vez: “¿Por qué abrazaste el Islam? ¿Qué fue particularmente lo que te atrajo?” y debo confesar: no sé la respuesta. No fue una enseñanza en particular la que me atrajo, sino la inexplicablemente coherente y hermosa estructura de enseñanza moral y un programa de vida práctico. No podría decir, ni si quiera ahora, que aspecto me atrae más. El Islam es como un perfecto trabajo de arquitectura. Todas sus partes han conseguido complementarse y soportarse armoniosamente las unas a las otras: nada es superfluo y nada falta, con el resultado de un balance absoluto y una compostura sólida. Probablemente este sentimiento de que todo en las enseñanzas y afirmaciones del Islam está “en su correcto lugar”, ha creado una fuerte impresión en mi. Debe haber habido, junto a ello, otras impresiones que también se me dificulta analizar. Después de todo, era una cuestión de amor; y el amor se compone de muchas cosas; de nuestros deseos y de nuestra soledad, de nuestras metas y nuestros defectos, de nuestra fuerza y nuestra debilidad. Eso sucedió en mi caso. El Islam llego a mí como un ladrón que entra en tu hogar por la noche; pero, para permanecer allí por siempre.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Desde ese momento me dediqué a aprender todo lo que pude acerca del Islam. Estudié el Corán y las Tradiciones del Profeta (que la paz y las bendiciones de Dios estén con él); estudié la lengua del Islam y su historia, y mucho de lo que ha sido escrito acerca de él y en contra de él. Dediqué casi cinco años al Hiyaz y Nayd, mayormente en al-Madinah, por lo que pude experimentar algo del ambiente en el cual se predica la religión del profeta árabe. Como el Hiyaz es el centro de encuentro de los musulmanes de muchos países, pude comparar la mayoría de las diferentes religiones y puntos de vista comunes en el mundo islámico de nuestros días. Esos estudios y comparaciones crearon en mi la firme convicción de que el Islam, como fenómeno espiritual y social, es todavía, a pesar de todas las contrariedades causadas por las deficiencias de los musulmanes, lejos la mayor fuerza humana que haya experimentado; y todo mi interés se centro alrededor de el problema de su regeneración.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":9186,"lft":4800,"rght":4801,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-10-16T20:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T07:40:51.000000Z","language_id":12,"user_id":7,"author_id":3166,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":10,"parent_id":2508,"author_name":"Ebrahim A. Bawany","category_name":"Why I became a Muslim!","category_slug":"Why-I-became-a-Muslim!","get_date":"2014-10-16","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/sp-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.docx"},{"id":2510,"title":"L\u00e9opold Weiss, homme d\u2019\u00c9tat et journaliste, Autriche","slug":"lopold-weiss-homme-dtat-et-journaliste-autriche","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:lopold-weiss-homme-dtat-et-journaliste-autriche","hint":"","body":"

Léopold Weiss, homme d’État et journaliste, Autriche<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (partie 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Mohammed Asad naquit en tant que Léopold Weiss au mois de juillet 1900, dans la ville de Lvov (Lemberg en allemand), actuellement située en Pologne, mais qui faisait alors partie de l’empire d’Autriche.  Il était le descendant d’une longue lignée de rabbins, une lignée que son père avait rompue en devenant avocat.  Asad lui-même reçut une excellente éducation qui lui aurait permis de perpétuer la tradition rabbinique familiale.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En 1922, Weiss quitta l’Europe pour le Moyen-Orient, pour ce qui devait être une courte visite à un oncle qui vivait à Jérusalem.  À ce moment, Weiss, comme tant d’autres de sa génération, se considérait comme un agnostique qui s’était, malgré ses études religieuses, éloigné de ses racines juives.  C’est au Moyen-Orient qu’il apprit à connaître et à aimer les Arabes et qu’il fut frappé de voir à quel point l’islam imprégnait leur vie de tous les jours, donnant un sens à leur existence, les dotant d’une force spirituelle et leur apportant une paix intérieure.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

À 22 ans déjà, Weiss devint le correspondant du Frankfurter Zeitung, l’un des plus prestigieux journaux d’Allemagne et d’Europe.  En tant que journaliste, il voyagea beaucoup, côtoya des gens ordinaires, eut des discussions avec des intellectuels musulmans et rencontra des chefs d’État en Palestine, en Égypte, en Transjordanie, en Syrie, en Iraq, en Iran et en Afghanistan.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Au cours de ses voyages, et au fil de ses lectures, l’intérêt de Weiss pour l’islam augmenta et sa compréhension du Coran, de l’histoire islamique et des musulmans s’approfondit.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Après des années consacrées aux études islamiques, il devint l’un des plus grands érudits musulmans de notre temps.  Lorsque le Pakistan fut fondé, il fut nommé directeur du département de la reconstruction islamique du West Punjab et devint plus tard le représentant du Pakistan par alternance aux Nations Unies.  Les deux livres importants de Mohammed Asad sont: Islam at the crossraods (L’islam à la croisée des chemins) et Road to Mecca (Le chemin de La Mecque). Il a aussi produit le mensuel Arafat et une traduction du Saint Coran en anglais.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(partie 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Laissons maintenant Asad nous parler de sa conversion en ses propres mots :<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En 1922, j’ai quitté ma terre natale, l’Autriche, pour voyager en Afrique et en Asie en tant que correspondant spécial de l’un des journaux continentaux les plus connus et depuis, j’ai passé la majeure partie de mon temps en Orient, en terre d’islam.  Au début, l’intérêt que je portais aux nations avec lesquelles j’entrais en contact était seulement celui d’un étranger dépaysé.  J’étais confronté à un système social et une vision de la vie fondamentalement différents de ceux que j’avais connus en Europe; et très tôt, je ressentis une sympathie grandissante pour le mode de vie européen que je trouvais plus paisible, ou je devrais plutôt dire plus mécanisé.  Cette sympathie m’amena graduellement à étudier les raisons qui expliquaient une telle différence et malgré cela, je m’intéressai de plus près aux enseignements religieux des musulmans.  À ce moment là, mon intérêt n’était pas suffisamment fort pour m’attirer dans le giron de l’islam, mais cela me fit entrevoir pour la première fois une société humaine progressiste où les sentiments fraternels étaient bien réels.  Cependant, la réalité de la vie des musulmans d’aujourd’hui m’apparaissait bien loin des idéaux décrits dans les enseignements de l’islam. Tout ce qu’il y avait de progrès et d’action dans l’islam s’était transformé chez les masses musulmanes en indolence et en stagnation; les élans sincères de générosité et de sacrifice de soi avaient été remplacés, chez les musulmans d’aujourd’hui, par l’étroitesse d’esprit et par l’amour de la vie facile.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Motivé par cette découverte et intrigué par cette incohérence apparente entre les musulmans de maintenant et ceux d’avant, je tentai d’approcher le problème d’un point de vue plus personnel: j’essayai de m’imaginer comme faisant partie des musulmans.  Il s’agissait d’une expérience purement intellectuelle, mais elle me guida, en très peu de temps, vers la bonne solution. Je réalisai que la seule et unique raison qui expliquait la décadence sociale et culturelle des musulmans était que les musulmans avaient graduellement cessé de suivre l’esprit des enseignements de l’islam.  L’islam était encore là, mais c’était un corps sans âme.  Le même élément qui avait, à un moment donné, constitué la force du monde musulman était maintenant la source de sa faiblesse : la société islamique, depuis ses débuts, avait été fondée sur des bases purement religieuses, et l’affaiblissement de ces bases avait nécessairement affaibli la structure culturelle et pouvait possiblement l’amener à disparaître totalement.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Plus je comprenais à quel point les enseignements de l’islam étaient concrets et d’une immense utilité pratique, plus j’étais avide de savoir pourquoi les musulmans avaient abandonné leur complète application dans la vie de tous les jours.  J’abordai ce problème avec plusieurs penseurs musulmans dans presque tous les pays situés entre le désert de Lybie et les montagnes du Pamir, et entre le Bosphore et la mer d’Arabie.  Ce sujet m’obsédait littéralement et finit par prendre le dessus sur tous les autres intérêts intellectuels que j’avais vis-à-vis du monde de l’islam.  Mon questionnement devint progressivement plus intense, jusqu’au point où moi – un non-musulman –  me mis à sermonner les musulmans comme si je devais défendre l’islam de leur négligence et de leur indolence.  Je n’avais pas remarqué cette évolution en moi jusqu’au jour où – c’était à l’automne de 1925, dans les montagnes d’Afghanistan - un jeune gouverneur provincial me dit : « Mais vous êtes musulman... sauf que vous n’en êtes pas conscient. »  Je fus frappé par ces mots, mais je ne répondis pas. Cependant, lorsque je me rendis à nouveau en Europe, en 1926, je compris que mon attitude n’avait qu’une seule conséquence logique : devenir moi-même musulman.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

C’est dans ces circonstances que je devins musulman.  Depuis, on m’a demandé à maintes reprises : « Pourquoi êtes-vous devenu musulman? Qu’est-ce qui vous a particulièrement attiré? »  Et je dois avouer que je n’ai aucune réponse satisfaisante.  Ce n’est pas un enseignement particulier qui m’a attiré, mais tout l’agencement merveilleux de cette structure, inexplicablement cohérente, composée d’enseignement moral et de programme de vie concret.  Je ne peux dire, aujourd’hui encore, quel aspect m’interpelle plus qu’un autre. L’islam m’apparaît comme une œuvre d’architecture parfaite.  Chaque pièce est harmonieusement conçue afin de servir de complément et de soutien aux autres : rien n’y est superflu et rien n’y est manquant, conférant à la structure un équilibre absolu et une stabilité impressionnante.  C’est probablement cette  impression que tout, dans les enseignements et dans les postulats de l’islam, est  « exactement à sa place » qui a eu le plus d’impact sur moi.  Il y a peut-être eu d’autres impressions, aussi, qu’il m’est difficile d’analyser aujourd’hui.  Au fond, c’est une question d’amour; et l’amour est composé de plusieurs choses : de nos désirs et de notre solitude, de nos bonnes intentions et de nos défauts, de nos forces et de nos faiblesses.  L’islam est venu à moi comme un voleur qui entre la nuit dans une maison; mais contrairement au voleur, il est entré pour rester définitivement et ne plus jamais en sortir.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Depuis ce temps, je me suis efforcé d’apprendre le plus que je pouvais à propos de l’islam.  J’ai étudié le Coran et les traditions du prophète Mohammed; j’ai étudié la langue de l’islam et son histoire, ainsi qu’une grande partie de ce qui a été écrit sur l’islam, même les écrits qui tentent de le discréditer.  J’ai passé plus de cinq ans au Hijaz et au Najd, surtout à al-Madinah, pour faire l’expérience de la vie quotidienne dans le voisinage d’origine dans lequel cette religion a été prêchée par le prophète d’Arabie. Comme le Hijaz est le point de rencontre des musulmans venant de plusieurs pays, j’ai été en mesure de comparer la plupart des idées religieuses et sociales qui prévalent de nos jours dans le monde islamique.  Ces études et comparaisons m’ont amené à la ferme conviction que l’islam, en tant que phénomène social et spirituel, demeure de loin, malgré tous les inconvénients causés par les déficiences des musulmans, la plus grande force que l’humanité ait jamais connue; et depuis lors, j’ai concentré toute mon énergie à trouver un moyen de régénérer cette force.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":9327,"lft":4802,"rght":4803,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-10-16T20:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-03T14:30:20.000000Z","language_id":9,"user_id":7,"author_id":3166,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":10,"parent_id":2508,"author_name":"Ebrahim A. Bawany","category_name":"Why I became a Muslim!","category_slug":"Why-I-became-a-Muslim!","get_date":"2014-10-16","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/fr-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.docx"},{"id":2511,"title":"Leopold Weiss, Staatsmann und Journalist, \u00d6sterreich","slug":"leopold-weiss-staatsmann-und-journalist-sterreich","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/de-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:leopold-weiss-staatsmann-und-journalist-sterreich","hint":"","body":"

Leopold Weiss, Staatsmann und Journalist, Österreich<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (teil 1 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Muhammad Asad wurde im Juli 1900 in Lvov (deutsch: Lemberg), heute in Polen, damals Teil von Österreich, als Leopold Weiss geboren.  Er war der Nachkomme einer langen Reihe von Rabbis, eine Reihe, die durch seinen Vater, der Anwalt geworden war, durchbrochen wurde.  Asad selbst erhielt eine gewissenhafte Ausbildung, die ihn befähigen sollte, die Rabbinertradition seiner Familie aufrechtzuerhalten. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

1922 verließ Weiss Europa, um seinem Onkel in Jerusalem einen Kurzbesuch abzustatten.  In diesem Stadium betrachtete sich Weiss, wie viele andere seiner Zeitgenossen, als einen Agnostiker, der trotz seiner religiösen Studien von seinen jüdischen Verankerungen abgedriftet war.  Dort - im Mittleren Osten – lernte er die Araber kennen und mögen, und er war davon beeindruckt, wie der Islam ihr tägliches Leben mit existenzieller Bedeutung, spiritueller Stärke und innerem Frieden erfüllte. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bereits mit 22 Jahren wurde Weiss Korrespondent der Frankfurter Zeitung, einer der bekanntesten Tageszeitungen für Deutschland und Europa.  Als Journalist reiste er viel umher, mischte sich unter das einfache Volk, diskutierte mit muslimischen Intellektuellen und traf die Staatsoberhäupter Palästinas, Ägyptens, Transjordaniens, Syriens, Iraks, Irans und Afghanistans. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Während seiner Reisen und durch intensives Lesen verstärkte sich Weiss´ Interesse am Islam mit dem Anwachsen des Verständnisses für Schriften, Geschichte und Menschen.  Dadurch wuchs seine Neugierde.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhammad Asad, Leopold Weiss, geboren in Livov, Österreich (später Polen) besuchte bereits in jungen Jahren den Mittleren Osten.  Später wurde er ein bekannter Auslandskorrespondent der Frankfurter Zeitung und nach seiner Konversion zum Islam reiste und arbeitete er in der ganzen muslimischen Welt, von Nordafrika bis zum fernen Osten wie Afghanistan.  Nach Jahren der Hingabe zum Studium wurde er zu einem der führenden muslimischen Gelehrten unserer Zeit.  Nach der Gründung Pakistans wurde er zum Direktor des Ministeriums für Islamischen Wiederaufbau, West Punjab, ernannt und wurde später Pakistans freier Repräsentant bei den Vereinten Nationen.  Muhammad Asads beiden wichtigen Bücher sind: Islam at the Crossroads (Islam am Scheideweg) und Road to Mecca (Weg nach Mekka).  Er hat auch die monatliche Zeitschrift Arafat und eine englische Übersetzung des Heiligen Qur´an verfasst. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Jetzt wollen wir uns Asads eigenen Worten über seine Konversion zuwenden:.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(teil 2 von 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

1922 verließ ich mein Heimatland Österreich, um als Sonderkorrespondent für ein paar führende Zeitungen durch Afrika und Asien zu reisen, und ich verbrachte das kommende Jahr annährend die ganze Zeit im Islamischen Osten.  Mein Interesse für die Nationen, mit denen ich in Kontakt kam, war zunächst nur das eines Außenstehenden.  Ich sah eine besondere Ordnung vor mir und eine Lebensansicht, die sich grundsätzlich von der europäischen unterschied; und von Anfang an wuchs in mir eine Sympathie für die Ruhigere – ich sollte besser sagen: für die mechanisiertere Lebensweise in Europa.  Diese Sympathie führte mich nach und nach dazu, nach Gründen für diese Unterschiedlichkeit zu suchen, und ich begann, mich für die religiösen Lehren der Muslime zu interessieren.  In der fraglichen Zeit war das Interesse noch nicht stark genug, um mich in den islamischen Glauben zu treiben, aber es öffnete mir die Augen für eine fortschrittliche menschliche Gesellschaft, für ein wirkliches brüderliches Gefühl.  Die Realität des gegenwärtigen muslimischen Lebens schien mir allerdings weit von den idealen Möglichkeiten, die die religiösen Lehren des Islam bereitstellten, entfernt zu sein.  Alles, was im Islam Fortschritt und Bewegung beinhaltete, hatte sich bei den Muslimen in Trägheit und Erstarrung gewandelt; wo Großzügigkeit und Bereitschaft zur Aufopferung gewesen waren, hatten sich bei den gegenwärtigen Muslimen Engstirnigkeit und die Liebe zu einem leichten Leben durchgesetzt.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Von dieser Entdeckung beeinflusst und von der offensichtlichen Unstimmigkeit zwischen einst und jetzt durcheinandergebracht, versuchte ich, mich dem Problem vor mir aus einem intimeren Blickwinkel zu nähern: das heißt, ich versuchte, mir vorzustellen, mich selbst im Kreis des Islam zu befinden.  Es war ein rein intellektuelles Experiment; und es bewies mir innerhalb kurzer Zeit die richtige Lösung.  Mir wurde klar, dass der einzige Grund für den gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Verfall der Muslime in der Tatsache bestand, dass sie nach und nach dazu gezwungen gewesen waren, den Lehren des Islam spirituell zu folgen.  Der Islam war noch immer da, aber er war ein Körper ohne Seele.  Das maßgebliche Element, das einst für die Stärke der Muslimischen Welt stand, war nun für ihre Schwäche verantwortlich: die Islamische Gesellschaft war von Anfang an einzig und allein auf religiösen Fundamenten aufgebaut gewesen, und das Schwächer werden der Fundamente hatte dann auch eine Schwächung der kulturellen Struktur zur Folge – und konnte eventuell ihr ultimatives Verschwinden verursachen.  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Je mehr ich verstand, wie konkret und wie überaus anwendbar die Lehren des Islam sind, desto begieriger wurde ich darauf, zu erfahren, warum die Muslime ihr volle Anwendung im wahren Leben aufgegeben hatten.  Ich diskutierte dieses Problem mit vielen denkenden Muslimen in fast allen Ländern zwischen der Libyschen Wüste und den Pamir, zwischen Bosporus und dem Arabischen Meer.  Es wurde fast zu einer Besessenheit, die meine anderen intellektuellen Interessen in der Welt des Islam überschattete.  Aus dem Hinterfragen erwuchs bald Nachdruck – bis ich, ein Nicht-Muslim, mit Muslimen diskutierte, als würde ich den Islam gegen ihre Nachlässigkeit und Erstarrung verteidigen.  Dieser Fortschritt war für mich nicht wahrnehmbar, bis eines Tages – es war im Herbst 1925 in den Bergen von Afghanistan – ein junger ländlicher Governor zu mir sagte: \"Aber du bist ein Muslim, du weisst es selbst nur noch nicht.\"  Ich war von diesen Worten getroffen und blieb still.  Aber als ich 1926 wieder einmal nach Europa zurückkehrte, sah ich, dass es die einzige logische Konsequenz meiner Einstellung war, den Islam anzunehmen. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

So viel zu den Umständen, wie ich Muslim geworden bin.  Seitdem bin ich immer und immer wieder gefragt worden: \"Warum hast du den Islam angenommen?  Was hat dich so besonders angezogen?\" – und ich muss zugeben, ich weiss darauf keine befriedigende Antwort.  Es war keine besondere Lehre, die mich anzog, sondern die ganze, wunderbare, unbeschreibliche, zusammenhängende Struktur der moralischen Lehren und die praktische Lebensweise.  Ich könnte nicht sagen, nicht einmal jetzt, welcher Aspekt mich mehr anzieht als irgendein anderer.  Der Islam erscheint mir, wie ein vollkommenes Bauwerk der Architektur.  Alle seine Bestandteile sind harmonisch zusammengefügt, um einander zu ergänzen und zu unterstützen.    Nichts ist überflüssig und nichts fehlt, mit dem Ergebnis eines absoluten Gleichgewichts und einer soliden Zusammensetzung.  Vielleicht war es dieses Gefühl, dass alles in den Lehren und Erfordernissen des Islam am \"richtigen Platz\" ist, das die stärksten Eindrücke bei mir hinterlassen hat.  Es könnten noch andere Eindrücke damit zusammen eine Rolle gespielt haben, die ich heute nur schwer analysieren kann.  Schließlich war es eine Sache der Liebe; und Liebe setzt sich aus vielen Dingen zusammen; aus unserem Begierden und unserer Einsamkeit, aus unseren hochgesteckten Zielen und unseren Unzulänglichkeiten, aus unseren Stärken und unseren Schwächen.  So war es in meinem Fall.  Der Islam kam über mich wie ein Räuber, der in der Nacht in ein Haus eindringt; aber nicht so wie der Räuber, drang er ein und brachte das Gute. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Seitdem habe ich mich stets bemüht, soviel ich vermochte, über den Islam zu lernen.  Ich studierte den Qur´an und die Überlieferungen des Propheten (Gottes Segen und Frieden mit ihm); ich studierte die Sprache des Islam und seine Geschichte und einen Großteil dessen, was über ihn und gegen ihn geschrieben worden war.  Ich verbrachte mehr als fünf Jahre im Hijaz und Najd, meist in al-Madinah, damit ich etwas von der ursprünglichen Umgebung in der diese Religion von dem arabischen Propheten gepredigt worden war, erfahren würde.  Da das Hijaz der Treffpunkt der Muslime aus vielen Ländern ist, war ich in der Lage, die meisten der unterschiedlichen religiösen und gesellschaftlichen Ansichten, die in der islamischen Welt unserer Zeit vorherrschten, zu vergleichen.  Diese Studien und Vergleiche schufen in mir die feste Überzeugung, dass der Islam, als spirituelles und soziales Phänomen, allen Rückschlägen, die durch die Unzulänglichkeiten der Menschen verursacht wurden, zum Trotz, noch immer die bei weitem großartigste Antriebskraft ist, die die Menschheit jemals erfahren hat; und mein ganzes Interesse galt seitdem seiner Regeneration.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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\u041b\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0434 \u0412\u0430\u0439\u0441, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1 \u0438\u0437 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u041b\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0434 \u0412\u0430\u0439\u0441 (\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0410\u0441\u0430\u0434) \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u0435 1900 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0435\u043c. \u041b\u0435\u043c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0433, \u0432 \u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438). \u041e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0446, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0430\u0434\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0421\u0430\u043c \u0410\u0441\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0412 1922 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0412\u0430\u0439\u0441 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430) \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u044f\u0434\u0435 \u0432 \u0418\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435. \u041d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u0439\u0441, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043a \u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041d\u0430 \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0432. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0411\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u043c, \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0439\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c  «\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0444\u0443\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0426\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0443\u043d\u0433» – \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u043d \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b, \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u0435\u043b \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0435, \u0421\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435, \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0417\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439  \u0412\u0430\u0439\u0441, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c,  \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0410\u0441\u0430\u0434 (\u041b\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0434 \u0412\u0430\u0439\u0441) \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1900 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0432 22 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a. \u041f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c «\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0444\u0443\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0426\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0443\u043d\u0433». \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0442\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0410\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0431), \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u041f\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041e\u041e\u041d. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438: «\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0435» \u0438 «\u0414\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0443». \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0436\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b «\u0410\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0442» \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0410\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0430:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2 \u0438\u0437 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\u0412 1922 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u044f \u0443\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442. \u0421 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c 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\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439;  \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043b \u043e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u0422\u0430\u043a \u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c. \u041c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c: «\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0412\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c?», «\u0427\u0442\u043e  \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043b\u043e \u0412\u0430\u0441?» \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c: \u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b. \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440: \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439, \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f.  \u0412\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0421\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c. \u0410 \u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0432\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d: \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c… \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0440 – \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c\u044e, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u0421 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043b \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430  (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0430), \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0425\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0438 \u041d\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0434\u0435, \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0425\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0437 – \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0443 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439,  \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. \u0422\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":10476,"lft":4806,"rght":4807,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-10-16T20:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T14:49:39.000000Z","language_id":5,"user_id":7,"author_id":3166,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":10,"parent_id":2508,"author_name":"Ebrahim A. Bawany","category_name":"Why I became a Muslim!","category_slug":"Why-I-became-a-Muslim!","get_date":"2014-10-16","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/ru-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.docx"},{"id":2513,"title":"Leopold Weiss, Estadista e Jornalista, \u00c1ustria","slug":"leopold-weiss-estadista-e-jornalista-ustria","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/pt-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:leopold-weiss-estadista-e-jornalista-ustria","hint":"","body":"

Leopold Weiss, Estadista e Jornalista, Áustria<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 (parte 1 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Muhammad Asad nasceu Leopold Weiss em julho de 1900 na cidade de Lvov (Lemberg em alemão), agora na Polônia, então parte do Império Austríaco. Era descendente de uma longa linhagem de rabinos, uma linhagem quebrada por seu pai, que se tornou advogado. O próprio Asad recebeu uma educação perfeita que o qualificaria a manter viva a tradição rabínica da família.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Em 1922 Weiss deixou a Europa e foi para o Oriente Médio para o que supostamente seria uma breve visita a um tio em Jerusalém. Nesse estágio, Weiss, como muitos de sua geração, se considerava um agnóstico, tendo se afastado de suas raízes judaicas apesar de seus estudos religiosos. Lá, no Oriente Médio, começou a conhecer e gostar dos árabes e foi afetado pelo quanto o Islã infundia em suas vidas diárias um significado existencial, força espiritual e paz interior.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Com a idade de 22 anos Weiss se tornou correspondente do Franfurter Zeitung, um dos jornais de maior prestígio da Alemanha e Europa. Como jornalista viajou muito, se misturando com pessoas comuns, tendo discussões com intelectuais muçulmanos e encontrando chefes de estado na Palestina, Egito, Transjordânia, Síria, Iraque, Irã e Afeganistão.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Durante suas viagens e através de suas leituras, o interesse de Weiss no Islã aumentou na medida em que seu entendimento de sua escritura, história e povos crescia. Em parte, foi impulsionado pela curiosidade.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Muhammad Asad, Leopold Weiss, nasceu em Livow, Áustria (posteriormente Polônia) e com a idade de 22 anos fez sua visita ao Oriente Médio. Tornou-se um correspondente estrangeiro de destaque do Franfurtur Zeitung e depois de sua conversão ao Islã viajou e trabalhou em todo o mundo muçulmano, do Norte da África ao Oriente Longínquo, como Afeganistão. Depois de anos de estudo devotado se tornou um dos principais estudiosos muçulmanos de nossa época. Depois do estabelecimento do Paquistão, foi nomeado Diretor do Departamento de Reconstrução Islâmica, Punjabi Ocidental, e posteriormente se tornou Representante Alternativo do Paquistão nas Nações Unidas. Os dois livros importantes de Muhammad Asad são: Islam at the Crossroads (Islã na Encruzilhada, <\/em>em tradução livre) e Road to Mecca (Estrada para Meca<\/em>, em tradução livre) Também produziu um jornal mensal, Arafat, e uma tradução inglesa do Alcorão Sagrado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Voltemo-nos agora para as próprias palavras de Asad sobre sua conversão:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(parte 2 de 2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

Em 1922 deixei meu país, Áustria, para viajar pela África e Ásia como Correspondente Especial para alguns dos principais jornais do continente, e passei daquele ano em diante praticamente todo o meu tempo no Oriente Islâmico. Meu interesse nas nações com as quais tinha estado em contato no início foi apenas o de um estrangeiro. Vi diante de mim uma ordem social e uma perspectiva sobre a vida fundamentalmente diferente da européia; e desde o início cresceu em mim uma simpatia pelo modo de vida mais tranquilo do que o modo de vida mecanizado na Europa. Essa simpatia gradualmente me levou à investigação das razões para essa diferença, e fiquei interessado nos ensinamentos religiosos dos muçulmanos. Na época em questão aquele interesse não era forte o bastante para me levar ao Islã, mas me abriu uma nova visão de uma sociedade humana progressista, de sentimento real de fraternidade. A realidade, entretanto, da vida atual dos muçulmanos parecia muito distante das possibilidades ideais dadas nos ensinamentos religiosos do Islã. O que quer que no Islã tivesse sido progresso e movimento, tinha se tornado entre os muçulmanos em indolência e estagnação; o que quer que tivesse sido generosidade e disposição para o auto-sacrifício, entre os muçulmanos da atualidade, tinha se pervertido em estreiteza de visão e amor por uma vida fácil.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Instigado por essa descoberta e confuso pelo óbvio em congruência entre o Ontem e o Agora, tentei abordar o problema diante de mim de um ponto de vista mais íntimo: ou seja, tentei me imaginar dentro do círculo do Islã. Era puramente um experimento intelectual; e se revelou, em curto espaço de tempo, a solução correta. Percebi que a única razão para a decadência social e cultural dos muçulmanos consistia no fato de que gradualmente pararam de seguir os ensinamentos do Islã em espírito. O Islã continuava lá; mas era um corpo sem alma. O mesmo elemento que um dia foi a força do mundo muçulmano era agora responsável por sua fraqueza: a sociedade islâmica tinha sido construída, desde o nascimento, apenas sobre fundações religiosas, e o enfraquecimento das fundações tinha necessariamente enfraquecido a estrutura cultural - e poderia possivelmente causar seu desaparecimento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Quanto mais entendia o quão concretos e imensamente práticos eram os ensinamentos do Islã, mais ansioso ficavam meus questionamentos sobre por que os muçulmanos tinham abandonado sua aplicação plena à vida real. Discuti esse problema com muitos muçulmanos inteligentes em quase todos os países entre o deserto líbio e a cordilheira Pamir, entre o Bósforo e o Mar Árabe. Tornou-se quase uma obsessão que por fim sobrepujou todos os meus outros interesses intelectuais no mundo do Islã. O questionamento rapidamente aumentou em ênfase - até que eu, um não-muçulmano, falava com os muçulmanos como se defendesse o Islã de sua negligência e indolência. O progresso era imperceptível para mim até que um dia – foi no outono de 1925, nas montanhas do Afeganistão – um jovem governador de província disse para mim: “Mas você é um muçulmano, só você não sabe.” Fiquei chocado com essas palavras e permaneci em silêncio. Mas quando voltei para a Europa mais uma vez, em 1926, vi que a única consequência lógica de minha atitude era abraçar o Islã.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Isso é tudo sobre as circunstâncias de ter me tornado muçulmano. Desde então me perguntam, de novo e de novo: “Por que você abraçou o Islã? O que o atraiu em particular?” -- E devo confessar: Não foi nenhum ensinamento em particular que me atraiu, mas toda a estrutura maravilhosa, inexplicavelmente coerente de programa de ensinamento moral e vida prática. Não posso dizer, mesmo agora, que aspecto me atrai mais. O Islã me parece um trabalho perfeito de arquitetura. Todas suas partes são harmoniosamente concebidas para complementar e apoiar a outra: nada é supérfluo e nada falta, com o resultado de um equilíbrio absoluto e composição sólida. Provavelmente esse sentimento de que tudo nos ensinamentos e postulados do Islã está em “seu lugar certo,” criou a impressão mais forte em mim. Podem ter havido, junto com essa, outras impressões que hoje são difíceis para eu analisar. Afinal de contas, foi uma questão de amor; e amor é composto de muitas coisas; de nossos desejos e nossa solidão, de nossos objetivos elevados e nossas falhas, de nossa força e nossa fraqueza. Foi assim no meu caso. O Islã chegou a mim como um ladrão que entra em sua casa à noite; mas, ao contrário de um ladrão, entrou e permaneceu para sempre.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Desde então tenho me empenhado em aprender tanto quanto posso sobre o Islã. Estudei o Alcorão e as Tradições do Profeta (que a misericórdia e bênçãos de Deus estejam sobre ele); estudei a linguagem do Islã e sua história, e muito do que tem sido escrito a favor e contra ele. Passei mais de cinco anos no Hijaz e Najd, principalmente em Medina, para puder experimentar um pouco do ambiente original no qual essa religião foi pregada pelo profeta árabe. Como o Hijaz é o ponto de reunião de muçulmanos de muitos países, fui capaz de comparar a maioria das diferentes opiniões religiosas e sociais predominantes no mundo muçulmano em nossos dias. Esses estudos e comparações criaram em mim a convicção firme de que o Islã, como um fenômeno espiritual e social continua sendo, apesar de todos os retrocessos causados pelas deficiências dos muçulmanos, a maior força propulsora que a humanidade jamais experimentou; e todo meu interesse se centrou, desde então, no problema de sua regeneração.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

<\/h1>","excerpt":"","terms":null,"visibility_roles":"","comment_status":1,"comment_count":0,"read_counter":9858,"lft":4810,"rght":4811,"promote":1,"sticky":0,"status":1,"publish_start":null,"publish_end":null,"created_at":"2014-10-16T20:42:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-04T15:27:45.000000Z","language_id":18,"user_id":7,"author_id":3166,"publisher_id":0,"category_id":10,"parent_id":2508,"author_name":"Ebrahim A. Bawany","category_name":"Why I became a Muslim!","category_slug":"Why-I-became-a-Muslim!","get_date":"2014-10-16","pdf_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.pdf","word_asset":"http:\/\/www.islamland.com\/uploads\/articles\/zh-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.docx"},{"id":2515,"title":"\u30ec\u30aa\u30dd\u30eb\u30c9\u30fb\u30ef\u30a4\u30b9\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u30fb\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30ca\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3001\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30ea\u30a2\uff09","slug":"sxfghdsfh","word":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.docx","pdf":"\/uploads\/articles\/ja-Leopold Weiss, Statesman and Journalist, Austria.pdf","mime_type":null,"type":"node","path":"\/nodes\/view\/type:article\/slug:sxfghdsfh","hint":"","body":"

\u30ec\u30aa\u30dd\u30eb\u30c9\u30fb\u30ef\u30a4\u30b9\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u30fb\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30ca\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3001\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30ea\u30a2\uff09<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8 1 \/2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u3068\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u6a29\u5a01\u3042\u308b\u65b0\u805e\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30d5\u30eb\u30c8\u30fb\u30c4\u30a1\u30a4\u30c8\u30a5\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u3042\u308b\u7279\u6d3e\u54e1\u304c\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5f8c\u306b\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u7ffb\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30d1\u30fc\u30c81<\/span><\/p>\r\n

.\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30a2\u30b5\u30c9\u306f\u30ec\u30aa\u30dd\u30eb\u30c9\u30fb\u30ef\u30a4\u30b9\u3068\u3057\u30661900\u5e747\u6708\u3001\u5f53\u6642\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30ea\u30a2\u5e1d\u56fd\u9818\u3067\u73fe\u5728\u306f\u30dd\u30fc\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u9818\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30ea\u30dc\u30d5\u306e\u8857\uff08\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u3067\u30ec\u30f3\u30d9\u30eb\u30af)\u3001\u306b\u751f\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u9577\u304f\u7d9a\u304f\u30e9\u30d3\u306e\u7cfb\u7d71\u306e\u5b50\u5b6b\u3067\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5f01\u8b77\u58eb\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u5f7c\u306e\u7236\u306b\u3088\u308a\u305d\u306e\u7cfb\u7d71\u306f\u5d29\u308c\u9014\u7d76\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30b5\u30c9\u81ea\u8eab\u3001\u5bb6\u7cfb\u306e\u30e9\u30d3\u306e\u4f1d\u7d71\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u8cc7\u683c\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6559\u80b2\u3092\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1922\u5e74\u30ef\u30a4\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30eb\u30b5\u30ec\u30e0\u306e\u53d4\u7236\u3092\u77ed\u671f\u8a2a\u554f\u3059\u308b\u3064\u3082\u308a\u3067\u3001\u4e2d\u6771\u3078\u5411\u3051\u3066\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u3092\u7acb\u3061\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u306f\u30ef\u30a4\u30b9\u3082\u5f7c\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u540c\u4e16\u4ee3\u306e\u8005\u305f\u3061\u540c\u69d8\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u81ea\u8eab\u3092\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u8ad6\u8005\u3060\u3068\u3057\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u306a\u52c9\u5f37\u3092\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u30e6\u30c0\u30e4\u6559\u306e\u62e0\u308a\u6240\u304b\u3089\u96e2\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u4e2d\u6771\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u30a2\u30e9\u30d6\u4eba\u3092\u77e5\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306b\u597d\u610f\u3092\u3082\u3064\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u304c\u3044\u304b\u306b\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u751f\u6d3b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5b58\u5728\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u306a\u5f37\u3055\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5fc3\u306e\u5e73\u5b89\u3092\u690d\u3048\u4ed8\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u5fc3\u3092\u6253\u305f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

22\u6b73\u306e\u82e5\u3055\u3067\u3001\u30ef\u30a4\u30b9\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u3068\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u6a29\u5a01\u3042\u308b\u65b0\u805e\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30d5\u30eb\u30c8\u30fb\u30c4\u30a1\u30a4\u30c8\u30a5\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u7279\u6d3e\u54e1\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f  \u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30ca\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5e83\u304f\u65c5\u3057\u3001\u5eb6\u6c11\u3068\u4ea4\u6d41\u3057\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u4eba\u9054\u3068\u306e\u8a71\u3057\u5408\u3044\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001\u307e\u305f\u30d1\u30ec\u30b9\u30c1\u30ca\u3001\u30a8\u30b8\u30d7\u30c8\u3001\u30e8\u30eb\u30c0\u30f3\u3001\u30b7\u30ea\u30a2\u3001\u30a4\u30e9\u30af\u3001\u30a4\u30e9\u30f3\u3001\u30a2\u30d5\u30ac\u30cb\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u306e\u515a\u9996\u3089\u306b\u4f1a\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u305d\u3057\u3066\u65c5\u3068\u8aad\u66f8\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5553\u5178\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u3078\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u304c\u81a8\u3089\u3093\u3067\u3044\u304f\u4e2d\u3001\u30ef\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3078\u306e\u95a2\u5fc3\u306f\u3088\u308a\u5f37\u307e\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u304c\u305d\u3046\u4fc3\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30a2\u30b5\u30c9\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u30ec\u30aa\u30dd\u30eb\u30c9\u30fb\u30ef\u30a4\u30b9\u306f\u30011900\u5e74\u306b\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30ea\u30a2\u9818\u30ea\u30d0\u30a6\uff08\u5f8c\u306e\u30dd\u30fc\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\uff09\u3067\u751f\u307e\u308c\u3001 22\u6b73\u306e\u6642\u306b\u521d\u3081\u3066\u4e2d\u6771\u3092\u8a2a\u554f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002.\u5f7c\u306f\u5f8c\u306b\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30d5\u30eb\u30c8\u30fb\u30c4\u30a1\u30a4\u30c8\u30a5\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u512a\u79c0\u306a\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u7279\u6d3e\u54e1\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3078\u306e\u6539\u5b97\u5f8c\u3001\u5317\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u304b\u3089\u6771\u306f\u30a2\u30d5\u30ac\u30cb\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u306b\u307e\u3067\u304f\u307e\u306a\u304f\u65c5\u3092\u3057\u3001\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306b\u52e4\u3057\u307f\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066 \u4f55\u5e74\u3082\u306e\u732e\u8eab\u7684\u306a\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u5f8c\u3001.\u5f7c\u306f\u6211\u3005\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u5b66\u8005\u306e\u4e00\u4eba\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30d1\u30ad\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u306e\u5efa\u56fd\u5f8c\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u5fa9\u8208\u90e8\u9580\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\u306b\u4efb\u547d\u3055\u308c\u3001\u897f\u30d1\u30f3\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30d6\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5f8c\u306b\u3001\u56fd\u9023\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30d1\u30ad\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u306e\u4ee3\u7406\u306e\u4ee3\u8868\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30c9\u30fb\u30a2\u30b5\u30c9\u306e2\u518a\u306e\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u8457\u66f8\u306f\uff1a\u300c\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5c90\u8def\u300d\u3068\u300c\u30e1\u30c3\u30ab\u3078\u306e\u9053\u300d\u3067\u3059\u3002.\u5f7c\u306f\u307e\u305f\u3001\u8056\u30af\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u7ffb\u8a33\u3068\u6708\u520a\u8a8c\u30a2\u30e9\u30d5\u30a1\u30c8\u3082\u51fa\u7248\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Let us now turn to Asad’s own words on his conversion: \u305d\u308c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3089\u5f7c\u306e\u6539\u5b97\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u30a2\u30b5\u30c9\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3078\u3068\u76ee\u3092\u5411\u3051\u3066\u3044\u304d\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

(\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8 2 \/2)<\/span><\/h1>\r\n

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 <\/p>\r\n

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